Causes of climate change

919: 176: 1186: 317: 958: 837: 88: 644: 496: 745: 251: 480: 33: 1110: 1259: 1015: 385: 7216: 7204: 1273: 7240: 7228: 442:. The likely range of human-induced surface-level air warming by 2010–2019 compared to levels in 1850–1900 is 0.8 °C to 1.3 °C, with a best estimate of 1.07 °C. This is close to the observed overall warming during that time of 0.9 °C to 1.2 °C. Temperature changes during that time were likely only ±0.1 °C due to natural forcings and ±0.2 °C due to variability in the climate. 5623: 943:

make local temperatures cooler. At latitudes closer to the poles, there is a cooling effect as forest is replaced by snow-covered (and more reflective) plains. Globally, these increases in surface albedo have been the dominant direct influence on temperature from land use change. Thus, land use change to date is estimated to have a slight cooling effect.

3558:, p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06°C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land" 4330:

Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth's surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn't inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the

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emissions decrease, the Earth will be able to absorb up to around 70%. If they increase substantially, it'll still absorb more carbon than now, but the overall fraction will decrease to below 40%. This is because climate change increases droughts and heat waves that eventually inhibit plant growth on

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to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight. Deforestation can also modify the release of chemical compounds that influence clouds, and by changing wind patterns. In tropic and temperate areas the net effect is to produce significant warming, and forest restoration can

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can release gases, dust and ash that partially block sunlight and reduce temperatures, or they can send water vapor into the atmosphere, which adds to greenhouse gases and increases temperatures. Because both water vapor and volcanic material have low persistence in the atmosphere, even the largest

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Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.;

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Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild,

1157:. Water vapour, as a potent greenhouse gas, holds heat in the atmosphere. If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. If clouds become higher and thinner, they act as an insulator, reflecting heat from below back downwards and warming the planet. 233:

The climate system will vary in response to changes in forcings. The climate system will show internal variability both in the presence and absence of forcings imposed on it. This internal variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the

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that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea-level rise. Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.

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Sea ice reflects 50% to 70% of incoming sunlight, while the ocean, being darker, reflects only 6%. As an area of sea ice melts and exposes more ocean, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, raising temperatures that melt still more ice. This is a positive feedback

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Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon

4025:, p. 58: Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases. 1231:

Between 1750 and 2007, solar radiation may have at most increased by 0.12 W/m, compared to 1.6 W/m for the net anthropogenic forcing. Consequently, the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to

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Canadell, J. G.; Monteiro, P. M. S.; Costa, M. H.; Cotrim da Cunha, L.; Ishii, M.; Jaccard, S.; Cox, P. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Henson, S.; Koven, C.; Lohila, A.; Patra, P. K.; Piao, S.; Rogelj, J.; Syampungani, S.; Zaehle, S.; Zickfeld, K. (2021).

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More than 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to livestock and livestock-related activities such as deforestation and increasingly fuel-intensive farming practices. Specific attributions to the livestock sector include:

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eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects.

3884:: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." 748:

Air pollution has substantially increased the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere when compared to the preindustrial background levels. Different types of particles have different effects, but overall, cooling from aerosols formed by

791:, organic carbon from combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, and from anthropogenic dust. Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990 due to pollution controls, meaning that they no longer mask greenhouse gas warming as much. 3648::"Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade." 1220:, and indirect measurements are available from the early 1600s onwards. Yet, since 1880, there has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, in contrast to the warming of the lower atmosphere (the 2717:: 2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period 91:

Observed temperature from NASA vs the 1850–1900 average used by the IPCC as a pre-industrial baseline. The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding

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Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019:

52:, where it is "unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land since pre-industrial times." This consensus is supported by around 200 scientific organizations worldwide, The dominant role in this 1022:

sources and sinks since 1880. While there is little debate that excess carbon dioxide in the industrial era has mostly come from burning fossil fuels, the future strength of land and ocean carbon sinks is an area of

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had found that, "The combined change in radiative forcing of the two major natural factors (solar variation and volcanic aerosols) is estimated to be negative for the past two, and possibly the past four, decades."

175: 3039:

Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022).

2064:

Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005).

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Another major feedback is the reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic, which reduces the reflectivity of the Earth's surface. More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to

2430:: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; 2049:

Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014:

4060:"Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report" 4950: 2051: 5066: 187:. External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output. Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of 1240:) would also be warming if the Sun was sending more energy to Earth, but instead, it has been cooling. This is consistent with greenhouse gases preventing heat from leaving the Earth's atmosphere. 915:

have accounted for the remaining 23%. Some forests have not been fully cleared, but were already degraded by these impacts. Restoring these forests also recovers their potential as a carbon sink.

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and volcanic activity, show that cannot explain the observed warming. For example, an increase in solar activity would have warmed the entire atmosphere, yet only the lower atmosphere has warmed.

3953:

Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin (2014).

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Uncertainty over feedbacks, particularly cloud cover, is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. As air warms,

4802: 578:, and ocean-atmosphere exchange. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use (see below), release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, causing CO 3672:: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. 349:, and greenhouse gases absorb a portion of it. This absorption slows the rate at which heat escapes into space, trapping heat near the Earth's surface and warming it over time. While 2789:

Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019).

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and lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets. They also reduce the

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Climate feedbacks can either amplify or dampen the response of the climate to a given forcing. There are many feedback mechanisms in the climate system that can either amplify (a

3836:, p. 58: The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence) 3293: 1202: 6940: 2757: 753:

emissions has the overwhelming impact. However, the complexity of aerosol interactions in atmospheric layers makes the exact strength of cooling very difficult to estimate.

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in the atmosphere reached 415 ppm. The last time when it reached this level was 2.6–5.3 million years ago. Without human intervention, it would be 280 ppm.

5510:

IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018).

7116: 3007: 2377:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

6784: 6241: 5171:

Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface".

4944: 3706:

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation".

5074: 4570:

Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.).

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5136: 1468:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1224:). Similarly, volcanic activity has the single largest natural impact (forcing) on temperature, yet it is equivalent to less than 1% of current human-caused CO 1146:

to space in response to rising temperature. In addition to temperature feedbacks, there are feedbacks in the carbon cycle, such as the fertilizing effect of CO

6957: 7291: 353:

and clouds are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they primarily change as a function of temperature. Therefore, they are considered to be

17: 2977: 151:

emitted by humans increases temperature in linear proportion to the total amount of emissions. Further, some fraction of the greenhouse warming has been "

6393: 6214: 1707: 7286: 7271: 6388: 199:

of planet Earth. A positive radiative forcing will lead towards a warming of the surface and, over time, the climate system. Between the start of the

6256: 2504: 3612: 2533: 4483: 3572: 601:, have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere. 3355: 1035:. Despite the contribution of deforestation to greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth's land surface, particularly its forests, remain a significant 918: 6188: 5466: 4221: 2775: 628: 4809: 4151:"AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO 2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges" 4127: 3804:. Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. 5635:

Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's Response to Public Comments

3304: 2471: 2445:: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al 1672: 1633: 5897: 4314: 4077: 2572: 1732: 320:

Warming influence of atmospheric greenhouse gases has nearly doubled since 1979, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers.

6130: 613: 605: 1696: 1661: 1622: 159:, which forms aerosols that have a cooling effect. However, this masking has been receding in the recent years, due to measures to combat 6014: 3396: 2594: 708:), which are entirely artificial gases, as contributors to radiative forcing. The chart at right attributes anthropogenic greenhouse gas 4713: 1797: 6278: 6231: 4036:"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change" 3779: 3285: 2277: 1866: 7157: 6273: 5853: 5639: 4793: 3434: 1421: 952: 536: 271: 7281: 6488: 6204: 5922: 5699: 1991:

Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)

1837: 659: 5216: 4608: 2766: 6844: 6633: 5796: 2054:, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 735-789. doi:10.7930/J0KS6PHH 1228:

emissions. Volcanic activity as a whole has had negligible impacts on global temperature trends since the Industrial Revolution.

1185: 840:

The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.

474: 421: 204: 2885:

Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018).

2372: 1574:

Cao, Yang; Zhu, Yannian; Wang, Minghuai; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Liang, Yuan; Liu, Jihu; Liu, Zhoukun; Bai, Heming (7 January 2023).

6493: 6456: 6310: 6295: 6209: 5858: 5802: 2735: 1576:"Emission Reductions Significantly Reduce the Hemispheric Contrast in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in Recent Two Decades" 49: 5525: 4607:(2001), Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. (eds.), 3426: 1826: 1193:("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) includes charts illustrating that neither solar nor volcanic activity can explain the observed warming. 7152: 6290: 5408: 5338: 5230: 5130: 5102: 4043: 3526: 2353: 4949:(Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. 3805: 7276: 7174: 6125: 6120: 1381: 2052:

Appendix 3: Climate Science Supplement. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment

1453:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 447–587. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.007. 1083:. The rate at which oceans absorb atmospheric carbon will be lowered as they become more acidic and experience changes in 6655: 6433: 6251: 6178: 6168: 6151: 6058: 5865: 3017: 1349: 147:

amplify greenhouse gas warming. Thus, both effects are considered to each other out, and the warming from each unit of CO

6183: 5508: 4571: 632: 239: 7084: 6945: 6902: 6398: 4967: 1190: 806:, which makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight. Indirect effects of aerosols are the largest uncertainty in 761:

on a large scale. Aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation. From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of

316: 3750: 2453:). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO 7011: 6887: 6704: 5902: 5222: 4643: 4622: 3585: 3449:

Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018).

1791: 845: 254:

Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Rising greenhouse gas levels are contributing to an

7244: 6882: 6862: 6809: 6761: 5818: 5573: 5120: 1177:, marine systems, and freshwater systems. Overall, climate feedbacks are expected to become increasingly positive. 532: 5478: 1486: 1446: 1325: 7001: 6952: 6378: 6340: 6285: 5750: 4885: 2336: 1908: 1243: 3162: 1463: 7069: 6353: 6105: 4651: 3896:"Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling" 3200: 957: 548: 3571:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006).

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FAQ 2.1, How do Human Activities Contribute to Climate Change and How do They Compare with Natural Influences?

836: 7179: 6714: 6246: 5423: 5357: 5326: 2839: 2281: 1704: 416:. Over the past 150 years human activities have released increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the 120:

emissions continually reside in the atmosphere in the first place, as the other half is quickly absorbed by

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The IPCC in this report uses "likely" to indicate a statement with an assessed probability of 66% to 100%.

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Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000).

1324:

Eyring, Veronika; Gillett, Nathan P.; Achutarao, Krishna M.; Barimalala, Rondrotiana; et al. (2021).

6373: 6221: 4222:"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" 3608: 2541: 255: 5023:

Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019).

4479: 3591: 2498: 2475: 1955:"Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere" 1765: 552: 267: 263: 104:

relationship with the concentration of greenhouse gases. This means that every additional fraction of CO

7232: 6996: 6799: 6756: 6529: 6451: 6305: 5586: 5400: 5330: 4593: 3363: 3012: 392:

concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black)

304: 290: 274:. Four main lines of evidence support the dominant role of human activities in recent climate change: 5387: 4803:

Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition

4260: 1734:

Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition

7101: 6776: 6751: 6724: 6686: 6603: 6421: 6268: 6226: 5976: 5745: 5740: 5735: 3872:, pp. 58, 59: clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks 3138: 2286: 2247: 1296: 1286: 799: 196: 6616: 5320: 4207: 4203: 4119: 3300: 831: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7037: 6877: 6383: 6348: 6236: 6163: 6004: 5833: 5543: 4980: 4150: 2004: 1775: 1669: 1630: 1203:

History of climate change science § Discredited theories and reconciled apparent discrepancies

1084: 1056: 803: 795: 446: 329: 37: 5585:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US:

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4738:"Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world" 4091: 4059: 2568: 2379:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001. 2132:

Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999).

1741: 179:

A diagram which shows where the extra heat retained on Earth due to the energy imbalance is going.

7266: 7220: 7142: 7052: 6794: 6766: 6446: 6100: 6078: 5685: 5152:

USGCRP (2017). Wuebbles, D. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Hibbard, K. A.; Dokken, D. J.; et al. (eds.).

1135: 1115: 1100: 286:: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. 144: 125: 3103: 1122:

The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by

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are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.

87: 6819: 6639: 6581: 6498: 6483: 6368: 6009: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 2191:"Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica" 1693: 1658: 1619: 1051:

emissions. The ocean also serves as a significant carbon sink via a two-step process. First, CO

900: 667: 3895: 3390: 3237:

Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; Langner, J.; Victor, D. G. (2016).

1954: 1470:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, 961:

Meat from cattle and sheep have the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.

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in the land and oceans. Further, the warming per unit of greenhouse gases is also affected by

7208: 6854: 6731: 6539: 5994: 5917: 5507:(2019). Shukla, P. R.; Skea, J.; Calvo Buendia, E.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; et al. (eds.). 5422:

Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L. V.; et al. (2013).

4500: 4429: 2855: 2686: 2268: 1767: 1471: 1291: 1264: 1198: 1131: 1059:

distributes it deep into the ocean's interior, where it accumulates over time as part of the

648: 590: 484: 417: 397: 200: 188: 4981:"Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" 4396:"The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860" 3771: 2238:

Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Langenfelds, R.; Francey, R.; Barnola, J.-M.; Morgan, V. (1998).

2133: 7296: 7047: 6925: 6586: 6156: 6083: 5594:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

5265: 5180: 5036: 4995: 4894: 4855: 4749: 4530: 4438: 4358: 4236: 3966: 3907: 3462: 3250: 3150: 3053: 2898: 2682: 2632: 2432: 2204: 2147: 2080: 2016: 1966: 1858: 1587: 1528: 1080: 982: 904: 887:- primarily from the decline in forest area and the growth in agricultural land. primarily 758: 744: 729: 655: 495: 5633: 2272: 2067:"High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present" 1367:. Archived page: The source appears to incorrectly list the Society of Biology (UK) twice. 345:, and thus allow it to pass through the atmosphere to heat the Earth's surface. The Earth 289:

There are historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in

8: 7064: 6839: 6068: 6063: 4789: 4423:

Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018).

2239: 1429: 1418: 1162: 1104: 935: 701: 594: 432: 358: 5269: 5184: 5040: 4999: 4898: 4859: 4753: 4534: 4442: 4362: 4240: 3970: 3911: 3466: 3254: 3154: 3057: 2902: 2636: 2208: 2151: 2084: 2020: 1970: 1834: 1591: 1532: 930:

Local vegetation cover impacts how much of the sunlight gets reflected back into space (

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contributor to global warming, Between 1750 and 2007, about one-third of anthropogenic

6892: 6824: 6741: 6591: 6556: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6073: 5572:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 5460: 5286: 5253: 5236: 5204: 4912: 4695: 4670: 4629: 4382: 4252: 3731: 3309:

Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000".

3239:"Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers" 3085: 2927: 2886: 2815: 2790: 2220: 2114: 1556: 1301: 593:

in 1958, constitute the master time series documenting the changing composition of the

571: 370: 366: 235: 143:

increases, carbon sinks absorb a smaller fraction of total emissions, while the "fast"

101: 4347:

Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). "Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness".

3450: 2472:"Causes of Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect causes the atmosphere to retain heat" 377:

are added or removed independently from temperature. Hence, they are considered to be

7126: 6789: 6534: 6300: 6088: 6051: 5838: 5792: 5542:

Jia, G.; Shevliakova, E.; Artaxo, P. E.; De Noblet-Ducoudré, N.; et al. (2019).

5404: 5353: 5334: 5291: 5226: 5196: 5126: 5098: 5054: 5011: 4925: 4777: 4733: 4700: 4618: 4558: 4466: 4400: 4374: 4349: 4170: 3982: 3923: 3735: 3723: 3581: 3522: 3486: 3478: 3266: 3166: 3089: 3077: 2932: 2914: 2867: 2859: 2820: 2650: 2620: 2398: 2393: 2349: 2171: 2163: 2138: 2106: 2098: 2032: 2003:

Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (27 October 2010).

1982: 1787: 1560: 1516: 1154: 1139: 1127: 1123: 1063:. Over the last two decades, the world's oceans have absorbed 20 to 30% of emitted CO 978: 865: 807: 693: 685: 612:

concentrations, commonly written "ppm", are measured in parts-per-million by volume (

479: 462: 413: 378: 346: 333: 250: 227: 223: 192: 97: 32: 5208: 4843: 4386: 4256: 4094:- A Report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: 2727: 2224: 899:. Between 2001 and 2018, 27% of deforestation was from permanent clearing to enable 7169: 6736: 6719: 6660: 6551: 6315: 6034: 5907: 5843: 5281: 5273: 5188: 5159: 5044: 5003: 4902: 4863: 4767: 4757: 4690: 4682: 4580: 4548: 4538: 4456: 4446: 4409: 4366: 4244: 4162: 4067: 3974: 3915: 3715: 3514: 3470: 3258: 3158: 3069: 3061: 3041: 2922: 2906: 2851: 2810: 2802: 2640: 2212: 2155: 2118: 2088: 2071: 2024: 1974: 1823: 1779: 1595: 1546: 1536: 903:

for crops and livestock. Another 24% has been lost to temporary clearing under the

431:

levels are higher than they have been at any time during the last 2 million years.

427:

and methane had increased by about 48% and 160%, respectively, since 1750. These CO

208: 27:

Effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming

5386:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). 4370: 4035: 3549: 2159: 412:), has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting in a 7121: 7042: 7006: 6935: 6909: 6897: 6814: 6746: 6621: 6478: 6095: 6046: 6024: 4686: 4650:

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Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (2001).

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4617:

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in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of

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Keeling's initial 1958 measurements showed 313 parts per million by volume (

238:

between the atmosphere and ocean. An example of internal variability is the

7032: 6829: 6473: 6463: 6115: 5999: 5912: 5295: 5277: 5200: 5065: 5058: 4781: 4704: 4378: 4248: 3954: 3507:

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has a slightly smaller warming effect than the fractions before it as the

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2216: 2028: 1600: 1575: 1221: 1173:

into the atmosphere. Climate change can also cause methane releases from

1036: 896: 784: 725: 717: 544: 519:

emissions primarily come from burning fossil fuels to provide energy for

409: 129: 121: 61: 5153: 4315:"Tonga eruption blasted unprecedented amount of water into stratosphere" 3073: 2469: 2093: 2066: 384: 40:

for long lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented.

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Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

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While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight,

712:

to eight main economic sectors, of which the largest contributors are

647:

Main sources of global methane emissions (2008–2017) according to the

6041: 5445:(2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.). 5163: 5007: 4965: 4772: 4584: 4072: 3978: 3544: 3518: 2619:

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Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing

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in the soil and photosynthesis, remove about 29% of annual global CO

5520: 5097:(Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 3751:"New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse" 3633: 3508: 3283: 2887:"Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions" 1783: 1341: 1143: 1138:, and the net effect of clouds. The primary balancing mechanism is 912: 884: 354: 342: 4968:"Forests in the IPCC Special Report on Land Use: 7 Things to Know" 4425:"Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World" 3510:

The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action

1923: 1409: 1354:, OPR, Office of the Governor, State of California, archived from 848:, around 30% of Earth's land area is largely unusable for humans ( 6019: 5677: 3839: 3812: 3687: 2237: 1272: 1174: 908: 849: 772: 677: 627:

in the atmosphere increased faster than ever before according to

575: 458: 279: 215:) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's 73: 2527: 2525: 1953:

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7027: 5671: 4978: 4923: 3120: 2978:"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists" 2965: 2731: 2423: 2188: 1740:. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 1074:

This fraction of absorbed emissions is not static. If future CO

1071:

emissions have been absorbed by land plants and by the oceans.

986: 939: 931: 857: 853: 776: 775:

aerosols produced by the combustion of fossil fuels with heavy

219:, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m). 133: 5593: 4022: 3955:"Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather" 3869: 3833: 3657: 3570: 3139:"The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds" 2318: 1863:

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Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were

435:

are far higher than they were over the last 800,000 years.

401: 5497: 5417:

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land, and soils will release more carbon from dead plants

400:(about 1750), mainly extracting and burning fossil fuels ( 262:

Factors affecting Earth's climate can be broken down into

7117:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

5358:"Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" 5158:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program. 4844:"Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon" 4591: 4181: 3448: 2678: 2470:

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Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

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This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or

183:

A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the

5254:"Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction" 5218:

WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020

4881:"An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends" 4874: 4300: 3952: 3008:"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming" 2569:"CO2 Levels Top 415 PPM for First Time in Human History" 2005:"Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect" 1620:

Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science

1055:

dissolves in the surface water. Afterwards, the ocean's

116:

concentration increases. However, only around half of CO

5661: 4831:

Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions

3042:"Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust" 2503:, vol. 2. Validity of Observed and Measured Data, 2002: 5451:. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the 5170: 4808:(Report). National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 3893: 3116: 2844:

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2840:"Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate" 2776:

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1686: 48:

for decades. After thousands of studies, it came to a

6958:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5473: 4594:

Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities

2618: 1513: 1403: 728:), and agricultural by-products (mainly methane from 5025:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release" 4841: 4711: 3645: 3220: 3124: 2884: 2759:

7. Projecting the Growth of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

2599:

Home National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

1881: 1254: 765:

was observed. This phenomenon is popularly known as

170: 44:

The scientific community has been investigating the

4879:; Austin, John; Barnett, John; et al. (2009). 3705: 1573: 1378:"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change" 895:, and are not replaced by new trees, removing that 5329:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5122:Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States 4966:Seymour, Frances; Gibbs, David (8 December 2019). 4800: 4675:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4628: 4573:Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change 4106: 1326:"Chapter 3: Human influence on the climate system" 5424:"Chapter 2: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface" 3742: 3580:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. 3382: 2685:(27%), Manure Management (3%), Coal Mining (9%), 2534:"1.3.1 The Human Fingerprint on Greenhouse Gases" 2433:"Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals" 1952: 1859:"EPA's Endangerment Finding Climate Change Facts" 1247:eruptions only have an effect for several years. 946: 566:is absorbed and emitted naturally as part of the 7258: 7158:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5421: 5351: 4649: 4569: 4296: 4219: 4190: 3845: 3821: 3693: 3502: 3500: 3338:The Sustainability Consortium, 13 September 2018 3319:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (16 February 2024). 3038: 2949: 1631:FAQ 1.1, What Factors Determine Earth's Climate? 1483: 1415: 1370: 1323: 585:The high-accuracy measurements of atmospheric CO 5575:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 5389:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 5322:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 4828:Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. 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U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. 3681: 3555: 2961: 1893: 922:Cumulative land-use change contributions to CO 230:) the effects of a change in climate forcing. 195:is a measure of how various factors alter the 5898:History of climate change policy and politics 5693: 4827: 4148: 4096:TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis 3993: 3497: 2538:Historical Overview of Climate Change Science 2419: 1901:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 5638:, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 5603: 5568: 5486: 5441: 5431: 5382: 5365: 5315: 4788: 4714:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 4603: 4278: 3940: 3857: 3802:"The study of Earth as an integrated system" 3566: 3564: 3535: 3409: 3376: 3318: 3194: 3192: 2781: 2612: 2554: 2460: 2344: 2267: 2009:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1845: 1715: 1680: 1641: 1580:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1494: 1333: 638: 503:shows the long-term increase of atmospheric 7292:Environmental impact of the energy industry 6015:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5465:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5309: 3451:"Classifying drivers of global forest loss" 3303:. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024. 3301:"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss" 1705:Human and Natural Drivers of Climate Change 1509: 1507: 1505: 1456: 1319: 1317: 1163:amplification of Arctic temperature changes 1094: 794:Aerosols also have indirect effects on the 684:are also major forcing contributors to the 56:has been played by the direct emissions of 7239: 7227: 6684: 5700: 5686: 5562: 5551: 5533: 5503: 5376: 3545:World Resources Institute, 8 December 2019 2324: 2278:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 1726: 1724: 1124:"self-reinforcing" or "positive" feedbacks 832:Climate change § Land surface changes 582:concentrations in the atmosphere to rise. 245: 7287:Climate change assessment and attribution 7272:History of climate variability and change 6979: 6785:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5923:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5662:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5581:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5395:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5325:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5285: 5048: 4906: 4771: 4761: 4694: 4613:, Contribution of Working Group I to the 4610:Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis 4552: 4542: 4460: 4450: 4413: 4124:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 4071: 3561: 3435:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 3415: 3189: 2926: 2814: 2644: 2092: 1928:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 1599: 1550: 1540: 1130:. The main reinforcing feedbacks are the 953:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 631:, as a result of sustained emissions and 6489:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4393: 4346: 4312: 4220:Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). 3634:IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 3183: 2970: 2856:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538 2714: 2531: 1502: 1477: 1314: 1184: 1108: 1013: 956: 917: 835: 743: 720:), industrial processes, transportation 642: 494: 478: 383: 315: 303:Observations of natural forces, such as 249: 174: 86: 31: 6845:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6634:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5498:Special Report: Climate change and Land 4842:Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). 4046:from the original on 23 September 2019. 3699: 3388: 3353: 2837: 2388: 1721: 1165:. Arctic amplification is also thawing 1043:. Land-surface sink processes, such as 938:. For instance, the change from a dark 825: 616:). In May 2019, the concentration of CO 543:released by the chemical reactions for 14: 7259: 6494:Economics of climate change mitigation 6457:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5975: 5803:Scientific consensus on climate change 5544:"Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions" 5356:; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). 5151: 5118: 5089: 4668: 4660: 4480:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data" 4284: 3808:from the original on 26 February 2019. 3748: 3341: 3286:"Global forest loss increases in 2020" 3136: 3046:Environmental Science & Technology 2566: 2442: 1887: 1835:Box 1: What drives changes in climate? 1800:from the original on 27 September 2011 1236:." Further, the upper atmosphere (the 1180: 1067:. Thus, around half of human-caused CO 7153:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6978: 6683: 6419: 5974: 5886: 5767: 5719: 5681: 5448:Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report 4924:Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). 4736:; Werner, W. J.; et al. 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Archived from 4953:from the original on 17 August 2018 4498: 4477: 4023:IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 3870:IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 3834:IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 3658:IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 3143:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2738:from the original on 25 August 2009 2706: 2674: 2517: 2507:from the original on 27 August 2016 2427: 2319:IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 2306: 1347: 1128:"balancing" or "negative" feedbacks 911:for wood and derived products, and 891:. as the destroyed trees release CO 461:, 4% was nitrous oxide, and 2% was 311: 155:" by the human-caused emissions of 24: 7085:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 5707: 4796:from the original on 31 July 2018. 4592:Global Methane Initiative (2020). 4229:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 4080:from the original on 14 June 2019. 3296:from the original on 1 April 2021. 3284:Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). 3016:. 18 February 2021. Archived from 2362: 1384:from the original on 16 April 2020 1191:Fourth National Climate Assessment 787:. Smaller contributions come from 716:(many of which burn coal or other 25: 7308: 7012:Satellite temperature measurement 6617:forestry for carbon sequestration 5903:History of climate change science 5655: 5223:World Meteorological Organization 5139:from the original on 6 April 2010 4712:Lindsey, Rebecca (23 June 2022). 3307:from the original on 27 May 2024. 1911:from the original on 24 May 2023. 1521:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1435: 1004: 846:Food and Agriculture Organization 771:, and is primarily attributed to 468: 381:that change global temperatures. 171:Factors affecting Earth's climate 7238: 7226: 7215: 7214: 7202: 6863:Climate Change Performance Index 6242:Destruction of cultural heritage 5626: This article incorporates 5621: 4313:Greicius, Tony (2 August 2022). 4306: 4290: 4196: 3221:Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008 2778:(pre-publication edition) (2006) 2765:, pp. 171–4, archived from 2625:Earth System Science Data (ESSD) 2575:from the original on 14 May 2019 1921: 1768:"2. Natural Climatic Variations" 1271: 1257: 527:, and electricity. Additional CO 453:. Of these emissions, 75% was CO 7282:Human impact on the environment 7002:Instrumental temperature record 6953:Sustainable Development Goal 13 5303: 4886:Journal of Geophysical Research 4671:"The Aluminum Smelting Process" 4142: 4130:from the original on 5 May 2019 4112: 4100: 4084: 4051: 4048:Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3. 4028: 4016: 3946: 3934: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3827: 3794: 3764: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3601: 3442: 3347: 3331: 3312: 3277: 3230: 3214: 3177: 3130: 3110: 3096: 3032: 3000: 2984:. 15 March 2007. Archived from 2955: 2943: 2878: 2831: 2750: 2700: 2668: 2587: 2560: 2490: 2413: 2382: 2300: 2261: 2231: 2182: 2125: 2057: 2043: 1996: 1946: 1934:from the original on 8 May 2019 1915: 1812: 1759: 1647: 1608: 1567: 1169:, which releases methane and CO 1009: 977:35–40% of global anthropogenic 883:emissions were from changes in 108:and the other greenhouse gases 7070:Climate variability and change 6420: 6106:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5615: 5352:Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; 5125:. Cambridge University Press. 4501:"Overview of Greenhouse Gases" 3900:Environmental Research Letters 3749:Pearce, Fred (18 April 2023). 2679:Global Methane Initiative 2020 2567:Rosane, Olivia (13 May 2019). 1959:Environmental Research Letters 1924:"The Causes of Climate Change" 1865:. 2009. Report ID: 430F09086. 1216:has been measured directly by 1027:The Earth's surface absorbs CO 947:Livestock-associated emissions 757:Air pollution, in the form of 13: 1: 7180:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6715:Climate emergency declaration 5071:The Sustainability Consortium 4732:Melillo, J. M.; Frey, S. D.; 4371:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227 2282:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2160:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712 1472:doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022 1307: 759:aerosols, affects the climate 662:, landfills, wastewater, and 84:play major supporting roles. 7163:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6389:Middle East and North Africa 5720: 5667:UK Met Office: Climate Guide 4687:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154 4522:Geophysical Research Letters 4499:US EPA (15 September 2020). 4478:US EPA (13 September 2019). 4415:10.1016/j.chemer.2016.04.002 4040:science2017.globalchange.gov 2891:Geophysical Research Letters 2689:(11%), Oil & Gas (24%), 2196:Geophysical Research Letters 1244:Explosive volcanic eruptions 1209:IPCC Third Assessment Report 992:64% of global anthropogenic 589:concentration, initiated by 511:) concentrations since 1958. 449:59 billion tonnes of CO 240:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 7: 7277:Global environmental issues 5887: 4801:National Academies (2008). 3208:National Climate Assessment 2532:Le Treut, H.; et al., 1250: 970:9% of global anthropogenic 936:heat is lost by evaporation 739: 597:. These data, known as the 570:, through animal and plant 10: 7313: 6997:Global surface temperature 6888:Popular culture depictions 6800:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6530:Carbon capture and storage 6452:Carbon offsets and credits 5768: 5587:Cambridge University Press 5526:"Summary for Policymakers" 5401:Cambridge University Press 5331:Cambridge University Press 5050:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4 4340: 4319:NASA Global Climate Change 3720:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7 3427:"Summary for Policymakers" 3389:Solomon, S.; et al., 3354:Solomon, S.; et al., 3013:American Geophysical Union 2337:"Summary for Policymakers" 1404:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 1196: 1098: 996:emissions, chiefly due to 950: 829: 798:. Sulfate aerosols act as 692:lists these together with 472: 323: 291:global surface temperature 132:concentrations or Earth's 7209:Climate change portal 7196: 7135: 7102:Extreme event attribution 7020: 6989: 6985: 6974: 6918: 6853: 6775: 6725:School Strike for Climate 6697: 6693: 6679: 6648: 6604:Climate-smart agriculture 6565: 6522: 6432: 6428: 6415: 6339: 6197: 6144: 5987: 5983: 5970: 5893: 5882: 5811: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5746:Climate change adaptation 5741:Climate change mitigation 5736:Effects of climate change 5726: 5715: 4972:World Resources Institute 3646:Climate.gov, 23 June 2022 2838:McNeill, V. Faye (2017). 2646:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 2420:Olivier & Peters 2019 2287:U.S. Department of Energy 2248:U.S. Department of Energy 1542:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022 1297:Climate change mitigation 1287:Climate change adaptation 1155:it can hold more moisture 800:cloud condensation nuclei 639:Methane and nitrous oxide 487:shows how additions to CO 433:Concentrations of methane 396:Human activity since the 128:, such as the changes in 7112:Global warming potential 6919:International agreements 6566:Preserving and enhancing 6005:Arctic methane emissions 5927:Years in climate change 5834:Greenhouse gas emissions 5731:Causes of climate change 5327:Fourth Assessment Report 5310:Fourth Assessment Report 5221:. WMO-No. 1264. Geneva: 4204:Summary for Policymakers 4092:Summary for Policymakers 3920:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9 3772:"Thermodynamics: Albedo" 3104:"Global Dimming Dilemma" 2373:Summary for Policymakers 1979:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885 1829:24 December 2011 at the 1776:National Academies Press 1774:. Washington, D.C., US: 1694:Summary for Policymakers 1664:21 December 2011 at the 1625:21 December 2011 at the 1095:Climate change feedbacks 1085:thermohaline circulation 330:Greenhouse gas emissions 145:climate change feedbacks 46:causes of climate change 38:global warming potential 7143:Climate change scenario 6795:Disaster risk reduction 6447:Carbon emission trading 6257:U.S. insurance industry 6232:Civilizational collapse 6079:sea surface temperature 5583:Sixth Assessment Report 5563:Sixth Assessment Report 5453:Fifth Assessment Report 5397:Fifth Assessment Report 5377:Fifth Assessment report 5193:10.1126/science.1103215 4763:10.1126/science.aan2874 4615:Third Assessment Report 4394:Davidson, Eric (2009). 4107:National Academies 2008 3574:Livestock's Long Shadow 3475:10.1126/science.aau3445 3066:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779 1840:19 January 2017 at the 1710:2 November 2018 at the 1699:2 November 2018 at the 1101:Climate change feedback 1057:overturning circulation 732:and nitrous oxide from 680:and to a lesser extent 246:Human-caused influences 72:, and the emissions of 7136:Research and modelling 6820:Nature-based solutions 6640:Nature-based solutions 6582:Carbon dioxide removal 6499:Fossil fuel divestment 6484:Climate risk insurance 6394:Small island countries 6010:Arctic sea ice decline 5628:public domain material 5278:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428 4790:"Arctic amplification" 4249:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880 1194: 1119: 1024: 962: 927: 901:agricultural expansion 841: 754: 668:oil and gas extraction 651: 539:, which include the CO 512: 492: 393: 321: 259: 180: 139:As the warming from CO 93: 41: 7097:Earth's energy budget 6980:Background and theory 6868:Climate crisis (term) 6540:Fossil fuel phase-out 6434:Economics and finance 6399:by individual country 6341:By country and region 6316:Security and conflict 6311:Psychological impacts 5995:Abrupt climate change 5918:Charles David Keeling 5751:By country and region 4946:Documentary Sea Blind 4430:Reviews of Geophysics 4297:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007 4191:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 3846:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 3822:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 3708:Nature Climate Change 3694:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 3243:Nature Climate Change 3121:Storelvmo et al. 2016 2966:Storelvmo et al. 2016 2950:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2 2013 2795:Reviews of Geophysics 2687:Municipal Solid Waste 2474:. EPA. Archived from 2392:(18 September 2020). 1416:USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 1292:Climate change denial 1265:Global warming portal 1207:Already in 2001, the 1199:Climate change denial 1188: 1132:water-vapour feedback 1112: 1017: 960: 926:emissions, by region. 921: 839: 830:Further information: 796:Earth's energy budget 747: 649:Global Carbon Project 646: 591:Charles David Keeling 498: 485:Global Carbon Project 482: 398:Industrial Revolution 387: 319: 282:understanding of the 253: 201:Industrial Revolution 178: 96:The warming from the 90: 35: 6926:Glasgow Climate Pact 6587:Carbon sequestration 6157:Mass mortality event 5672:NOAA Climate website 5479:"Annex II: Glossary" 4908:10.1029/2008JD010421 4875:Randel, William J.; 4544:10.1029/2018GL077424 4452:10.1002/2017RG000559 4299:, pp. 702–703; 4266:on 26 September 2007 4167:10.1029/2019GC008690 4000:Turetsky et al. 2019 3684:, pp. 133, 144. 3263:10.1038/nclimate2880 2911:10.1002/2017GL076079 2807:10.1029/2019RG000660 2801:(1): e2019RG000660. 2728:"The Kyoto Protocol" 2683:Enteric fermentation 2271:; Whorf, T. (2004). 2217:10.1029/1999GL010960 2029:10.1029/2010JD014287 1636:26 June 2011 at the 1601:10.1029/2022JD037417 1586:(2): e2022JD037417. 1424:9 April 2018 at the 1081:when they are warmer 983:enteric fermentation 905:shifting cultivation 826:Land surface changes 779:concentrations like 730:enteric fermentation 537:industrial processes 531:emissions come from 422:concentrations of CO 167:caused by sulfates. 60:from the burning of 7065:Climate sensitivity 6840:The Adaptation Fund 6296:Infectious diseases 6198:Social and economic 5596:"Technical Summary" 5555:. pp. 131–247. 5435:. pp. 159–254. 5369:. pp. 663–745. 5270:2015RSPTA.37340428W 5185:2005Sci...308..847W 5041:2019Natur.569...32T 5000:2016NatGe...9..286S 4899:2009JGRD..114.2107R 4860:2008NatGe...1..221R 4754:2017Sci...358..101M 4669:Kvande, H. (2014). 4633:on 15 December 2019 4554:20.500.11850/268470 4535:2018GeoRL..45.4281H 4443:2018RvGeo..56..207D 4363:1989Sci...245.1227A 4357:(4923): 1227–1239. 4241:2007RSPSA.463.2447L 4235:(2086): 2447–2460. 3971:2014NatGe...7..627C 3912:2020ERL....15i40c1W 3682:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 3670:Melillo et al. 2017 3556:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 3467:2018Sci...361.1108C 3461:(6407): 1108–1111. 3255:2016NatCC...6..286S 3155:1977JAtS...34.1149T 3137:Twomey, S. (1977). 3058:2022EnST...56..761X 2988:on 22 December 2018 2903:2018GeoRL..45.1020S 2637:2020ESSD...12.1561S 2544:on 29 December 2011 2457:is a greenhouse gas 2209:2000GeoRL..27..735I 2152:1999Sci...283.1712F 2146:(5408): 1712–1714. 2094:10.1038/nature06949 2085:2008Natur.453..379L 2021:2010JGRD..11520106S 1971:2017ERL....12h4001W 1747:on 13 December 2011 1714:, Figure SPM.2, in 1675:6 July 2011 at the 1592:2023JGRD..12837417C 1552:20.500.11850/572791 1533:2022ACP....2212221Q 1527:(18): 12221–12239. 1464:Annex VII: Glossary 1181:Natural variability 1136:ice–albedo feedback 1105:Climate sensitivity 804:growth of raindrops 702:sulfur hexafluoride 656:come from livestock 414:radiative imbalance 359:climate sensitivity 347:radiates it as heat 341:are transparent to 272:internal variations 6636:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6608:Forest management 6592:Direct air capture 6557:Sustainable energy 6514:Net zero emissions 6509:Low-carbon economy 6504:Green Climate Fund 6291:Indigenous peoples 6189:Plant biodiversity 5977:Effects and issues 5264:(2054): 20140428. 4815:on 11 October 2017 4681:(5 Suppl): S2–S4. 4301:Randel et al. 2009 3366:on 15 October 2012 3125:Samset et al. 2018 2772:on 4 November 2012 1430:Figure 3.3 panel 5 1419:Figure 3.1 panel 2 1302:Climate resilience 1195: 1120: 1025: 963: 928: 842: 755: 654:Methane emissions 652: 576:volcanic eruptions 513: 493: 394: 367:tropospheric ozone 322: 260: 189:Earth's atmosphere 181: 94: 42: 7254: 7253: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7127:Radiative forcing 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6790:Adaptive capacity 6675: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6535:Energy transition 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6126:Tropical cyclones 6052:Urban heat island 5966: 5965: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5839:Carbon accounting 5793:Greenhouse effect 5759: 5758: 5604:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 5487:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 5432:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 5410:978-1-107-05799-9 5366:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 5340:978-0-521-88009-1 5232:978-92-63-11264-4 5179:(5723): 847–850. 5132:978-0-521-14407-0 5104:978-92-5-109283-5 4988:Nature Geoscience 4930:Our World in Data 4848:Nature Geoscience 4748:(6359): 101–105. 4401:Nature Geoscience 3959:Nature Geoscience 3941:NASA, 28 May 2013 3882:Wolff et al. 2015 3858:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 3848:, pp. 89–90. 3824:, pp. 89–91. 3696:, pp. 93–95. 3528:978-92-5-137044-5 3410:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 3392:Technical Summary 3377:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 3360:Technical Summary 3325:Our World in Data 2555:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 2399:Our World in Data 2355:978-92-9169-158-6 2348:. p. 4 n.4. 2345:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 2079:(7193): 379–382. 1846:IPCC TAR WG1 2001 1824:Technical Summary 1716:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 1681:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 1642:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 1495:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 1334:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 1234:solar variability 1150:on plant growth. 1140:radiative cooling 979:methane emissions 866:agricultural land 808:radiative forcing 694:hydrofluorocarbon 686:greenhouse effect 608:). Atmospheric CO 523:, manufacturing, 463:fluorinated gases 379:external forcings 334:Greenhouse effect 228:negative feedback 226:) or diminish (a 224:positive feedback 193:Radiative forcing 110:in the atmosphere 98:greenhouse effect 16:(Redirected from 7304: 7242: 7241: 7230: 7229: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7170:Paleoclimatology 6987: 6986: 6976: 6975: 6737:Ecological grief 6720:Climate movement 6695: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6661:Plant-based diet 6552:Renewable energy 6430: 6429: 6417: 6416: 6252:Economic impacts 6179:Invasive species 6035:Coastal flooding 5985: 5984: 5972: 5971: 5908:Svante Arrhenius 5884: 5883: 5854:from agriculture 5844:Carbon footprint 5829:Greenhouse gases 5778: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5717: 5716: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5625: 5624: 5608: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5556: 5548: 5538: 5537:. pp. 3–34. 5530: 5517: 5515: 5491: 5483: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5436: 5428: 5414: 5394: 5370: 5362: 5344: 5299: 5289: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5239:on 19 April 2021 5235:. 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Archived from 3579: 3568: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3519:10.4060/cc2510en 3504: 3495: 3494: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3438:. pp. 3–34. 3431: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3362:, archived from 3351: 3345: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3297: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3234: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3149:(7): 1149–1152. 3134: 3128: 3117:Wild et al. 2005 3114: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3020:on 27 March 2023 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2897:(2): 1020–1029. 2882: 2876: 2875: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2724: 2718: 2704: 2698: 2695:Rice Cultivation 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2631:(3): 1561–1623. 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2540:, archived from 2529: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2467: 2458: 2440: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2386: 2380: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2341: 2328: 2322: 2321:, p. TS-35. 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2096: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1855: 1849: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1728: 1719: 1690: 1684: 1651: 1645: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1554: 1544: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1481: 1475: 1460: 1454: 1442: 1433: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1321: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1214:Solar irradiance 981:(chiefly due to 934:), and how much 856:, etc.), 26% is 698:perfluorocarbons 660:rice cultivation 339:Greenhouse gases 312:Greenhouse gases 256:energy imbalance 209:chemical formula 136:(reflectivity). 82:greenhouse gases 21: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7131: 7122:Orbital forcing 7016: 6981: 6962: 6936:Paris Agreement 6914: 6910:Warming stripes 6849: 6815:Managed retreat 6810:Loss and damage 6771: 6705:Business action 6689: 6667: 6644: 6567: 6561: 6518: 6479:Climate finance 6424: 6403: 6335: 6193: 6169:Extinction risk 6145:Flora and fauna 6140: 6101:Permafrost thaw 6096:Ozone depletion 6025:Extreme weather 5979: 5962: 5889: 5870: 5807: 5772: 5755: 5722: 5711: 5706: 5658: 5645: 5643: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5598: 5578: 5565: 5552:IPCC SRCCL 2019 5546: 5534:IPCC SRCCL 2019 5528: 5513: 5500: 5481: 5458: 5457: 5426: 5411: 5392: 5379: 5360: 5341: 5312: 5306: 5242: 5240: 5233: 5142: 5140: 5133: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5094: 5090:UN FAO (2016). 5080: 5078: 5035:(7754): 32–34. 4983: 4956: 4954: 4934: 4932: 4877:Shine, Keith P. 4868:10.1038/ngeo156 4834: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4722: 4720: 4654: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4596: 4576: 4505: 4503: 4489: 4487: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4323: 4321: 4311: 4307: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4056: 4052: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3577: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3505: 3498: 3447: 3443: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3383: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3317: 3313: 3299: 3282: 3278: 3235: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3135: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2883: 2879: 2836: 2832: 2786: 2782: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2547: 2545: 2530: 2523: 2510: 2508: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2478:on 8 March 2017 2468: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2390:Ritchie, Hannah 2387: 2383: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2339: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2236: 2232: 2187: 2183: 2130: 2126: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2044: 2001: 1997: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1920: 1916: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842:Wayback Machine 1831:Wayback Machine 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1712:Wayback Machine 1701:Wayback Machine 1691: 1687: 1677:Wayback Machine 1666:Wayback Machine 1652: 1648: 1638:Wayback Machine 1627:Wayback Machine 1613: 1609: 1572: 1568: 1512: 1503: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1461: 1457: 1443: 1436: 1426:Wayback Machine 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1387: 1385: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1358:on 1 April 2014 1346: 1342: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1227: 1205: 1183: 1172: 1149: 1126:and reduced by 1107: 1099:Main articles: 1097: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1050: 1045:carbon fixation 1042: 1031:as part of the 1030: 1021: 1012: 1007: 955: 949: 925: 894: 881: 874:land use change 834: 828: 742: 707: 641: 626: 619: 611: 588: 581: 565: 542: 530: 518: 510: 490: 477: 471: 456: 452: 430: 425: 420:. By 2019, the 391: 364: 336: 324:Main articles: 314: 248: 214: 173: 150: 142: 119: 107: 70:land use change 68:emissions from 67: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7310: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7267:Climate change 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7075:Cloud feedback 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6933: 6931:Kyoto Protocol 6928: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6885: 6883:Media coverage 6880: 6875: 6873:Climate spiral 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6762:Public opinion 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6710:Climate action 6707: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6690: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6622:REDD and REDD+ 6619: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6599:Carbon farming 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6331:Water security 6328: 6326:Water scarcity 6323: 6321:Urban flooding 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Forest dieback 6171: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6111:Sea level rise 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6084:stratification 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5981: 5980: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:Carbon leakage 5846: 5841: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5788:Climate system 5784: 5782: 5774: 5773: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5712: 5709:Climate change 5705: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5656:External links 5654: 5653: 5652: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5539: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5409: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5249: 5231: 5213: 5168: 5149: 5131: 5116: 5103: 5087: 5077:on 21 May 2019 5063: 5020: 4994:(4): 286–289. 4976: 4963: 4941: 4921: 4893:(D2): D02107. 4872: 4854:(4): 221–227. 4839: 4825: 4798: 4792:. NASA. 2013. 4786: 4729: 4709: 4666: 4647: 4623: 4601: 4589: 4567: 4512: 4496: 4475: 4437:(1): 207–250. 4420: 4391: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4305: 4289: 4277: 4212: 4195: 4180: 4141: 4111: 4099: 4083: 4050: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3992: 3965:(9): 627–637. 3945: 3933: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3811: 3793: 3763: 3741: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3600: 3586: 3560: 3548: 3534: 3527: 3496: 3441: 3414: 3381: 3346: 3330: 3311: 3276: 3249:(3): 286–289. 3229: 3213: 3188: 3176: 3129: 3109: 3106:. 4 June 2020. 3095: 3052:(2): 761–769. 3031: 2999: 2969: 2962:He et al. 2018 2954: 2952:, p. 183. 2942: 2877: 2850:(1): 427–444. 2830: 2780: 2749: 2719: 2710: 2699: 2667: 2611: 2586: 2559: 2521: 2489: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2422:, p. 17; 2412: 2381: 2361: 2354: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2260: 2230: 2203:(5): 735–738. 2181: 2124: 2056: 2042: 1995: 1945: 1914: 1892: 1880: 1850: 1811: 1792: 1784:10.17226/10139 1758: 1720: 1685: 1646: 1607: 1566: 1501: 1476: 1455: 1434: 1408: 1406:, p. 124. 1396: 1369: 1340: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1268: 1252: 1249: 1225: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1147: 1096: 1093: 1091:distribution. 1075: 1068: 1064: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1028: 1019: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005:Ripple effects 1003: 1002: 1001: 990: 975: 972:carbon dioxide 948: 945: 923: 892: 879: 827: 824: 768:global dimming 751:sulfur dioxide 741: 738: 714:power stations 705: 690:Kyoto Protocol 640: 637: 624: 617: 609: 586: 579: 563: 540: 528: 516: 508: 505:carbon dioxide 488: 473:Main article: 470: 469:Carbon dioxide 467: 454: 450: 440:global warming 428: 423: 389: 362: 326:Greenhouse gas 313: 310: 309: 308: 301: 298:climate models 294: 287: 284:climate system 247: 244: 212: 205:carbon dioxide 197:energy balance 185:climate system 172: 169: 157:sulfur dioxide 148: 140: 117: 105: 65: 58:carbon dioxide 54:climate change 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7309: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Climate model 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7080:Cloud forcing 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6973: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6855:Communication 6852: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Vulnerability 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805:Flood control 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6627:reforestation 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:afforestation 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6547:Nuclear power 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Carbon budget 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6279:Mental health 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6215:United States 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:deoxygenation 6067: 6065: 6064:acidification 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5859:from wetlands 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Deforestation 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5354:Braconnot, P. 5350: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5106: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4644:0-521-01495-6 4631: 4626: 4624:0-521-80767-0 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4502: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4287:, p. 20. 4286: 4281: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3906:(9): 0940c1. 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3593: 3589: 3587:92-5-105571-8 3583: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513:. 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Indirect CO 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7200: 7033:Carbon cycle 6990:Measurements 6685:Society and 6569:carbon sinks 6474:Climate debt 6464:Carbon price 6286:Human rights 6116:Season creep 6074:heat content 6000:Anoxic event 5913:James Hansen 5769: 5730: 5644:, retrieved 5634: 5632:EPA (2009), 5602: 5574: 5550: 5532: 5509: 5485: 5447: 5443:IPCC AR5 SYR 5430: 5388: 5364: 5321: 5304:IPCC reports 5261: 5257: 5241:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5217: 5176: 5172: 5154: 5141:. Retrieved 5121: 5108:. Retrieved 5079:. Retrieved 5075:the original 5070: 5032: 5028: 4991: 4987: 4971: 4955:. Retrieved 4945: 4933:. Retrieved 4929: 4917:hal-00355600 4890: 4884: 4851: 4847: 4830: 4817:. Retrieved 4810:the original 4745: 4741: 4721:. Retrieved 4717: 4678: 4674: 4658: 4635:, retrieved 4630:the original 4609: 4605:IPCC TAR WG1 4572: 4526: 4520: 4506:15 September 4504:. Retrieved 4488:. Retrieved 4434: 4428: 4405: 4399: 4354: 4348: 4329: 4322:. 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Retrieved 1372: 1360:, retrieved 1356:the original 1350: 1348:OPR (n.d.), 1343: 1332: 1242: 1238:stratosphere 1230: 1206: 1159: 1152: 1121: 1073: 1061:carbon cycle 1033:carbon cycle 1026: 1010:Carbon sinks 964: 929: 872:is the main 843: 815:black carbon 812: 793: 789:black carbon 766: 756: 726:fossil fuels 718:fossil fuels 700:(PFCs), and 676: 653: 635:conditions. 622: 603: 584: 568:carbon cycle 561: 514: 444: 437: 395: 357:that change 351:water vapour 337: 293:are unusual. 261: 232: 221: 217:surface area 182: 138: 122:carbon sinks 113: 109: 95: 92:variability. 62:fossil fuels 45: 43: 29: 7297:Climatology 7060:Carbon sink 7038:atmospheric 6903:video games 6577:Blue carbon 6205:Agriculture 6184:Marine life 6131:Water cycle 6089:temperature 5824:Fossil fuel 5616:Attribution 5589:(In Press). 5516:. In press. 4957:26 February 4718:Climate.gov 4637:18 December 4462:2066/195183 4408:: 659–662. 4285:USGCRP 2009 4109:, p. 6 3619:28 February 3342:UN FAO 2016 3024:18 December 2742:9 September 2443:Kvande 2014 2292:20 November 2269:Keeling, C. 2253:20 November 1888:USGCRP 2009 1873:22 December 1388:23 February 1362:30 November 1222:troposphere 1037:carbon sink 897:carbon sink 864:and 34% is 785:bunker fuel 724:(generally 664:coal mining 572:respiration 410:natural gas 130:water vapor 102:logarithmic 7261:Categories 7092:Cryosphere 7053:permafrost 6825:Resilience 6777:Adaptation 6752:Litigation 6742:Governance 6687:adaptation 6469:Carbon tax 6422:Mitigation 6359:Antarctica 6247:Disability 5143:19 January 5110:1 December 5081:1 December 4935:28 October 4819:9 November 4661:USGCRP2017 4324:18 January 3786:10 October 3756:3 February 3321:"Land Use" 2691:Wastewater 2496:See also: 2405:28 October 1818:Albritton 1308:References 1218:satellites 1197:See also: 1167:permafrost 998:fertilizer 951:See also: 734:fertilizer 672:fertiliser 658:, manure, 595:atmosphere 557:fertiliser 457:, 18% was 418:atmosphere 80:and other 7107:Feedbacks 6878:Education 6379:Caribbean 6374:Australia 6301:Migration 6264:Fisheries 6210:Livestock 6136:Wildfires 6042:Heat wave 5461:cite book 5016:1752-0908 4773:1912/9383 4563:1944-8007 4471:1944-9208 4175:1525-2027 3987:1752-0894 3928:1748-9326 3736:255028552 3714:: 83–90. 3483:0036-8075 3370:18 August 3271:1758-678X 3225:RIVM 2016 3171:0022-4928 3090:245445736 2919:0094-8276 2864:1947-5438 2660:28 August 2655:1866-3508 2548:18 August 2168:0036-8075 2103:0028-0836 2037:0148-0227 1987:1748-9326 1614:Le Treut 1561:252446168 974:emissions 913:wildfires 862:shrubland 860:, 10% is 710:emissions 521:transport 355:feedbacks 296:Advanced 268:feedbacks 161:acid rain 126:feedbacks 50:consensus 7233:Glossary 7221:Category 7043:biologic 6757:Politics 6649:Personal 6354:Americas 6222:Children 5988:Physical 5781:Overview 5721:Overview 5640:archived 5524:(2019). 5477:(2014). 5296:26438277 5225:. 2021. 5209:13124021 5201:15879214 5137:Archived 5059:31040419 4951:Archived 4794:Archived 4782:28983050 4705:24806722 4490:8 August 4484:Archived 4387:46152332 4379:17747885 4257:14580351 4128:Archived 4078:Archived 4044:Archived 3806:Archived 3780:Archived 3613:Archived 3611:. NASA. 3491:30213911 3425:(2019). 3397:archived 3305:Archived 3294:Archived 3290:Mongabay 3082:34941248 2992:13 March 2937:32801404 2872:28415861 2825:32734279 2736:Archived 2707:EPA 2019 2675:EPA 2020 2573:Archived 2518:EPA 2009 2505:archived 2428:EPA 2020 2335:(2021). 2307:WMO 2021 2225:18942742 2176:10073931 2111:18480821 1932:Archived 1909:Archived 1905:NOAA.gov 1867:Archived 1838:Archived 1827:Archived 1798:Archived 1708:Archived 1697:Archived 1673:Archived 1662:Archived 1653:Forster 1634:Archived 1623:Archived 1422:Archived 1382:Archived 1380:. NASA. 1251:See also 1175:wetlands 885:land use 850:glaciers 740:Aerosols 696:(HFCs), 553:aluminum 343:sunlight 280:physical 264:forcings 236:coupling 7048:oceanic 6898:fiction 6747:Justice 6698:Society 6306:Poverty 6020:Drought 5888:History 5812:Sources 5646:23 June 5287:4608041 5266:Bibcode 5243:1 April 5181:Bibcode 5173:Science 5037:Bibcode 4996:Bibcode 4895:Bibcode 4856:Bibcode 4750:Bibcode 4742:Science 4696:4131936 4531:Bibcode 4439:Bibcode 4359:Bibcode 4350:Science 4341:Sources 4270:21 July 4237:Bibcode 3967:Bibcode 3908:Bibcode 3728:2242376 3463:Bibcode 3455:Science 3251:Bibcode 3151:Bibcode 3054:Bibcode 2928:7427631 2899:Bibcode 2816:7384191 2633:Bibcode 2438:dioxide 2205:Bibcode 2148:Bibcode 2139:Science 2119:1382081 2081:Bibcode 2017:Bibcode 2015:(D20). 1967:Bibcode 1588:Bibcode 1529:Bibcode 1116:process 909:logging 858:forests 854:deserts 773:sulfate 678:Methane 633:El Niño 525:heating 459:methane 74:methane 7028:Albedo 7021:Theory 6732:Denial 6523:Energy 6384:Europe 6364:Arctic 6349:Africa 6274:Health 6269:Gender 6227:Cities 6152:Biomes 6059:Oceans 6047:Marine 5770:Causes 5407: 5337: 5294: 5284: 5229: 5207: 5199: 5129: 5101: 5057: 5029:Nature 5014: 4915: 4780: 4703: 4693: 4621: 4561: 4469: 4385: 4377: 4255: 4206:. 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