Akkadian language - Knowledge

2202: 69: 4439: 2041: 4038: 4398: 663: 1391: 672: 1362: 2097:, is that /s, ṣ/ form a pair of voiceless alveolar affricates , *š is a voiceless alveolar fricative , and *z is a voiced alveolar affricate or fricative . The assimilation is then > . In this vein, an alternative transcription of *š is *s̠, with the macron below indicating a soft (lenis) articulation in Semitic transcription. Other interpretations are possible. could have been assimilated to the preceding , yielding , which would later have been simplified to . 12025: 3977: 1274: 1444: 1377: 919: 1239:.) Old Assyrian developed as well during the second millennium BC, but because it was a purely popular language — kings wrote in Babylonian — few long texts are preserved. It was, however, notably used in the correspondence of Assyrian traders in Anatolia in the 20th-18th centuries BC and that even led to its temporary adoption as a diplomatic language by various local Anatolian polities during that time. 3935:(ending in -V̂, -V̄C or -V̂C). If the last syllable is superheavy, it is stressed, otherwise the rightmost heavy non-final syllable is stressed. If a word contains only light syllables, the first syllable is stressed. It has also been argued that monosyllabic words generally are not stressed but rather function as 5790:

forms are formed with the doubled D-stem, and it gets its name from the doubled-middle radical that is characteristic of this form. The doubled middle radical is also characteristic of the present. The forms of the D-stem use the secondary conjugational affixes, so a D-form will never be identical to

1180:

Old Akkadian, which was used until the end of the 3rd millennium BC, differed from both Babylonian and Assyrian, and was displaced by these dialects. By the 21st century BC Babylonian and Assyrian, which were to become the primary dialects, were easily distinguishable. Old Babylonian, along with the

4076:, having word generating or grammatical functions, are inserted. The resulting consonant-vowel pattern differentiates the original meaning of the root. The middle radical can be geminated, which is represented by a doubled consonant in transcription, and sometimes in the cuneiform writing itself. 3874:

has been proposed, but the cuneiform writing gives no good proof for this. There is limited contrast between different u-signs in lexical texts, but this scribal differentiation may reflect the superimposition of the Sumerian phonological system (for which an /o/ phoneme has also been proposed),

1352:

in the 4th century BC, Akkadian was still a contender as a written language, but spoken Akkadian was likely extinct by this time, or at least rarely used. The last positively identified Akkadian text comes from the 1st century AD. The latest known text in cuneiform Babylonian is an astronomical

8608:

could have formed. Further evidence of an original VSO or SVO ordering can be found in the fact that direct and indirect object pronouns are suffixed to the verb. Word order seems to have shifted to SVO/VSO late in the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, possibly under the influence of

4366:

and in Neo-Babylonian most word-final short vowels were dropped. As a result, case differentiation disappeared from all forms except masculine plural nouns. However, many texts continued the practice of writing the case endings, although often sporadically and incorrectly. As the most important

3882:

appear in long and short forms. Long consonants are transliterated as double consonants, and inconsistently written as such in cuneiform. Long vowels are transliterated with a macron (ā, ē, ī, ū) or a circumflex (â, ê, î, û), the latter being used for long vowels arising from the contraction of

504:. In total, hundreds of thousands of texts and text fragments have been excavated, covering a vast textual tradition of religious and mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, personal correspondence, political, civil and military events, economic tracts and many other examples. 8683:

Since Sumerian and Hurrian, two non-Semitic languages, differ from Akkadian in word structure, only nouns and some adjectives (not many verbs) were borrowed from these languages. Some verbs were borrowed, along with many nouns, from Aramaic and Ugaritic, both of which are Semitic languages.

5047:). The preterite is used for actions that are seen by the speaker as having occurred at a single point in time. The present is primarily imperfective in meaning and is used for concurrent and future actions as well as past actions with a temporal dimension. The final three finite forms are 5840:

The final stem is the ŠD-stem, a form mostly attested only in poetic texts, and whose meaning is usually identical to either the Š-stem or the D-stem of the same verb. It is formed with the Š prefix (like the Š-stem) in addition to a doubled-middle radical (like the D-stem).

481:

Akkadian proper names are first attested in Sumerian texts in the mid-3rd millennium BC, and inscriptions ostensibly written in Sumerian but whose character order reveals that they were intended to be read in East Semitic (presumably early Akkadian) date back to as early as

4123:). However, even in the earlier stages of the language, the dual number is vestigial, and its use is largely confined to natural pairs (eyes, ears, etc.). Adjectives are never found in the dual. In the dual and plural, the accusative and genitive are merged into a single 3942:

A rule of Akkadian phonology is that certain short (and probably unstressed) vowels are dropped. The rule is that the last vowel of a succession of syllables that end in a short vowel is dropped, for example the declinational root of the verbal adjective of a root PRS is

1534:

Some researchers (such as W. Sommerfeld 2003) believe that the Old Akkadian variant used in the older texts is not an ancestor of the later Assyrian and Babylonian dialects, but rather a separate dialect that was replaced by these two dialects and which died out early.

3907:

patterns. The rules of Akkadian stress were originally reconstructed by means of a comparison with other Semitic languages, and the resulting picture was gradually amended using internal linguistic evidence from Akkadian sources, especially deriving from so-called

1246:

invasion of Babylonia around 1550 BC. The Kassites, who reigned for 300 years, gave up their own language in favor of Akkadian, but they had little influence on the language. At its apogee, Middle Babylonian was the written language of diplomacy of the entire

4059:

Most roots of the Akkadian language consist of three consonants, called the radicals, but some roots are composed of four consonants, so-called quadriradicals. The radicals are occasionally represented in transcription in upper-case letters, for example

6500:

Also derivatives of verbs from nouns, adjectives and numerals are numerous. For the most part, a D-stem is derived from the root of the noun or adjective. The derived verb then has the meaning of "make X do something" or "becoming X", for example:

9015:, of the Akkadian language. The dictionary took 90 years to develop, beginning in 1921, with the first volume published in 1956. The completion of this work was hailed as a significant milestone for the study of the language by prominent academic 4614:

The status constructus is more common by far, and has a much wider range of applications. It is employed when a noun is followed by another noun in the genitive, a pronominal suffix, or a verbal clause in the subjunctive, and typically takes the

1347:

conquest of the Mesopotamian kingdoms contributed to the decline of Babylonian, from that point on known as Late Babylonian, as a popular language. However, the language was still used in its written form. Even after the Greek invasion under

1270:. However, the Babylonian cultural influence was strong and the Assyrians wrote royal inscriptions, religious and most scholarly texts in Middle Babylonian, whereas Middle Assyrian was used mostly in letters and administrative documents. 5856:; 1 for the forms without an infix, 2 for the Xt, and 3 for the Xtn. The two numbers are separated using a solidus. As an example, the Štn-stem is called III/3. The most important user of this system is the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. 10851: 7462:

to the nominal form PaRuS. The P, R and S must be substituted with the suitable consonants of the numeral. It is noted, that in the case of the numeral "one", the ordinal (masculine) and the cardinal number are the same. A

4706:

There are numerous exceptions to this general rule, usually involving potential violations of the language's phonological limitations. Most obviously, Akkadian does not tolerate word-final consonant clusters, so nouns like

7415:

are in the status absolutus. Because other cases are very rare, the forms of the status rectus are known only by isolated numerals. The numerals 1 and 2 as well as 21–29, 31–39, 41–49 correspond with the counted in the

4497:). It is relatively uncommon, and is used chiefly to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence, in fixed adverbial expressions, and in expressions relating to measurements of length, weight, and the like. 489:. From about the 25th century BC, texts fully written in Akkadian begin to appear. By the 20th century BC, two variant dialectic forms of the same language were in use in Assyria and Babylonia, known as 1289:

were of equal status, as can be seen in the number of copied texts: clay tablets were written in Akkadian, while scribes writing on papyrus and leather used Aramaic. From this period on, one speaks of

8604:, which was also SOV. There is evidence that native speakers of both languages were in intimate language contact, forming a single society for at least 500 years, so it is entirely likely that a 472:

held by the former, Sumerian significantly impacted Akkadian phonology, vocabulary and syntax. This mutual influence of Akkadian and Sumerian has also led scholars to describe the languages as a

7435:. The numerals 60, 100, and 1,000 do not change according to the gender of the counted noun. Counted nouns more than two appear in the plural form. Body parts that occur in pairs appear in the 4327:

As is clear from the above table, the adjective and noun endings differ only in the masculine plural. Certain nouns, primarily those referring to geography, can also form a locative ending in

5070:. The verbal adjective is an adjectival form and designates the state or the result of the action of the verb, and consequently the exact meaning of the verbal adjective is determined by the 3939:. The special behaviour of /V̂/ syllables is explained by their functioning, in accordance with their historical origin, as sequences of two syllables, of which the first one bears stress. 4458:

As is also the case in other Semitic languages, Akkadian nouns may appear in a variety of "states" depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. The basic form of the noun is the

6431:. A very frequently encountered form is the maPRaS form. It can express the location of an event, the person performing the act and many other meanings. If one of the root consonants is 2060:, where one of two emphatic consonants dissimilates to the corresponding non-emphatic consonant. For the sibilants, traditionally /š/ has been held to be postalveolar , and /s/, /z/, / 996:, a script adopted from the Sumerians using wedge-shaped symbols pressed in wet clay. As employed by Akkadian scribes, the adapted cuneiform script could represent either (a) Sumerian 10843: 553:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. The last known Akkadian cuneiform document dates from the 1st century AD. 5630:(compare Arabic and Ugaritic subjunctives) but is otherwise unmarked. In the later stages of most dialects, the subjunctive is indistinct, as short final vowels were mostly lost. 6458:

A very similar formation is the maPRaSt form. The noun derived from this nominal formation is grammatically feminine. The same rules as for the maPRaS form apply, for example

1409:

in 1767 was able to make extensive copies of cuneiform texts and published them in Denmark. The deciphering of the texts started immediately, and bilinguals, in particular

11588:

and The Israeli Center for Libraries' project for translating Exemplary Literature to Hebrew. This is an anthology of Sumerian and Akkadian poetry, translated into Hebrew.

2106:/ suggests it was a velar (or uvular) fricative. In the Hellenistic period, Akkadian /r/ was transcribed using the Greek ρ, indicating it was pronounced similarly as an 2056:, which are thought to be the oldest realization of emphatics across the Semitic languages. One piece of evidence for this is that Akkadian shows a development known as 1177:(Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian period), the language virtually displaced Sumerian, which is assumed to have been extinct as a living language by the 18th century BC. 1212:

declined in case, number and gender. Both of these had already disappeared in Old Akkadian. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets in Old Assyrian have been recovered from the

10618:

Kogan, Leonid (2011). "Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology". In Semitic languages: an international handbook, Stefan Weninger, ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 68.

10403: 4362:) that occurred at the end of most case endings disappeared, except in the locative. Later, the nominative and accusative singular of masculine nouns collapsed to 5821:

are therefore called Gt, Dt, Št and Nt, and the preterite forms of the Xt-stem are identical to the perfects of the X-stem. Iteratives are formed with the infix

13817: 4619:. In general, this amounts to the loss of case endings with short vowels, with the exception of the genitive -i in nouns preceding a pronominal suffix, hence: 1549:

Because Akkadian as a spoken language is extinct and no contemporary descriptions of the pronunciation are known, little can be said with certainty about the

578:

that retain Akkadian vocabulary and grammatical features, as well as personal and family names. These are spoken by Assyrians and Mandeans mainly in northern

10582: 11805: 1413:-Akkadian bilinguals, were of great help. Since the texts contained several royal names, isolated signs could be identified, and were presented in 1802 by 787: 5668:, "he came"). However, this pattern is not consistent, even in earlier stages of the language, and its use often appears to serve a stylistic rather than 507:

Centuries after the fall of the Akkadian Empire, Akkadian, in its Assyrian and Babylonian varieties, was the native language of the Mesopotamian empires (

12398: 9822: 2032:

has been interpreted as indicating that the Akkadian voiceless non-emphatic stops were originally unaspirated, but became aspirated around 2000 BCE.

1020:

nature of cuneiform became secondary, though logograms for frequent words such as 'god' and 'temple' continued to be used. For this reason, the sign

5051:

where the imperative and the precative together form a paradigm for positive commands and wishes, and the vetitive is used for negative wishes. The

13822: 10674:

Sabatino Moscati et al. "An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages Phonology and Morphology". (section on vowels and semi-vowels)

10661: 8664:

from these languages. Aramaic loan words were limited to the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC and primarily in the north and middle parts of

468:. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian went beyond just the cuneiform script; owing to their close proximity, a lengthy span of contact and the 5867:. There are two different sets of affixes, a primary set used for the forms of the G and N-stems, and a secondary set for the D and Š-stems. 1417:. By this time it was already evident that Akkadian was a Semitic language, and the final breakthrough in deciphering the language came from 4138:

are not formed by changing the word stem. As in all Semitic languages, some masculine nouns take the prototypically feminine plural ending (

10263:

R. Hasselbach-Andee (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Hoboken 2020, 357-372.

10244:

R. Hasselbach-Andee (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Hoboken 2020, 357-372.

6427:

Beside the already explained possibility of derivation of different verb stems, Akkadian has numerous nominal formations derived from verb

11001: 10316: 6477:. The nouns which are formed with this suffix are grammatically feminine. The suffix can be attached to nouns, adjectives and verbs, e.g. 12574: 12393: 11086: 10782: 11123: 10821: 10693: 10184: 10116: 13137: 12449: 11798: 2107: 1320:

of the empire, rather than it being eclipsed by Akkadian. Texts written 'exclusively' in Neo-Assyrian disappear within 10 years of

5074:

of the verb itself. The participle, which can be active or passive, is another verbal adjective and its meaning is similar to the

1102:

writing system—i.e., a consonant plus vowel comprised one writing unit—frequently inappropriate for a Semitic language made up of

13088: 13063: 12010: 10962: 2201: 10639: 4916:

The same preposition is also used to introduce true relative clauses, in which case the verb is placed in the subjunctive mood.

13127: 13106: 11716: 11508: 4478:). The latter is found in all other Semitic languages, while the former appears only in Akkadian and some dialects of Aramaic. 1043:

Another peculiarity of Akkadian cuneiform is that many signs do not have a well defined phonetic value. Certain signs, such as

11153: 4462:(the governed state), which is the form as described above, complete with case endings. In addition to this, Akkadian has the 1304:. During the existence of that empire, however, Neo-Assyrian began to turn into a chancellery language, being marginalized by 1300:

Neo-Assyrian received an upswing in popularity in the 10th century BC when the Assyrian kingdom became a major power with the

13122: 11770: 11367: 11301: 11287: 11246: 11214: 11117: 10397: 10226: 10210: 10110: 10087: 9986: 9952: 9920: 8668:. Sumerian loan words were spread in the whole linguistic area. Beside the previous languages, some nouns were borrowed from 8572:

Akkadian sentence order was Subject+Object+Verb (SOV), which sets it apart from most other ancient Semitic languages such as

4731:). This rule, however, does not always hold true, especially in nouns where a short vowel has historically been elided (e.g. 11749: 10178: 6419:

is equivalent to: "you were king", "you are king" and "you will be king". Hence, the stative is independent of time forms.

10728: 13157: 13152: 12140: 11791: 11708: 6209: 1948: 1924: 310: 10387: 10281:, by J. J. de Ridder, Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien 8 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018). Pp. 628. $ 133.00 (cloth) 7238:

Unlike plural relative pronouns, singular relative pronouns in Akkadian exhibit full declension for case. Only the form

6212:

occur in the status absolutus and correspond to the verb "to be" in English. The stative in Akkadian corresponds to the

3998: 9795:

von Dassow, Eva, "Canaanite in Cuneiform", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 641–74, 2004

1328:, Aramaic continued to prosper, but Assyrian continued its decline. The language's final demise came about during the 11867: 11633: 11607: 11565: 11548: 11493: 11479: 11458: 11448: 11427: 11353: 11339: 11325: 11273: 11235: 11199: 11185: 11171: 11079: 11071: 11057: 10815: 10776: 10749: 10351:

Hunger, Hermann; de Jong, Teije (30 January 2014). "Almanac W22340a From Uruk: The Latest Datable Cuneiform Tablet".

10064: 9895: 9816: 4024: 1541:, formerly thought of as yet another Akkadian dialect, is now generally considered a separate East Semitic language. 17: 4006: 13078: 12531: 10426: 1994: 1877: 1422: 1396: 891:

fricatives, which are characteristic of the other Semitic languages. Until the Old Babylonian period, the Akkadian

11690: 1353:

almanac dated to 79/80 AD. However, the latest cuneiform texts are almost entirely written in Sumerian logograms.

13083: 13073: 12567: 11740: 11728: 11307: 10574: 5680:

The following table demonstrates the verb moods of verbs derived from the root PRS ("to decide", "to separate"):

3839: 3756: 2182:, leaving 19 consonantal phonemes. Old Akkadian preserved the /*ś/ phoneme longest but it eventually merged with 1578: 1432:

In the early 21st century it was shown that automatic high-quality translation of Akkadian can be achieved using

300: 13412: 12444: 12428: 10937: 4002: 3352: 68: 11505: 13068: 12980: 12470: 9725: 5795:, and these forms are mostly causatives. The passive forms of the verb are in the N-stem, formed by adding a 4438: 4375:, which itself lacks case distinctions, it is possible that Akkadian's loss of cases was an areal as well as 11621:

Gutherz, Gai, et al. "Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation." PNAS nexus 2.5, 2023

11553: 9684: 2158:

are lost as consonants, either by sound change or orthographically, but they gave rise to the vowel quality

274: 13147: 13132: 12480: 12215: 10425:

Gutherz, Gai; Gordin, Shai; Sáenz, Luis; Levy, Omer; Berant, Jonathan (2 May 2023). Kearns, Michael (ed.).

9768: 9002: 2163: 1977: 1865: 1710: 1437: 814: 241: 11754: 11388:

Basics of Akkadian: A Grammar Workbook and Glossary, By Gordon P. Hugenberg with Nancy L. Erickson, 2022.

11293: 11241:

Woodard, Roger D. The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press 2008.

9806: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 3871: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1849: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1790: 1776: 1764: 1741: 1729: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1654: 1642: 1082:

Cuneiform was in many ways unsuited to Akkadian: among its flaws was its inability to represent important

959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 929: 13746: 13142: 12856: 12536: 12418: 12413: 12348: 12024: 11500: 10525:

Jagersma, Bram. (2010, 4 November). A descriptive grammar of Sumerian. Leiden University. Retrieved from

9011: 8593: 8581: 6415:

Thus, the stative in Akkadian is used to convert simple stems into effective sentences, so that the form

3816: 3740: 3248: 3205: 2206: 2048:. Louvre Museum AO 5477. The top column is in Sumerian, the bottom column is its translation in Akkadian. 1771: 1433: 1256: 1220:. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of Anatolia rather than of Assyria, but the use both of 807: 803: 799: 791: 469: 3963:). Additionally there is a general tendency of syncope of short vowels in the later stages of Akkadian. 1573:

of the Akkadian language, as distinguished in Akkadian cuneiform. The reconstructed phonetic value of a

13812: 13001: 12994: 12560: 12541: 12150: 5826: 3859: 3671: 2067: 1936: 1698: 1686: 12715: 5640:, not a mood in the strictest sense, being a development of the first-person dative pronominal suffix 13660: 12951: 12929: 12913: 12662: 12642: 12607: 12225: 12040: 11602:

Materials for the Assyrian dictionary. Bd 2. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1952, 1961, 1973.

7436: 5859:

There is mandatory congruence between the subject of the sentence and the verb. This is expressed by

5813:

verbal stems can be derived from each of the basic stems. The reflexive stem is formed with an infix

5803:

element is assimilated to a following consonant, so the original /n/ is only visible in a few forms.

3754: 3746: 3738: 3669: 3350: 3293: 3291: 3246: 3203: 1889: 1830: 1414: 1365: 1205: 159: 11619: 1200:

While generally more archaic, Assyrian developed certain innovations as well, such as the "Assyrian

13423: 13046: 12180: 11822: 9936: 9710: 8577: 7464: 5669: 3987: 3825: 2187: 2100:

The phoneme /r/ has traditionally been interpreted as a trill but its pattern of alternation with /

11142:. Second edition. Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10880: 4723:

unless modified. In many of these instances, the first vowel of the word is simply repeated (e.g.

1266:

From 1500 BC onwards, the Assyrian language is termed Middle Assyrian. It was the language of the

1263:. However, the use of these words was confined to the fringes of the Akkadian-speaking territory. 13465: 13402: 13226: 12612: 12490: 12423: 12317: 12170: 12088: 12083: 11145:

George, A. (2007). "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian". In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.),

9944: 7368:(forwards). Regardless of the complexity of the preposition, the following noun is always in the 6946:

variety. The following tables show the Akkadian demonstrative pronouns according to near and far

3991: 1818: 1806: 1724: 872:(locative and dative, respectively). The origin of the Akkadian spatial prepositions is unknown. 795: 630: 11651: 11614: 10258: 10239: 8629:, many elements of its basic vocabulary find no evident parallels in related Semitic languages: 7242:(originally accusative masculine singular) survived, while the other forms disappeared in time. 12788: 12625: 12602: 12597: 12521: 12373: 12132: 11679: 10985: 9664: 8955: 8935: 7251: 6943: 5844:

An alternative to this naming system is a numerical system. The basic stems are numbered using

5782:. The basic, underived, stem is the G-stem (from the German Grundstamm, meaning "basic stem"). 2191: 1759: 1267: 779: 516: 379: 126: 13183: 11440: 11436: 11083: 10766: 10294: 13790: 13362: 13035: 12701: 12687: 12190: 11663: 11107: 10805: 10168: 10100: 9006: 8424: 6939: 6474: 4103:

are termed "weak radicals" and roots containing these radicals give rise to irregular forms.

2190:. The following table shows Proto-Semitic phonemes and their correspondences among Akkadian, 1912: 1649: 1637: 1115: 732: 622: 575: 497:

respectively. The bulk of preserved material is from this later period, corresponding to the

116: 74: 11377: 4037: 13717: 13428: 12766: 12408: 12368: 11847: 10655: 5418:

attached to the preterite aspect of the verb root PRS "to decide"; and as can be seen, the

5024: 3916: 3904: 1844: 1410: 1242:

The Middle Babylonian period started in the 16th century BC. The division is marked by the

1091: 888: 415: 5833:, the /n/ is only seen in the present forms, and the Xtn preterite is identical to the Xt 5626:, used in dependent clauses, is marked in forms which do not end in a vowel by the suffix 1464:

The following table summarises the dialects of Akkadian identified with certainty so far.

1185:, is clearly more innovative than the Old Assyrian dialect and the more distantly related 8: 13731: 13369: 13312: 13240: 13201: 13177: 13022: 12837: 12798: 12495: 12403: 12378: 12185: 12160: 11695: 9623: 2179: 2040: 1785: 1557:

of Akkadian. Some conclusions can be made, however, due to the relationship to the other

1349: 1309: 1301: 1009: 896: 876: 680:

Left: Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary, used by early Akkadian rulers. Right: Seal of

542: 538: 528: 508: 10874: 10512:

Kogan, L., Krebernik, M. 2021: A history of the Akkadian lexicon. In: J.-P. Vita (ed.),

10459: 10144: 7424:, i.e. if the counted noun is masculine, the numeral would be feminine and vice versa. 4397: 13827: 12485: 12454: 12353: 12200: 12117: 10556: 10495: 10368: 10276: 10019: 9576: 9538: 9489: 9427: 7421: 7417: 6765: 6563: 6101:

n-preformative with a t-infix preceding the first radical, indicating reflexive passive

5917: 5419: 5085:

verbs derived from the root PRS ("to decide") in the various verb aspects of Akkadian:

5028: 5008: 4404: 2053: 1750: 1609: 1448: 1329: 1255:). During this period, a large number of loan words were included in the language from 1095: 913: 685: 550: 13555: 13433: 11759: 11268:. Materials for the Assyrian dictionary, no. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10954: 9753: 662: 290: 13703: 13497: 13376: 13249: 13010: 12968: 12842: 12583: 12475: 12332: 12327: 12312: 12165: 12122: 11842: 11837: 11777: 11647: 11629: 11610: 11603: 11561: 11544: 11504:

21 vols. in 26. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago 1956–2010. (

11489: 11475: 11454: 11444: 11423: 11363: 11349: 11335: 11321: 11313: 11297: 11283: 11269: 11242: 11231: 11223: 11210: 11195: 11181: 11167: 11113: 11075: 11067: 11053: 10993: 10933: 10811: 10772: 10745: 10629: 10548: 10464: 10446: 10393: 10372: 10222: 10206: 10174: 10106: 10083: 10060: 10023: 9982: 9948: 9916: 9891: 9812: 9654: 9439: 9028: 8979: 8622: 8601: 8597: 7154: 6536: 6213: 5066:, and in contrast to some other languages the Akkadian infinitive can be declined in 4450:"Antiochus, King, Great King, King of multitudes, King of Babylon, King of countries" 4444: 4408: 4042: 2029: 1799: 1624: 1614: 1344: 1336:, even though Neo-Assyrian cuneiform remained in use in literary tradition well into 1248: 1232: 1174: 1170: 1123: 1005: 884: 740: 724: 606: 599: 445: 422: 411: 121: 11766:

The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)

11714:

The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)

11713: 11207:

An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages Phonology and Morphology

11150: 10392:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 17. 8592:

also have SOV order, but these developed within historical times from the classical

306: 13783: 13738: 13724: 13534: 13485: 13448: 13353: 13339: 13305: 13275: 13256: 13221: 12987: 12961: 12935: 12895: 12888: 12828: 12811: 12783: 12759: 12651: 12388: 12383: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12267: 12262: 12252: 12068: 11925: 11910: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11862: 10454: 10438: 10360: 10306: 10011: 9658: 9544: 9112: 8673: 8610: 8600:. It has been hypothesized that this word order was a result of influence from the 8416: 7432: 7428: 6432: 6201: 5913: 5067: 4739:"governor"). In these cases, the lost vowel is restored in the construct state (so 4372: 4368: 1604: 1558: 1538: 1260: 1236: 1209: 1186: 861: 783: 626: 610: 546: 465: 457: 453: 449: 441: 376: 333: 10102:

Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East

5870:

The stems, their nomenclature and examples of the third-person masculine singular

4111:

Formally, Akkadian has three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (

618: 13751: 13655: 13629: 13578: 13443: 13383: 13291: 13284: 13268: 13262: 13189: 12940: 12816: 12806: 12322: 12297: 12292: 12272: 12220: 12210: 12205: 12195: 12175: 12145: 12097: 12093: 12063: 11744: 11732: 11720: 11512: 11230:. Analecta Orientalia 33. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. (3rd ed., 1995: 11157: 11090: 10075: 9582: 9550: 9525: 9495: 9433: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9330: 9288: 9275: 9219: 9198: 9177: 9145: 9139: 9118: 9091: 9070: 9049: 8946: 8926: 8573: 8399:

Examples: erbē aššātum (four wives) (masculine numeral), meat ālānū (100 towns).

7412: 7408: 5653: 5048: 5044: 5032: 4475: 4131: 4116: 4112: 3920: 3718: 3708: 2234: 2224: 2195: 1631: 1619: 1586: 1406: 1337: 1166: 1162: 1158: 857: 681: 567: 430: 195: 108: 12902: 10930:

Early Arabic pharmacology: An introduction based on ancient and medieval sources

10442: 10138: 6020:

simple stem with t-infix after first radical, indicating reciprocal or reflexive

4481:

The status absolutus is characterised by the loss of a noun's case ending (e.g.

1193:('I will decide') were first encountered in Old Babylonian instead of the older 875:

In contrast to most other Semitic languages, Akkadian has only one non-sibilant

13711: 13665: 13635: 13612: 13606: 13490: 13438: 13319: 13093: 12922: 12302: 11672: 11501:

The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

9648: 9629: 9606: 9563: 8548: 7455: 7411:

of many numerals is not well ascertained yet. Along with the counted noun, the

7400: 5853: 5806: 5075: 4467: 4135: 2129: 2057: 1290: 768: 760: 748: 571: 387: 170: 33: 11543:

Alter Orient und Altes Testament (AOAT). Bd 305. Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2004.

10015: 9635: 1157:–2450 BC) by his queen Gan-saman, who is thought to have been from Akkad. The 1055:

qualities. Nor is there any coordination in the other direction; the syllable

13806: 13645: 13640: 13550: 13297: 12822: 12102: 11950: 11857: 11762:

and Akkadian font for Ubuntu Linux-based operating system (ttf-ancient-fonts)

10997: 10552: 10450: 9594: 9588: 9476: 9414: 9364: 9343: 9301: 9016: 8585: 7369: 6216:

pseudo-participle. The following table contains an example of using the noun

5845: 5818: 5020: 4842:, and the noun that the genitive phrase depends on appears in status rectus. 4120: 3798: 3700: 2216: 2183: 2153: 2123: 1679: 1418: 1382: 1313: 1252: 1201: 1037: 825: 520: 267: 211: 203: 12736: 11703: 10311: 9511:

contracts-GEN bought-3.SG.PERF and or for safekeeping-GEN received-3.SG.PRET

6047:

doubled second radical preceded by infixed t, indicating intensive reflexive

1361: 1281:

During the first millennium BC, Akkadian progressively lost its status as a

13571: 12107: 11920: 11852: 11673:

Akkadian cuneiform on Omniglot (Writing Systems and Languages of the World)

11280:

Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts

10468: 9403:

from another man or from another man's slave without witnesses or contract,

8921:

Akkadian was also a source of borrowing to other Semitic languages such as

8626: 7344:(also, with). There are some compound prepositions which are combined with 6927:-ni is used for the nominative, i.e. following a verb denoting the subject. 5834: 5775: 5082: 4124: 3748: 2111: 2044:

The first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dates from the reign of

1736: 1426: 1294: 1087: 752: 671: 614: 426: 11640:

Bemerkungen zur Dialektgliederung Altakkadisch, Assyrisch und Babylonisch.

4335:. These forms are generally not productive, but in the Neo-Babylonian the 3664: 3616: 3568: 3520: 3472: 3432: 3384: 3345: 3306: 3286: 3240: 3166: 3118: 3089: 3040: 2992: 2934: 2905: 2856: 2818: 2769: 2721: 2673: 2622: 2560: 2500: 2440: 2380: 2320: 2260: 2101: 1316:

in the middle of the 8th century led to the establishment of Aramaic as a

258: 13196: 12881: 12526: 12516: 12307: 12239: 12112: 12000: 11814: 11577: 11109:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

10364: 10037:

Müller-Kessler, Christa (20 July 2009). "Mandaeans v. Mandaic Language".

9941:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

8665: 7459: 7309: 5716: 5623: 5063: 5052: 5004: 3810: 3793: 2145: 1904: 1525: 1501: 1333: 1325: 1305: 1182: 841: 772: 764: 736: 556: 461: 383: 207: 199: 85: 10560: 10499: 10483: 4838:

A genitive relation can also be expressed with the relative preposition

12743: 12694: 12058: 12053: 10337:

John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, 2004 "Akkadian and Eblaite",

10295:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)" 8894: 8835: 8740: 8605: 8526: 8475: 8431:'the four strong kings who built the city are my fathers' is analyzed: 8420: 8412: 7170: 7165: 6734: 6428: 6197: 5779: 5699: 5617: 5040: 5036: 5016: 3851: 3803: 2070:

in Akkadian suggest otherwise. For example, when the possessive suffix

2011: 1146:

One of the earliest known Akkadian inscriptions was found on a bowl at

1103: 1079:. Both of these are often used for the same syllable in the same text. 474: 215: 11783: 11737: 11725: 11453:

Martin Worthington: "Complete Babylonian: Teach Yourself" London 2010

10082:. Edited by Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge University Press. 2008. p. 6. 2173: 1213: 12708: 12363: 12048: 11935: 11872: 11750:

List of 1280 Akkadian roots, with a representative verb form for each

10221:

K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,

10205:

K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,

9501: 8661: 7404: 5810: 5787: 5783: 5071: 5055:

prohibitive, formed by the present form of the verb and the negative

5012: 4376: 4332: 3833: 1857: 1673: 1582: 1570: 1554: 1550: 1452: 1228: 1221: 1119: 1099: 1013: 993: 922: 728: 560: 524: 512: 498: 403: 283: 251: 233: 177: 12552: 10526: 9805:

Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J. N. (1 January 2000).

8427:

precede the counted noun. In the following table the nominal phrase

5791:

a form in a different stem. The Š-stem is formed by adding a prefix

3976: 1235:, which is one of the oldest collections of laws in the world. (see 1150:, addressed to the very early pre-Sargonic king Meskiagnunna of Ur ( 802:

word order, while the other Semitic languages usually have either a

448:, but also used to write multiple languages in the region including 13346: 12750: 12722: 12500: 12155: 12078: 12073: 11980: 11965: 11960: 11915: 10685: 9261:

or cattle/oxen-ACC or sheep-ACC or donkey-ACC and or something from

8677: 8589: 7175: 6730: 6726: 5637: 5422:

differ only in the second person singular and third person plural.

4355: 4347: 1273: 1243: 1217: 1083: 1017: 997: 892: 744: 595: 563: 501: 318: 219: 13480: 9854:

John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite",

9155:

if man-NOM or silver-ACC or gold-ACC or slave-M.ACC or slave-F.ACC

5848:

so that G, D, Š and N become I, II, III and IV, respectively. The

3903:

There is broad agreement among most Assyriologists about Akkadian

1443: 13529: 12865: 12729: 12257: 11985: 11975: 11940: 11930: 11585: 11400:

Elemente der Grammatik und der Schrift. Übungsbeispiele. Glossar.

10427:"Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation" 9688: 8687:

The following table contains examples of loan words in Akkadian:

8669: 8657: 6205: 5733: 5673: 5633: 4416: 4412: 3884: 3713: 2229: 1668: 1574: 1321: 1286: 537:. However, its gradual decline began in the Iron Age, during the 391: 314: 11348:

Neubearbeitung durch L. Matouš, München 1969, 1979 (5. Aufl.).

11031:. Studia Orientalia 22. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica. 2169: 918: 13757: 12671: 12005: 11955: 11877: 11765: 11726:

Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar, by I. J. Gelb, 2nd Ed. (1961)

6947: 6770: 6755: 6738: 6722: 6568: 6553: 6470: 6436: 5878:(root PRS: 'to decide, distinguish, separate') is shown below: 5864: 5860: 5056: 4420: 4157:(strong) will serve to illustrate the case system of Akkadian. 4134:, has only "sound" plurals formed by means of a plural ending. 4073: 4069: 3936: 2045: 853: 629:

loanwords and names, which constitute the oldest record of any

583: 407: 9754:"Babylonian dialect | Akkadian dialect | Britannica" 4339:-locative replaces several constructions with the preposition 2126:

phonemes are lost in Akkadian. The Proto-Semitic glottal stop

813:

Additionally Akkadian is the only Semitic language to use the

354: 12358: 11995: 11990: 11970: 10353:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

10004:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

9158:

If a man has bought silver or gold, a male or a female slave,

5849: 5415: 4065: 3879: 1224:

and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence.

1052: 778:

Within the Near Eastern Semitic languages, Akkadian forms an

756: 587: 399: 11755:

Recordings of Assyriologists Reading Babylonian and Assyrian

11592: 10044:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasitische Archäologie

3883:

vowels in hiatus. The distinction between long and short is

2052:

Akkadian emphatic consonants are typically reconstructed as

1012:. In Akkadian the script practically became a fully fledged 11945: 10727:. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 2014; 104(1): 56-73. P. 58. 10339:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

9856:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

6193: 6074:š-preformative with t-infix, indicating reflexive causative 5031:, and vetitive (the negative form of precative)) and three 3737:

These are only distinguished from the ∅ (zero) reflexes of

2137: 2089:

The most straightforward interpretation of this shift from

1513: 1004:, picture-based characters representing entire words), (b) 591: 579: 395: 351: 345: 336: 11664:

Introduction to Cuneiform Script and the Akkadian language

11045:. Ed. Robert Hetzron. New York: Routledge. Pages 69–99. 6439:

becomes na- (maPRaS > naPRaS). Examples for this are:

5942:

gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive

717:), appears vertically in the right column. British Museum. 704: 613:. Like all Semitic languages, Akkadian uses the system of 317:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9514:

or if he accepted something for safekeeping without same,

9152:šumma awīl-um lū kasp-am lū ḫurāṣ-am lū ward-am lū amt-am 1029: 985:

Old Akkadian is preserved on clay tablets dating back to

429:, a major centre of Mesopotamian civilization during the 418:

among Assyrians and Babylonians from the 8th century BC.

11149:. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, p. 37. 9858:. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218–280 9661:', Standard Babylonian version, 13th to 11th century BC) 9264:

an ox, a sheep, or a donkey—or anything for that matter—

7420:. The numerals 3–20, 30, 40 and 50 are characterized by 5656:, it often indicates motion toward an object or person ( 4617:

shortest form of the noun which is phonetically possible

10909: 9258:

lū alp-am lū immer-am lū imēr-am ū lū {mimma šumšu} ina

4064:(to decide). Between and around these radicals various 3919:

in Akkadian is completely predictable and sensitive to

3915:

According to this widely accepted system, the place of

1147: 11697:

Assyrian grammar with chrestomathy and glossary (1921)

11422:

Biblical Institute Press, Rome 1988, 2002 (4.Aufl.).

10424: 4320:

The oblique case includes the accusative and genitive.

3691: 3681: 3653: 3645: 3636: 3626: 3605: 3597: 3588: 3578: 3557: 3549: 3540: 3530: 3509: 3501: 3492: 3482: 3461: 3453: 3421: 3413: 3404: 3394: 3371: 3362: 3332: 3323: 3313: 3275: 3267: 3258: 3227: 3215: 3186: 3179: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3108: 3099: 3079: 3070: 3060: 3053: 3029: 3021: 3012: 3002: 2981: 2973: 2964: 2954: 2947: 2924: 2915: 2895: 2886: 2876: 2869: 2845: 2837: 2828: 2808: 2799: 2789: 2782: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2731: 2710: 2702: 2693: 2683: 2662: 2654: 2633: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2549: 2541: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2510: 2489: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2429: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2390: 2369: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2309: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2276: 2270: 2249: 2241: 2167: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2127: 2061: 1285:. In the beginning, from around 1000 BC, Akkadian and 1073: 1065: 1057: 1045: 370: 58: 11360:

The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum

9888:

The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum

5762:

Both verbs are for the 3rd person masculine singular.

4447:

with titles in Akkadian on the cylinder of Antiochus:

1165:, introduced the Akkadian language (the "language of 342: 11667: 10539:

THUREAU-DANGIN, F. (1911). "Notes Assyriologiques".

8960: 8940: 7312:

which consist mainly of only one word. For example:

4382: 4258: 3197: 2644: 1405:

The Akkadian language began to be rediscovered when

1204:". Eblaite was even more so, retaining a productive 348: 11470:Jeremy G. Black, Andrew George, Nicholas Postgate: 11395:Rom 1963.(3., revidierte Auflage, 2006 Teil. I-II) 10683: 9804: 6192:A very often appearing form which can be formed by 5825:, giving the Gtn, Dtn, Štn and Ntn. Because of the 4986:

man.NOM that land.SG.ACC 3-conquer.PRET-SG.MASC-SJV

1136:

Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian, 1530–1000 BC

549:as a lingua franca of the Assyrian empire. By the 339: 11680:"After 90 Years, a Dictionary of an Ancient World" 11668:The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (Oracc) 11374:Early Japanese and Early Akkadian Writing Systems. 11258: 10986:"After 90 Years, a Dictionary of an Ancient World" 6717: 1173:cuneiform orthography for the purpose. During the 710: 696: 519:) throughout the later Bronze Age, and became the 9976: 5081:The following table shows the conjugation of the 4715:(front) would have illegal construct state forms 4331:in the singular and the resulting forms serve as 1308:. The dominance of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under 1277:A Neo-Babylonian inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II 13804: 11709:Old Babylonian Text Corpus (includes dictionary) 11204: 11101:. Milan: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano. 11050:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 10002:Geller, Markham Judah (1997). "The Last Wedge". 9910: 9613:then this man is a thief and hence to be killed. 9508:riks-ātim i-štām-Ø ū lū ana maṣṣārūt-im i–mḫur-Ø 9379:qāt mār awīl-im ū lū warad awīl-im balum šīb-ī u 6530: 5994:n-preformative, indicating the reflexive/passive 101:–500 BC; academic or liturgical use until AD 100 10768:Greece and Mesopotamia: Dialogues in Literature 10541:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 10143:. Mission archéologique en Iran. 1900. p. 1024:can on the one hand be a logogram for the word 414:until its gradual replacement in common use by 11738:Glossary of Old Akkadian, by I. J. Gelb (1957) 11536:. Toronto, Ont: Ashur Cherry, York University. 11529:. Toronto, Ont: Ashur Cherry, York University. 10628:Hendrik, Jagersma, Abraham (4 November 2010). 10538: 10036: 9935: 9766: 7157:in Akkadian are shown in the following table: 6443:(place, location) from ŠKN (set, place, put), 4635: 4519: 852:, respectively). Other Semitic languages like 52: 13818:Languages attested from the 3rd millennium BC 12568: 11799: 10952: 10350: 9913:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 7458:are formed (with few exceptions) by adding a 6134:doubled second radical preceded by tan-infix 2117: 1500:Central Euphrates (in and around the city of 1133:Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian, 1950–1530 BC 11560:Paul Geuthner, Paris 1976, 1995 (6.Aufl.). 10872: 10660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8970: 3947:. Thus the masculine singular nominative is 3912:spellings (spellings with an extra vowel). 3875:rather than a separate phoneme in Akkadian. 1139:Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian, 1000–600 BC 12394:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 11096: 10771:. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. 10744:(2nd ed.). Eisenbrauns. pp. 3–4. 10739: 8656:Due to extensive contact with Sumerian and 7403:are written mostly as a number sign in the 6513:(to do something for the third time ) from 6181:š-preformative with doubled second radical 5758: 5756: 5620:, used in independent clauses, is unmarked. 5059:lā, is used to express negative commands. 4909: 4005:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3887:, and is used in the grammar; for example, 3770: 1512:Northern Tigris (in and around the city of 1051:, do not distinguish between the different 421:Akkadian, which is the earliest documented 12575: 12561: 11806: 11792: 11646:(AOAT). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 274.2003. 10810:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 10160: 9890:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 9395: 9389: 9383: 9329: 9287: 9274: 7501:(Gender agreement of the cardinal numeral) 6466:(carriage) from RKB (ride, drive, mount). 4902: 4877: 4828: 4803: 4784: 4759: 4696: 4671: 4649: 4631: 4106: 3955:) but the feminine singular nominative is 1106:(i.e., three consonants plus any vowels). 1008:syllables, (c) Akkadian syllables, or (d) 927:(1 = Logogram (LG) "mix"/syllabogram (SG) 775:and neighboring regions in the Near East. 67: 11704:Akkadian-English-French Online Dictionary 11593:Technical literature on specific subjects 11320:. Analecta Orientalia. Bd 33. Rom 1995. 11105: 11066:. Rome: Biblical Institute Press. (1983: 11041:Buccellati, Giorgio (1997). "Akkadian", 11029:Studien zur mittelbabylonischen Grammatik 10915: 10514:History of the Akkadian Language. Vol. I. 10458: 10310: 8512: 7245: 6954:Proximal Demonstrative ("this", "these") 6934: 5062:The infinitive of the Akkadian verb is a 4639: 4576: 4025:Learn how and when to remove this message 3761:-coloring the adjacent vowel *a, e.g. PS 3027: 2843: 2756: 2110:(though Greeks may also have perceived a 1561:and variant spellings of Akkadian words. 1028:('god') and on the other signify the god 11527:A basic neo-Assyrian cuneiform syllabary 11082:) (The 1980 edition is partly available 10953:Hebblethwaite, Cordelia (14 June 2011). 10807:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 10725:Rhythm and Expression in Akkadian Poetry 9811:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 10. 9605: 9562: 9543: 9111: 9027:The following is the 7th section of the 8660:, the Akkadian vocabulary contains many 8429:erbēt šarrū dannūtum ša ālam īpušū abūya 8379: 8358: 8337: 8311: 8290: 8274: 8254: 8238: 8214: 6103: 5968:š-preformative, indicating the causative 5753: 5334: 5141: 4977: 4973: 4605: 4591: 4544: 4534: 4523: 4036: 2200: 2039: 1442: 1360: 1272: 1227:Old Babylonian was the language of king 1036:. Additionally, this sign was used as a 917: 13823:Languages extinct in the 8th century BC 11813: 11677: 11474:Harrassowitz-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000. 11310:. Harvard Semitic Studies. Eisenbrauns. 11282:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2005. 10983: 10803: 10764: 10627: 10173:. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 10170:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 10166: 9885: 9581: 9549: 9524: 9494: 9432: 9218: 9197: 9176: 9144: 9138: 9117: 9090: 9069: 9048: 7052:Distal Demonstrative ("that", "those") 4969: 4951: 4947: 4928: 4912:"Alliances which man of Ešnunna (has)") 4908:The alliances of the Ruler of Ešnunna ( 4854: 4818: 4774: 4686: 4562: 4509: 3733: 3731: 2066:/ analyzed as fricatives; but attested 1581:transcription, alongside its standard ( 1063:, for example, is rendered by the sign 311:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 27:Extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia 14: 13805: 11164:A Grammar of Akkadian (Second Edition) 10481: 10385: 10098: 10001: 9617: 9031:, written in the mid-18th century BC: 9009:completed a 21-volume dictionary, the 6462:(deposit) from ŠKN (set, place, put), 5774:Akkadian verbs have thirteen separate 902: 566:and the dialects spoken by the extant 12582: 12556: 11787: 11534:Basic individual logograms (Akkadian) 11519: 11294:A Grammar of Akkadian (3rd ed. 2011.) 11147:Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern 10927: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10319:from the original on 21 December 2018 10279:A Descriptive Middle Assyrian Grammar 9723: 9593: 9587: 9475: 9413: 9363: 9342: 9300: 8621:The Akkadian vocabulary is mostly of 8558:masculine plural + possessive pronoun 4898: 4888: 4858: 4814: 4770: 4682: 4601: 4566: 4346:In the later stages of Akkadian, the 2205:An inscription in Babylonian, in the 2028:Evidence from borrowings from and to 771:). Akkadian is only ever attested in 73:Akkadian language inscription on the 11412:Kommentar. Die Texte in Keilschrift. 11296:Harvard Semitic Museum Studies 45. 10965:from the original on 29 October 2018 10873:Wallis Budge, Ernest Alfred (1884). 10642:from the original on 16 October 2015 10256: 10237: 10059:. Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995. 9850: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9575: 9537: 9488: 9426: 8994:('riders, messenger', from Akkadian 7149: 6525: 6447:(splendour) from ŠRḪ (be splendid), 5414:The table below shows the different 4993: 4961: 4003:adding citations to reliable sources 3970: 3923:. There are three syllable weights: 3728: 2162:not exhibited in Proto-Semitic. The 1332:when it was further marginalized by 1324:'s destruction in 612 BC. Under the 440:–2154 BC). It was written using the 11691:A detailed introduction to Akkadian 11678:Wilford, John Noble (7 June 2011). 11362:. Cambridge University Press 2008. 11334:. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 2005. 11228:Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik 10984:Wilford, John Noble (6 June 2011). 10955:"Dictionary 90 years in the making" 10879:. Religious Tract Society. p. 10603: 10516:Leiden–Boston, 366–476. P. 418-419. 10292: 10257:Vita, Juan-Pablo (1 January 2020). 10238:Vita, Juan-Pablo (1 January 2020). 10080:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 9886:Woodard, Roger D. (10 April 2008). 8971: 8950: 8930: 4054: 4041:Neo-Babylonian inscription of king 2017: 1429:in the middle of the 19th century. 1169:") as a written language, adapting 644:Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary 24: 13789:Languages between parentheses are 11393:Babylonisch-assyrische Lesestücke. 11318:Grundriß der Akkadischen Grammatik 11253: 11126:from the original on 16 March 2020 11036:A Structural Grammar of Babylonian 10824:from the original on 10 March 2020 10785:from the original on 17 March 2020 10708: 10575:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 9979:A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd edition 9911:Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (2020). 9726:"Old Akkadian writing and grammar" 8567: 8407: 4587: 4430:. Written in traditional Akkadian. 3870:The existence of a back mid-vowel 2178:) merged with the sibilants as in 2010:is alternatively interpreted as a 541:when in the mid-eighth century BC 25: 13839: 11760:Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts 11657: 11600:Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar. 11472:A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. 10854:from the original on 1 April 2019 10631:A descriptive grammar of Sumerian 10585:from the original on 15 July 2020 10527:https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16107 10484:"The Dialect of the Nuzu Tablets" 10119:from the original on 9 March 2020 9837: 9500: 9400:man-GEN without witnesses-GEN and 7320:(to, for, after, approximately), 5613:Akkadian verbs have three moods: 4965: 4383:Noun states and nominal sentences 3858: 3838: 3824: 3815: 2035: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1843: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1784: 1770: 1758: 1735: 1723: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1648: 1636: 1569:The following table presents the 1492:Central and Southern Mesopotamia 1114:Akkadian is divided into several 636: 12532:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 12023: 11644:Alter Orient und Altes Testament 11266:Old Akkadian writing and grammar 11140:Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar 10932:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 64–5. 10696:from the original on 11 May 2021 10406:from the original on 11 May 2021 10187:from the original on 11 May 2021 9915:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 132. 9825:from the original on 11 May 2021 9808:A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian 7427:This polarity is typical of the 7379:(in the house, from the house), 6729:) pronouns (mainly denoting the 6224:(wide) and the verbal adjective 5769: 4437: 4396: 3975: 1995:voiceless postalveolar fricative 1389: 1375: 723:Akkadian belongs with the other 670: 661: 332: 11571: 11558:Manuel d'Épigraphie Akkadienne. 11541:Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 11464: 11259:General description and grammar 11180:. University Press of America. 11004:from the original on 1 May 2021 10977: 10946: 10921: 10896: 10887: 10866: 10836: 10797: 10758: 10733: 10677: 10668: 10621: 10612: 10597: 10567: 10532: 10519: 10506: 10475: 10418: 10379: 10344: 10331: 10286: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10215: 10199: 10151: 10131: 10092: 10069: 10049: 10030: 9995: 9970: 9961: 9929: 9904: 9879: 9870: 9438: 8702:Word in the language of origin 8625:origin. Although classified as 7469: 7316:(in, on, out, through, under), 7303: 6921: 6718:Suffixed (or enclitic) pronouns 5880: 5087: 4998: 4989:The man who conquered the land. 4314: 2212: 2000: 1983: 1966: 1590: 1356: 1098:. In addition, cuneiform was a 790:). This group differs from the 13793:of the language on their left. 12089:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 12084:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 11778:Interlinear Morphemic Glossing 11628:Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2002. 11439:, Leipzig 1969, Langenscheidt 11308:A Key to A Grammar of Akkadian 10804:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). 9861: 9798: 9789: 9760: 9746: 9717: 9703: 9677: 9022: 7570:Congruent (no gender polarity) 7467:occurs in the numeral "four". 7250:The following table shows the 6166:n-preformative with tan-infix 6150:š-preformative with tan-infix 4610:The king who cannot be rivaled 1524:Northern Syria (in and around 1189:. For this reason, forms like 1142:Late Babylonian, 600 BC–100 AD 1109: 13: 1: 12471:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 11868:Tigris–Euphrates river system 11626:Akkadisch in der Ur III-Zeit. 11488:3 Bde. Wiesbaden 1958–1981. 11192:Introductory Assyrian Grammar 11034:Buccellati, Giorgio (1996). 10299:Journal of Universal Language 10259:"Akkadian as a Lingua Franca" 10240:"Akkadian as a Lingua Franca" 9639: 8680:and other ancient languages. 8616: 7431:and appears, for example, in 6531:Independent personal pronouns 6455:(sum) from PḪR (summarize). 6422: 5608: 4424: 4161:Noun and adjective paradigms 4049: 1564: 1438:Convolutional neural networks 1151: 986: 925:writing (Neo-Assyrian script) 689: 648: 531: 483: 434: 425:, is named after the city of 95: 11443:, Leipzig 1992 (6. Aufl.). 11382: 11376:University of Tsukuba. 2007 11099:From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew 10057:Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II 8986:('lastingly', from Akkadian 8542:3rd person masculine plural 6942:in Akkadian differ from the 6539:in Akkadian are as follows: 6497:(leaving) from WṢY (leave). 5871: 5691: 4983:awīl-um ša māt-am i-kšud-Ø-u 4655:His son, its (masculine) son 4411:, as great king of kings of 3931:(ending in -V̄ or -VC), and 3692: 3682: 3654: 3646: 3637: 3627: 3606: 3598: 3589: 3579: 3558: 3550: 3541: 3531: 3510: 3502: 3493: 3483: 3462: 3454: 3422: 3414: 3405: 3395: 3372: 3363: 3333: 3324: 3314: 3276: 3268: 3259: 3228: 3216: 3187: 3180: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3109: 3100: 3080: 3071: 3061: 3054: 3030: 3022: 3013: 3003: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2955: 2948: 2925: 2916: 2896: 2887: 2877: 2870: 2846: 2838: 2829: 2809: 2800: 2790: 2783: 2759: 2751: 2742: 2732: 2711: 2703: 2694: 2684: 2663: 2655: 2634: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2490: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2430: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2370: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2337: 2331: 2310: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2250: 2242: 2168: 2164:voiceless lateral fricatives 2152: 2144: 2136: 2134:, as well as the fricatives 2128: 2062: 1978:voiceless alveolar fricative 1544: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1046: 705: 688:(reversed for readability), 371: 59: 7: 12537:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 12419:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 12414:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 11486:Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 11190:Mercer, Samuel A B (1961). 11038:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 10893:Huehnergard, 3rd ed., §23.2 10876:Babylonian Life and History 10389:Cuneiform. Reading the Past 9012:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 8961: 8941: 8584:(VSO) word order. Modern 8494:nominative masculine plural 8459:masculine (gender polarity) 8446:Part of the nominal phrase 7394: 6520: 6451:(guards) from NṢR (guard), 4371:throughout this period was 3891:('that he decided') versus 3665: 3617: 3569: 3521: 3473: 3433: 3385: 3346: 3307: 3287: 3241: 3198: 3167: 3119: 3090: 3041: 2993: 2935: 2906: 2857: 2819: 2770: 2722: 2674: 2645: 2623: 2561: 2501: 2441: 2381: 2321: 2261: 2207:Xerxes I inscription at Van 2102: 2015: 1459: 1434:Natural Language Processing 1257:Northwest Semitic languages 792:Northwest Semitic languages 382:that was spoken in ancient 10: 13844: 12542:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 11773:Glossing Ancient Languages 11346:Grammatik des Akkadischen. 11332:Sprachen des Alten Orients 11162:Huehnergard, John (2005). 11097:Dolgopolsky, Aron (1999). 11048:Bussmann, Hadumod (1996). 11020: 10765:Haubold, Johannes (2013). 10740:Huehnergard, John (2005). 10105:. SUNY Press. p. 34. 9977:Huehnergard, John (2011). 9621: 9604:man-NOM he-3.M.SG stealer- 8376: 8355: 8334: 8308: 8287: 8271: 8251: 8235: 8211: 8183: 8155: 8127: 8095: 8067: 8039: 8011: 7983: 7955: 7917: 7879: 7841: 7803: 7764: 7726: 7684: 7646: 7612: 7538: 6187: 5912:the simple stem, used for 5003:The Akkadian verb has six 4153:(queen) and the adjective 3966: 2118:Descent from Proto-Semitic 1130:Old Akkadian, 2500–1950 BC 911: 907: 711: 697: 598:and by communities in the 363: 53: 31: 13775: 13702: 13621: 13598: 13591: 13543: 13522: 13513: 13506: 13473: 13464: 13457: 13410: 13401: 13331: 13239: 13214: 13170: 13115: 13056: 13045: 13034: 12949: 12912: 12873: 12864: 12855: 12797: 12776: 12679: 12670: 12661: 12623: 12590: 12509: 12463: 12437: 12341: 12238: 12131: 12039: 12032: 12021: 11903: 11830: 11821: 11776:(recommendations for the 11719:18 September 2011 at the 11511:18 September 2011 at the 11434:Lehrbuch des Akkadischen. 11432:Kaspar K. Riemschneider: 11420:Introduction to Akkadian. 11205:Sabatino Moscati (1980). 11062:Caplice, Richard (1980). 10684:Huehnergard & Woods. 10482:Gordon, Cyrus H. (1938). 10443:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096 10386:Walker, C. B. F. (1987). 10167:Bertman, Stephen (2003). 10099:Krejci, Jaroslav (1990). 10055:E. Bilgic and S. Bayram. 10016:10.1515/zava.1997.87.1.43 9632:(early 2nd millennium BC) 8848:part of horse riding gear 8653:'to, for' (Semitic *li). 8580:, which typically have a 8402: 8392: 8371: 8350: 8329: 8303: 8282: 8266: 8246: 8191: 8186: 8163: 8158: 8135: 8130: 8104: 8098: 8075: 8070: 8047: 8042: 8019: 8014: 7991: 7986: 7963: 7958: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7212: 7209: 7204: 7181: 7162: 7114: 7066: 7056: 7016: 6968: 6958: 6864: 6811: 6788: 6761: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6662: 6609: 6586: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6382: 6351: 6346: 6315: 6284: 6279: 6265: 6251: 6246: 6233: 5549: 5544: 5527: 5482: 5465: 5448: 5443: 5427: 5349: 5316: 5311: 5275: 5207: 5202: 5177: 5164: 5153: 5148: 5123: 5118: 5090: 4894:salīmātum ša awīl Ešnunna 4273: 4246: 4192: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4165: 3898: 3780: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3322: 3319: 3195: 3192: 3069: 3066: 2885: 2882: 2798: 2795: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2082:('his word') even though 1903: 1863: 1856: 1734: 1667: 1647: 1630: 1608: 1601: 1415:Georg Friedrich Grotefend 1366:Georg Friedrich Grotefend 883:. Akkadian lost both the 695:. The name of Naram-Sin ( 297: 281: 265: 249: 231: 226: 190:Official language in 188: 183: 178:Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform 167: 144: 105: 91: 81: 66: 51: 46: 41: 13786:or historical languages. 11731:19 November 2011 at the 11306:Huehnergard, J. (2005). 11064:Introduction to Akkadian 10636:openaccess.leidenuniv.nl 9670: 9601:awīl-um šū šarrāq i-ddāk 8982:with examples: Sumerian 8649:'stand' (Semitic *qwm), 2078:('word'), it is written 1468:Known Akkadian dialects 1181:closely related dialect 1086:in Semitic, including a 621:, which were written in 32:Not to be confused with 11406:Die Texte in Umschrift. 11209:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 11052:. New York: Routledge. 10312:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1 10293:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004). 10041:(online 2012 ed.). 9945:Oxford University Press 9867:Huehnergard 2011: xxiii 9767:Shlomo Izre’el (2007). 9610:is_killed-3.SG.PASS-PRS 9570: 9557: 9532: 9519: 9483: 9470: 9462: 9454: 9446: 9421: 9408: 9371: 9358: 9350: 9337: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9295: 9282: 9269: 9250: 9242: 9234: 9226: 9213: 9205: 9192: 9184: 9171: 9163: 9133: 9125: 9106: 9098: 9085: 9077: 9064: 9056: 9043: 9035: 9019:of the British Museum. 8978:) and so on, above all 8641:'foot' (Semitic *rgl), 8423:follow the noun. While 6473:– ūt is used to derive 4543:man.NOM 3SG.MASC thief. 4390:Cylinder of Antiochus I 4107:Case, number and gender 3765:('owner, lord') → Akk. 1071:, but also by the sign 992:. It was written using 796:South Semitic languages 523:of much of the Ancient 12374:Babylonian mathematics 11580:, Jacob Klein (1996). 11194:. New York: F Ungar. 11176:Marcus, David (1978). 11106:Deutscher, G. (2000). 10928:Levey, Martin (1973). 10686:"Akkadian and Eblaite" 10638:(Thesis). p. 46. 9643: 18th century BC 8645:'say' (Semitic *qwl), 8637:'hand' (Semitic *yd), 7340:(in accordance with), 7252:interrogative pronouns 7246:Interrogative pronouns 6940:Demonstrative pronouns 6935:Demonstrative pronouns 6220:(king), the adjective 4046: 2210: 2192:Modern Standard Arabic 2049: 1456: 1368: 1278: 1268:Middle Assyrian Empire 982: 864:have the prepositions 631:Indo-European language 517:Middle Assyrian Empire 444:, originally used for 299:This article contains 75:obelisk of Manishtushu 47:Babylonian or Assyrian 12981:Christian Palestinian 12702:Ancient North Arabian 11771:Akkadian in the wiki 11506:available free online 11498:Martha T. Roth, ed.: 11278:Hasselbach, Rebecca. 11043:The Semitic Languages 10742:A Grammar of Akkadian 10606:The Semitic Languages 9394:man-GEN and or slave- 9007:University of Chicago 8633:'son' (Semitic *bn), 8390:No gender distinction 8369:No gender distinction 8348:No gender distinction 8327:No gender distinction 8301:No gender distinction 8280:No gender distinction 8264:No gender distinction 8244:No gender distinction 8220:No gender distinction 4040: 2204: 2188:Old Babylonian period 2074:is added to the root 2043: 1484:Northern Mesopotamia 1446: 1364: 1276: 1032:or even the syllable 921: 735:, a family native to 733:Afroasiatic languages 576:Neo-Aramaic languages 380:East Semitic language 13079:Koy Sanjaq Christian 12767:Pre-classical Arabic 12369:Babylonian astronomy 11848:Mesopotamian Marshes 11743:14 June 2011 at the 11699:by Samuel A B Mercer 11264:Gelb, I. J. (1961). 11178:A Manual of Akkadian 11138:Gelb, I.J. (1961). 10844:"Antiochus cylinder" 10365:10.1515/za-2014-0015 10039:Encyclopædia Iranica 9947:US. pp. 20–21. 8907:conventional penalty 6210:Nominal predicatives 5111:Participle (active) 3999:improve this section 2086:would be expected. 1989:Babylonian Akkadian 1597:Akkadian consonants 1104:triconsonantal roots 1010:phonetic complements 12923:Ashurian and Hatran 12450:Destruction by ISIL 12404:Sumerian literature 12379:Akkadian literature 11815:Ancient Mesopotamia 11638:Walter Sommerfeld: 11532:Cherry, A. (2003). 11525:Cherry, A. (2003). 11484:Wolfram von Soden: 11441:Verlag Enzyklopädie 11437:Verlag Enzyklopädie 11330:Streck, Michael P. 11027:Aro, Jussi (1957). 10157:Caplice, p.5 (1980) 9624:Akkadian literature 9618:Akkadian literature 8594:verb–subject–object 8582:verb–subject–object 7472: 7439:form in Akkadian; 7053: 6955: 6702:šiāti (šuāti, šâti) 5926:) and Hebrew pa'al 5852:are numbered using 5420:grammatical genders 4834:The city’s governor 4549:This man is a thief 4415:, restorer of gods 4162: 3878:All consonants and 3787: 2186:, beginning in the 1598: 1469: 1397:Sir Henry Rawlinson 1350:Alexander the Great 1310:Tiglath-Pileser III 1302:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1251:, including Egypt ( 1096:emphatic consonants 1016:, and the original 903:History and writing 808:subject–verb–object 804:verb–subject–object 800:subject–object–verb 574:) are three extant 543:Tiglath-Pileser III 539:Neo-Assyrian Empire 529:Bronze Age collapse 527:by the time of the 509:Old Assyrian Empire 412:third millennium BC 13544:Harari–East Gurage 12995:Jewish Palestinian 12486:Mesopotamian myths 11780:of Akkadian texts) 11684:The New York Times 11520:Akkadian cuneiform 11358:Woodard, Roger D. 11314:Soden, Wolfram von 11224:Soden, Wolfram von 11156:2020-07-31 at the 11089:2006-05-07 at the 10990:The New York Times 10579:cartelfr.louvre.fr 10275:Kouwenberg. Bert. 9769:"Canaano-Akkadian" 9029:Hammurabi law code 9003:Oriental Institute 8789:a device of copper 7470: 7422:polarity of gender 7418:grammatical gender 7254:used in Akkadian: 7051: 6953: 6741:) are as follows: 6505:(let sprout) from 6023:Arabic stem VIII ( 5918:intransitive verbs 4472:status constructus 4405:Antiochus cylinder 4160: 4047: 3895:('they decided'). 3785: 2211: 2050: 1972:Assyrian Akkadian 1596: 1589:in angle brackets 1467: 1457: 1369: 1330:Hellenistic period 1279: 1040:for divine names. 983: 914:Akkadian cuneiform 551:Hellenistic period 13813:Akkadian language 13800: 13799: 13771: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13587: 13586: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13235: 13234: 13210: 13209: 13166: 13165: 13138:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 12930:Jewish Babylonian 12851: 12850: 12584:Semitic languages 12550: 12549: 12501:Ziggurat (Temple) 12476:Sumerian religion 12234: 12233: 12181:Middle Babylonian 12123:Kish civilization 12019: 12018: 11843:Lower Mesopotamia 11838:Upper Mesopotamia 11582:In Those Far Days 11418:Richard Caplice: 11368:978-0-521-68497-2 11302:978-1-57506-922-7 11288:978-3-447-05172-9 11247:978-0-521-68497-2 11216:978-3-447-00689-7 11119:978-0-19-154483-5 10604:Hetzron, Robert. 10399:978-0-520-06115-6 10227:978-975-16-2235-8 10211:978-975-16-2235-8 10112:978-0-7914-0168-2 10088:978-0-511-39353-2 10078:. "Hittite". In: 10046:86 (1997): 43–95. 9988:978-1-57506-941-8 9967:George (2007: 37) 9954:978-0-19-953222-3 9922:978-1-119-19380-7 9876:George (2007: 31) 9691:on 11 August 2011 9665:Ludlul Bel Nemeqi 9655:Epic of Gilgamesh 9651:(14th century BC) 8959: 8939: 8919: 8918: 8602:Sumerian language 8565: 8564: 8397: 8396: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7471:Akkadian numbers 7429:Semitic languages 7413:cardinal numerals 7391:(up to his son). 7387:(with the king), 7301: 7300: 7236: 7235: 7155:Relative pronouns 7150:Relative pronouns 7147: 7146: 7049: 7048: 6917: 6916: 6895: 6870: 6842: 6817: 6715: 6714: 6693: 6668: 6640: 6615: 6537:personal pronouns 6526:Personal pronouns 6481:(paternity) from 6413: 6412: 6202:verbal adjectives 6185: 6184: 5997:Arabic stem VII ( 5749: 5748: 5606: 5605: 5412: 5411: 5114:Verbal adjective 4994:Verbal morphology 4540:Awīl-um šū šarrāq 4445:Antiochus I Soter 4409:Antiochus I Soter 4310: 4309: 4130:Akkadian, unlike 4045:, 7th century BCE 4043:Nebuchadnezzar II 4035: 4034: 4027: 3868: 3867: 3724: 3723: 2209:, 5th century BCE 1962: 1961: 1802: 1753: 1682: 1559:Semitic languages 1532: 1531: 1455:epic in Akkadian. 1249:Ancient Near East 1175:Middle Bronze Age 1161:, established by 1124:historical period 895:were exclusively 741:Arabian Peninsula 725:Semitic languages 655: 615:consonantal roots 607:fusional language 600:Assyrian diaspora 369: 325: 324: 307:rendering support 303:phonetic symbols. 18:Assyro-Babylonian 16:(Redirected from 13835: 13596: 13595: 13520: 13519: 13511: 13510: 13471: 13470: 13462: 13461: 13408: 13407: 13276:northern dialect 13054: 13053: 13043: 13042: 12896:Biblical Aramaic 12889:Imperial Aramaic 12871: 12870: 12862: 12861: 12760:Nabataean Arabic 12677: 12676: 12668: 12667: 12643:Canaano-Akkadian 12577: 12570: 12563: 12554: 12553: 12399:Sumerian cuisine 12389:Warfare in Sumer 12384:Economy of Sumer 12037: 12036: 12027: 11911:Fertile Crescent 11895:Sinjar Mountains 11890:Hamrin Mountains 11885:Zagros Mountains 11863:Taurus Mountains 11828: 11827: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11785: 11784: 11687: 11624:Markus Hilgert: 11598:Ignace J. Gelb: 11344:Ungnad, Arthur: 11292:Huehnergard, J. 11220: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11102: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10737: 10731: 10721: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10690:www.academia.edu 10681: 10675: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10659: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10625: 10619: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10536: 10530: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10462: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10348: 10342: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10314: 10290: 10284: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10235: 10229: 10219: 10213: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10180:978-019-518364-1 10164: 10158: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10096: 10090: 10076:Watkins, Calvert 10073: 10067: 10053: 10047: 10042: 10034: 10028: 10027: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9959: 9958: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9883: 9877: 9874: 9868: 9865: 9859: 9852: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9802: 9796: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9773: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9730: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9687:. Archived from 9681: 9659:Sin-liqe-unninni 9644: 9641: 9609: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9566: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9528: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9479: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9417: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9367: 9346: 9333: 9304: 9291: 9278: 9222: 9201: 9180: 9148: 9142: 9121: 9115: 9094: 9073: 9052: 8974: 8973: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8753:dressed in linen 8690: 8689: 8513:Relative clause 8510:relative pronoun 8434: 8433: 8417:relative clauses 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7473: 7433:classical Arabic 7257: 7256: 7160: 7159: 7054: 7050: 6956: 6952: 6928: 6925: 6893: 6868: 6840: 6815: 6744: 6743: 6691: 6666: 6638: 6613: 6542: 6541: 6231: 6230: 5971:Arabic stem IV ( 5945:Arabic stem II ( 5881: 5763: 5760: 5683: 5682: 5664:, "he went" vs. 5425: 5424: 5088: 5045:verbal adjective 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4949: 4930: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4879: 4860: 4856: 4830: 4820: 4816: 4805: 4790:The master's dog 4786: 4776: 4772: 4761: 4698: 4688: 4684: 4673: 4651: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4589: 4578: 4568: 4564: 4546: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4464:status absolutus 4441: 4429: 4426: 4400: 4369:contact language 4321: 4318: 4163: 4159: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4055:Consonantal root 4030: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4010: 3979: 3971: 3927:(ending in -V); 3873: 3862: 3842: 3828: 3819: 3788: 3786:Akkadian vowels 3784: 3774: 3771:Dolgopolsky 1999 3760: 3752: 3744: 3735: 3695: 3685: 3675: 3668: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3630: 3620: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3582: 3572: 3561: 3553: 3544: 3534: 3524: 3513: 3505: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3465: 3457: 3436: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3398: 3388: 3375: 3366: 3356: 3349: 3336: 3327: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3279: 3271: 3262: 3252: 3244: 3231: 3222: 3209: 3201: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3159: 3151: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3112: 3103: 3093: 3083: 3074: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3044: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3006: 2996: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2909: 2899: 2890: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2849: 2841: 2832: 2822: 2812: 2803: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2762: 2754: 2745: 2735: 2725: 2714: 2706: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2666: 2658: 2648: 2637: 2626: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2580: 2574: 2564: 2553: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2493: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2444: 2433: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2384: 2373: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2334: 2324: 2313: 2305: 2296: 2290: 2280: 2274: 2264: 2253: 2245: 2213: 2177: 2157: 2149: 2141: 2133: 2105: 2065: 2022: 2020: 2004: 1998: 1993:represented the 1987: 1981: 1976:represented the 1970: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1678: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1470: 1466: 1436:methods such as 1393: 1392: 1379: 1378: 1237:Code of Ur-Nammu 1210:relative pronoun 1187:Eblaite language 1156: 1153: 1077: 1069: 1061: 1049: 991: 988: 961: 957: 953: 949: 941: 931: 844:-locative case, 716: 715: 714: 708: 702: 701: 700: 694: 691: 674: 665: 653: 650: 646: 611:grammatical case 547:Imperial Aramaic 536: 533: 488: 485: 442:cuneiform script 439: 436: 423:Semitic language 374: 368:romanized: 367: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 293: 277: 261: 254: 245: 244: 236: 173: 160:Canaano-Akkadian 111: 100: 97: 71: 62: 56: 55: 39: 38: 21: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13763: 13686: 13617: 13583: 13539: 13523:Amharic–Argobba 13515: 13502: 13453: 13414: 13389: 13327: 13231: 13206: 13162: 13111: 13107:Urmia Christian 13048: 13037: 13030: 12945: 12908: 12847: 12807:Egyptian Arabic 12793: 12789:Modern Standard 12772: 12657: 12619: 12586: 12581: 12551: 12546: 12505: 12459: 12433: 12342:Culture/society 12337: 12230: 12226:Muslim conquest 12196:Fall of Babylon 12127: 12028: 12015: 11899: 11817: 11812: 11745:Wayback Machine 11733:Wayback Machine 11721:Wayback Machine 11660: 11595: 11574: 11522: 11513:Wayback Machine 11467: 11385: 11261: 11256: 11254:Further reading 11251: 11217: 11166:. Eisenbrauns. 11158:Wayback Machine 11129: 11127: 11120: 11091:Wayback Machine 11023: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11005: 10982: 10978: 10968: 10966: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10926: 10922: 10914: 10910: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10855: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10818: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10738: 10734: 10723:Helle, Sophus. 10722: 10709: 10699: 10697: 10682: 10678: 10673: 10669: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10602: 10598: 10588: 10586: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10537: 10533: 10524: 10520: 10511: 10507: 10480: 10476: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10349: 10345: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10291: 10287: 10274: 10270: 10255: 10251: 10236: 10232: 10220: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10190: 10188: 10181: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10122: 10120: 10113: 10097: 10093: 10074: 10070: 10054: 10050: 10035: 10031: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9981:. Eisenbrauns. 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9955: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9853: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9819: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9692: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9642: 9626: 9620: 9615: 9599: 9568: 9555: 9530: 9516: 9506: 9481: 9468: 9460: 9452: 9444: 9419: 9405: 9377: 9369: 9356: 9348: 9335: 9322: 9314: 9306: 9293: 9280: 9266: 9256: 9248: 9240: 9232: 9224: 9211: 9203: 9190: 9182: 9169: 9160: 9150: 9131: 9123: 9104: 9096: 9083: 9075: 9062: 9054: 9041: 9025: 8619: 8596:(VSO) language 8578:Biblical Hebrew 8570: 8568:Sentence syntax 8481:Noun (Subject) 8410: 8408:Nominal phrases 8405: 8197:Gender polarity 8169:Gender polarity 8141:Gender polarity 8111:Gender polarity 8081:Gender polarity 8053:Gender polarity 8025:Gender polarity 7997:Gender polarity 7969:Gender polarity 7941:Gender polarity 7903:Gender polarity 7865:Gender polarity 7827:Gender polarity 7789:Gender polarity 7750:Gender polarity 7712:Gender polarity 7670:Gender polarity 7605: 7599: 7595: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7447:(foot) becomes 7409:transliteration 7397: 7306: 7248: 7152: 6944:Western Semitic 6937: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6720: 6677:šātilu (šātilu) 6533: 6528: 6523: 6435:(p, b, m), the 6425: 6348: 6281: 6248: 6190: 6077:Arabic stem X ( 6050:Arabic stem V ( 5922:Arabic stem I ( 5896:Correspondence 5854:Arabic numerals 5778:formed on each 5772: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5654:verbs of motion 5611: 5546: 5484: 5445: 5341: 5313: 5303: 5204: 5169: 5158: 5120: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4955: 4940: 4932: 4921: 4914: 4892: 4881: 4870: 4862: 4847: 4836: 4822: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4778: 4763: 4752: 4704: 4690: 4675: 4664: 4657: 4643: 4624: 4612: 4604:NEG oppose.INF. 4597:šarrum lā šanān 4595: 4580: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4538: 4527: 4513: 4502: 4476:construct state 4456: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4109: 4079:The consonants 4057: 4052: 4031: 4020: 4014: 4011: 3996: 3980: 3969: 3921:syllable weight 3901: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3736: 3729: 3300: 3245: 3220: 3202: 3173: 3125: 3047: 2941: 2863: 2776: 2649: 2627: 2615: 2196:Tiberian Hebrew 2120: 2038: 2026: 2025: 2012:guttural rhotic 2005: 2001: 1988: 1984: 1971: 1967: 1672: 1587:transliteration 1567: 1547: 1462: 1423:Henry Rawlinson 1407:Carsten Niebuhr 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1359: 1343:Similarly, the 1163:Sargon of Akkad 1159:Akkadian Empire 1154: 1112: 1014:syllabic script 989: 976: 970: 964: 944: 936: 934: 926: 916: 910: 905: 782:subgroup (with 747:, parts of the 721: 720: 719: 718: 712: 698: 692: 682:Akkadian Empire 677: 676: 675: 667: 666: 657: 656: 651: 645: 639: 594:, the southern 534: 486: 437: 431:Akkadian Empire 335: 331: 305:Without proper 289: 273: 270: 257: 250: 240: 239: 232: 191: 184:Official status 174: 169: 140: 112: 109:Language family 107: 98: 77: 57: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13841: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13787: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13708: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13677: 13674: 13671: 13668: 13658: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13638: 13633: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13602: 13600: 13593: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13524: 13517: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13459: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13387: 13380: 13373: 13366: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13350: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13309: 13302: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13260: 13253: 13245: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13193: 13192: 13187: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13119: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13058: 13051: 13040: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13014: 13007: 13006: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12984: 12972: 12965: 12957: 12955: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12926: 12918: 12916: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12903:Middle Aramaic 12899: 12892: 12885: 12877: 12875: 12868: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12846: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12799:Dialect groups 12795: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12698: 12691: 12683: 12681: 12674: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12631: 12629: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12580: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12557: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12522:Assyriologists 12519: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12429:List of rulers 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12318:Proto-Armenian 12315: 12310: 12305: 12303:Middle Persian 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12191:Neo-Babylonian 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12171:Old Babylonian 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12141:Early Dynastic 12137: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11834: 11832: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11811: 11810: 11803: 11796: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11735: 11723: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11693: 11688: 11675: 11670: 11659: 11658:External links 11656: 11655: 11654: 11636: 11622: 11617: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11551: 11539:Rykle Borger: 11537: 11530: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11496: 11482: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11451: 11430: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11391:Rykle Borger: 11389: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11370: 11356: 11342: 11328: 11311: 11304: 11290: 11276: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11239: 11221: 11215: 11202: 11188: 11174: 11160: 11143: 11136: 11118: 11112:. OUP Oxford. 11103: 11094: 11074:; 1988, 2002: 11060: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11015: 10976: 10945: 10938: 10920: 10916:Deutscher 2000 10908: 10895: 10886: 10865: 10848:British Museum 10835: 10816: 10796: 10777: 10757: 10750: 10732: 10707: 10676: 10667: 10620: 10611: 10596: 10566: 10547:(3): 138–141. 10531: 10518: 10505: 10474: 10437:(5): pgad096. 10417: 10398: 10378: 10343: 10330: 10285: 10268: 10249: 10230: 10214: 10198: 10179: 10159: 10150: 10130: 10111: 10091: 10068: 10048: 10029: 9994: 9987: 9969: 9960: 9953: 9937:Deutscher, Guy 9928: 9921: 9903: 9896: 9878: 9869: 9860: 9836: 9817: 9797: 9788: 9759: 9745: 9716: 9702: 9685:"Neo-Assyrian" 9675: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9652: 9649:Amarna letters 9646: 9633: 9630:Atrahasis Epic 9622:Main article: 9619: 9616: 9569: 9556: 9531: 9518: 9517: 9482: 9469: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9420: 9407: 9406: 9370: 9357: 9349: 9336: 9323: 9315: 9307: 9294: 9281: 9268: 9267: 9249: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9212: 9204: 9191: 9183: 9170: 9162: 9161: 9132: 9124: 9105: 9097: 9084: 9076: 9063: 9055: 9042: 9034: 9033: 9024: 9021: 8925:"onion" (into 8917: 8916: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8618: 8615: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8393:(as with 20?) 8391: 8388: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8372:(as with 20?) 8370: 8367: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8351:(as with 20?) 8349: 8346: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8330:(as with 20?) 8328: 8325: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8304:(as with 20?) 8302: 8299: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8283:(as with 20?) 8281: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8267:(as with 20?) 8265: 8262: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8247:(as with 20?) 8245: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8221: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7710: 7705: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7622: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7590: 7571: 7568: 7561: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7396: 7393: 7389:ana ṣēr mārīšu 7383:(to do good), 7328:(because of), 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7247: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708:šiāšim (šâšim) 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683:šuāšim (šāšim) 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6475:abstract nouns 6424: 6421: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6200:as well as by 6189: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081:) and Aramaic 6075: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6048: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6027:) and Aramaic 6021: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5910: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5846:Roman numerals 5771: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5631: 5621: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5163: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5076:English gerund 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4956: 4941: 4933: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4897:Alliances.NOM. 4882: 4871: 4863: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4808: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4764: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4702:The king's son 4676: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4581: 4571: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4528: 4514: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4468:absolute state 4443: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4428: 250 BCE 4402: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4323: 4322: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176:Number / Case 4173: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4136:Broken plurals 4108: 4105: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4033: 4032: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3900: 3897: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3856: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3773:, p. 35). 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3662: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3624: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3303: 3298: 3284: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3210: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2609: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2584: 2581: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2464: 2461: 2448: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2344: 2341: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2284: 2281: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2119: 2116: 2108:alveolar trill 2037: 2036:Reconstruction 2034: 2024: 2023: 1999: 1982: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1841: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1782: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1566: 1563: 1546: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1461: 1458: 1451:tablet of the 1395: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1358: 1355: 1291:Neo-Babylonian 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1111: 1108: 990: 2500 BC 935:2 = LG "moat", 912:Main article: 909: 906: 904: 901: 761:Canary Islands 749:Horn of Africa 731:branch of the 709:being written 699:𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 693: 2250 BC 679: 678: 669: 668: 660: 659: 658: 652: 2200 BC 643: 642: 641: 640: 638: 637:Classification 635: 605:Akkadian is a 535: 1150 BC 487: 2600 BC 323: 322: 309:, you may see 295: 294: 287: 279: 278: 271: 266: 263: 262: 255: 247: 246: 237: 229: 228: 227:Language codes 224: 223: 192: 189: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171:Writing system 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 154: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 115: 113: 106: 103: 102: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 72: 64: 63: 49: 48: 44: 43: 34:Acadian French 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13840: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13792: 13788: 13785: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13774: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13649: 13648: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13604: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13590: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13512: 13509: 13505: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13466:Ethio-Semitic 13463: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13400: 13386: 13385: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13351: 13349: 13348: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13330: 13322: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13238: 13228: 13227:Judeo-Aramaic 13225: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13033: 13025: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13003: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12966: 12964: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12823:Siculo-Arabic 12820: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12660: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12578: 12573: 12571: 12566: 12564: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12508: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12237: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11858:Syrian Desert 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11804: 11802: 11797: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11786: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11635: 11634:3-930454-32-7 11631: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11608:0-226-62304-1 11605: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11567: 11566:2-7053-3583-8 11563: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11549:3-927120-82-0 11546: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11495: 11494:3-447-02187-X 11491: 11487: 11483: 11481: 11480:3-447-04264-8 11477: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11460: 11459:0-340-98388-4 11456: 11452: 11450: 11449:3-324-00364-4 11446: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11429: 11428:88-7653-566-7 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11378: 11375: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11355: 11354:3-406-02890-X 11351: 11347: 11343: 11341: 11340:3-534-17996-X 11337: 11333: 11329: 11327: 11326:88-7653-258-7 11323: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11275: 11274:0-226-62304-1 11271: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11236:88-7653-258-7 11233: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11212: 11208: 11203: 11201: 11200:0-486-42815-X 11197: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11186:0-8191-0608-9 11183: 11179: 11175: 11173: 11172:1-57506-922-9 11169: 11165: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11137: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11080:88-7653-566-7 11077: 11073: 11072:88-7653-440-7 11069: 11065: 11061: 11059: 11058:0-415-20319-8 11055: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10980: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10949: 10941: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10918:, p. 21. 10917: 10912: 10905: 10899: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10869: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10823: 10819: 10817:9781107244566 10813: 10809: 10808: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10778:9781107010765 10774: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10753: 10751:1-57506-922-9 10747: 10743: 10736: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10671: 10663: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10624: 10615: 10607: 10600: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10347: 10340: 10334: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10280: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10163: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10134: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10065:975-16-0246-7 10062: 10058: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10033: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9964: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9924: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9897:9780521684972 9893: 9889: 9882: 9873: 9864: 9857: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9824: 9820: 9818:9783447042642 9814: 9810: 9809: 9801: 9792: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9755: 9749: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9712: 9706: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9567: 9565: 9559: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9480: 9478: 9472: 9467: 9464: 9459: 9456: 9451: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9418: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9368: 9366: 9360: 9355: 9352: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9321: 9318: 9313: 9310: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9247: 9244: 9239: 9236: 9231: 9228: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9210: 9207: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9189: 9186: 9181: 9179: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9130: 9127: 9122: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9095: 9093: 9087: 9082: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9053: 9051: 9045: 9040: 9037: 9032: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9017:Irving Finkel 9014: 9013: 9008: 9004: 9001:In 2011, the 8999: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8928: 8924: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588:languages in 8587: 8586:South Semitic 8583: 8579: 8575: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8400: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8312:absolute sg. 8307: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8101: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7370:genitive case 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7336:(of, since), 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7308:Akkadian has 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6054:) and Hebrew 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6001:) and Hebrew 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5975:) and Hebrew 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5949:) and Hebrew 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5819:derived stems 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776:derived stems 5770:Verb patterns 5759: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5670:morphological 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4843: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4788: 4787:master.GEN.SG 4781: 4777: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4526: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460:status rectus 4451: 4446: 4440: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4407:, written by 4406: 4399: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4026: 4018: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3984:This section 3982: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3701:Proto-Semitic 3699: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2217:Proto-Semitic 2215: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2124:Proto-Semitic 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:assimilations 2064: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1738: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1583:DMG-Umschrift 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Edward Hincks 1416: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1384: 1383:Edward Hincks 1367: 1363: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:lingua franca 1315: 1314:Aram-Damascus 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:lingua franca 1275: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:Amarna Period 1250: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:vowel harmony 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1149: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1038:determinative 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 980: 974: 968: 962: 942: 932: 924: 920: 915: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:locative case 823: 819: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 763:and parts of 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 707: 687: 683: 673: 664: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:Kültepe texts 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 558: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 526: 522: 521:lingua franca 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 500: 496: 492: 479: 477: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 373: 359: 329: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 302: 296: 292: 288: 286: 285: 280: 276: 272: 269: 268:Linguist List 264: 260: 256: 253: 248: 243: 238: 235: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:lingua franca 201: 197: 193: 187: 182: 179: 176: 172: 166: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 147: 143: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 114: 110: 104: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 70: 65: 61: 50: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 13779: 13756: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13628: 13605: 13382: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13352: 13345: 13338: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13290: 13283: 13274: 13267: 13255: 13248: 13182: 13153:Urmia Jewish 13021: 13016: 13009: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12950: 12928: 12921: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12838:Mesopotamian 12821: 12765: 12758: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12688:Proto-Arabic 12686: 12650: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12624: 12424:Royal titles 12349:Architecture 12247: 12186:Neo-Assyrian 12033:(Pre)history 11853:Persian Gulf 11772: 11696: 11686:. p. 2. 11683: 11643: 11639: 11625: 11599: 11584:. Tel Aviv, 11581: 11572:Translations 11557: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11499: 11485: 11471: 11465:Dictionaries 11433: 11419: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11392: 11373: 11372:Ikeda, Jun. 11359: 11345: 11331: 11317: 11279: 11265: 11227: 11206: 11191: 11177: 11163: 11146: 11139: 11128:. Retrieved 11108: 11098: 11063: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11006:. Retrieved 10989: 10979: 10967:. Retrieved 10958: 10948: 10929: 10923: 10911: 10903: 10898: 10889: 10875: 10868: 10856:. Retrieved 10847: 10838: 10826:. Retrieved 10806: 10799: 10787:. Retrieved 10767: 10760: 10741: 10735: 10724: 10698:. Retrieved 10689: 10679: 10670: 10644:. Retrieved 10635: 10630: 10623: 10614: 10605: 10599: 10587:. Retrieved 10578: 10569: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10521: 10513: 10508: 10491: 10487: 10477: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10408:. Retrieved 10388: 10381: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10338: 10333: 10321:. Retrieved 10302: 10298: 10288: 10278: 10277:A review of 10271: 10262: 10252: 10243: 10233: 10217: 10201: 10189:. Retrieved 10169: 10162: 10153: 10139: 10133: 10121:. Retrieved 10101: 10094: 10079: 10071: 10056: 10051: 10043: 10038: 10032: 10010:(1): 43–95. 10007: 10003: 9997: 9978: 9972: 9963: 9940: 9931: 9912: 9906: 9887: 9881: 9872: 9863: 9855: 9827:. Retrieved 9807: 9800: 9791: 9779:. Retrieved 9775: 9762: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9733:uchicago.edu 9732: 9719: 9705: 9693:. Retrieved 9689:the original 9679: 9612: 9603: 9600: 9573: 9560: 9535: 9522: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9486: 9474:safekeeping- 9473: 9465: 9457: 9449: 9424: 9411: 9402: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9361: 9353: 9340: 9327: 9319: 9311: 9298: 9285: 9272: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9237: 9229: 9216: 9208: 9195: 9187: 9175:cattle/oxen- 9174: 9166: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9136: 9128: 9109: 9101: 9088: 9080: 9067: 9059: 9046: 9038: 9026: 9010: 9000: 8995: 8991: 8990:), Sumerian 8987: 8983: 8975: 8966: 8922: 8920: 8913: 8902: 8890: 8879: 8872: 8866:stone cutter 8861: 8854: 8843: 8831: 8820: 8813: 8802: 8795: 8784: 8777: 8766: 8759: 8748: 8736: 8725: 8718: 8707: 8686: 8682: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8627:East Semitic 8620: 8571: 8547: 8534: 8518: 8502: 8486: 8467: 8451: 8428: 8411: 8398: 8385: 8381: 8364: 8360: 8343: 8339: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8296: 8292: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8239: 8228: 8223: 8215: 8205: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8178:samāššerītum 8177: 8172: 8164: 8159: 8149: 8144: 8136: 8131: 8120: 8114: 8105: 8099: 8090:ḫamiššerītum 8089: 8084: 8076: 8071: 8061: 8056: 8048: 8043: 8034:šalāššerītum 8033: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8005: 8000: 7992: 7987: 7978:ištēššerītum 7977: 7972: 7964: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7911: 7906: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7868: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7835: 7830: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7797: 7792: 7784: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7635: 7624: 7616: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7453: 7451:(two feet). 7448: 7444: 7440: 7426: 7407:script, the 7398: 7388: 7384: 7381:ana dummuqim 7380: 7376: 7374: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7356:(forwards), 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7332:(up, over), 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7310:prepositions 7307: 7304:Prepositions 7292: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7153: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7121: 7108: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7078: 7073: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7023: 7010: 7005: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6975: 6938: 6923: 6721: 6646:attina "you" 6621:attunu "you" 6535:Independent 6534: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6489:(size) from 6486: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6191: 6176: 6161: 6145: 6129: 6114: 6096: 6082: 6078: 6069: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5923: 5907: 5875: 5874:of the verb 5869: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5827:assimilation 5822: 5814: 5805: 5800: 5799:prefix. The 5796: 5792: 5773: 5743: 5738: 5726: 5721: 5709: 5704: 5679: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5627: 5612: 5503:ta-pparis-Ø 5478:ni-pparis-Ø 5413: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5080: 5061: 5053:periphrastic 5002: 4999:Verb aspects 4988: 4985: 4982: 4960: 4957: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4934: 4926: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4896: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4852: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4812: 4809: 4801: 4798: 4789: 4782: 4779: 4768: 4765: 4757: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4680: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4629: 4626: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4596: 4585: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4560: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4518: 4515: 4507: 4504: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4379:phenomenon. 4377:phonological 4363: 4359: 4358:(dual final 4351: 4350:(word-final 4345: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4326: 4316: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4129: 4125:oblique case 4110: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4061: 4058: 4021: 4012: 3997:Please help 3985: 3961:*PaRiS-at-um 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3892: 3888: 3877: 3869: 3766: 3763:*ˈbaʕ(a)l-um 3762: 3652: 3604: 3556: 3508: 3460: 3420: 3305: 3274: 3226: 3214: 3178: 3154: 3130: 3052: 3028: 2980: 2946: 2868: 2844: 2781: 2757: 2709: 2661: 2548: 2488: 2428: 2368: 2308: 2248: 2159: 2121: 2112:uvular trill 2099: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2051: 2027: 2007: 2002: 1990: 1985: 1973: 1968: 1577:is given in 1568: 1548: 1537: 1533: 1463: 1431: 1427:Jules Oppert 1404: 1357:Decipherment 1342: 1317: 1299: 1295:Neo-Assyrian 1282: 1280: 1265: 1241: 1226: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1145: 1113: 1088:glottal stop 1081: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1044: 1042: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1001: 984: 978: 972: 966: 946: 938: 928: 880: 874: 869: 865: 849: 845: 837: 833: 829: 821: 817: 815:prepositions 812: 786:and perhaps 780:East Semitic 777: 753:North Africa 729:Near Eastern 722: 623:Old Assyrian 604: 590:, northwest 586:, northeast 582:, southeast 555: 506: 499:Near Eastern 494: 490: 480: 473: 420: 406:and perhaps 364:𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑(𒌝) 362:; Akkadian: 327: 326: 298: 282: 214:in the late 150:Old Akkadian 131: 117:Afro-Asiatic 54:𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑(𒌝) 29: 13718:Hadramautic 13704:Old Arabian 13641:West Gurage 13551:East Gurage 13197:Neo-Mandaic 12975:Palestinian 12882:Old Aramaic 12527:Hittitology 12517:Assyriology 12438:Archaeology 12308:Old Persian 12118:Jemdet Nasr 11578:Shin Shifra 10700:19 November 10656:cite thesis 10646:20 November 10323:20 December 10123:26 February 9724:I.J. Gelb. 9636:Enûma Elish 9471:maṣṣārūt-im 9243:mimma šumšu 9023:Sample text 8844:paraššannum 8666:Mesopotamia 8561:Apposition 8421:appositions 8206:tišēšerītum 8150:sebēšerītum 8062:erbēšerītum 7506:(masculine) 7491:(masculine) 7482:Congruence 7460:case ending 7385:itti šarrim 7360:(without), 6699:šina "they" 6674:šunu "they" 6624:kâti (kâta) 6342:pars-ātina 6328:pars-ātunu 6228:(decided). 5893:Description 5717:Subjunctive 5688:Preterite. 5624:Subjunctive 5562:i-pparis-Ø 5540:ta-ppars-ā 5537:tu-šapris-ā 5534:tu-parris-ā 5523:ta-ppars-ī 5520:tu-šapris-ī 5517:tu-parris-ī 5500:tu-šapris-Ø 5497:tu-parris-Ø 5475:nu-šapris-Ø 5472:nu-parris-Ø 5461:a-pparis-Ø 5108:Infinitive 5102:Imperative 5064:verbal noun 4905:Ešnunna.GEN 4903:CONSTRUCTUS 4878:CONSTRUCTUS 4831:city.GEN.SG 4829:CONSTRUCTUS 4804:CONSTRUCTUS 4785:CONSTRUCTUS 4780:kalab belim 4760:CONSTRUCTUS 4699:king.GEN.SG 4697:CONSTRUCTUS 4692:mār šarr-im 4672:CONSTRUCTUS 4650:CONSTRUCTUS 4632:CONSTRUCTUS 4306:dann-āt-im 4289:dann-āt-um 4277:Nominative 4269:šarr-at-īn 4250:Nominative 4242:dann-at-am 4230:Accusative 4225:dann-at-im 4208:dann-at-um 4196:Nominative 4149:(king) and 2058:Geers's law 1905:Approximant 1526:Tell Beydar 1521:Tell Beydar 1411:Old Persian 1334:Koine Greek 1326:Achaemenids 1306:Old Aramaic 1155: 2485 1110:Development 1092:pharyngeals 1018:logographic 773:Mesopotamia 765:West Africa 743:, parts of 737:Middle East 545:introduced 462:Old Persian 438: 2334 416:Old Aramaic 410:) from the 384:Mesopotamia 313:instead of 208:Middle East 200:Mesopotamia 99: 2500 86:Mesopotamia 13807:Categories 13747:Rijal Alma 13732:Qatabanian 13370:Himyaritic 13313:Phoenician 12874:Historical 12843:Peninsular 12744:Taymanitic 12695:Old Arabic 12680:Historical 12491:Divination 12201:Achaemenid 12166:Isin-Larsa 12059:Trialetian 12054:Mousterian 12041:Prehistory 11554:René Labat 11410:Part III: 10939:9004037969 10904:šalāš meât 10488:Orientalia 10431:PNAS Nexus 10410:15 October 10341:, pg. 218. 10246:: 358–359. 9829:15 October 9711:"Akkadian" 9574:is_killed- 9412:contracts- 9362:witnesses- 8969:"myrtle" ( 8855:paraššann- 8785:kasulatḫum 8662:loan words 8617:Vocabulary 8606:sprachbund 8555:my fathers 8527:accusative 8497:Adjective 8476:nominative 8413:Adjectives 8173:samāššerûm 8160:samāššeret 8121:šeššerītum 8085:ḫamiššerûm 8072:ḫamiššeret 8029:šalāššerûm 8016:šalāššeret 8006:šinšerītum 7973:ištēššerûm 7960:ištēššeret 7528:(absolute) 7518:(absolute) 7511:(feminine) 7496:(feminine) 7465:metathesis 7375:Examples: 7171:Accusative 7166:Nominative 7133:Acc./Gen. 7059:Masculine 7035:Acc./Gen. 6961:Masculine 6752:Accusative 6735:accusative 6643:atti "you" 6618:atta "you" 6547:Nominative 6485:(father), 6423:Derivation 6339:rapš-ātina 6336:šarr-ātina 6325:rapš-ātunu 6322:šarr-ātunu 6198:adjectives 6083:’ittaph‘al 5914:transitive 5817:, and the 5700:Indicative 5618:Indicative 5609:Verb moods 5602:i-ppars-ā 5599:u-šapris-ā 5596:u-parris-ā 5582:i-ppars-ū 5579:u-šapris-ū 5576:u-parris-ū 5559:u-šapris-Ø 5556:u-parris-Ø 5458:u-šapris-Ø 5455:u-parris-Ø 5093:Preterite 5049:injunctive 5041:participle 5037:infinitive 5025:imperative 4958:i-kšud-Ø-u 4901:which man. 4853:Alliances. 4824:šakin ālim 4711:(dog) and 4470:) and the 4333:adverbials 4303:dann-ūt-im 4300:šarr-āt-im 4286:dann-ūt-um 4283:šarr-āt-um 4256:šarr-at-ān 4236:šarr-at-am 4219:šarr-at-im 4202:šarr-at-um 4171:Adjective 4145:The nouns 4117:accusative 4113:nominative 4050:Morphology 4015:March 2022 3933:superheavy 1571:consonants 1565:Consonants 1489:Babylonian 897:affricated 889:pharyngeal 828:, English 625:, include 559:spoken by 495:Babylonian 475:Sprachbund 218:and early 194:Initially 156:Babylonian 13828:Cuneiform 13791:varieties 13782:indicate 13661:Sebat Bet 13411:Eastern ( 13363:Deir Alla 13241:Canaanite 13148:Trans-Zab 13133:Inter-Zab 13057:Christian 13011:Palmyrene 13002:Samaritan 12969:Nabataean 12857:Northwest 12812:Levantine 12784:Classical 12709:Dadanitic 12364:Cuneiform 12240:Languages 12049:Acheulean 11936:Babylonia 11873:Euphrates 11823:Geography 11652:0931-4296 11615:0076-518X 11404:Part II: 11383:Textbooks 11130:26 August 10998:0362-4331 10553:0373-6032 10494:: 32–63. 10451:2752-6542 10373:163700758 10024:161968187 9776:tau.ac.il 9487:received- 9409:riks-ātim 9246:something 8956:romanized 8936:romanized 8903:uriḫullum 8862:purkullum 8796:kasulatḫ- 8693:Akkadian 8529:singular 8487:dann-ūtum 8443:Analysis 8380:absolute 8359:absolute 8338:absolute 8291:absolute 8201:tišēšerûm 8188:tišēšeret 8145:sebēšerûm 8132:sebēšeret 8057:erbēšerûm 8044:erbēšeret 7808:sebet(ti) 7689:erbet(ti) 7632:Congruent 7479:Cardinal 7405:cuneiform 7377:ina bītim 7366:ana maḫar 7364:(up to), 7354:ina maḫar 7334:ištu/ultu 7260:Akkadian 7182:Singular 7067:Singular 7062:Feminine 6969:Singular 6964:Feminine 6913:-šināšim 6888:-šunūšim 6869:masculine 6860:-kināšim 6835:-kunūšim 6816:masculine 6667:masculine 6614:masculine 6593:nīnu "we" 6590:anāku "I" 6517:(three). 6509:(grass), 6493:(large), 6464:narkabtum 6460:maškattum 6352:singular 6311:pars-āti 6297:pars-āta 6285:singular 6275:pars-ānu 6261:pars-āku 6252:singular 6079:istaf‘ala 6056:hithpa‘el 6052:tafa‘‘ala 6029:’ithpe‘al 5811:iterative 5807:Reflexive 5788:intensive 5784:Causative 5676:function. 5550:singular 5531:ta-prus-ā 5514:ta-prus-ī 5508:singular 5494:ta-prus-Ø 5488:singular 5469:ni-prus-Ø 5449:singular 5396:*iptarasā 5340:(masc.) / 5317:singular 5305:parsātina 5302:(masc.) / 5300:parsātunu 5290:taparrasā 5260:taparrasī 5254:taptarasī 5208:singular 5168:(masc.) / 5157:(masc.) / 5124:singular 5072:semantics 5029:precative 5013:preterite 4964:-conquer. 4850:salīmātum 4827:governor. 4802:governor. 4652:-3SG.POSS 4606:ABSOLUTUS 4600:king.NOM. 4592:ABSOLUTUS 4545:ABSOLUTUS 4535:ABSOLUTUS 4213:Genitive 4193:Singular 3986:does not 3953:*PaRiS-um 3705:Akkadian 2221:Akkadian 2180:Canaanite 2054:ejectives 2006:Akkadian 1956:⟩ 1944:⟩ 1932:⟩ 1920:⟩ 1897:⟩ 1885:⟩ 1873:⟩ 1858:Fricative 1852:⟩ 1838:⟩ 1826:⟩ 1814:⟩ 1793:⟩ 1779:⟩ 1767:⟩ 1744:⟩ 1732:⟩ 1718:⟩ 1706:⟩ 1694:⟩ 1680:voiceless 1674:Affricate 1657:⟩ 1645:⟩ 1555:phonology 1551:phonetics 1545:Phonology 1476:Location 1453:Gilgamesh 1229:Hammurabi 1222:cuneiform 1120:geography 1118:based on 1116:varieties 1100:syllabary 998:logograms 994:cuneiform 923:Cuneiform 893:sibilants 877:fricative 788:Dilmunite 686:Naram-Sin 568:Assyrians 525:Near East 513:Babylonia 404:Babylonia 372:Akkadû(m) 284:Glottolog 252:ISO 639-3 234:ISO 639-2 220:Iron Ages 198:(central 60:Akkadû(m) 13739:Awsanian 13622:Tt-group 13498:Tigrinya 13377:Samalian 13354:Galilean 13347:Ugaritic 13292:Medieval 13285:Mishnaic 13269:Biblical 13250:Ammonite 13143:Sanandaj 13128:Betanure 13101:Chaldean 13098:Assyrian 13084:Qaraqosh 13074:Hértevin 12988:Galilean 12962:Lebanese 12817:Maghrebi 12777:Literary 12751:Thamudic 12737:Safaitic 12723:Hasaitic 12716:Dumaitic 12636:Akkadian 12591:Branches 12510:Academia 12464:Religion 12333:Urartian 12328:Sumerian 12313:Parthian 12248:Akkadian 12221:Sasanian 12211:Parthian 12206:Seleucid 12156:Simurrum 12146:Akkadian 12079:Khiamian 12069:Natufian 11981:Simurrum 11966:Kassites 11961:Hittites 11916:Adiabene 11741:Archived 11729:Archived 11717:Archived 11509:Archived 11398:Part I: 11226:(1952). 11154:Archived 11124:Archived 11087:Archived 11002:Archived 10963:Archived 10959:BBC News 10858:24 March 10852:Archived 10828:24 March 10822:Archived 10789:24 March 10783:Archived 10694:Archived 10640:Archived 10583:Archived 10561:23284567 10529:. P. 35. 10500:43581190 10469:37143863 10460:10153418 10404:Archived 10317:Archived 10305:: 1–20. 10283:. P. 348 10185:Archived 10140:Mémoires 10117:Archived 9939:(2007). 9823:Archived 9561:stealer- 9484:i–mḫur-Ø 9422:i-štām-Ø 9193:immer-am 9086:ḫurāṣ-am 8980:Sumerian 8914:uriḫull- 8869:Sumerian 8828:Ugaritic 8810:Sumerian 8803:kisallum 8774:Sumerian 8756:Sumerian 8715:Sumerian 8696:Meaning 8678:Ugaritic 8590:Ethiopia 8462:Numeral 8440:Meaning 8425:numerals 8165:samāššer 8115:šeššerûm 8100:šeššeret 8077:ḫamiššer 8021:šalāššer 8001:šinšerûm 7988:šinšeret 7965:ištēššer 7937:eš(e)rum 7922:eš(e)ret 7874:samuntum 7851:samāntum 7813:sebettum 7798:šeduštum 7774:šedištum 7759:ḫamuštum 7736:ḫamištum 7694:erbettum 7679:šaluštum 7656:šalāštum 7597:maḫrītum 7485:Ordinal 7456:ordinals 7401:numerals 7395:Numerals 7358:ina balu 7263:English 7176:Genitive 7142:ulliātim 7127:ulliātum 7044:anniātim 7029:anniātum 6894:feminine 6841:feminine 6807:-niāšim 6804:-am/-nim 6792:-i, -ya 6781:singular 6775:singular 6766:singular 6749:Genitive 6731:genitive 6727:enclitic 6723:Suffixed 6711:šināšim 6696:šī "she" 6692:feminine 6686:šunūšim 6658:kināšim 6639:feminine 6633:kunūšim 6579:singular 6573:singular 6564:singular 6521:Pronouns 6511:šullušum 6453:napḫarum 6449:maṣṣarum 6445:mašraḫum 6441:maškanum 6417:šarr-āta 6378:pars-at 6364:paris-Ø 6308:rapš-āti 6305:šarr-āti 6294:rapš-āta 6291:šarr-āta 6272:rapš-ānu 6269:šarr-ānu 6258:rapš-āku 6255:šarr-āku 6214:Egyptian 6177:šuPuRRuS 6146:šutaPRuS 6130:PutaRRuS 6115:PitaRRuS 6070:šutaPRuS 6043:PutaRRuS 6025:ifta‘ala 5999:infa‘ala 5865:suffixes 5861:prefixes 5835:durative 5734:Venitive 5638:allative 5634:Venitive 5593:i-prus-ā 5573:i-prus-ū 5553:i-prus-Ø 5452:a-prus-Ø 5402:iparrasā 5372:iparrasū 5366:iptarasū 5285:taptarsā 5250:taptarsī 5225:taparras 5220:taptaras 5192:niparras 5187:niptaras 5171:paristum 5160:pāristum 5105:Stative 5099:Present 5096:Perfect 5033:infinite 4887:Ešnunna. 4737:*šakinum 4417:E-sagila 4356:nunation 4348:mimation 4294:Oblique 4263:Oblique 4151:šarratum 4121:genitive 4074:prefixes 4070:suffixes 3957:PaRiStum 3885:phonemic 2122:Several 2030:Sumerian 1952:⟨ 1940:⟨ 1928:⟨ 1916:⟨ 1893:⟨ 1881:⟨ 1869:⟨ 1848:⟨ 1834:⟨ 1822:⟨ 1810:⟨ 1789:⟨ 1775:⟨ 1763:⟨ 1751:emphatic 1740:⟨ 1728:⟨ 1714:⟨ 1702:⟨ 1690:⟨ 1653:⟨ 1641:⟨ 1610:Alveolar 1497:Mariotic 1481:Assyrian 1460:Dialects 1340:times. 1338:Parthian 1233:his code 1218:Anatolia 1216:site in 1183:Mariotic 1171:Sumerian 1084:phonemes 1006:Sumerian 745:Anatolia 596:Caucasus 564:Gnostics 502:Iron Age 491:Assyrian 470:prestige 446:Sumerian 375:) is an 328:Akkadian 319:Help:IPA 291:akka1240 153:Assyrian 145:Dialects 132:Akkadian 42:Akkadian 13784:extinct 13780:Italics 13725:Minaean 13650:Endegen 13599:N-group 13560:Inneqor 13535:Argobba 13530:Amharic 13486:Dahalik 13458:Western 13449:Soqotri 13429:Ḥarsusi 13424:Baṭḥari 13415:Arabian 13340:Amorite 13306:Moabite 13257:Edomite 13222:Armazic 13202:Western 13178:Central 13123:Barzani 13049:eastern 13038:Aramaic 12952:Western 12936:Mandaic 12914:Eastern 12866:Aramaic 12829:Maltese 12730:Hismaic 12663:Central 12652:Eblaite 12608:Central 12496:Prayers 12481:Deities 12445:Looting 12288:Kassite 12283:Hurrian 12278:Hittite 12268:Elamite 12263:Eblaite 12258:Aramaic 12253:Amorite 12176:Kassite 12151:Gutians 12133:History 12098:Samarra 12094:Hassuna 12064:Zarzian 11986:Subartu 11976:Mitanni 11941:Chaldea 11931:Assyria 11904:Ancient 11586:Am Oved 11021:Sources 10969:21 June 10692:: 233. 9781:25 June 9738:25 June 9695:5 March 9520:awīl-um 9425:bought- 9354:without 9338:awīl-im 9296:awīl-im 9217:donkey- 9214:imēr-am 9107:ward-am 9068:silver- 9065:kasp-am 9044:awīl-um 9005:of the 8996:rākibum 8992:ra gaba 8958:: 8938:: 8910:Hurrian 8887:Aramaic 8880:qaṭālum 8873:bur-gul 8851:Hurrian 8821:laqāḫum 8792:Hurrian 8767:isinnum 8760:gada lá 8749:gadalûm 8733:Aramaic 8699:Source 8674:Kassite 8670:Hurrian 8658:Aramaic 8647:izuzzum 8623:Semitic 8611:Aramaic 8384:, free 8363:, free 8342:, free 8295:, free 8229:ešrītum 8193:tišēšer 8137:sebēšer 8049:erbēšer 7950:ešurtum 7927:ešertum 7912:tešūtum 7889:tišītum 7861:samānûm 7846:samānat 7836:sebūtum 7721:rebūtum 7666:šalāšum 7651:šalāšat 7641:šanītum 7602:ištītum 7593:pānītum 7583:ištīʾum 7565:ištētum 7549:ištēnum 7362:ana ṣēr 7297:which? 7218:Plural 7137:ullûtim 7122:ullûtum 7115:Plural 7109:ullītim 7094:ullītam 7079:ullītum 7039:annûtim 7024:annûtum 7017:Plural 7011:annītim 6996:annītam 6981:annītum 6907:-šināti 6882:-šunūti 6854:-kināti 6829:-kunūti 6784:plural 6671:šū "he" 6605:niāšim 6582:plural 6550:Oblique 6495:waṣûtum 6487:rabûtum 6409:pars-ā 6395:pars-ū 6383:plural 6375:rapš-at 6372:šarr-at 6361:rapaš-Ø 6349:person 6316:plural 6282:person 6266:plural 6249:person 6242:parsum 6206:stative 6204:is the 6188:Stative 6162:itaPRuS 6097:itaPRuS 6003:niph‘al 5977:hiph‘il 5973:’af‘ala 5947:fa‘‘ala 5876:parāsum 5872:stative 5850:infixes 5739:iprusam 5692:Stative 5674:lexical 5666:illikam 5652:. With 5587:plural 5567:plural 5547:person 5528:plural 5485:person 5466:plural 5446:person 5439:N-Stem 5436:Š-Stem 5433:D-Stem 5430:G-Stem 5416:affixes 5392:iptarsā 5364:(< * 5362:iptarsū 5350:plural 5345:(fem.) 5331:iparras 5326:iptaras 5314:person 5307:(fem.) 5280:taprusā 5276:plural 5270:parsāti 5252:(< * 5245:taprusī 5235:parsāta 5205:person 5197:parsānu 5178:plural 5173:(fem.) 5155:pārisum 5150:parāsum 5145:parsāku 5138:aparras 5133:aptaras 5121:person 5035:forms ( 5021:present 5017:perfect 5009:aspects 4924:awīl-um 4884:Ešnunna 4769:master. 4743:yields 4678:šarr-im 4645:māri-šu 4627:māri-šu 4586:oppose. 4505:Awīl-um 4413:Babylon 4373:Aramaic 4274:Plural 4266:šarr-īn 4253:šarr-ān 4239:dann-am 4233:šarr-am 4222:dann-im 4216:šarr-im 4205:dann-um 4199:šarr-um 4066:infixes 4007:removed 3992:sources 3967:Grammar 3949:PaRS-um 3937:clitics 3799:Central 3767:bēlu(m) 3714:Aramaic 3233:/ (e) 2230:Aramaic 2114:as ρ). 1625:Glottal 1615:Palatal 1575:phoneme 1539:Eblaite 1473:Dialect 1345:Persian 1322:Nineveh 1287:Aramaic 1261:Hurrian 1244:Kassite 1214:Kültepe 1195:la-prus 1191:lu-prus 977:7 = SG 971:6 = SG 965:5 = SG 945:4 = SG 937:3 = SG 908:Writing 885:glottal 862:Aramaic 810:order. 798:in its 784:Eblaite 727:in the 627:Hittite 561:Mandean 557:Mandaic 466:Hittite 458:Elamite 454:Hurrian 450:Eblaite 392:Assyria 377:extinct 315:Unicode 206:of the 122:Semitic 13758:Sabaic 13752:Razihi 13656:Mesqan 13630:Mesmes 13579:Harari 13566:Wolane 13563:Ulbare 13556:Siltʼe 13516:versal 13514:Trans- 13444:Shehri 13434:Hobyot 13413:Modern 13384:Sutean 13332:Others 13298:Modern 13263:Hebrew 13215:Others 13190:Turoyo 13184:Mlaḥsô 13171:Others 13116:Jewish 13089:Senaya 13069:Bohtan 13064:Barwar 13047:North- 13023:Siryon 13017:Syrian 12941:Syriac 12672:Arabic 12323:Sutean 12298:Median 12293:Luwian 12273:Gutian 12161:Ur III 12074:Nemrik 12011:Cities 12006:Urartu 11956:Hamazi 11951:Gutium 11926:Armani 11878:Tigris 11831:Modern 11650: 11632: 11613: 11606: 11564: 11547: 11492: 11478: 11457: 11447: 11426: 11366: 11352: 11338: 11324: 11300: 11286: 11272: 11245: 11234: 11213: 11198: 11184: 11170: 11151:Online 11116: 11084:online 11078: 11070: 11056: 10996: 10936: 10814: 10775: 10748: 10729:Online 10589:10 May 10559: 10551: 10498: 10467: 10457: 10449: 10396: 10371: 10265:: 360. 10225: 10209: 10191:16 May 10177: 10109: 10086: 10063: 10022: 9985: 9951: 9919: 9894: 9815: 9571:i-ddāk 9558:šarrāq 9328:slave- 9196:sheep- 9172:alp-am 9137:slave- 9134:amt-am 9110:slave- 8962:betsel 8947:Hebrew 8927:Arabic 8771:firmly 8726:erēqum 8574:Arabic 8535:īpuš-ū 8491:strong 8478:plural 8468:šarr-ū 8403:Syntax 8361:līm(i) 8322:meatum 8320:(free 8316:, pl. 8293:šūš(i) 8240:šalāšā 8106:šeššer 7993:šinšer 7869:samnum 7856:samāne 7793:šeššum 7785:šeššum 7769:šeššet 7754:ḫamšum 7746:ḫamšum 7731:ḫamšat 7674:šalšum 7607:išteat 7578:maḫrûm 7555:išteat 7533:(free) 7523:(free) 7399:Since 7352:(e.g. 7324:(to), 7287:what? 7269:mannum 7221:masc. 7185:masc. 7089:ulliam 6991:anniam 6948:deixis 6801:-niāti 6778:plural 6771:plural 6762:Person 6756:Dative 6739:dative 6705:šināti 6680:šunūti 6652:kināti 6627:kunūti 6576:plural 6569:plural 6560:Person 6554:Dative 6503:duššûm 6479:abūtum 6471:suffix 6437:prefix 6433:labial 6406:rapš-ā 6403:šarr-ā 6392:rapš-ū 6389:šarr-ū 6386:masc. 6355:masc. 6319:masc. 6288:masc. 6239:rapšum 6236:šarrum 6226:parsum 6222:rapšum 6218:šarrum 6016:PitRuS 5990:naPRuS 5964:šuPRuS 5938:PuRRuS 5924:fa‘ala 5744:parsam 5722:iprusu 5570:masc. 5491:masc. 5394:(< 5387:iprusā 5357:iprusū 5353:masc. 5343:parsat 5215:taprus 5211:masc. 5182:niprus 5166:parsum 5162:(fem.) 5083:G-stem 5057:adverb 5005:finite 4943:māt-am 4899:RECTUS 4859:RECTUS 4741:šaknum 4733:šaknum 4713:maḫrum 4709:kalbum 4602:RECTUS 4567:RECTUS 4558:šarrum 4533:thief. 4530:šarrāq 4495:šarrum 4487:awīlum 4421:E-zida 4354:) and 4297:šarr-ī 4280:šarr-ū 4155:dannum 4147:šarrum 4132:Arabic 3959:(< 3951:(< 3945:PaRiS- 3917:stress 3905:stress 3899:Stress 3893:iprusū 3889:iprusu 3880:vowels 3781:Vowels 3719:Hebrew 3709:Arabic 3126:𐡒 ,𐡏 3048:𐡑 ,𐡈 2942:𐡔 ,𐡎 2864:𐡔 ,𐡕 2777:𐡆 ,𐡃 2235:Hebrew 2225:Arabic 2080:awassu 2046:Rimush 1800:voiced 1605:Labial 1449:Deluge 1208:and a 1094:, and 858:Hebrew 854:Arabic 842:dative 840:, and 684:ruler 617:. The 584:Turkey 408:Dilmun 216:Bronze 82:Region 13712:Faifi 13679:Gyeto 13673:Gumer 13666:Chaha 13636:Muher 13613:Soddo 13607:Gafat 13592:Outer 13507:South 13491:Tigre 13481:Geʽez 13474:North 13439:Mehri 13403:South 13320:Punic 13158:Zakho 13094:Suret 12613:South 12409:Music 12359:Akitu 12216:Roman 12108:Ubaid 12103:Halaf 12001:Tukri 11996:Sumer 11991:Suhum 11971:Media 11921:Akkad 11008:7 May 10906:'300' 10902:E.g. 10557:JSTOR 10496:JSTOR 10369:S2CID 10359:(2). 10020:S2CID 9772:(PDF) 9729:(PDF) 9671:Notes 9397:CONST 9391:CONST 9385:CONST 9382:hand- 9359:šīb-ī 9351:balum 9331:CONST 9325:warad 9289:CONST 9276:CONST 9273:hand- 9089:gold- 9036:šumma 8988:dārum 8984:da-ri 8942:baṣal 8931:بَصَل 8923:biṣru 8814:kisal 8807:court 8643:qabûm 8639:šēpum 8635:qātum 8631:mārum 8598:Ge'ez 8551:-ū-ya 8539:built 8519:āl-am 8507:which 8452:erbēt 8437:Word 8386:šārum 8365:līmum 8344:nērum 8297:šūšum 8276:ḫamšā 8256:erbeā 8224:ešrûm 7945:ešrum 7907:tešûm 7899:tišûm 7884:tišīt 7831:sebûm 7823:sebûm 7779:šediš 7741:ḫamiš 7716:rebûm 7708:erbûm 7661:šalāš 7636:šanûm 7625:šittā 7588:ištēn 7574:pānûm 7559:ištēt 7543:ištēn 7449:šēpān 7445:šēpum 7326:aššum 7293:ayyum 7283:minûm 7279:mīnum 7273:who? 7229:fem. 7210:Dual 7205:šāti 7199:fem. 7118:Nom. 7104:ullîm 7100:Gen. 7085:Acc. 7074:ullûm 7070:Nom. 7020:Nom. 7006:annîm 7002:Gen. 6987:Acc. 6976:annûm 6972:Nom. 6901:-šina 6876:-šunu 6848:-kina 6823:-kunu 6655:kâšim 6630:kâšim 6602:yâšim 6599:niāti 6515:šalāš 6507:dīšum 6491:rabûm 6429:roots 6400:fem. 6369:fem. 6358:šar-Ø 6333:fem. 6302:fem. 6194:nouns 6139:III.3 6085:(tC) 6063:III.2 6058:(tD) 6031:(tG) 5957:III.1 5951:pi‘el 5908:PaRiS 5823:-tan- 5727:parsu 5710:paris 5705:iprus 5662:illik 5590:fem. 5511:fem. 5407:parsā 5383:fem. 5377:parsū 5338:paris 5321:iprus 5295:pursa 5265:pursi 5241:fem. 5230:purus 5128:aprus 5007:verb 4946:land. 4868:which 4813:city. 4799:šakin 4766:belim 4755:kalab 4745:šakin 4735:< 4729:maḫar 4725:kalab 4721:*maḫr 4717:*kalb 4681:king. 4583:šanān 4561:king. 4493:< 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