265:, the latter of which is the highest summit in the Hoggar. Some of these volcanoes have craters, including double craters, and others are eroded to the point that only volcanic necks remain, while lava domes include shapes from steep pillars to short stubby lava flows and are responsible for much of the field's scenery. Some of these lava domes and necks penetrated older basaltic layers. Among the stratovolcanoes is the Oued Temorte cone, which is 300 metres (980 ft) high, 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide and has erupted an over 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long lava flow. It has also erupted
29:
115:
108:
281:
242:
193:
and the terrain approaches elevations of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) although the volcanics form an only superficial cover. The ground has a desert-like appearance. The scenery of the volcanic field is considered to be spectacular, with the lava domes and volcanic necks rising above the surrounding
1356:
Benhallou, Amel-Zoulikha; Megueni, Yasmine; Boussisse, Faouzi; Ikhlef-Debabha, Faiza; Babkar, Youcef; Boukhalfa, Zakaria; Aghanbilou, Khaled; Azzouni-Sekkal, Abla; Dautria, Jean-Marie (2019), Doronzo, Domenico M.; Schingaro, Emanuela; Armstrong-Altrin, John S.; Zoheir, Basem (eds.), "The South West
312:, and is considered to be part of the Hoggar volcanic province which since 34 million years has covered an area of 11,700 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi) with 1,650 square kilometres (640 sq mi) of volcanic rocks. A low-
217:
which cover an area of about 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) with a volume of about 250 cubic kilometres (60 cu mi) of volcanic rock. Basalts form a 400 metres (1,300 ft) thick plateau, and deep
433:
Volcanic activity in Atakor occurred 20-12 million years ago, 6.7 - 4.2 million years ago and 1.95 million years ago until today, with most volcanic activity taking place during the first episode in the
889:
Conquéré, F.; Girod, M. (1 November 1968). "Contribution à l'étude des paragenèses précoces des basaltes alcalins: Les spinelles du volcan de l'Oued
Temorte (Massif de l'Atakor, Sahara Algérien)".
1420:
Bouzid, Abderrezak; Bayou, Boualem; Liégeois, Jean-Paul; Bourouis, Seid; Bougchiche, Sofiane Saïd; Bendekken, Abdelhamid; Abtout, Abdeslam; Boukhlouf, Walid; Ouabadi, Aziouz (October 2015).
1188:
Lesquer, A.; Bourmatte, A.; Ly, S.; Dautria, J.M. (January 1989). "First heat flow determination from the central Sahara: relationship with the Pan-African belt and Hoggar domal uplift".
257:, the latter of which include many recent cones which are accompanied by lava flows whose length reaches 20 kilometres (12 mi). Among the older volcanoes of Atakor are the peaks
1319:
Ayadi, A; Dorbath, C; Lesquer, A; Bezzeghoud, M (February 2000). "Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Hoggar swell (Central Sahara, Algeria)".
1359:
Petrogenesis and
Exploration of the Earth’s Interior: Proceedings of the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018
297:
516:
annual precipitation is about 100–150 millimetres (3.9–5.9 in). In the past, precipitation was considerably higher than today, such as during the
343:
301:
548:
154:
and consists of a variety of volcanic features such as lava flows and about 450 individual vents which create a spectacular scenery.
64:
508:) and at high elevation. Precipitation is more common than in the surrounding desert and during winter it can occur in the form of
107:
1162:
350:. The basement crops out in deeply incised valleys, which in general appear to be younger than the Hoggar volcanism. Active
1615:
1437:
1374:
1172:
425:
melts, although a tectonic origin resulting from the convergence between
African and Europe has also been suggested.
173:. Volcanism in Atakor took place in several different phases, beginning 20 million years ago and continuing into the
1743:
1690:
Le massif volcanique de l'Atakor (Hoggar, Sahara algérien): étude pétrographique, structurale et volcanologique
1728:
1718:
57:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1383:
Bernus, Edmond (1991). "Montagnes touarègues : Entre
Maghreb et Soudan : "le fuseau touareg"".
1491:"Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic alkali basaltic lavas from Atakor (Central Sahara)"
1733:
1361:, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–32,
1468:
Capot-Rey, Robert (1969). Rognon, Pierre (ed.). "Le massif de l'Atakor et ses bordures de P. Rognon".
1723:
612:
1524:
Girod, M. (1 December 1963). "Les formations volcaniques récentes de l'Atakor (Hoggar central)".
617:
1447:
Büdel, Julius (1955). "Reliefgenerationen und plio-pleistozäner
Klimawandel im Hoggar-Gebirge".
1134:
Rognon, P.; Mensching, Horst (1969). "Zur
Geomorphologie des Hoggargebirges (Zentrale Sahara)".
309:
1699:
1599:
1357:
Atakor
Volcanic District (Hoggar-Algeria): Petrography and Mineralogy from the Taessa Lavas",
305:
1591:
157:
Atakor is one of several large volcanic fields in this mountain range, which sits atop of a
28:
1533:
1328:
1197:
898:
8:
1537:
1332:
1201:
955:
953:
951:
902:
551:
belt at 1,700–1,800 metres (5,600–5,900 ft) elevation with bushes and trees, a sub-
1557:
1477:
1408:
1143:
922:
442:. The second and the third volcanic phases were also accompanied by substantial ground
381:
and form about 80% of all volcanic rocks in Atakor, with less important occurrences of
231:
1340:
222:
lead up to the volcanic field and split the Hoggar
Mountains in a number of segments.
1667:
1625:
Rognon, Pierre (1963). "Le modelé de haute montagne dans l'Atakor (Sahara central)".
1611:
1592:
1561:
1549:
1512:
1433:
1412:
1400:
1370:
1344:
1296:
1213:
1209:
1168:
1161:
Beccaluva, Luigi; Bianchini, Gianluca; Wilson, B. Marjorie; Wilson, Marjorie (2007).
1085:
1061:
948:
926:
914:
561:
321:
280:
484:
of "fire mountains" appears to recount that Tuareg people observed eruptions. Local
1659:
1634:
1603:
1578:
1541:
1502:
1456:
1425:
1392:
1362:
1336:
1288:
1205:
906:
505:
347:
317:
313:
151:
1688:
443:
351:
332:
158:
1701:
Le Massif de l'Atakor et ses bordures (Sahara central), étude géomorphologique .
1607:
1582:
1460:
1366:
458:, and the phonolitic-trachytic volcanism continued after the basaltic activity.
607:
517:
481:
336:
143:
1647:
1429:
1712:
1671:
1553:
1516:
1404:
1348:
1300:
1217:
918:
552:
528:
landforms developed above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation, as well as
459:
406:
374:
339:
254:
235:
214:
79:
66:
1663:
1507:
1490:
1292:
1279:
Reffay, Annie (1982). "L'évolution géomorphologique des dômes volcaniques".
989:
977:
965:
814:
1638:
1102:
1100:
537:
451:
439:
422:
266:
1396:
462:
with lava flows are the most recent manifestations of activity in Atakor.
533:
521:
435:
418:
328:
293:
262:
210:
1481:
1147:
1112:
1097:
1013:
1001:
1545:
1355:
1091:
1067:
959:
910:
493:
470:
398:
382:
1704:(in French). Éditions du centre national de la recherche scientifique.
1693:(in French). Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
938:
936:
469:, with lava flows covering Holocene features such as 10,000 years old
693:
691:
689:
687:
541:
485:
402:
390:
370:
362:
250:
227:
202:
198:
170:
33:
555:
between 1,800–2,400 metres (5,900–7,900 ft) which includes the
249:
There are about 450 recent volcanic centres, of which about 400 are
1569:
1073:
933:
525:
513:
489:
466:
455:
394:
386:
378:
366:
258:
178:
174:
166:
684:
566:
529:
474:
410:
292:
Atakor is one in a group of volcanic fields of the Hoggar around
270:
147:
547:
Vegetation in Atakor is subdivided into several belts, a lower
478:
447:
414:
358:
190:
162:
139:
47:
1160:
241:
36:
satellite image of the
Ahaggar with its central volcanic field
1489:
Dupuy, Claude; Dostal, Jaroslan; Chikhaoui, Mohammed (1993).
1318:
995:
983:
971:
820:
556:
421:
texture. The volcanic rocks appear to ultimately derive from
226:
diverge from the Atakor volcanic field; some of them reached
219:
1419:
1118:
1106:
1019:
1007:
773:
761:
509:
274:
223:
206:
1187:
749:
142:
means "swollen part, knot at the end of something") is a
1236:
804:
802:
800:
785:
674:
672:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
1190:
Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)
867:
865:
710:
708:
706:
657:
1224:
1129:
1127:
727:
725:
723:
335:
known as the Hoggar swell, and is further part of the
1092:
Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019
1068:
Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019
1049:
1025:
960:
Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019
850:
797:
669:
636:
417:. The Taessa lavas from this volcanic complex have a
1598:(in German). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp.
1488:
1260:
1248:
1079:
1037:
942:
862:
838:
826:
703:
697:
624:
1424:. Geological Society of America. pp. 239–255.
1124:
737:
720:
316:anomaly underpins the Atakor volcanic field in the
331:rocks that form a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) high
320:but does not appear to reflect the existence of a
1710:
1627:Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français
1590:Pachur, Hans-Joachim; Altmann, Norbert (2006).
1133:
884:
882:
880:
450:later, although contrary to initial belief the
1167:. Geological Society of America. p. 324.
184:
1589:
1154:
888:
779:
767:
559:and a high Mediterranean belt which includes
504:Atakor lies within the tropics (south of the
114:
1422:Geological Society of America Special Papers
1321:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
1164:Cenozoic Volcanism in the Mediterranean Area
877:
1181:
496:are further evidence of ongoing volcanism.
446:. Phonolite and trachyte erupted first and
1272:
230:in the past, others continued through the
1506:
1467:
1242:
891:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
663:
540:. A last wet period occurred during the
279:
240:
1652:Le Globe. Revue Genevoise de GĂ©ographie
1645:
1568:
1230:
1055:
1031:
856:
808:
714:
678:
651:
1711:
1624:
1382:
1278:
1266:
1254:
755:
731:
630:
602:
499:
1523:
1446:
1043:
871:
844:
832:
791:
743:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
428:
373:. The basalts are characterized by
13:
1080:Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993
943:Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993
698:Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993
579:
565:. The volcanic field is used as a
14:
1765:
113:
106:
27:
1680:
477:and having a fresh appearance.
401:in some volcanic rocks include
354:occur throughout the region.
1:
1648:"Le Hoggar et son volcanisme"
1341:10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00134-X
572:
1594:Die Ostsahara im Spätquartär
1210:10.1016/0899-5362(89)90006-7
52:2,918 m (9,573 ft)
7:
1608:10.1007/978-3-540-47625-2_2
1583:10.3112/erdkunde.1955.02.04
1461:10.3112/erdkunde.1955.02.03
1367:10.1007/978-3-030-01575-6_7
185:Geography and geomorphology
10:
1770:
1385:Revue de GĂ©ographie Alpine
1311:
465:Activity continued in the
327:The basement is formed by
287:
780:Pachur & Altmann 2006
768:Pachur & Altmann 2006
100:
95:
56:
46:
41:
26:
21:
16:Volcanic field in Algeria
613:Global Volcanism Program
1698:Rognon, Pierre (1967).
1664:10.3406/globe.1980.1144
1526:Bulletin Volcanologique
1508:10.2343/geochemj.27.131
1293:10.3406/noroi.1982.4052
618:Smithsonian Institution
608:"Atakor Volcanic Field"
1687:Girod, Michel (1971).
1646:Sesiano, Jean (1980).
1639:10.3406/bagf.1963.5622
369:, the latter two form
284:
246:
197:The field consists of
189:The field lies in the
1744:Pleistocene volcanoes
1470:Annales de GĂ©ographie
1430:10.1130/2015.2514(15)
1397:10.3406/rga.1991.3590
283:
244:
177:. Presently there is
136:Atakor volcanic field
121:Atakor Volcanic Field
22:Atakor Volcanic Field
1729:Volcanoes of Algeria
1719:Geography of Algeria
454:are from the oldest
1538:1963BVol...26..359G
1495:Geochemical Journal
1333:2000PEPI..118..111A
1202:1989JAfES...9...41L
903:1968CoMP...20....1C
500:Climate and history
357:Atakor has erupted
245:Tahat in the Atakor
76: /
1754:Geology of Algeria
1749:Holocene volcanoes
1739:Pliocene volcanoes
1546:10.1007/BF02597297
1119:Bouzid et al. 2015
1107:Bouzid et al. 2015
1020:Bouzid et al. 2015
1008:Bouzid et al. 2015
911:10.1007/BF00371063
794:, p. 359,361.
758:, p. 118,119.
346:formed during the
285:
247:
232:Grand Erg Oriental
42:Highest point
1734:Miocene volcanoes
996:Ayadi et al. 2000
984:Ayadi et al. 2000
972:Ayadi et al. 2000
821:Ayadi et al. 2000
562:Clematis flammula
150:. It lies in the
133:
132:
1761:
1705:
1694:
1675:
1642:
1621:
1597:
1586:
1565:
1520:
1510:
1485:
1476:(426): 241–244.
1464:
1443:
1416:
1379:
1352:
1327:(1–2): 111–123.
1305:
1304:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
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987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
946:
940:
931:
930:
886:
875:
869:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
718:
712:
701:
695:
682:
676:
667:
661:
655:
649:
634:
628:
622:
621:
604:
506:Tropic of Cancer
488:anomalies, rare
429:Eruptive history
348:Eburnean orogeny
314:seismic velocity
161:and has erupted
152:Hoggar mountains
117:
116:
110:
91:
90:
88:
87:
86:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
31:
19:
18:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1724:Volcanic fields
1709:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1618:
1440:
1377:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
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1182:
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1117:
1113:
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1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
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1062:
1054:
1050:
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1038:
1030:
1026:
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990:
982:
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966:
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949:
941:
934:
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843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
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677:
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662:
658:
650:
637:
629:
625:
606:
605:
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575:
502:
460:Stratovolcanoes
431:
290:
255:stratovolcanoes
187:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
118:
84:
82:
78:
75:
70:
67:
65:
63:
62:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1643:
1633:(311): 13–28.
1622:
1616:
1587:
1566:
1532:(1): 359–366.
1521:
1501:(3): 131–145.
1486:
1465:
1444:
1438:
1417:
1391:(1): 117–130.
1380:
1375:
1353:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1245:, p. 242.
1243:Capot-Rey 1969
1235:
1233:, p. 132.
1223:
1180:
1173:
1153:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1084:
1082:, p. 143.
1072:
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 104.
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
998:, p. 112.
988:
986:, p. 122.
976:
974:, p. 121.
964:
947:
945:, p. 131.
932:
876:
874:, p. 106.
861:
849:
847:, p. 363.
837:
835:, p. 359.
825:
823:, p. 111.
813:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
746:, p. 102.
736:
719:
702:
700:, p. 132.
683:
681:, p. 117.
668:
666:, p. 241.
664:Capot-Rey 1969
656:
654:, p. 116.
635:
633:, p. 118.
623:
577:
576:
574:
571:
518:Villafranchian
501:
498:
482:oral tradition
430:
427:
375:alkali basalts
337:Neoproterozoic
298:Adrar N' Ajjer
296:which include
289:
286:
215:volcanic necks
186:
183:
144:volcanic field
131:
130:
120:
119:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
80:23.33°N 5.83°E
60:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1702:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:(in French).
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:(in French).
1628:
1623:
1619:
1617:9783540204459
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:(in German).
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:(in French).
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:(in German).
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:9780813725147
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:(in French).
1386:
1381:
1378:
1376:9783030015756
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:(in French).
1282:
1275:
1269:, p. 26.
1268:
1263:
1257:, p. 25.
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1174:9780813724188
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1094:, p. 31.
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1070:, p. 30.
1069:
1064:
1058:, p. 72.
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1034:, p. 73.
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
962:, p. 29.
961:
956:
954:
952:
944:
939:
937:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:(in French).
892:
885:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
859:, p. 75.
858:
853:
846:
841:
834:
829:
822:
817:
811:, p. 76.
810:
805:
803:
801:
793:
788:
782:, p. 87.
781:
776:
770:, p. 27.
769:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
734:, p. 13.
733:
728:
726:
724:
717:, p. 74.
716:
711:
709:
707:
699:
694:
692:
690:
688:
680:
675:
673:
665:
660:
653:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
632:
627:
619:
615:
614:
609:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
578:
570:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
553:Mediterranean
550:
545:
543:
539:
538:rock glaciers
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
492:and observed
491:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:flood basalts
449:
445:
441:
437:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:clinopyroxene
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Tuareg shield
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:and 50 small
252:
243:
239:
237:
236:Chott Melrhir
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
192:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:("Atakor" in
137:
109:
99:
94:
89:
61:
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1700:
1689:
1681:Bibliography
1658:(1): 71–79.
1655:
1651:
1630:
1626:
1593:
1574:
1570:
1529:
1525:
1498:
1494:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1421:
1388:
1384:
1358:
1324:
1320:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1231:Kubiëna 1955
1226:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1142:(1): 61–63.
1139:
1135:
1121:, p. 5.
1114:
1109:, p. 4.
1087:
1075:
1063:
1056:Sesiano 1980
1051:
1039:
1032:Sesiano 1980
1027:
1022:, p. 3.
1015:
1010:, p. 2.
1003:
991:
979:
967:
894:
890:
857:Sesiano 1980
852:
840:
828:
816:
809:Sesiano 1980
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
715:Sesiano 1980
679:Kubiëna 1955
659:
652:Kubiëna 1955
626:
611:
560:
546:
503:
464:
440:Serravallian
432:
423:mantle plume
356:
326:
291:
267:volcanic ash
248:
211:scoria cones
196:
188:
159:domal uplift
156:
135:
134:
1267:Rognon 1963
1255:Rognon 1963
756:Bernus 1991
732:Rognon 1963
631:Bernus 1991
532:such as at
522:Paleolithic
473:sediments,
436:Burdigalian
419:porphyritic
399:Phenocrysts
329:Precambrian
294:Tamanrasset
85:23.33; 5.83
83: /
58:Coordinates
1713:Categories
1287:(1): 407.
1044:BĂĽdel 1955
897:(1): 1–2.
872:BĂĽdel 1955
845:Girod 1963
833:Girod 1963
792:Girod 1963
744:BĂĽdel 1955
573:References
494:seismicity
471:lacustrine
383:benmoreite
371:lava domes
344:metacraton
251:lava domes
203:lava flows
199:lava domes
181:activity.
1672:0398-3412
1562:128614045
1554:0366-483X
1517:0016-7002
1413:143858253
1405:0035-1121
1349:0031-9201
1301:0029-182X
1218:0899-5362
1196:(1): 46.
927:130911787
919:0010-7999
542:Neolithic
490:fumaroles
486:heat flow
403:amphibole
391:mugearite
363:phonolite
228:Lake Chad
194:terrain.
179:fumarolic
171:phonolite
96:Geography
48:Elevation
1571:Erdkunde
1482:23446968
1449:Erdkunde
1148:25640889
1136:Erdkunde
549:Sudanian
530:moraines
526:nivation
520:and the
514:Assekrem
467:Holocene
456:Tertiary
395:rhyolite
387:hawaiite
379:basanite
367:trachyte
259:Assekrem
234:towards
175:Holocene
167:trachyte
1534:Bibcode
1329:Bibcode
1312:Sources
1198:Bibcode
899:Bibcode
567:pasture
475:pottery
448:basalts
411:olivine
359:basalts
322:hotspot
310:Tahalra
288:Geology
271:lapilli
148:Algeria
68:23°20′N
34:Landsat
1670:
1614:
1602:–390.
1560:
1552:
1515:
1480:
1436:
1411:
1403:
1373:
1347:
1299:
1281:Norois
1216:
1171:
1146:
925:
917:
479:Tuareg
444:uplift
415:zircon
352:faults
342:and a
318:mantle
306:Manzaz
302:Eg'ere
220:gorges
191:Hoggar
163:basalt
140:Tuareg
71:5°50′E
1577:(2).
1558:S2CID
1478:JSTOR
1455:(2).
1409:S2CID
1144:JSTOR
923:S2CID
557:olive
534:Tahat
524:when
512:; at
333:swell
263:Tahat
224:Wadis
207:maars
1668:ISSN
1612:ISBN
1550:ISSN
1513:ISSN
1434:ISBN
1401:ISSN
1371:ISBN
1345:ISSN
1297:ISSN
1214:ISSN
1169:ISBN
915:ISSN
536:and
510:snow
438:and
413:and
393:and
377:and
365:and
308:and
275:slag
273:and
261:and
213:and
169:and
1660:doi
1656:120
1635:doi
1604:doi
1579:doi
1542:doi
1503:doi
1457:doi
1426:doi
1393:doi
1363:doi
1337:doi
1325:118
1289:doi
1285:115
1206:doi
907:doi
277:.
146:in
1715::
1666:.
1650:.
1631:40
1610:.
1600:13
1556:.
1548:.
1540:.
1530:26
1511:.
1499:27
1497:.
1493:.
1474:78
1472:.
1432:.
1407:.
1399:.
1389:79
1369:,
1343:.
1335:.
1323:.
1295:.
1212:.
1204:.
1192:.
1140:23
1138:.
1126:^
1099:^
950:^
935:^
921:.
913:.
905:.
895:20
879:^
864:^
799:^
722:^
705:^
686:^
671:^
638:^
616:.
610:.
581:^
569:.
544:.
409:,
405:,
397:.
389:,
385:,
361:,
324:.
304:,
300:,
269:,
238:.
209:,
205:,
201:,
165:,
1674:.
1662::
1641:.
1637::
1620:.
1606::
1585:.
1581::
1575:9
1564:.
1544::
1536::
1519:.
1505::
1484:.
1463:.
1459::
1453:9
1442:.
1428::
1415:.
1395::
1365::
1351:.
1339::
1331::
1303:.
1291::
1220:.
1208::
1200::
1194:9
1177:.
1150:.
929:.
909::
901::
620:.
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