587:
412:
1239:
1115:
1190:
1216:
944:
923:, in Cologne in 258. Postumus, a general in command of troops on the banks of the Rhine, defeated some raiders and took possession of their spoils. Instead of returning it to the original owners, he preferred to distribute it amongst his soldiers. When news of this reached Silvanus, he demanded the spoils be sent to him. Postumus made a show of submission, but his soldiers mutinied and proclaimed him emperor. Under his command, they besieged Cologne, and after some weeks the defenders of the city opened the gates and handed Saloninus and Silvanus to Postumus, who had them killed. The dating of these events was long uncertain, but an
38:
1262:
993:
1627:
1532:
699:) by Gallienus's army, which had advanced from Gaul, or from the Balkans after dealing with the Franks. The battle of Mediolanum was decisive, and the Alemanni did not bother the empire for the next ten years. The Juthungi managed to cross the Alps with their valuables and captives from Italy. A historian in the 19th century suggested that the initiative of the Senate gave rise to jealousy and suspicion by Gallienus, thus contributing to his exclusion of senators from military commands.
900:
760:
1284:
936:
Aureolus, having defeated the
Macriani, rejoined him, and Postumus was expelled. Aureolus was entrusted with the pursuit and deliberately allowed Postumus to escape and gather new forces. Gallienus returned in 263 or 265 and surrounded Postumus in an unnamed Gallic city. During the siege, Gallienus was severely wounded by an arrow and had to flee. The standstill persisted until his later death, and the
586:
867:(sometimes misspelled Macrinus) as emperors. Coins struck for them in major cities of the East indicate acknowledgement of the usurpation. The two Macriani left Quietus, Ballista, and, presumably, Odenathus to deal with the Persians while they invaded Europe with an army of 30,000 men, according to the
1082:
Cecropius, commander of the
Dalmatians, spread the word that the forces of Aureolus were leaving the city, and Gallienus left his tent without his bodyguard, only to be struck down by Cecropius. One version has Claudius selected as emperor by the conspirators, another chosen by Gallienus on his death
1008:
and other barbarians invaded the empire in great numbers. Sources are extremely confused on the dating of these invasions, the participants, and their targets. Modern historians are not even able to discern with certainty whether there were two or more of these invasions or a single prolonged one. It
882:
In the aftermath of the battle, the rebellion of
Postumus had already started, so Gallienus had no time to deal with the rest of the usurpers, namely Balista and Quietus. He came to an agreement with Odenathus, who had just returned from his victorious Persian expedition. Odenathus received the title
1345:
The capture of
Valerian in the year 259 forced Gallienus to issue the first official declaration of tolerance with regard to the Christians, restoring their places of worship and cemeteries, therefore implying a recognition of the property of the Church. However, the edict did not turn Christianity
1106:
According to
Aurelius Victor and Zonaras, on hearing the news that Gallienus was dead, the Senate in Rome ordered the execution of his family (including his brother Valerianus and son Marinianus) and their supporters, just before receiving a message from Claudius to spare their lives and deify his
935:
Upon receiving news of the murder of his son, Gallienus began gathering forces to face
Postumus. The invasion of the Macriani forced him to dispatch Aureolus with a large force to oppose them, however, leaving him with insufficient troops to battle Postumus. After some initial defeats, the army of
690:
500 years before. When invaders reached the outskirts of Rome, they were repelled by an improvised army assembled by the Senate, consisting of local troops (probably praetorian guards) and the strongest of the civilian population. On their retreat through northern Italy, they were intercepted and
1065:
near Milan; Aureolus was clearly defeated and driven back to Milan. Gallienus laid siege to the city but was murdered during the siege. There are differing accounts of the murder, but the sources agree that most of
Gallienus's officials wanted him dead. According to the Historia Augusta, an
605:, governor of at least one of the Pannonian provinces, took advantage and declared himself emperor. Valerian II had apparently died on the Danube, most likely in 258. Ingenuus may have been responsible for Valerian II's death. Alternatively, the defeat and capture of Valerian at the
708:
967:
started to again issue coins for
Gallienus, demonstrating that Egypt had returned to his control after suppressing the revolt of the Macriani. In spring of 262, the city was wrenched by civil unrest as a result of a new revolt. The rebel this time was the prefect of Egypt,
874:
The
Pannonian legions joined the invaders, being resentful of the absence of Gallienus. He sent his successful commander Aureolus against the rebels, however, and the decisive battle was fought in the spring or early summer of 261, most likely in Illyricum, although
566:
Caesar and thus official heir to himself and
Valerian I; the boy probably joined Gallienus on campaign at that time, and when Gallienus moved west to the Rhine provinces in 257, he remained behind on the Danube as the personification of Imperial authority.
549:
in the years from 253 to 258. According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against
1328:
commanders rose to prominence. In Southern's view, these reforms and the decline in senatorial influence not only helped Aurelian to salvage the Empire, but they also make Gallienus one of the emperors most responsible for the creation of the
728:(almost the sole resource for these events) does not provide a credible story. It is possible the seizure can be attributed to the discontent of the civilian and military provincials, who felt the defense of the province was being neglected.
931:
indicates that Postumus had been proclaimed emperor by September 260. Postumus claimed the consulship for himself and one of his associates, Honoratianus, but according to D.S. Potter, he never tried to unseat Gallienus or invade Italy.
1166:
several years later that the breakaway provinces were truly brought back into the Roman fold. According to modern scholar Pat Southern, some historians now see Gallienus in a more positive light. Gallienus produced some useful reforms.
561:
In 255 or 257, Gallienus was made consul again, suggesting that he briefly visited Rome on those occasions, although no record survives. During his Danube sojourn (Drinkwater suggests in 255 or 256), he proclaimed his elder son
1238:
657:
and other Germanic tribes occurred between 258 and 260 (it is hard to fix the precise date of these events), probably due to the vacuum left by the withdrawal of troops supporting Gallienus in the campaign against Ingenuus.
1189:
1215:
1833:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century : Catalogue of the Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, November 19, 1977, Through February 12, 1978 /edited by Kurt
512:
had done a century earlier, Gallienus and his father divided the Empire. Valerian left for the East to stem the Persian threat, and Gallienus remained in Italy to repel the Germanic tribes on the Rhine and Danube.
979:
Knowing he could not afford to lose control of the vital Egyptian granaries, Gallienus sent his general Theodotus against Aemilianus, probably by a naval expedition. The decisive battle probably took place near
747:. There is a suggestion that Gallienus invited the Roxolani to attack Regalianus, but other historians dismiss the accusation. It is also suggested that the invasion was finally checked by Gallienus near
1261:
398:
in 268 but was defeated outside the city by Gallienus and besieged inside. While the siege was ongoing, Gallienus was assassinated, stabbed to death by the officer Cecropius, as part of a conspiracy.
1863:, "Emperor Caesar Publius Licinus Egnatius Gallienus Pious Lucky Unconquered Augustus Germanic Maxim Persic Tribunicial Power 16 times Emperor 1 time Consul 7 times Father of the Fatherland".
411:
1860:
IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS TRIBUNICIAE POTESTATIS XVI IMPERATOR I CONSVL VII PATER PATRIAE
1025:). Then another, even more numerous army of invaders started a second naval invasion of the empire. The Romans defeated the barbarians on sea first. Gallienus's army then won a battle in
1061:. Instead, he acted as deputy to Postumus until the very last days of his revolt, when he seems to have claimed the throne for himself. The decisive battle took place at what is now
1146:
presents Gallienus "with the dress and languishing gait of a woman", which is possibly connected with coins portraying the emperor with unusual iconography and bearing the legend
517:
had become necessary due to its sheer size and the numerous threats it faced, and it facilitated negotiations with enemies who demanded to communicate directly with the emperor.
907:
After the defeat at Edessa, Gallienus lost control over the provinces of Britain, Spain, parts of Germania, and a large part of Gaul when another general,
7996:
1360:
3001:
1461:
1154:
and his inability to win them back; at the time of Gallienus's death, Palmyra was still nominally loyal to Rome, but, under the leadership of
2652:
2367:
J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram,
807:, this army was infected by a plague that gravely weakened it. In that condition, this army had to repel a new invasion of the province of
351:. Valerian divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and his son the west. Gallienus defeated the usurper
330:
and Germanic tribes, but was unable to prevent the secession of important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest in half a century.
2935:
1158:, was independent in nearly every other respect. Palmyra would formally secede after Odaenathus's death and the ascension of his widow
374:
threw the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war. Control of the whole empire passed to Gallienus. He defeated the eastern usurpers
8011:
8006:
984:, and the result was a clear defeat of Aemilianus. In the aftermath, Gallienus became Consul three more times in 262, 264, and 266.
3153:
1308:, that could be dispatched anywhere in the Empire in short order. This reform arguably created a precedent for the future emperors
7986:
7981:
3678:
8085:
7991:
879:
locates it in Pannonia. In any case, the army of the usurpers was defeated and surrendered, and their two leaders were killed.
7971:
4472:
4340:
2752:
1842:
4505:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
8001:
7976:
3685:
2971:
2959:
430:
report that he was about 50 years old at the time of his death, meaning he was born around 218. He was the son of Emperor
8090:
7966:
5746:
5534:
4308:
2674:
2661:
1139:
describes him as a lover of luxury, who dressed in purple, sprinkled gold dust in his hair, and built castles of apples.
1135:
Gallienus was not treated favorably by ancient historians. The biased and largely fictional account of that reign in the
645:. Ingenuus was killed by his own guards or committed suicide by drowning himself after the fall of his capital, Sirmium.
8115:
7955:
6716:
6432:
5300:
4560:
4534:
3031:
686:), they entered Italy, the first invasion of the Italian peninsula, aside from its most remote northern regions, since
1029:, and the emperor pursued the invaders. According to some historians, he was the leader of the army who won the great
625:, under the supervision of Albanus (or Silvanus) and the military leadership of Postumus. He then hastily crossed the
2849:
2835:
2797:
2775:
2739:
2719:
2704:
2615:
2570:
2457:
2376:
1976:
1937:
597:
Sometime between 258 and 260 (the exact date is unclear), while Valerian was distracted with the ongoing invasion of
8125:
8021:
2006:
For a presentation of the contrasting views, see J. Bray (1997), pp. 72–73; also, A. Watson (1999), p. 230, note 34
1091:
from Claudius, and this may explain its accounts, which do not involve Claudius in the murder. The other sources (
1066:
unreliable source compiled long after the events it describes, a conspiracy was led by the commander of the guard
891:. Eventually, the people of Emesa killed Quietus, and Odenathus arrested and executed Balista about November 261.
8130:
8100:
7208:
4274:
4257:
4084:
4072:
1114:
976:
provides a commentary on the background of invasion, civil war, plague, and famine that characterized this age.
859:
horsemen to turn the tide against Shapur. The Sassanids were driven back, but Macrianus proclaimed his two sons
7258:
6985:
6841:
4245:
4037:
3999:
3959:
3926:
1872:
It is generally accepted that he was 35 years old when ascended to the throne in 253, see J. Bray (1997), p. 16
2315:
Andreas Älfoldi, "The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions",
2278:
2264:
Andreas Älfoldi, "The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions",
1045:
In 268, at some time before or soon after the battle of Naissus, the authority of Gallienus was challenged by
7554:
7344:
7276:
7141:
7008:
6918:
6731:
4849:
4460:
4286:
4113:
4079:
4043:
3932:
920:
731:
Regalianus held power for some six months and issued coins bearing his image. After some success against the
558:
might also be dated to that period. Even the hostile Latin tradition attributes success to him at this time.
2732:
The Gallic Empire. Separatism and Continuity in the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260–274
454:, which may have been his birthplace; it has yielded many inscriptions relating to his mother's family, the
7126:
7063:
6346:
4101:
3146:
3011:
1418:
973:
1107:
predecessor. The tomb of Gallienus is thought to be located to the south of Rome, at the IXth mile of the
722:, who held some command in the Balkans, was proclaimed emperor. The reasons for this are unclear, and the
7487:
6596:
6508:
5993:
5770:
5761:
4182:
3861:
3327:
1394:
800:
323:
8140:
8110:
7316:
6649:
6386:
6213:
6145:
4727:
4492:
4448:
4426:
4377:
4264:
4055:
3824:
3166:
1805:
1513:
546:
439:
554:
in 253. According to numismatic evidence, he seems to have won many victories there, and a victory in
8095:
7837:
5608:
4399:
4367:
4192:
3372:
3131:
1365:
1071:
379:
943:
5682:
5453:
5315:
4409:
4362:
3909:
3556:
2279:
Raetien unter Postumus. Das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg
8135:
7522:
7437:
7414:
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5593:
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5319:
5119:
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4217:
4197:
3971:
3851:
3139:
2872:
Download an Excel list of all Gallienus bronze and billon coins incl. hoard coins not in RIC etc.
1787:
819:. The invasion occurred probably in the early spring of 260. The Roman army was defeated at the
37:
8026:
8016:
7564:
7543:
7462:
6376:
6236:
5846:
5480:
5440:
5234:
5176:
5060:
4864:
4527:
4487:
4466:
4372:
3162:
3055:
3043:
2894:
1988:
J. Bray (1997), p. 57; Drinkwater (1987), p. 22 suggests he also had responsibility for Moesia.
1810:
1470:
997:
924:
48:
803:. A Roman army from Antioch, under Valerian, tried to intercept them but failed. According to
8036:
7512:
7477:
7457:
7447:
7409:
6009:
5913:
5267:
4421:
4416:
4392:
4387:
4303:
4140:
4128:
3899:
3524:
2997:
2942:
2648:
1324:
from becoming military commanders. This policy undermined senatorial power, as more reliable
1088:
972:, who had already given support to the revolt of the Macriani. The correspondence of bishop
8075:
8031:
7537:
7492:
6865:
6493:
6428:
6281:
6276:
5983:
5978:
5831:
5257:
5045:
4924:
4404:
4352:
4212:
4187:
4152:
4067:
3981:
3831:
3662:
3015:
1325:
1067:
692:
360:
2319:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 359, note 27
992:
326:
that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He won numerous military victories against
8:
8080:
7527:
7502:
7467:
7404:
6779:
6754:
5958:
5953:
5377:
4808:
4335:
4320:
4298:
4233:
4222:
4177:
4123:
3613:
3551:
3514:
3123:
2744:
2679:
2268:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 359, note 5
1926:
The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions
1092:
804:
799:, in the northern part of Asia Minor. After ravaging the province, they moved south into
462:
about ten years before his accession to the throne. She was the mother of three princes:
2683:
470:, who was named co-emperor but was murdered in 260 by the army of general Postumus; and
8070:
7817:
7804:
7381:
6391:
5963:
5938:
5005:
4780:
4382:
4325:
4269:
4251:
4240:
4202:
4172:
4050:
3768:
3672:
3422:
3391:
3384:
3035:
2989:
2951:
2903:
2887:
2785:
2747:"The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas" copyright 2007 National Geographic Society.
2728:
1536:
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969:
576:
487:
431:
334:
327:
319:
245:
107:
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7851:
7745:
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7424:
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6381:
6261:
5883:
5811:
5469:
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5262:
5194:
4520:
4347:
4293:
4134:
4032:
4007:
3856:
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3454:
3439:
3317:
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3098:
3083:
2916:
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2793:
2771:
2748:
2735:
2715:
2700:
2611:
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2453:
2372:
1972:
1933:
1838:
1657:
1639:
1334:
1272:
1226:
1118:
1030:
530:
526:
459:
416:
255:
166:
159:
95:
1033:, while the majority believes that the victory must be attributed to his successor,
8120:
8105:
8051:
7878:
7706:
7472:
7226:
6809:
6106:
6002:
5943:
5367:
5347:
4477:
4454:
4357:
4330:
4315:
4281:
4207:
4167:
4157:
3882:
3809:
3779:
3642:
3597:
3592:
3464:
3119:
3093:
3078:
2657:
1648:
1379:
1203:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1074:. Marcianus's role in the conspiracy is not confirmed by any other ancient source.
820:
724:
606:
495:
443:
367:
346:
269:
7823:
7793:
7752:
7688:
7432:
7362:
7232:
6571:
6226:
5948:
5342:
4980:
4948:
4787:
4118:
4108:
4017:
3804:
3712:
3700:
3694:
3546:
3367:
3337:
3280:
3260:
2871:
2765:
2666:
2639:
2605:
2521:
1831:
1317:
1096:
1062:
916:
864:
848:
816:
796:
784:
505:
375:
371:
43:
5529:
2760:. "Power and Folly; The Story of the Caesars". Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1958.
2508:
2179:, Latomus, vol. 148, Brussels, 1976, pp. 5–81, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 83
1626:
1531:
1150:. This animosity within the sources was partly due to the secession of Gaul and
333:
Born into a wealthy and traditional senatorial family, Gallienus was the son of
7919:
7717:
7678:
7396:
7352:
7221:
6305:
6231:
6061:
5933:
5893:
5641:
5493:
5458:
5448:
5382:
5337:
5219:
5214:
4794:
4773:
4739:
4012:
3976:
3921:
3814:
3737:
3635:
3629:
3561:
3541:
3295:
3255:
1691:
1099:
xii.25) report that the conspiracy was organized by Heraclianus, Claudius, and
772:
674:(an area between the upper Rhine and the upper Danube), likely followed by the
671:
422:
The exact birth date of Gallienus is unknown. The 6th-century Greek chronicler
2555:
8064:
7598:
7497:
7329:
7299:
6975:
6830:
6687:
6556:
6396:
6371:
6321:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5715:
5646:
5636:
5498:
5252:
5000:
4943:
4896:
4733:
4692:
4482:
4442:
3986:
3794:
3602:
1313:
1176:
981:
937:
912:
383:
315:
64:
2861:
2643:
7683:
7517:
7507:
7482:
7334:
7284:
7243:
6969:
6881:
6769:
6682:
6662:
6581:
6546:
6541:
6427:
6366:
6076:
5898:
5888:
5851:
5806:
5720:
5710:
5700:
5616:
5332:
5209:
5018:
4959:
4819:
4766:
4671:
4227:
4022:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3762:
3624:
3265:
3105:
3064:
3022:
2980:
2806:
2757:
1321:
1305:
1195:
711:
509:
501:
491:
455:
423:
342:
149:
129:
1175:
About 40 rare gold coins of Gallienus have been discovered as part of the
751:
and that he directed the restoration of the province, probably in person.
601:
in the East, and Gallienus was preoccupied with his problems in the West,
7787:
7732:
7583:
7532:
7452:
7324:
7216:
7198:
7156:
7067:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6902:
6886:
6859:
6824:
6814:
6749:
6702:
6692:
6677:
6667:
6614:
6576:
6551:
6531:
6521:
6287:
6271:
6246:
6241:
6041:
5968:
5878:
5861:
5816:
5791:
5725:
5705:
5690:
5672:
5402:
5397:
5204:
5031:
5011:
4825:
4759:
4750:
4634:
4091:
3966:
3916:
3841:
3415:
3362:
3305:
2816:
1769:
1389:
1034:
919:
in the East. Gallienus had installed his son Saloninus and his guardian,
808:
683:
563:
555:
463:
216:
182:
145:
1300:
He contributed to military history as the first to commission primarily
899:
7904:
7858:
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7738:
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7442:
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7294:
7183:
6998:
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6908:
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6819:
6799:
6744:
6697:
6672:
6604:
6566:
6536:
6526:
6266:
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6056:
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5821:
5786:
5695:
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5488:
5392:
5387:
5372:
5357:
5165:
5159:
5073:
4801:
4619:
4556:
4147:
4062:
4027:
3992:
3904:
3819:
3579:
3572:
3519:
3499:
3444:
3409:
3402:
3347:
3312:
3175:
2931:
2450:
From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views: A Source History
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1606:
1309:
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852:
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732:
719:
610:
551:
471:
192:
141:
85:
3161:
2604:
Piétri, Charles (2002). "Prosecutions". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.).
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In the East, Valerian was confronted with serious troubles. Bands of "
7759:
7722:
7648:
7642:
7569:
7549:
7266:
7248:
7193:
7173:
7036:
6871:
6854:
6804:
6657:
6624:
6619:
6561:
6360:
6181:
6134:
6086:
6046:
6023:
5796:
5662:
5631:
5285:
5199:
5025:
4906:
4643:
3894:
3846:
3756:
3743:
3530:
3459:
3432:
3396:
3342:
3290:
3225:
3220:
2907:
2371:(transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988.
1778:
1523:
1108:
1014:
667:
618:
525:
Gallienus spent most of his time in the provinces of the Rhine area (
514:
467:
435:
338:
187:
112:
678:. After devastating Germania Superior and Raetia (parts of southern
474:, who was killed in 268, shortly after his father was assassinated.
7914:
7909:
7898:
7865:
7780:
7773:
7727:
7699:
7693:
7658:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7238:
7178:
7021:
6993:
6586:
6516:
6328:
6314:
6294:
6256:
6168:
6113:
6071:
5903:
5873:
5836:
5781:
5626:
5503:
5408:
5352:
5247:
5154:
5148:
5137:
5103:
4987:
4973:
4966:
4953:
4917:
4657:
4162:
3944:
3836:
3789:
3749:
3731:
3651:
3586:
3566:
3536:
3509:
3504:
3489:
3479:
3449:
3357:
3352:
3300:
3275:
3270:
3235:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
1681:
1330:
1163:
1100:
1058:
1046:
928:
908:
812:
768:
767:
of Emperor Valerian standing at the background and held captive by
740:
736:
687:
675:
654:
634:
617:. In any case, Gallienus reacted with great speed. He left his son
614:
602:
598:
391:
387:
356:
352:
1017:
and leading to the ravaging of many cities of Greece (among them,
666:, some reaching as far as southern Spain, sacking Tarraco (modern
609:
may have been the trigger for the subsequent revolts of Ingenuus,
7891:
7830:
7673:
7357:
7168:
7162:
7150:
7031:
7026:
6963:
6942:
6787:
6739:
6639:
6629:
6354:
6251:
6221:
6203:
6192:
6175:
6127:
6120:
6051:
5973:
5621:
5429:
5415:
5327:
5278:
5184:
5127:
5078:
4911:
4901:
4881:
4814:
4664:
4543:
4096:
3799:
3706:
3619:
3474:
3250:
1301:
1283:
1180:
1159:
876:
860:
856:
844:
824:
792:
759:
744:
642:
626:
622:
538:
451:
447:
438:, who may have been of senatorial rank, possibly the daughter of
232:
20:
4555:
7798:
7668:
7305:
7188:
6793:
6764:
6634:
6609:
6401:
6335:
6161:
6154:
6081:
6036:
6030:
5856:
5776:
5362:
5189:
5142:
5096:
5068:
4994:
4872:
4831:
4713:
4678:
4650:
3868:
3725:
3607:
3379:
3245:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
947:
832:
776:
748:
679:
659:
590:
542:
534:
322:
from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the
1009:
seems that, at first, a major naval expedition was led by the
7884:
7663:
7653:
7631:
7289:
6198:
6186:
6099:
6016:
5867:
5801:
5463:
5132:
5090:
5084:
4876:
4835:
4706:
4699:
4685:
3469:
3240:
3230:
3210:
1054:
1005:
888:
707:
696:
638:
395:
382:
in 261–262 but failed to stop the formation of the breakaway
223:
Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus
903:
Antoninianus of Postumus. Legend:IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG.
7636:
7626:
7016:
6891:
6092:
5422:
5242:
5224:
5109:
4891:
4886:
4720:
4512:
3215:
3205:
780:
663:
296:
290:
284:
2675:
extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
5841:
2712:
Gallienus : A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics
2194:
2166:, p. 50 for the latter, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 83
278:
275:
7062:
2439:
J. Bray (1997), pp. 307–309. A. Watson (1999), pp. 41–42
2102:
2100:
823:, and Valerian was taken prisoner. Shapur's army raided
835:), sacking, as Shapur's inscriptions claim, 36 cities.
341:. Valerian became Emperor in September 253 and had the
2767:
Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284
1121:
in Rome dedicated to, rather than built by, Gallienus.
490:
was proclaimed emperor in September 253, he asked the
2400:
2322:
2288:
2182:
2097:
911:, declared his own realm (usually known today as the
299:
293:
272:
1897:
1830:
N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1979).
281:
2476:
287:
851:, the remnants of the Roman army in the east, and
714:of Regalianus: IMP. C. P. C. REGALIANVS P. F. AVG.
1087:was concerned to substantiate the descent of the
394:, another usurper, proclaimed himself emperor in
8062:
2522:"A lustrous and exceptional aureus of Gallienus"
2448:Samuel N. C. Lieu, Domikic Montserat (editors).
172:
1932:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977,
915:). The revolt partially coincided with that of
4528:
3147:
2473:, Routledge, London and New York, 2001, p. 2.
887:and besieged the usurpers, who were based at
2811:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
2471:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
2162:, vol.II, 1962, for the former and J. Fitz,
743:and killed Regalianus in taking the city of
2069:
2067:
2065:
4535:
4521:
3154:
3140:
670:). The Alemanni invaded, probably through
541:), though he almost certainly visited the
36:
2734:. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1987.
2090:
2088:
1837:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 9.
629:, taking with him the new cavalry corps (
446:. Inscriptions on coins connect him with
7945:
2062:
1971:(Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1987,
1857:Gallienus's full title at his death was
1282:
1113:
1049:, commander of the cavalry stationed in
991:
942:
898:
758:
706:
662:broke through the lower Rhine, invading
585:
494:to ratify the elevation of Gallienus to
410:
2813:, Routledge, London and New York, 2001.
2122:, vol VI, part II, p. 418, London, 1886
1340:
570:
8063:
7092:
6457:
5559:
4585:
2784:
2603:
2406:
2328:
2294:
2200:
2188:
2106:
2085:
1057:), who was supposed to keep an eye on
754:
702:
366:The defeat and capture of Valerian at
7944:
7061:
6426:
5528:
4554:
4516:
3135:
2830:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983.
1829:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1428:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1398:takes place during Gallienus's reign.
1349:
987:
7597:
2823:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968.
2709:
2689:
2482:
958:
843:It took a rally by an officer named
648:
2790:The Roman Empire at bay: AD 180-395
2763:
2697:The policy of the emperor Gallienus
2658:Historia Augusta (Augustan History)
2160:Les moments historiques de Budapest
1903:
1382:'s historical fiction novel series
1295:
871:. At first they met no opposition.
847:(Balista), a fiscal official named
838:
593:of Gallienus marked: GALLIENVS AVG.
406:
264:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
211:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
13:
3032:Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus
2633:
2610:. Psychology Press. p. 1156.
2428:Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni
1040:
894:
581:
14:
8152:
2855:
2821:Ammianus and the Historia Augusta
1924:Andreas Alfoldi mentions five in
1337:, Diocletian, and Constantine I.
1267:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
1244:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
1221:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
1130:
345:elevate Gallienus to the rank of
2046:J. Bray (1997), p. 76. J. Fitz,
2024:Aurelius Victor, 33,2, Orosius,
1625:
1530:
1260:
1237:
1214:
1209:seven times faithful and loyal."
1188:
1162:. It was not until the reign of
1077:
940:remained independent until 274.
268:
2597:
2588:
2575:
2563:Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV
2557:The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold
2548:
2539:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2463:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2412:
2391:
2382:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2309:
2300:
2271:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2215:
2206:
2169:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2112:
2076:
2053:
2040:
2031:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1961:
1952:
1320:reports that Gallienus forbade
783:. The kneeling man is probably
2842:Aurelian and the Third Century
2714:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
1943:
1918:
1909:
1888:
1875:
1866:
1851:
1823:
1402:
1278:six times faithful and loyal."
1255:six times faithful and loyal."
1232:six times faithful and loyal."
520:
1:
8086:3rd-century murdered monarchs
7555:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
2628:
401:
308:
53:
16:Roman emperor from 253 to 268
4542:
3012:Publius Cornelius Saecularis
1816:
1419:Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus
735:, his revolt ended when the
7:
7488:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
3094:Publius Licinius Valerianus
3079:Publius Licinius Valerianus
2786:Potter, D. S. (David Stone)
2607:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
2388:J. Bray (1997), pp. 290–291
2306:J. Bray (1997), pp. 136–137
2246:J. Bray (1997), pp. 144–145
2237:J. Bray (1997), pp. 143–144
2120:History of the Roman Empire
1799:
1346:into an official religion.
1013:starting from north of the
324:Crisis of the Third Century
10:
8157:
8091:3rd-century Roman emperors
6387:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
5771:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
5535:Second Intermediate Period
4427:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4378:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4265:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2653:Breviarium ab urbe condita
2026:Historiae adversus Paganos
1806:Little Peace of the Church
1514:Egnatius Victor Marinianus
574:
440:Egnatius Victor Marinianus
18:
8116:3rd-century Roman consuls
8049:
7951:
7940:
7838:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
7582:
7528:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
7423:
7395:
7380:
7343:
7315:
7275:
7257:
7207:
7140:
7125:
7083:
7079:
7057:
7007:
6984:
6917:
6840:
6778:
6730:
6715:
6648:
6595:
6507:
6492:
6448:
6444:
6433:Third Intermediate Period
6422:
6345:
6304:
6212:
6144:
5992:
5760:
5745:
5681:
5655:
5607:
5592:
5550:
5546:
5524:
5479:
5439:
5314:
5299:
5233:
5175:
5118:
5059:
5044:
4934:
4863:
4848:
4749:
4633:
4618:
4576:
4572:
4561:First Intermediate Period
4550:
4503:
4435:
4400:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4368:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4193:Constantine IX Monomachos
3881:
3778:
3661:
3488:
3326:
3174:
3116:
3103:
3090:
3075:
3062:
3052:
3040:
3020:
3008:
2994:
2978:
2968:
2956:
2940:
2936:Lucius Valerius Poplicola
2928:
2923:
2913:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2844:, Routledge, Oxon, 1999.
2764:Peachin, Michael (1990).
2140:J. Bray (1997), pp. 82–83
2015:J. Bray (1997), pp. 74–75
1997:Drinkwater (1987), p. 22.
1949:J. Bray (1997), pp. 56–58
1894:J. Bray (1997), pp. 49–51
1754:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1527:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1462:Quintus Egnatius Proculus
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1372:
1366:The Magnificent Gladiator
1287:Bust of Gallienus in the
1125:
1072:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus
970:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
637:and defeated Ingenuus at
500:. He was also designated
380:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
251:
241:
231:
222:
215:
210:
205:
201:
165:
155:
135:
123:
119:
101:
91:
81:
70:
63:
35:
30:
7550:Cleopatra VII Philopator
5807:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
4565: (<3150–2040 BC)
4363:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2866:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2862:"Valerian and Gallienus"
2509:available at Attalus.org
2177:LA PANNONIE SOUS GALLIEN
1359:Gallienus was played by
1354:
1183:, France, in the 1980s.
1170:
950:of Gallienus, minted in
795:" began a naval raid of
653:A major invasion by the
508:and his adopted brother
355:in 258 and destroyed an
19:Not to be confused with
8126:Murdered Roman emperors
7523:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
7438:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5732:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
4218:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3852:Tiberius II Constantine
2972:Lucius Valerius Maximus
2960:Lucius Valerius Maximus
2828:Historia Augusta Papers
2699:, Brill, Leiden, 1976,
2073:A. Watson (1999), p. 34
1915:A. Watson (1999), p. 33
1885:(Oxford, 1983), p. 197.
1883:Historia Augusta Papers
1200:LEG II ITAL VII P VII F
974:Dionysius of Alexandria
633:) under the command of
477:
139:September 268 (aged 50)
8131:Sons of Roman emperors
8101:Deified Roman emperors
7565:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
7544:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7538:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
7493:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
7463:Arsinoe III Philopator
6377:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
5847:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
5787:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
5378:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
4373:Michael IX Palaiologos
3056:Marcus Nummius Albinus
3044:Marcus Nummius Albinus
2594:Southern, pp. 2–3, 83.
2460:, note 38 on pp. 54–55
2397:J. Bray (1997), p. 292
2358:J. Bray (1997), p. 147
2349:J. Bray (1997), p. 146
2340:J. Bray (1997), p. 138
2285:71, 1993, pp. 369–386.
2255:J. Bray (1997), p. 133
2212:J. Bray (1997), p. 142
1811:Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
1471:Lucius Egnatius Victor
1292:
1223:LEG III ITAL VI P VI F
1122:
1004:In the years 267–269,
1001:
998:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
955:
927:discovered in 1992 at
904:
788:
718:Around the same time,
715:
594:
515:Division of the empire
442:, and his brother was
419:
49:Museo Nazionale Romano
7513:Ptolemy X Alexander I
7478:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7458:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7453:Berenice II Euergetes
7448:Ptolemy III Euergetes
7410:Philip III Arrhidaeus
5919:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
5914:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
5268:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4467:Thessalonian emperors
4461:Trapezuntine emperors
4422:John VIII Palaiologos
4417:Manuel II Palaiologos
4388:John VI Kantakouzenos
4304:Andronikos I Komnenos
4141:Constantine Lekapenos
3169:and empresses regnant
2998:Marcus Nummius Tuscus
2792:. London: Routledge.
2770:. Amsterdam: Gieben.
2644:Epitome de Caesaribus
2149:J. Bray (1997), p. 83
2131:J. Bray (1997), p. 82
2094:J. Bray (1997), p. 79
2082:J. Bray (1997), p. 78
2059:J. Bray (1997), p. 47
1958:J. Bray (1997), p. 56
1286:
1269:LEG VII CLA VI P VI F
1246:LEG VII MAC VI P VI F
1117:
1089:Constantinian dynasty
995:
946:
902:
762:
710:
589:
575:Further information:
428:Epitome de Caesaribus
414:
314:– September 268) was
7946:Dynastic genealogies
7570:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
6866:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
6780:High Priests of Amun
6282:Merankhre Mentuhotep
5984:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
5979:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
5832:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
5539: (2040–1550 BC)
5258:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4405:John VII Palaiologos
4353:Theodore II Laskaris
4213:Constantine X Doukas
4153:Nikephoros II Phokas
3016:Gaius Iunius Donatus
2745:Isbouts, Jean-Pierre
2369:History of the Goths
2317:Numismatic Chronicle
2266:Numismatic Chronicle
2164:Ingenuus at Regalien
2048:Ingenuus et Regalien
1930:Numismatic Chronicle
1341:Decree of Toleration
1198:issued to celebrate
1068:Aurelius Heraclianus
963:In 262, the mint in
693:battle of Mediolanum
571:Revolts and usurpers
458:. Gallienus married
7468:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
7405:Alexander the Great
6437: (1550–664 BC)
5959:Mershepsesre Ini II
5954:Merkawre Sobekhotep
5348:Neferkare IV Khendu
4336:Theodore I Laskaris
4321:Alexios III Angelos
4299:Alexios II Komnenos
4223:Romanos IV Diogenes
4178:Romanos III Argyros
4124:Romanos I Lekapenos
2729:Drinkwater, John F.
2710:Bray, John (1997).
2671:Epitome Historiarum
2203:, pp. 255–256.
2028:7.10, Eutropius 9.8
1547:2.Cornelia Gallonia
996:Bust of Gallienus,
755:Capture of Valerian
703:Regalianus's revolt
466:, who died in 258;
7805:Trebonianus Gallus
6392:Senakhtenre Ahmose
6010:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
5964:Sewahenre Senebmiu
5939:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
5368:Neferkare V Tereru
5338:Neferkare III Neby
5006:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
4455:Britannic emperors
4449:Palmyrene emperors
4383:John V Palaiologos
4326:Alexios IV Angelos
4275:Constantine Doukas
4270:Alexios I Komnenos
4258:Constantine Doukas
4241:Michael VII Doukas
4203:Michael VI Bringas
3769:Romulus Augustulus
3392:Trebonianus Gallus
3385:Herennius Etruscus
3167:Byzantine emperors
3036:Nummius Faustianus
2975:M. Acilius Glabrio
2963:M. Acilius Glabrio
2924:Political offices
2554:Sylvianne Estiot,
2494:Historia Augusta,
1906:, pp. 37, 39.
1350:In popular culture
1293:
1289:Capitoline Museums
1148:Gallienae Augustae
1123:
1002:
988:Herulian invasions
956:
954:(Milan), dated 262
905:
789:
716:
695:(near present-day
595:
577:Gallienus usurpers
420:
8141:Damnatio memoriae
8111:Eponymous archons
8058:
8057:
8045:
8044:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7852:Claudius Gothicus
7746:Severus Alexander
7713:Septimius Severus
7578:
7577:
7376:
7375:
7121:
7120:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
6760:Osorkon the Elder
6711:
6710:
6488:
6487:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6382:Nubkheperre Intef
6262:Sekhemre Shedwast
5884:Sehetepkare Intef
5812:Semenkare Nebnuni
5741:
5740:
5588:
5587:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5295:
5294:
5273:Netjerkare Siptah
5195:Neferirkare Kakai
5040:
5039:
4844:
4843:
4614:
4613:
4510:
4509:
4348:John III Vatatzes
4294:Manuel I Komnenos
4033:Michael I Rangabe
3877:
3876:
3719:Petronius Maximus
3318:Severus Alexander
3286:Septimius Severus
3130:
3129:
3117:Succeeded by
3076:Succeeded by
3041:Succeeded by
2995:Succeeded by
2957:Succeeded by
2917:Claudius Gothicus
2914:Succeeded by
2753:978-1-4262-0138-7
2690:Secondary sources
2581:Aurelius Victor,
2226:The two Gallienii
1969:The Gallic Empire
1844:978-0-87099-179-0
1797:
1796:
1694:
1658:Claudius Gothicus
1642:
1640:Cornelia Salonina
1363:in the 1964 film
1335:Septimius Severus
1316:. The biographer
1270:
1247:
1224:
1201:
1119:Arch of Gallienus
1031:Battle of Naissus
959:Aemilianus revolt
849:Fulvius Macrianus
649:Alemanni invasion
531:Germania Superior
527:Germania Inferior
502:consul ordinarius
460:Cornelia Salonina
417:Cornelia Salonina
261:
260:
256:Egnatia Mariniana
227:
226:
160:Cornelia Salonina
96:Claudius Gothicus
46:(formerly in the
8148:
8096:Valerian dynasty
8052:List of pharaohs
7942:
7941:
7707:Pescennius Niger
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7503:Ptolemy IX Soter
7473:Cleopatra I Syra
7393:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7090:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7059:
7058:
6810:Djedkhonsuefankh
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6475:
6470:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6424:
6423:
6017:Qareh Khawoserre
6003:Yakbim Sekhaenre
5944:Mersekhemre Ined
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5526:
5525:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4552:
4551:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4358:John IV Laskaris
4331:Alexios V Doukas
4316:Isaac II Angelos
4282:John II Komnenos
4208:Isaac I Komnenos
4168:Constantine VIII
4158:John I Tzimiskes
3885:Byzantine Empire
3659:
3658:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3120:Ovinius Paternus
3091:Preceded by
3053:Preceded by
3009:Preceded by
2969:Preceded by
2929:Preceded by
2885:Preceded by
2877:
2876:
2840:Watson, Alaric.
2803:
2781:
2725:
2695:Lukas de Blois.
2662:The Two Gallieni
2622:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2496:The two Gallieni
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2277:Lothar Bakker. "
2275:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2222:Historia Augusta
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1827:
1689:
1652:consul suffectus
1649:Valerianus Minor
1637:
1629:
1534:
1517:consul suffectus
1465:consul suffectus
1407:
1406:
1380:Harry Sidebottom
1361:Franco Cobianchi
1296:Military reforms
1268:
1264:
1245:
1241:
1222:
1218:
1199:
1192:
1141:Emperor Julian's
1137:Historia Augusta
1085:Historia Augusta
869:Historia Augusta
839:Macrianus revolt
831:(in present-day
821:Battle of Edessa
725:Historia Augusta
691:defeated in the
607:battle of Edessa
444:Valerianus Minor
407:Youth and family
318:with his father
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
237:Valerian dynasty
203:
202:
176:
104:
77:
74:September 253 –
58:
55:
40:
28:
27:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8041:
7947:
7924:
7824:Macrianus Minor
7753:Maximinus Thrax
7689:Marcus Aurelius
7588:
7587:
7586:
7574:
7433:Ptolemy I Soter
7419:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7339:
7311:
7271:
7253:
7233:Psammetichus IV
7203:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7117:
7095:
7086:
7075:
7072:(664 BC–313 AD)
7071:
7070:
7041:
7003:
6980:
6976:Menkheperre Ini
6913:
6836:
6774:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6707:
6644:
6591:
6572:Neferneferuaten
6498:
6497:
6496:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6468:
6467:Pharaohs
6460:
6451:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6406:
6341:
6300:
6227:Sobekhotep VIII
6208:
6140:
5988:
5949:Sewadjkare Hori
5751:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5677:
5651:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5584:
5562:
5553:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5508:
5475:
5435:
5343:Djedkare Shemai
5305:
5304:
5303:
5291:
5229:
5171:
5114:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5036:
4930:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4745:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4588:
4579:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4546:
4541:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4443:Gallic emperors
4431:
4119:Constantine VII
3900:Constantine III
3887:
3884:
3873:
3782:
3774:
3713:Valentinian III
3701:Constantius III
3695:Priscus Attalus
3679:Constantine III
3665:
3657:
3547:Valerius Valens
3492:
3484:
3330:
3322:
3281:Didius Julianus
3261:Marcus Aurelius
3178:
3170:
3160:
3126:
3122:
3113:with Sabinillus
3111:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3086:
3082:
3072:with Saturninus
3070:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3000:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2919:
2900:
2899:253–268
2898:
2890:
2858:
2800:
2778:
2722:
2692:
2667:Joannes Zonaras
2640:Aurelius Victor
2636:
2634:Primary sources
2631:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2553:
2549:
2545:Southern, p. 3.
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2485:, pp. 3–4.
2481:
2477:
2469:Southern, Pat.
2468:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1967:J. Drinkwater,
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1516:
1464:
1421:
1405:
1384:Warrior of Rome
1375:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1318:Aurelius Victor
1298:
1279:
1265:
1256:
1242:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1193:
1173:
1133:
1128:
1080:
1063:Pontirolo Nuovo
1043:
1041:Aureolus revolt
990:
961:
897:
895:Postumus revolt
841:
817:Sassanid Empire
815:, ruler of the
785:Philip the Arab
757:
705:
651:
584:
582:Ingenuus revolt
579:
573:
523:
506:Marcus Aurelius
480:
409:
404:
376:Macrianus Major
372:Sasanian Empire
311:
271:
267:
197:
170:
169:
140:
128:
111:
102:
75:
59:
56:
44:Palatine Museum
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8154:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8136:Roman pharaohs
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7920:Maximinus Daza
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7679:Antoninus Pius
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7603:
7601:
7592:
7589:(30 BC–313 AD)
7580:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7390:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7353:Artaxerxes III
7349:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7222:Petubastis III
7219:
7213:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7159:
7154:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7077:
7076:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6725:
6717:3 Intermediate
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6502:
6499:(1550–1070 BC)
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6442:
6441:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6232:Neferhotep III
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:Sewadjkare III
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6031:Maaibre Sheshi
6027:
6024:'Ammu Ahotepre
6020:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Merhotepre Ini
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:Sobekhotep III
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5766:
5764:
5755:
5752:(1802–1550 BC)
5747:2 Intermediate
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5642:Mentuhotep III
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5599:(2040–1802 BC)
5594:Middle Kingdom
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5544:
5543:
5531:Middle Kingdom
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:Neferkare VIII
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5459:Nebkaure Khety
5456:
5451:
5449:Meryibre Khety
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5383:Neferkamin Anu
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5309:
5306:(2181–2040 BC)
5301:1 Intermediate
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5220:Djedkare Isesi
5217:
5215:Menkauhor Kaiu
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5051:(2686–2181 BC)
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4855:(3150–2686 BC)
4850:Early Dynastic
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4402:
4397:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4262:
4238:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Theodora (III)
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4094:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4060:
4048:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Constantine VI
4010:
4005:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Theodosius III
3974:
3969:
3964:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3922:Constantine IV
3919:
3914:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:Eastern Empire
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:Western Empire
3656:
3655:
3648:
3636:Magnus Maximus
3632:
3630:Valentinian II
3627:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:Constantius II
3559:
3557:Constantine II
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Antoninus Pius
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3179:27 BC – AD 235
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3115:
3102:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:Mummius Bassus
2996:
2993:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2906:(253–260) and
2891:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:Regnal titles
2875:
2874:
2869:
2857:
2856:External links
2854:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2826:Syme, Ronald.
2824:
2814:
2804:
2798:
2782:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2742:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2596:
2587:
2574:
2547:
2538:
2526:Leu Numismatik
2513:
2507:Caes. 313b–c (
2500:
2487:
2475:
2462:
2441:
2432:
2420:
2418:R. Syme (1968)
2411:
2409:, p. 264.
2399:
2390:
2381:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2331:, p. 263.
2321:
2308:
2299:
2297:, p. 260.
2287:
2270:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2191:, p. 255.
2181:
2168:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2118:Victor Duruy,
2111:
2109:, p. 256.
2096:
2084:
2075:
2061:
2052:
2039:
2037:Zonaras, 12.24
2030:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1917:
1908:
1896:
1887:
1874:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1692:Ulpia Severina
1677:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1378:He appears in
1374:
1371:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1297:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1169:
1132:
1131:Historiography
1129:
1127:
1124:
1079:
1076:
1042:
1039:
989:
986:
960:
957:
896:
893:
840:
837:
773:Naqsh-e Rustam
756:
753:
704:
701:
672:Agri Decumates
650:
647:
583:
580:
572:
569:
522:
519:
479:
476:
408:
405:
403:
400:
386:under general
370:in 260 by the
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
224:
220:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
185:
179:
177:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
105:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
61:
60:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8153:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8053:
8048:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7943:
7939:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7498:Cleopatra III
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7301:
7300:Nepherites II
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7114:
7111:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7091:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6831:Psusennes III
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6722:(1069–664 BC)
6718:
6714:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Ramesses VIII
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Amenhotep III
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Seqenenre Tao
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Sobekemsaf II
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:Wepwawetemsaf
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Merneferre Ay
5927:
5925:
5924:Wahibre Ibiau
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Sobekhotep IV
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Amenemhat III
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5647:Mentuhotep IV
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:Mentuhotep II
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Wahkare Khety
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Neferkare VII
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Seth-Peribsen
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Hotepsekhemwy
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:Double Falcon
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:(pre-3150 BC)
4621:
4620:Protodynastic
4617:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4557:Protodynastic
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4502:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:Theodora (II)
4078:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:Constantine V
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Anastasius II
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Theodosius II
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Valentinian I
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:Constantine I
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Constantius I
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2895:Roman emperor
2889:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2850:0-415-30187-4
2847:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:0-19-814853-4
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:Southern, Pat
2805:
2801:
2799:0-415-10058-5
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:90-5063-034-0
2773:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:Lissner, Ivar
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:3-515-04806-5
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2721:1-86254-337-2
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:90-04-04508-2
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:Historia Nova
2681:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2617:9780415922302
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2591:
2584:
2583:De Caesaribus
2578:
2572:
2571:9782717724929
2568:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2458:0-203-73029-1
2455:
2452:, Routledge,
2451:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2407:Potter (2004)
2403:
2394:
2385:
2378:
2377:0-520-06983-8
2374:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2329:Potter (2004)
2325:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2296:
2295:Potter (2004)
2291:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2209:
2202:
2201:Potter (2004)
2197:
2190:
2189:Potter (2004)
2185:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2107:Potter (2004)
2103:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1979:), pp. 21–22.
1978:
1977:3-515-04806-5
1974:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1939:
1938:0-915018-28-4
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:Roman Emperor
1683:
1672:Roman Emperor
1670:
1661:Roman Emperor
1659:
1650:
1641:
1633:Roman Emperor
1631:(1) Gallienus
1628:
1610:Roman Emperor
1608:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1556:
1550:
1540:Roman Emperor
1538:
1533:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1395:Birds of Prey
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1333:, along with
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Constantine I
1311:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:Lava Treasure
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:Assassination
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
999:
994:
985:
983:
977:
975:
971:
966:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
938:Gallic Empire
933:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:Gallic Empire
910:
901:
892:
890:
886:
885:dux Romanorum
880:
878:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:was found at
770:
766:
761:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
726:
721:
713:
709:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:as Caesar at
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
588:
578:
568:
565:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
484:
482:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
413:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Gallic Empire
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Roman emperor
304:
265:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
221:
218:
214:
209:
204:
200:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
175:
174:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
106:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76:September 268
73:
69:
66:
65:Roman emperor
62:
51:
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7810:
7803:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7705:
7698:
7684:Lucius Verus
7641:
7542:
7518:Berenice III
7508:Cleopatra IV
7483:Cleopatra II
7415:Alexander IV
7335:Nectanebo II
7304:
7285:Nepherites I
7244:Artaxerxes I
7231:
7161:
7149:
7132:(664–332 BC)
7112:
7068:Roman Period
6970:Shoshenq VII
6968:
6941:
6901:
6882:Shoshenq III
6864:
6829:
6792:
6770:Psusennes II
6683:Ramesses VII
6663:Ramesses III
6547:Amenhotep II
6542:Thutmose III
6478:
6367:Sobekemsaf I
6359:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6293:
6286:
6191:
6174:
6169:'Aper-'Anati
6167:
6160:
6153:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6077:Sekheperenre
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5899:Neferhotep I
5889:Seth Meribre
5866:
5852:Djedkheperew
5769:
5730:
5721:Amenemhat IV
5711:Senusret III
5701:Amenemhat II
5617:Mentuhotep I
5579:
5468:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5333:Neferkare II
5284:
5277:
5210:Nyuserre Ini
5164:
5147:
5102:
5095:
5083:
5024:
5019:Neferkasokar
5017:
5010:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4923:
4916:
4824:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4767:Finger Snail
4765:
4758:
4738:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4605:
4410:Andronikos V
4408:
4391:
4339:
4307:
4285:
4273:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4232:
4226:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4100:
4083:
4071:
4054:
4042:
4036:
4023:Nikephoros I
3998:
3997:
3991:
3958:
3955:Justinian II
3950:Tiberius III
3940:Justinian II
3931:
3925:
3908:
3860:
3832:Anastasius I
3823:
3767:
3763:Julius Nepos
3755:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3625:Theodosius I
3612:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3542:Maximinus II
3529:
3431:
3427:
3414:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3304:
3266:Lucius Verus
3112:
3106:Roman consul
3104:
3071:
3065:Roman consul
3063:
3029:
3023:Roman consul
3021:
2987:
2981:Roman consul
2979:
2949:
2943:Roman consul
2941:
2902:
2893:
2865:
2841:
2827:
2820:
2817:Syme, Ronald
2810:
2789:
2766:
2731:
2711:
2696:
2670:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2565:, BNF, 2011
2562:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2449:
2444:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2302:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2078:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1853:
1832:
1825:
1393:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1344:
1306:Comitatenses
1299:
1274:
1251:
1228:
1205:
1196:Antoninianus
1174:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1105:
1084:
1081:
1044:
1003:
978:
962:
934:
906:
884:
881:
873:
868:
842:
790:
730:
723:
717:
712:Antoninianus
652:
630:
596:
560:
524:
510:Lucius Verus
504:for 254. As
496:
485:
483:
481:
427:
424:John Malalas
421:
365:
347:
343:Roman Senate
332:
263:
262:
171:
150:Roman Empire
130:Roman Empire
47:
42:Bust in the
25:
8076:210s births
7788:Gordian III
7733:Diadumenian
7533:Cleopatra V
7387:(332–30 BC)
7382:Hellenistic
7325:Nectanebo I
7217:Cambyses II
7199:Psamtik III
7157:Tefnakht II
6959:Takelot III
6954:Osorkon III
6949:Shoshenq VI
6903:Pedubast II
6887:Shoshenq IV
6860:Shoshenq II
6825:Pinedjem II
6815:Menkheperre
6750:Psusennes I
6703:Ramesses XI
6693:Ramesses IX
6678:Ramesses VI
6668:Ramesses IV
6615:Ramesses II
6577:Tutankhamun
6552:Thutmose IV
6532:Thutmose II
6522:Amenhotep I
6494:New Kingdom
6429:New Kingdom
6288:Senusret IV
6272:Dedumose II
6247:Nebiriau II
6242:Nebiryraw I
6237:Mentuhotepi
6042:Khakherewre
5969:Merkheperre
5879:Imyremeshaw
5862:Sedjefakare
5817:Sehetepibre
5792:Ameny Qemau
5726:Sobekneferu
5706:Senusret II
5691:Amenemhat I
5673:Iyibkhentre
5403:Neferirkare
5398:Neferkauhor
5205:Shepseskare
5046:Old Kingdom
5032:Khasekhemwy
5012:Neferkara I
4981:Weneg-Nebty
4826:Scorpion II
4469:(1224–1242)
4463:(1204–1461)
4252:Konstantios
4129:Christopher
4102:Constantine
4092:Michael III
4073:Constantine
4056:Constantine
4038:Theophylact
3967:Philippicus
3917:Constans II
3842:Justinian I
3738:Severus III
3686:Constans II
3440:Claudius II
3416:Silbannacus
3363:Gordian III
3338:Maximinus I
3306:Diadumenian
1770:Valerian II
1422:philosopher
1403:Family tree
1390:David Drake
1304:units, the
1144:The Caesars
1035:Claudius II
925:inscription
809:Mesopotamia
684:Switzerland
564:Valerian II
556:Roman Dacia
521:Early reign
464:Valerian II
217:Regnal name
82:Predecessor
8081:268 deaths
8065:Categories
7905:Diocletian
7859:Quintillus
7812:Aemilianus
7767:Gordian II
7739:Elagabalus
7560:Arsinoe IV
7443:Arsinoe II
7368:Darius III
7295:Psammuthes
7184:Psamtik II
6999:Bakenranef
6937:Pedubast I
6932:Takelot II
6927:Harsiese A
6909:Osorkon IV
6897:Shoshenq V
6877:Osorkon II
6850:Shoshenq I
6820:Smendes II
6800:Pinedjem I
6745:Amenemnisu
6698:Ramesses X
6673:Ramesses V
6625:Amenmesses
6605:Ramesses I
6567:Smenkhkare
6537:Hatshepsut
6527:Thutmose I
6277:Montuemsaf
6267:Dedumose I
6067:Nebdjefare
6057:Merdjefare
5827:Nedjemibre
5822:Sewadjkare
5696:Senusret I
5668:Qakare Ini
5489:Meryhathor
5393:Neferkaure
5388:Qakare Iby
5373:Neferkahor
5358:Neferkamin
5166:Thamphthis
5160:Shepseskaf
5074:Sekhemkhet
4925:Horus Bird
4802:Scorpion I
4246:Andronikos
4234:Nikephoros
4183:Michael IV
4148:Romanos II
4068:Theophilos
4063:Michael II
4044:Staurakios
4028:Staurakios
4000:Nikephoros
3993:Artabasdos
3905:Heraclonas
3862:Theodosius
3820:Basiliscus
3580:Nepotianus
3573:Magnentius
3567:Constans I
3520:Severus II
3500:Diocletian
3445:Quintillus
3410:Aemilianus
3403:Volusianus
3348:Gordian II
3313:Elagabalus
3176:Principate
3124:Arcesilaus
2932:Volusianus
2629:References
2430:, XIV.4–11
1791:consul 268
1788:Marinianus
1782:co-emperor
1669:Quintillus
1607:Aemilianus
1326:equestrian
1310:Diocletian
1273:Legio VII
1252:Macedonica
1250:Legio VII
1227:Legio III
1156:Odaenathus
1051:Mediolanum
965:Alexandria
952:Mediolanum
829:Cappadocia
801:Cappadocia
765:bas relief
733:Sarmatians
720:Regalianus
611:Regalianus
552:Aemilianus
472:Marinianus
402:Early life
396:Mediolanum
361:Mediolanum
312: 218
193:Marinianus
183:Valerianus
142:Mediolanum
115:(July 260)
103:Co-emperor
86:Aemilianus
57: 262
8071:Gallienus
8037:Ptolemaic
7845:Gallienus
7760:Gordian I
7723:Caracalla
7649:Vespasian
7643:Vitellius
7425:Ptolemaic
7267:Amyrtaeus
7249:Darius II
7194:Ahmose II
7174:Psamtik I
7113:uncertain
7101:Pharaohs
7037:Tanutamun
6872:Takelot I
6855:Osorkon I
6805:Masaharta
6755:Amenemope
6658:Setnakhte
6620:Merneptah
6562:Akhenaten
6479:uncertain
6361:Nebmaatre
6182:Sakir-Har
6135:Yaqub-Har
6047:Nebefawre
5797:Hotepibre
5663:Segerseni
5632:Intef III
5580:uncertain
5568:Pharaohs
5200:Neferefre
5026:Hudjefa I
4907:Semerkhet
4644:Hedju Hor
4606:uncertain
4594:Pharaohs
4488:Classical
4473:Empresses
4457:(286–296)
4451:(267–273)
4445:(260–274)
4188:Michael V
4114:Alexander
3927:Heraclius
3895:Heraclius
3847:Justin II
3757:Glycerius
3744:Anthemius
3614:Procopius
3552:Martinian
3531:Maxentius
3460:Florianus
3433:Saloninus
3428:Gallienus
3397:Hostilian
3373:Philip II
3343:Gordian I
3291:Caracalla
3226:Vespasian
3221:Vitellius
2908:Saloninus
2649:Eutropius
2483:Bray 1997
2175:J. Fitz,
2158:T. Nagy,
1881:R. Syme,
1834:Weitzmann
1817:Citations
1779:Saloninus
1524:Mariniana
1392:'s novel
1204:Legio II
1109:Via Appia
1095:i.40 and
1083:bed; the
1015:Black Sea
917:Macrianus
865:Macrianus
857:Palmyrene
853:Odenathus
845:Callistus
668:Tarragona
631:comitatus
619:Saloninus
547:Illyricum
545:area and
468:Saloninus
436:Mariniana
339:Mariniana
188:Saloninus
113:Saloninus
110:(253–260)
92:Successor
31:Gallienus
7997:21 to 23
7915:Galerius
7910:Maximian
7899:Numerian
7866:Aurelian
7818:Valerian
7781:Balbinus
7774:Pupienus
7728:Macrinus
7700:Pertinax
7694:Commodus
7659:Domitian
7622:Claudius
7617:Caligula
7612:Tiberius
7607:Augustus
7227:Darius I
7179:Necho II
7022:Shebitku
6994:Tefnakht
6587:Horemheb
6517:Ahmose I
6329:Pantjeny
6315:Senebkay
6295:Pepi III
6257:Bebiankh
6114:Shenshek
6072:Nebsenre
5904:Sihathor
5874:Khendjer
5837:Renseneb
5782:Nerikare
5627:Intef II
5504:Merykare
5409:Wadjkare
5353:Merenhor
5248:Userkare
5155:Menkaure
5149:Bikheris
5138:Djedefre
5104:Qahedjet
4988:Wadjenes
4974:Horus Sa
4967:Nubnefer
4954:Nynetjer
4918:Sneferka
4658:Ni-Neith
4544:Pharaohs
4483:Usurpers
4478:Augustae
4436:See also
4341:Nicholas
4163:Basil II
3960:Tiberius
3945:Leontius
3933:Tiberius
3910:Tiberius
3888:610–1453
3883:Eastern/
3837:Justin I
3790:Arcadius
3750:Olybrius
3732:Majorian
3673:Honorius
3652:Eugenius
3587:Vetranio
3537:Licinius
3510:Galerius
3505:Maximian
3490:Dominate
3480:Numerian
3450:Aurelian
3423:Valerian
3368:Philip I
3358:Balbinus
3353:Pupienus
3301:Macrinus
3276:Pertinax
3271:Commodus
3236:Domitian
3201:Claudius
3196:Caligula
3191:Tiberius
3186:Augustus
3099:Lucillus
3084:Lucillus
2990:Valerian
2952:Valerian
2904:Valerian
2888:Valerian
2788:(2004).
2561:Also in
2531:23 March
2283:Germania
2050:, p. 44.
1800:See also
1682:Aurelian
1604:previous
1537:Valerian
1331:Dominate
1322:senators
1164:Aurelian
1101:Aurelian
1059:Postumus
1047:Aureolus
929:Augsburg
921:Silvanus
909:Postumus
855:and his
813:Shapur I
769:Shapur I
741:Pannonia
739:invaded
737:Roxolani
688:Hannibal
676:Juthungi
655:Alemanni
635:Aureolus
615:Postumus
603:Ingenuus
599:Shapur I
497:Augustus
488:Valerian
432:Valerian
426:and the
415:Bust of
392:Aureolus
388:Postumus
363:in 259.
359:army at
357:Alemanni
353:Ingenuus
348:Augustus
335:Valerian
328:usurpers
320:Valerian
246:Valerian
108:Valerian
8121:Licinii
8106:Egnatii
7892:Carinus
7873:Tacitus
7831:Quietus
7674:Hadrian
7358:Khabash
7189:Wahibre
7169:Necho I
7163:Nekauba
7151:Ammeris
7094:Dynasty
7032:Taharqa
7027:Shabaka
6964:Rudamun
6943:Iuput I
6788:Herihor
6740:Smendes
6640:Twosret
6630:Seti II
6474:female)
6459:Dynasty
6355:Rahotep
6252:Semenre
6222:Djehuti
6204:Khamudi
6193:Yanassi
6176:Salitis
6128:Yakareb
6121:Khamure
6052:Sehebre
5974:Merkare
5622:Intef I
5561:Dynasty
5470:Imhotep
5430:Iytjenu
5416:Khuiqer
5328:Menkare
5279:Neferka
5263:Pepi II
5185:Userkaf
5079:Sanakht
4902:Anedjib
4882:Hor-Aha
4815:Iry-Hor
4809:Shendjw
4781:Pen-Abu
4665:Hat-Hor
4587:Dynasty
4493:Eastern
4393:Matthew
4287:Alexios
4135:Stephen
4097:Basil I
3982:Leo III
3857:Maurice
3800:Marcian
3783:395–610
3707:Joannes
3666:395–480
3620:Gratian
3493:284–610
3475:Carinus
3455:Tacitus
3331:235–285
3251:Hadrian
3027:261–262
2947:254–255
2680:Zosimus
2585:, 33–34
2379:, p. 54
1904:Peachin
1687:270–275
1663:268–270
1635:253–268
1542:253–260
1302:cavalry
1275:Claudia
1229:Italica
1206:Italica
1181:Corsica
1160:Zenobia
1152:Palmyra
1097:Zonaras
1093:Zosimus
877:Zonaras
861:Quietus
825:Cilicia
805:Zosimus
793:Scythai
745:Sirmium
643:Sirmium
627:Balkans
623:Cologne
539:Noricum
456:Egnatii
452:Etruria
448:Falerii
233:Dynasty
21:Galenus
8032:Argead
7879:Probus
7799:Decius
7794:Philip
7669:Trajan
7397:Argead
7306:Muthis
7259:XXVIII
7239:Xerxes
7107:female
7085:Period
6794:Piankh
6765:Siamun
6635:Siptah
6610:Seti I
6450:Period
6402:Kamose
6336:Snaaib
6306:Abydos
6162:Semqen
6155:Sharek
6107:Sheneh
6087:'Apepi
6082:Bebnum
6037:Nehesy
5857:Sebkay
5777:Sonbef
5574:female
5552:Period
5363:Nikare
5253:Pepi I
5190:Sahure
5143:Khafre
5128:Snefru
5097:Sedjes
5069:Djoser
4995:Senedj
4873:Narmer
4832:Narmer
4714:Wazner
4679:Hsekiu
4651:Ny-Hor
4600:female
4578:Period
4255:&
4231:&
4138:&
4109:Leo VI
4085:Thekla
4041:&
4008:Leo IV
3930:&
3869:Phocas
3825:Marcus
3810:Leo II
3726:Avitus
3643:Victor
3608:Valens
3598:Jovian
3593:Julian
3465:Probus
3400:&
3380:Decius
3328:Crisis
3246:Trajan
3059:Dexter
3047:Dexter
2910:(260)
2901:With:
2848:
2834:
2796:
2774:
2751:
2738:
2718:
2703:
2614:
2569:
2456:
2375:
2228:, II.6
1975:
1936:
1841:
1773:caesar
1373:Novels
1291:, Rome
1126:Legacy
1027:Thrace
1023:Sparta
1019:Athens
1011:Heruli
982:Thebes
948:Aureus
833:Turkey
797:Pontus
777:Shiraz
749:Verona
680:France
660:Franks
613:, and
591:Aureus
543:Danube
537:, and
535:Raetia
492:Senate
368:Edessa
252:Mother
242:Father
173:Detail
156:Spouse
146:Italia
127:c. 218
7885:Carus
7664:Nerva
7654:Titus
7632:Galba
7599:XXXIV
7584:Roman
7363:Arses
7290:Hakor
7209:XXVII
6919:XXIII
6509:XVIII
6469:(male
6199:Apepi
6187:Khyan
6100:Wazad
5868:Wegaf
5802:Iufni
5656:Nubia
5464:Setut
5286:Nefer
5133:Khufu
5091:Khaba
5085:Nebka
4949:Nebra
4877:Menes
4836:Menes
4788:Stork
4751:Upper
4707:Neheb
4700:Thesh
4686:Khayu
4635:Lower
4051:Leo V
4018:Irene
3805:Leo I
3470:Carus
3241:Nerva
3231:Titus
3211:Galba
3163:Roman
3030:with
2988:with
2950:with
2864:, at
2498:, XVI
1355:Films
1171:Coins
1055:Milan
1006:Goths
889:Emesa
697:Milan
639:Mursa
486:When
206:Names
167:Issue
71:Reign
7718:Geta
7637:Otho
7627:Nero
7345:XXXI
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7277:XXIX
7142:XXVI
7127:Late
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7064:Late
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6842:XXII
6431:and
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5571:male
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3216:Otho
3206:Nero
3165:and
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