580:
one for his
Government, and that advice was followed. While that was the case, Cassini's task was not an easy one in light of the fact that Russian actions and interests often conflicted, directly or indirectly, with those of the United States, especially during the Roosevelt Administration, with the result that the Count was not popular with, or trusted by, the President and went to great lengths to defend his Government's actions with both the administration and press. Indeed, Cassini's mendacity on occasion resulted in direct friction with the White House. He was seen as being too much of an old school diplomat, and although his adroitness worked well in Beijing, the American Press reported that this was too much the diplomacy of previous generations and as a result, Cassini "as such was unable to secure the confidence of either the people or the government of the United States".
554:
those broad historical questions which it was necessary for us to solve in connection with our plans in Asia and the construction of the
Siberian line. The credit of thoroughly preparing the ground in China for the recent and current events unquestionably belongs to Count Cassini. Having studied the Chinese character and followed the policy and needs of the Chinese Government—taking advantage, moreover, of every failure and blunder of English diplomacy in that sphere—the count, in his six-year term at Peking, succeeded in displacing England step by step and entirely removing her from her position of vantage. Most striking is this state of affairs show in the Anglo Chinese press, which has almost continuously betrayed irritation and intense dislike of Russia's representative at Peking and attributed to him and his Government all sorts of aggressive designs.
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that
Russian nihilists and pro-Japanese sympathizers were behind the plot and Federal Authorities took it seriously enough for him to be accompanied by armed guards during a trip to the Opera in New York in October 1904. Although Cassini was said to have refused to believe the plot existed and the offer of protection, President Roosevelt himself was reported as having insisted on protection being extended.
619:
Amongst the most eventful issues to emerge during
Cassini's tenure at Washington was an alleged plot to kill the emissary, which resulted in the Russian Legation in Washington being placed under armed guard for a period in 1904. No known effort was allegedly made on his life, however, it was rumoured
614:
Hay cautioned that
Cassini could not be trusted. For all his Italian nomenclature, he was as Russian as borscht, and lied with fabled virtuosity. The Ambassador, who mysteriously depended on his teenage daughter, Marguerite, for social purposes, introduced her around town as "Princess Cassini," when
583:
While that was the case, Cassini's service at
Washington was not short lived and he rose to be Dean of the Diplomatic Corps there as a result of his length of service. As a result, he headed the line of ambassadors accredited to the United States, and headed the Diplomatic Corps at occasions such as
579:
At the outset of his time in
Washington, Cassini allegedly saw some coolness to his Government in official circles in the United States as a result of his Government's perceived position with respect to Spain. Cassini advised the Czar that an impartial course between the combatants would be the best
443:
and seeking a warm-water port in the far-East—more so than most. Then a seasoned diplomat, upon his arrival at
Beijing, Cassini took the apparently unprecedented step of refusing to present his credentials to anyone other than the Emperor himself. Although the Chinese Foreign Office tried to assuage
563:
Cassini remained ambassador to China until 3 October 1896, and having gained the reputation of an astute, resourceful, and brilliant diplomat, he was appointed
Ambassador to the United States in early 1898, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. Cassini's tenure in Washington saw a
553:
Our constant and watchful rival in the far East, England, was at the time still at the very height of her political supremacy in that quarter, and she used her predominance to secure every advantage and create for our
Government new difficulties. At the same time our diplomacy had already outlined
615:
she was neither a princess nor, according to rumor, a Cassini. His numberless jeweled decorations may not all have been earned in the Tsar's service, but they were the glittering envy of Embassy Row. When he stood under a chandelier at receptions, he looked like a section of the Milky Way.
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peninsula, as well as rights to link these by railroad to Russian lines. Recognizing the strategic importance of his role, Cassini is said to have told his niece and adoptive daughter Marguerite that "To possess the East, Russia must possess the Liaotung peninsula."
357:
Although his aristocratic titles (Marquess of Capizucchi di Bologna and Count Cassini) suggest Italian origin, they were, in fact Russian titles. By imperial decree of 14 October 1892. Arthur, his brother Michael, and their off-spring were entitled to use the title
376:
Cassini married his first wife, Yulia Nirotmortseva, in 1862. This marriage produced one daughter, Maria. After they divorced, he was married to Zoya Dmitrievna Bibikova, until her death in 1906. They had one daughter, Margarita. He was grandfather of
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General Act of the Algeciras Conference relating to the Affairs of Morocco (Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United States). Signed at Algeciras, 7 April
301:
aristocrat and lifelong diplomat who served in the Diplomatic Service of the Imperial Russian Government for 55 years during the 19th and early 20th centuries. During his tenure, he served most prominently as Ambassador to China during the
631:, but Morris charging that "Cassini, having lied to Roosevelt once too often, had been tactfully recalled by the Tsar". Whatever the reason, Cassini was recalled prior to the beginning of the peace talks which would lead to the
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342:(now Italy) in 1835 into a noble Russian family of Western European lineage. His paternal grandfather, Viktor Cassini, first entered the service of the tsar in 1790 and distinguished himself during the
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588:, during much of Cassini's time in Washington. Upon his reaching fifty years of Imperial Service, in 1905, (then aged 68), Cassini received an autographed letter from
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the second inauguration of President Roosevelt. Cassini's niece and adopted daughter, Marguerite, indeed, was close friends with President Roosevelt's eldest child,
569:
373:
at age 18. In 1862 he was granted the title "gentleman of the bedchamber", in 1880—that of "Chamberlain", and on 1 April 1881 he was promoted to "State Councillor".
397:
mission and soon afterward he was promoted to the office of the first secretary of the legation. He held the same position subsequently at the Russian missions in
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of European powers which compelled Japan to withdraw her demands for territory amongst her war gains. Immediately after, and against the efforts of the
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By 25 September 1884 he was the chargé d'affaires, and on 10 May 1888 Minister Resident at Hamburg. After 10 years at Dresden, on 17 November 1891,
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great deal of activity on behalf of his Government as a result of the number of incidents which occurred during his posting—including the
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Following the end of his service in the United States, Cassini was appointed as Russian Ambassador to Spain and posted to
647:. As part of his duties there, he acted as signatory for the Russian Government to the agreement prepared following the
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424:
appointed him to the key post of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Chinese Imperial Court at
393:
In 1854, Count Cassini entered Imperial Service in the Ministry of foreign affairs. In 1864 he was attached to the
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351:
346:. His father, Pavel Viktorovich Cassini, had served as Russian Consul at Trieste and as a State Counsellor to
654:
Cassini retired in 1909, after having spent 55 years in the service of the Czar. He died in 1919 at age 83.
47:
369:
in 1854, Cassini entered into Government service on 18 December 1854, by joining the Foreign Office in
969:
805:, "Count Cassini Dead", 9 May 1919. Note that other sources quote Cassini as having been born in 1836
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For examples of Cassini's efforts to defend his Government's actions, see "Cassini's Views" in
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competition as each tried to advance and protect their commercial interests in the
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Port Arthur, which Cassini was instrumental in obtaining key rights over for Russia
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This article is based, in part, on information available on the Russian Knowledge
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reporting differences over the strategy to pursue peace with Japan following the
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Artur Pavlovich Cassini, Marquess of Capizucchi di Bologna and Count Cassini
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Reports differ as to the reason for his withdrawal as Ambassador, with the
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Upon the announcement of his dispatch to Washington, the St. Petersburg
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Cassini was falsely reported dead in American newspapers in May 1913.
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481:, offered the following appraisal of the Count's tenure in China:
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Never a Dull Moment: The Memoirs of Countess Marguerite Cassini
818:
Never a Dull Moment: The Memoirs of Countess Marguerite Cassini
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to the United States for seven tumultuous years which saw the
37:
Portrait of Count Arthur Cassini, by Frances Benjamin Johnston
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For his service, Cassini was awarded decorations, including:
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693:, (April 6, 1904); insignia in diamonds (December 18, 1904)
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describes Cassini's position in Washington as follows:
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Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the United States
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Government he was instrumental in arranging for the
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him from that position, he was granted an audience.
350:. His mother, Elizabeth Maria, was the daughter of
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1020:People from the Russian Empire of Italian descent
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916:
447:Having set out the tone of his mission, when the
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293:; 27 November 1835 – 19 October 1919), known as
993:Base Léonore du ministère de la Culture à Paris
954:"Russian Envoy is threatened", 15 October 1904.
847:, "Rosen to succeed Cassini", 10 May 1905, p. 5
558:
913:
431:Cassini's time in China was marked by fierce
942:, 30 October 1900 with respect to Manchuria;
322:wars; and as Ambassador to Spain during the
63:November 17, 1891 – October 3, 1896
463:of long term concession of Port Arthur and
1045:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to China
905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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762:"Count Cassini Dead" 10 May 1913, p.6.
365:Having graduated from the prestigious
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306:and negotiation for the lease of
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691:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
594:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
570:Russian occupation of Manchuria
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699:, Grand-croix (July 19, 1906)
451:ended, he led the way for the
352:Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld
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1055:20th-century Italian nobility
1050:19th-century Italian nobility
984: : *New York 1956 p.283.
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710:History of Russia (1892–1917)
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1025:Counts of the Russian Empire
877:(First ed.). New York.
815:Cassini, Marguerite (1956).
559:Service in the United States
199:Arthur Paul Nicholas Cassini
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548:" in French) written on it.
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743:ru:Кассини, Артур Павлович
85:Alexander Ivanovich Pavlov
16:Russian noble and diplomat
845:Boston Evening Transcript
779:. 11 May 1913. p. 14
667:Order of Saint Stanislaus
367:Imperial Alexander Lyceum
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685:Order of the White Eagle
679:Order of Saint Vladimir
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496:robe in the back, with
441:Trans-Siberian Railroad
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461:acquisition for Russia
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291:Артур Павлович Кассини
156:Russian Ambassador to
99:Russian Ambassador to
48:Russian Ambassador to
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773:"Count is Much Alive"
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590:Nicholas II of Russia
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968:, copy available at
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760:The Nashua Telegraph
649:Algeciras Conference
592:and was awarded the
385:, fashion designer.
334:Cassini was born in
324:Algeciras Conference
242:Yulia Nirotmortseva
25:Count Arthur Cassini
675:, 1st degree (1889)
673:Order of Saint Anna
669:, 1st degree (1884)
633:Peace of Portsmouth
304:Triple Intervention
244:(m. 1862, divorced)
681:, 2nd class (1895)
629:Battle of Tsushima
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574:Russo-Japanese War
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536:) stabbing into a
422:Czar Alexander III
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262:Marguerite Cassini
249:(m. 18??; d. 1906)
127:Theodore Roosevelt
884:978-0-394-55509-6
658:Honors and awards
651:on 7 April 1906.
566:Kishinev incident
506:Kaiser Wilhelm II
449:Sino-Japanese war
389:Diplomatic career
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874:Theodore Rex
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823:. Retrieved
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781:. Retrieved
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383:Oleg Cassini
379:Igor Cassini
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364:
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282:
281:
166:
144:Succeeded by
109:
80:Succeeded by
58:
18:
1015:1919 deaths
1010:1836 births
970:Warflag.com
453:combination
433:great-power
308:Port Arthur
228:Nationality
149:Roman Rosen
134:Preceded by
88: [
1004:Categories
736:References
639:Later life
572:, and the
488:A shocked
465:Talien Bay
403:Copenhagen
330:Early life
312:Ambassador
267:Occupation
901:cite book
538:king cake
528:), and a
171:1905–1909
167:In office
119:President
114:1898–1905
110:In office
59:In office
893:46401900
871:(2001).
825:28 March
783:23 March
704:See also
687:, (1898)
522:Marianne
490:mandarin
469:Liaotung
297:, was a
271:Diplomat
257:Children
223:, France
530:samurai
510:Germany
467:on the
457:British
426:Beijing
407:Hamburg
395:Dresden
336:Trieste
299:Russian
287:Russian
236:Spouses
231:Russian
205:Trieste
176:Monarch
68:Monarch
891:
881:
645:Madrid
526:France
518:Russia
494:Manchu
348:Venice
716:Notes
586:Alice
546:China
542:Chine
540:with
534:Japan
399:Baden
360:Count
310:; as
221:Paris
158:Spain
92:]
50:China
966:1906
963:See
907:link
889:OCLC
879:ISBN
827:2024
785:2020
405:and
318:and
215:Died
195:Born
71:the
520:),
512:),
504:),
492:in
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915:^
903:}}
899:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
