54:). It figures as a generic prefix of its subject matter (such as Wyoming is an at-large U.S. congressional district, at present). It is commonly used when making or highlighting a direct contrast with subdivided equivalents that may be past or present, or seen in exotic comparators. It indicates that the described zone has no further
1561:
for election of members to its county council and its school board. Due to at-large voting, African
Americans had been unable to elect any candidate of their choice to either of these boards for decades. Such local election systems have become subject to litigation since enabling more representative
1545:
and lessening of some historic barriers to voter registration and voting, legal challenges have been made based on at-large election schemes at the county or city level, including in school board elections, in numerous jurisdictions where minorities had been effectively excluded from representation
933:
This is a table of every such instance. It shows the situation applied to a small, varying group of states in three periods. The 33rd
Congress began in 1853; it ended two years later. The 38th began in 1863; the 50th ended in 1889. The 53rd began in 1893; the 89th ended in January 1967, the final
434:
do not in the purest sense elect members at large when their geography is analysed, as each member co-exists with the others who have territorial overlap, as representing greater or lower-rank districts. The members are by law chosen by the public directly or indirectly. Members chosen by the City
1550:, which was sued in 2001 and reached a settlement in 2004. Its county commission changed to nine members elected from single-member districts; in 2015 they included six white Republicans and three African-American Democrats, where the black minority makes up more than one-third of the population.
1574:
was sued by four residents in 2018 for violating the Voting Rights Act by maintaining a discriminatory at-large council system. One-third of Islip's population is
Hispanic, but only one person of color has ever been elected to a town seat. As part of the settlement reached in 2020, the at-large
1566:
to enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice to city councils, who had previously been excluded by at-large voting favoring the majority population. By 2015, voters in two of these cities had elected women mayors who had gotten their start in being elected to the city council from
89:
and thus representation contrasting with zones, for the same national assembly, of single voting and representation. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court banned such plural voting for the U.S. Congress (thus banning at-large, whole-state congressional districts which overlap state subdivision
41:
or appointed to represent a whole membership or population (notably a city, county, state, province, nation, club or association), rather than a subset. In multi-hierarchical bodies, the term rarely extends to a tier beneath the highest division. A contrast is implied, with certain
46:
or narrower divisions. It can be given to the associated territory, if any, to denote its undivided nature, in a specific context. Unambiguous synonyms are the prefixes of cross-, all- or whole-, such as cross-membership, or all-state.
1562:
elections can create entry points for minorities and women into the political system and provide more representative government. In the late 1980s, several major cities in
Tennessee reached settlement in court cases to adopt
1582:
removes one of the criteria required for a successful federal Voting Rights Act challenge, which has thus resulted in hundreds of cities, school districts, and special districts moving to single member area-based elections.
172:
and their representatives thus being seen to represent only a specific part of the city. It is also used in many large cities in Canada. The voting method in all such elections and multi-member wards today is
1800:
Lilliard E. Richardson, Jr. and
Christopher A. Cooper, "The Mismeasure of MMD: Reassessing the Impact of Multi Member Districts on Descriptive Representation in U.S. State Legislatures," accessed May 27,
1521:
In the 1980s, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, South
Carolina, and Virginia all moved entirely from multi-winner districts in either chamber, followed by Alaska, Georgia, and Indiana in the 1990s. After the
1525:, Nevada eliminated their two remaining multi-member senate districts and implemented single-winner districts in both houses. In 2018, West Virginia passed a law switching all remaining multi-winner
58:
used for the same representative purpose. An exception is a nil-exceptions arrangement of overlapping tiers (resembling or being district and regional representatives, one set of which is
758:
778:
851:
1744:
by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political
Reference Publications 1973)
911:
871:
763:
400:. All voters can cast twelve votes to refresh half of the Senate, namely twelve senators, from a longer list of candidates. The simple tally determines the winners (
1811:
916:
901:
876:
881:
856:
831:
806:
1763:
921:
891:
861:
836:
816:
801:
791:
886:
866:
846:
821:
811:
796:
826:
906:
841:
753:
660:
439:(Provincial Board) are elected such that the city or province may be split into as many as seven districts, and each then elects at least two members.
1680:
705:
700:
507:
502:
773:
635:
555:
73:
Examples of a democratic power disparity were found in a small number of states at certain U.S. Congresses, between 1853 and 1967, and in the old
735:
710:
680:
670:
665:
545:
85:, whereby certain voters could vote for (and lobby) at-large (whole-state/County) and district(-based) representatives to them, giving zones of
1942:
740:
715:
630:
620:
605:
1836:
650:
640:
625:
600:
580:
550:
540:
497:
447:
645:
585:
565:
560:
535:
530:
517:
512:
1823:
896:
695:
655:
595:
570:
492:
1812:
National
Conference of State Legislatures, "Changes in Legislatures Using Multimember Districts after Redistricting," September 11, 2012
610:
575:
408:
50:
The term is used as a suffix referring to specific members (such as the U.S. congressional
Representative/the Member/Rep. for Wyoming
1591:
768:
730:
725:
690:
685:
675:
615:
590:
1868:
121:
1629:
1522:
1514:
720:
455:
363:
117:
113:
1609:
Five territorial governments in the United States elect some or all of their members at large or in multi-member districts:
1488:
1464:
66:
to every voter. This avoids plural voting competing with single voting in the jurisdiction, an inherent different level of
1614:
1470:
431:
1557:, which had an estimated 70% white majority and 20% black minority, was ordered by a federal district court to develop
459:
411:
also elect its representatives this way. Most other provinces and a few cities are divided into two or more districts.
299:
1655:
1547:
463:
367:
20:
1526:
1508:
1498:
1452:
1704:
1676:
1663:
393:
286:
but are ethnically diverse and of exceptional geographical size. Provinces are divided to make up the other 335
1924:
1482:
290:(ridings or comtés). Canada's 102 senators are appointed to serve a large region within a province or a city.)
1448:
As of 2021, ten U.S. states have at least one legislative chamber which uses multi-winner at-large districts:
275:
1659:
1637:
1579:
387:
353:
133:
1918:
1594:
1517:(allowed by law even when not used; uses floterial districts which can geographically overlap each other)
1511:(allowed by law even when not used; will switch to all-single-winner districts for both chambers in 2022)
1476:
1458:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
941:
375:
341:
287:
109:
78:
451:
201:
193:
178:
102:
1640:. In addition, two members each are elected by plurality from the Senate's eight senatorial districts.
1578:
Some states have passed laws that further discourage the use of at-large districts. For example, the
1542:
1530:
407:
Provinces with smaller populations elect their representative at large. Some cities that has its own
401:
397:
169:
137:
344:
from party lists. Election of municipal and town (but not regional) councils are on the same basis.
1672:
1598:
1587:
470:, dictates that representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be
436:
282:
each. These are so sparsely populated that even one member each is over-representation. They have
197:
129:
181:(STV) was used in 20 Canadian municipalities, either in at-large contests or multi-member wards.)
1947:
1563:
1554:
108:
a panel/slate/group of seats/positions/representatives: involves another system. It is usually
1799:
1558:
1177:
AL (1), CO (2), FL (1), IL (2), MI (1), MN (1), OH (1), OK (3), PA (4), TX (2), WA (2), WV (1)
471:
427:
174:
165:
82:
1911:
1625:
267:
93:
Universal principles apply regardless whether election(s) are for a member at large, or not.
1649:
are elected at large through an open partisan primary and a subsequent island-wide election.
1504:
945:
419:
415:
311:
310:
at large from Union-wide party lists. This is among a number of proposed reforms to deepen
271:
8:
1646:
323:
303:
207:
204:(all councillors at large and adopt specialist spokesman, executive, or committee roles).
1764:"The Conference on the Future of Europe concludes its work | News | European Parliament"
1586:
Some jurisdictions have kept at-large city councils and boards. The solution adopted by
1952:
1852:
227:
217:
43:
1710:
423:
244:(seven councillors elected in single-member wards, five councillors elected at large)
1837:
ABS Staff, "Fayette County at-large election process violates the Voting Rights Act"
97:
a single seat/position/representative: entails a single-winner voting system, often
62:) for return to the very same chamber, and consequent issue of multiple ballots for
1618:
936:
928:
283:
279:
98:
1917:
1698:
1571:
254:(four rural wards with one councillor each, one urban ward with four councillors)
125:
1693:
1494:
467:
307:
1662:
is elected at large by the territory, but must be a resident of the island of
1936:
86:
63:
430:(City Councils) elect the other members. It follows that such true or quasi-
158:
150:
1753:
Guide to City
Services, Municipal Government, Wards. Retrieved 4 June 2007
1633:
1575:
system will be abolished and replaced by four council districts by 2023.
359:
237:
74:
1027:
AL (2), AR (1), IN (2), LA (1), NY (1), PA (3), SC (1), TN (1), TX (2)
475:
371:
337:
214:(except Edmonton, Calgary, and Wood Buffalo) (all councillors at large)
784:
478:
has a single representative, that will be a representative at large.
189:
67:
1869:"Latinos, advocates hail change to how Islip officials are elected"
221:
164:
Municipal election at large is widespread in small towns to avoid "
38:
333:
263:
251:
247:
241:
231:
211:
929:
Simultaneous at-large and sub-state-size congressional districts
134:
Single non-transferable vote (basic single-choice, multi-member)
1047:
AR (1), CA (2), GA (1), KS (4), NY (1), NC (1), PA (1), VA (1)
329:
306:, in which a small number of members are elected by the entire
154:
55:
747:
1898:
The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
486:
259:
168:" cultural dissociation produced by partition of voters into
944:
determined that the general basis of apportionment must be "
37:) is a description for members of a governing body who are
523:
161:
at large. In most, the mayor is elected at large as well.
1732:, by Charles Seymour (David & Charles Reprints 1970)
1277:
CT (1), FL (1), IL (2), NY (2), OH (2), OK (1), TX (3)
785:Former non-voting at-large congressional districts
302:has proposed adding "transnational lists" to the
184:Notable larger instances are, from west to east:
1934:
481:
1590:in 1941 was to elect all council officials via
1529:seats to single-winner districts following the
1427:AL (8), CT (1), MD (1), MI (1), OH (1), TX (1)
1327:CT (1), FL (1), IL (1), NY (2), OH (1), PA (1)
1287:CT (1), FL (1), IL (2), NY (2), OH (2), OK (1)
934:such period. This was due to the 1964 case of
454:provides for direct election of members of the
138:block (basic multi-choice, multi-member) voting
1912:U.S. House of Representatives: House History
1677:3 senators each from three senate districts
1546:on local councils or boards. An example is
748:Non-voting at-large congressional districts
487:States as at-large congressional districts
1900:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
1473:(for all representatives in all sessions)
1467:(for all representatives in all sessions)
1461:(for all representatives in all sessions)
1455:(for all representatives in all sessions)
1604:
1317:CT (1), IL (2), NY (2), OH (2), OK (1)
1307:CT (1), IL (2), NY (2), OH (2), OK (1)
1297:CT (1), IL (2), NY (2), OH (2), OK (1)
1187:AL (1), IL (2), PA (4), TX (2), WV (1)
524:Former at-large congressional districts
19:For the selection of sports teams, see
1935:
1895:
1523:2010 United States redistricting cycle
1515:New Hampshire House of Representatives
1943:United States congressional districts
1824:"Bill Status - Complete Bill History"
1730:Electoral Reform in England and Wales
1621:are elected at large by the district.
1489:North Dakota House of Representatives
1465:South Dakota House of Representatives
957:State & Number of at-large seats
188:The main cities of British Columbia:
1846:
1679:, and multiple representatives from
1856:683 F. Supp. 1515 (W.D. Tenn. 1988)
1843:22 May 2013, accessed 11 April 2015
1830:
1501:(allowed by law even when not used)
1491:(allowed by law even when not used)
1485:(allowed by law even when not used)
1479:(allowed by law even when not used)
1471:Washington House of Representatives
258:(As well, the three territories -
13:
1889:
1536:
1443:
462:, enacted in 1967 and codified as
460:Uniform Congressional District Act
300:Conference on the Future of Europe
14:
1964:
1905:
1681:five out of seven House districts
1636:are elected commonwealth-wide by
1548:Charleston County, South Carolina
293:
1509:West Virginia House of Delegates
1499:Vermont House of Representatives
1453:Arizona House of Representatives
442:
210:and all other municipalities in
16:Form of political representation
1861:
1705:United States Statutes at Large
1925:New International Encyclopedia
1816:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1756:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1483:Idaho House of Representatives
474:. Indeed it confirms when the
426:(Municipal Councils) and some
381:
347:
270:- are federally served in the
1:
1716:
1553:In another instance, in 2013
482:U.S. House of Representatives
1919:"Congressman at Large"
1854:BUCHANAN v. CITY OF JACKSON,
1660:United States Virgin Islands
1638:single non-transferable vote
1580:California Voting Rights Act
388:Elections in the Philippines
374:) are conducted at large by
354:Elections in the Netherlands
340:) are conducted at large by
7:
1896:Martis, Kenneth C. (1982).
1687:
1624:Eleven members in both the
1595:proportional representation
1477:Maryland House of Delegates
1459:New Jersey General Assembly
942:United States Supreme Court
376:proportional representation
342:proportional representation
157:elect part or all of their
110:proportional representation
10:
1971:
1742:The Parliaments of England
1599:Single transferable voting
452:United States Constitution
385:
351:
321:
234:(all councillors at large)
224:(all councillors at large)
179:single transferable voting
90:congressional districts).
18:
1567:single-member districts.
1543:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1531:2020 United States Census
402:plurality-at-large voting
317:
144:
1673:Northern Mariana Islands
1630:House of Representatives
1588:Cambridge, Massachusetts
779:Northern Mariana Islands
456:House of Representatives
437:Sangguniang Panlalawigan
366:(the lower house of the
364:House of Representatives
1645:The 15 senators of the
1564:single-member districts
1559:single-member districts
1555:Fayette County, Georgia
1437:MD (1), OH (1), TX (1)
1397:CT (1), TX (1), WA (1)
1387:CT (1), TX (1), WA (1)
1377:CT (1), TX (1), WA (1)
1347:CT (1), IL (1), OH (1)
1337:CT (1), IL (1), OH (1)
1197:IL (2), PA (4), TX (2)
1137:CO (1), CT (1), KS (1)
1127:CO (1), CT (1), KS (1)
1077:IL (2), KS (1), PA (2)
759:American Virgin Islands
472:single-member districts
120:proportional tier of a
1790:, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).
1768:www.europarl.europa.eu
432:local government units
428:Sangguniang Panlungsod
409:congressional district
175:plurality block voting
1605:Territorial elections
1541:Since passage of the
852:Mississippi Territory
268:Northwest Territories
1619:District of Columbia
1613:Four members of the
1505:West Virginia Senate
946:one person, one vote
912:Washington Territory
872:New Mexico Territory
764:District of Columbia
422:(Village Councils),
420:Sangguniang Barangay
416:Sangguniang Kabataan
362:, elections for the
332:, elections for the
312:European integration
276:Member of Parliament
272:Parliament of Canada
1858:, Case Text website
1841:Atlanta Black Star,
1654:One senator in the
917:Wisconsin Territory
902:Southwest Territory
877:Northwest Territory
324:Elections in Israel
304:European Parliament
288:electoral districts
112:(whether in "pure"
103:First-past-the-post
44:electoral districts
1527:House of Delegates
882:Oklahoma Territory
857:Missouri Territory
832:Illinois Territory
807:Colorado Territory
418:(Youth Councils),
394:manner of election
378:from party lists.
284:high apportionment
218:Portage la Prairie
1711:Undivided council
1441:
1440:
922:Wyoming Territory
892:Orleans Territory
862:Montana Territory
837:Indiana Territory
817:Florida Territory
802:Arizona Territory
792:Alabama Territory
424:Sangguniang Bayan
1960:
1929:
1921:
1901:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1788:Reynolds v. Sims
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1647:Guam Legislature
951:
950:
937:Reynolds v. Sims
887:Oregon Territory
867:Nevada Territory
847:Kansas Territory
822:Hawaii Territory
812:Dakota Territory
797:Alaska Territory
177:. (In the past,
132:leading forms),
68:democratic power
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1933:
1932:
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1908:
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1890:Further reading
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1719:
1699:Plural district
1690:
1607:
1572:Islip, New York
1539:
1537:Local elections
1446:
1444:State elections
1367:CT (1), OH (1)
1357:CT (1), OH (1)
1217:IL (2), PA (4)
1207:IL (2), PA (4)
1167:CO (1), CT (1)
1157:CO (1), CT (1)
1147:CO (1), CT (1)
1117:KS (1), PA (2)
1107:KS (1), PA (2)
1097:KS (1), PA (2)
1087:KS (1), PA (2)
931:
926:
827:Idaho Territory
787:
750:
745:
526:
489:
484:
445:
435:Council or the
396:applies to the
390:
384:
370:, the national
356:
350:
326:
320:
296:
147:
126:parallel voting
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:Constituencies
1945:
1931:
1930:
1914:
1907:
1906:External links
1904:
1903:
1902:
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1792:
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1694:General ticket
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1495:Vermont Senate
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842:Iowa Territory
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754:American Samoa
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448:Article One
382:Philippines
360:Netherlands
348:Netherlands
238:Thunder Bay
166:them and us
128:system, or
116:form, as a
1937:Categories
1878:2020-10-15
1774:2023-02-05
1717:References
1664:Saint John
736:Washington
671:New Mexico
666:New Jersey
546:California
372:parliament
338:parliament
266:, and the
208:St. Albert
118:party-list
114:party-list
1953:Elections
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716:Tennessee
631:Minnesota
606:Louisiana
468:§ 2c
228:North Bay
190:Vancouver
99:Plurality
1688:See also
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691:Oklahoma
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551:Colorado
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222:Manitoba
202:Richmond
194:Victoria
60:at large
52:at large
35:at-large
27:At large
1928:. 1905.
1873:Newsday
1675:elects
1658:of the
1617:of the
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1417:CT (1)
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967:MS (1)
646:Montana
586:Indiana
566:Georgia
561:Florida
536:Arizona
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518:Wyoming
513:Vermont
450:of the
358:In the
334:Knesset
280:Senator
274:by one
264:Nunavut
252:Ontario
248:Timmins
242:Ontario
232:Ontario
212:Alberta
83:Ireland
77:of the
56:subsets
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940:: the
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596:Kansas
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493:Alaska
466:
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398:Senate
330:Israel
318:Israel
200:, and
198:Surrey
155:Canada
145:Canada
721:Texas
611:Maine
576:Idaho
476:state
392:This
260:Yukon
170:wards
149:Many
136:, or
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1671:The
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298:The
278:and
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328:In
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