424:
After the death of the party leader Arthur
Lieutenant, as his deputy, took over his duties. Sources are nevertheless ambiguous on whether he can strictly be counted as party leader. Some commentators thought that if there had been an election of members, Lieutenant would have been voted in as party
364:
government was clearly on the agenda, this was to be achieved in East
Germany not by banning opposition parties, but simply by ensuring that they were adequately controlled by the ruling SED (party). This gave rise to acute tensions within the LDPD between those seeking to retain power and influence
389:
angrily accusing eastern counterparts of having chosen "the
Russian version of German unity". Külz had not even turned up for the meeting and it was left to his dapper lawyerly deputy, Arthur Lieutenant, to spell out the obvious conclusion that under the circumstances further co-operation across
417:, on the morning of 10 April 1948 to be greeted by the housekeeper with the information that unusually, even though it was already 8 in the morning, Külz had not emerged from his bedroom. Lieutenant accompanied the housekeeper into Külz's bedroom only to discover that the elderly "east German"
512:, he served as the party leader of the "Exil-LDPD", effectively the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany in exile. Sources are silent as to what this involved, however. After 1953, the year in which he reached his 69th birthday, Arthur Lieutenant ceased to be politically active. He died in
464:
who for a few years continued to place hope in the miraculous possibility of a somehow reunited
Germany delivering a return to democratic political institutions. In the month he resigned from the national party leadership team Arthur Lieutenant was appointed Finance Minister in the regional
211:
which, as matters later turned out, would form the basis for government in
Germany till 1933. In 1919 Arthur Lieutenant switched his party allegiance to the DDP which was proving less grudging in its acceptance of the post-imperial constitutional structure being put in place.
790:
and used for subsequent
General Elections up to and including that of 1986 would ensure that the ruling party's candidate list was always supported by more than 99% of those voting and more than 98% of eligible voters were always recorded as having
286:. In what remained of Germany it had been widely assumed that the fall of Hitler would open the way for a return from dictatorship, back to multi-party democracy. Arthur Lieutenant turned to national politics in the country's
365:
by dancing to the tune of the SED and those still believing that there was a future for an independent liberal party in (East) Germany. Parallel tensions arose between the LDPD in East
Germany and the
279:
345:, SED) former members of the SPD quickly found themselves sidelined or excluded from positions of influence, and by October 1949, when the Soviet occupation zone was formally reinvented as the
326:
429:
did not permit such an election. Lieutenant's position in the party is accordingly sometimes described as that of "acting" party leader between April and
October 1948.
394:
was from now on, for the eastern
Liberals, impossible. As he left the meeting, Lieutenant concluded with the more telling comment, referencing a quotation attributed to
670:
Zwischen Verständigungsbereitschaft, Anpassung und
Widerstand. Die Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands in Berlin und der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone 1945–1949
887:
897:
549:
460:: there were also sharp tensions within the LDPD. In October 1948 he resigned his party offices, succeeded as party leader, largely from a sense of duty, by
317:
There was a widespread perception across Germany that political division of the German "left" that had opened the way for the rise of the "right-wing"
872:
787:
228:, but roughly 100 km (62 mi) to the north of Jauer. Here, in 1919, he joined the town council, serving between 1931 and 1933 as the town
802:
892:
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on the basis of predetermined quotas. Arthur Lieutenant was not a supporter of the Soviet style constitutional arrangements being imposed by
378:
877:
882:
466:
804:
LDP und NDP in der DDR 1949 - 1958: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der nichtsozialistischen Parteien und ihrer Gleichschaltung mit der SED
470:
426:
307:
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established towards the end of 1918. Arthur Lieutenant was a founder member. As the country moved uncertainly towards a more
128:
His political career peaked and crashed in the late 1940s when he found himself on the losing side as the newly established
842:
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whom the Soviets found more accommodating on the issue of land reform: in 1946 Arthur Lieutenant became Külz's deputy.
783:
493:). Lieutenant evidently remained under pressure, however, and in October 1949, a few days before the founding of the
350:
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361:
338:
176:
136:
381:, a last-ditch attempt to build a single post Nazi Liberal Party across Germany ended in recriminations, with the
406:
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and across the country the regional tier of government was increasingly being sidelined as power accrued to the
441:
369:, founded in March 1947 and seen for a time as a reborn pan-German liberal party. Lieutenant's career in the
553:
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444:, an administrative framework incorporating political parties along with various officially approved
445:
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93:
622:
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391:
386:
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200:
199:, several centrist and left leaning liberal groupings coalesced around the same time to form the
97:
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275:
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government of Brandenburg which may have been a necessary job at the regional level, although
437:
373:
party leadership team was a correspondingly difficult one. In January 1948, at a meeting in
862:
857:
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described Arthur Lieutenant as "der derzeitige LDP-Verweser" ("at present the LDPD regent")
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in October 1949 would become the new country's National Legislature (always subject to the
8:
474:
225:
208:
157:
46:
623:"Die Gründung der liberal-demokratischen Partei in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone 1945"
599:(in German). Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
421:
leader had unexpectedly died in the night, apparently as the result of a heart attack.
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597:"Lieutenant, Arthur *9.9.1884, † 10.10.1968 Geschäftsführender Vorsitzender der LDPD"
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254:. Lieutenant was relieved of his civic duties, arrested and briefly imprisoned.
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involved the establishment and / or reinvention of several political parties in
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of the ruling party. In 1948/49 he was also nominated to membership of the
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after a few months. Towards the end of 1945 the LDPD leadership passed to
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448:, each entitled to participate in elections and to send members to the
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413:. Before that, on 10 April 1948, Arthur Lieutenant visited his boss,
165:
207:. During the early post-war period the DVP initially rejected the
184:
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Politics (Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic)
282:, there was no future for a German in the now Polish town of
233:
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42:
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628:. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, München. pp. 290–299
550:"Arthur Lieutenant (1884-1968), Volkswirt und Politiker"
651:"Die unfreien Demokraten: Lieutenant und ein paar Mann"
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leader, but, possibly mindful of this possibility, the
298:, effectively a re-founding with a new name of the old
672:. Bonn: FDP-Bundestagsfraktion. pp. 99 & 105.
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controlled the country's other parties (known as the "
405:
By the end of December 1948 the consciously "western"
232:. Regime change took place in January 1933 when the
800:
695:"Tragt mich voraus: Ein Mensch voll väterlicher Güte"
620:
432:
The structural device whereby East Germany's ruling
337:. However, within the resulting merged party, the
302:, suppressed in 1933. The LDPD's first leader was
118:(9 September 1884 – 10 October 1968) was a German
591:
849:
888:Liberal Democratic Party of Germany politicians
752:
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645:
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898:Ministers of the Brandenburg State Government
402:in 1521, "Know this. We can do nothing else"
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835:Newspaper clippings about Arthur Lieutenant
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343:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands
296:Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD)
873:Politicians from the Province of Silesia
801:Harald Weilnböck-Buck (1 January 1965).
683:"Begreift doch, wir können nicht anders"
661:
554:Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom
529:
611:
160:, some 70 km (43 mi) west of
893:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
850:
758:"Wirklich wider Willen: Stumme Stimme"
481:which with the formal founding of the
357:with a new name. Although a return to
243:a retreat from democracy in favour of
306:, but he was forced to resign by the
325:, this provided justification for a
883:German Democratic Party politicians
668:Karl-Heinz Grundmann (Ed,) (1978).
349:, the SED had effectively become a
294:, he was a founding member of the
13:
809:VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
266:ended in May 1945 and with it the
168:before embarking on a career as a
14:
909:
878:German People's Party politicians
828:
329:, in April 1946, between the old
508:Between 1950 and 1953, based in
220:By 1918 Lieutenant had moved to
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201:German Democratic Party (DDP /
164:. On leaving school he studied
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621:Ekkehart Krippendorff (1960).
427:Soviet Military Administration
152:Arthur Lieutenant was born in
147:
1:
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203:Deutsche Demokratische Partei
189:German People's Party (DVP /
16:German politician (1884–1968)
811:. p. 66 (footnote 11).
784:Single list election process
501:, Arthur Lieutenant fled to
142:
7:
839:20th Century Press Archives
379:Democratic Party of Germany
367:Democratic Party of Germany
10:
914:
764:(online). 13 November 1948
657:(online). 24 January 1948.
495:German Democratic Republic
483:German Democratic Republic
347:German Democratic Republic
224:, a larger town, still in
130:German Democratic Republic
321:in the 1930s. Within the
216:Politics (Weimar Germany)
89:
79:
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28:
21:
411:western occupation zones
409:had been founded in the
387:western occupation zones
274:changes mandated by the
239:and lost little time in
156:, an old market town in
701:(online). 17 April 1948
187:. One of these was the
179:directly following the
788:1949 assembly election
735:(online). 24 July 1948
450:National Legislature (
355:German Communist Party
333:and the Moderate-left
323:Soviet occupation zone
290:. On 21 June 1945, at
288:Soviet occupation zone
593:Helmut Müller-Enbergs
407:Free Democratic Party
392:four occupation zones
339:Socialist Unity Party
353:versions of the old
191:Deutsche Volkspartei
177:revolutionary period
175:The rather confused
786:introduced for the
209:Weimar Constitution
47:Province of Silesia
497:was celebrated in
327:contentious merger
250:government across
234:NSDAP (Nazi Party)
73:BRD (West Germany)
868:People from Jawor
514:Frankfurt am Main
471:central committee
197:democratic future
116:Arthur Lieutenant
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69:Frankfurt am Main
39:September 9, 1884
23:Arthur Lieutenant
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278:and large scale
276:military winners
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560:on 2 April 2015
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766:. Retrieved
737:. Retrieved
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630:. Retrieved
601:. Retrieved
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
518:West Germany
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487:Leading Role
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438:Bloc parties
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415:Wilhelm Külz
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312:Wilhelm Külz
270:. Following
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241:implementing
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139:government.
132:reverted to
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63:(1968-10-10)
863:1968 deaths
858:1884 births
762:Der Spiegel
733:Der Spiegel
727:Der Spiegel
699:Der Spiegel
655:Der Spiegel
520:) in 1968.
510:West Berlin
503:West Berlin
499:East Berlin
477:Volkskammer
452:Volkskammer
440:") was the
434:SED (party)
292:Wilmersdorf
148:Early years
852:Categories
524:References
319:Nazi Party
237:took power
170:tax lawyer
123:politician
84:Politician
80:Occupation
35:1884-09-09
516:(i.e. in
491:The Party
400:his trial
385:from the
375:Frankfurt
166:Economics
143:Biography
109:Exil-LDPD
768:23 March
739:23 March
705:23 March
632:23 March
603:22 March
564:22 March
272:frontier
841:of the
837:in the
377:of the
308:Soviets
252:Germany
226:Silesia
185:Germany
162:Breslau
158:Silesia
120:Liberal
815:
791:voted.
396:Luther
284:Głogów
222:Glogau
626:(PDF)
362:party
248:party
230:mayor
154:Jauer
137:party
43:Jauer
813:ISBN
782:The
770:2015
741:2015
707:2015
634:2015
605:2015
566:2015
390:the
371:LDPD
359:one-
262:The
245:one-
134:one-
102:LDPD
58:Died
29:Born
843:ZBW
489:of
398:at
335:SPD
300:DDP
264:war
181:war
106:DPD
98:DDP
94:DVP
854::
807:.
760:.
749:^
731:.
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568:.
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341:(
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33:(
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