Home Army - Knowledge

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action and to conserve its strength (and weapons) for the crucial confrontation that, it was assumed, would determine the fate of Poland. ... to the Home Army, the Jews were not a part of 'our nation' and ... action to defend them was not to be taken if it endangered other objectives." He added that "it is probably unrealistic to have expected the Home Army—which was neither as well armed nor as well organized as its propaganda claimed—to have been able to do much to aid the Jews. The fact remains that its leadership did not want to do so." Rowecki's attitudes shifted in the following months as the brutal reality of the Holocaust became more apparent, and the Polish public support for the Jewish resistance increased. Rowecki was willing to provide Jewish fighters with aid and resources when it contributed to "the greater war effort", but had concluded that providing large quantities of supplies to the Jewish resistance would be futile. This reasoning was the norm among the

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ammunition, and over 150 kilograms of explosives. The number of supplies provided to the ghetto resistance has been sometimes described as insufficient, as the Home Army faced a number of dilemmas which forced it to provide no more than limited assistance to the Jewish resistance, such as supply shortages and the inability to arm its own troops, the view (shared by most of the Jewish resistance) that any wide-scale uprising in 1943 would be premature and futile, and the difficulty of coordinating with the internally divided Jewish resistance, coupled with the pro-Soviet attitude of the ŻOB. During the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Home Army units tried to blow up the Ghetto wall twice, carried out diversionary actions outside the Ghetto walls, and attacked German sentries sporadically near the Ghetto walls. According to

6411:, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.6. Quote: W okresie prowadzenia walki bieżącej ZWZ-AK stanowczo unikało starć zbrojnych, które byłyby skazane na niepowodzenie i okupione ofiarami o skali trudnej do przewidzenia. To podstawowe założenie w praktyce uniemożliwiało AK czynne wystąpienie po stronie Żydów planujących demonstracje zbrojne w likwidowanych przez Niemców gettach... Kłopotem była też niemożność wytypowania przez rozbitą wewnętrznie konspirację żydowską przedstawicieli do prowadzenia rozmów z dowództwem AK.... Ograniczony rozmiar akowskiej pomocy związany był ze stałymi niedoborami uzbrojenia własnych oddziałów... oraz z lewicowym (prosowieckim) obliczem ŻOB... 320: 3604:, WiN). Its primary goal was not fighting; rather, it was designed to help Home Army soldiers transition from partisan to civilian life; while secrecy was necessary in light of increasing persecution of Home Army veterans by the communist government. WiN was in great need of funds to pay for false documents and provide resources for the partisans, many of whom had lost their homes and life savings in the war. WiN was far from efficient: it was viewed as an enemy of the state, starved of resources, and a vocal faction advocated armed resistance against the Soviets and their Polish proxies. In the second half of 1945, the Soviet 841: 3120:

Home Army had a more favorable attitude towards Jewish civilians and was more hesitant or hostile towards independent Jewish partisans, whom it suspected of pro-Soviet sympathies. General Rowecki believed that antisemitic attitudes in eastern Poland were related to Jewish involvement with Soviet partisans. Some AK units were friendly to Jews, and in Hanaczów Home Army officers hid and protected an entire 250-person Jewish community, and supplied a Jewish Home Army platoon. The Home Army leadership punished a number of perpetrators of antisemitic violence in its ranks, in some cases sentencing them to death.

2688: 3056: 3394: 3625: 2519: 700:). The Polish civilian government envisioned the Home Army as an apolitical, nationwide resistance organisation. The supreme command defined the Home Army's chief tasks as partisan warfare against the German occupiers, the re-creation of armed forces underground and, near the end of the German occupation, a general armed rising to be prosecuted until victory. Home Army plans envisioned, at war's end, the restoration of the pre-war government following the return of the government-in-exile to Poland. 2777:'s refusal to let the planes land on Soviet territory, the low priority placed by the British on flights to Poland; and the extremely heavy losses sustained by Polish Special Duties Flight personnel. Britain and the United States attached more importance to not antagonizing Stalin than they did to the aspirations of the Poles to regain their national sovereignty, particularly after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Soviets joined the Western Allies in the war against Germany. 2236: 1119: 2118:, photographs, eight key V-2 parts, and drawings of the wreckage. Polish agents also provided reports on the German war production, morale, and troop movements. The Polish intelligence network extended beyond Poland and even beyond Europe: for example, the intelligence network organized by Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski in North Africa has been described as "the only llied ... network in North Africa". The Polish network even had two agents in the German high command itself. 791:). The basic organizational unit was the platoon, numbering 35–50 people, with an unmobilized skeleton version of 16–25; in February 1944, the Home Army had 6,287 regular and 2,613 skeleton platoons operational. Such numbers made the Home Army not only the largest Polish resistance movement, but one of the two largest in World War II Europe. Casualties during the war are estimated at 34,000 to 100,000, plus some 20,000–50,000 after the war (casualties and imprisonment). 1202: 1166: 2001: 949: 3251: 3508: 57: 2605: 2966:. Home Army reports from March 1943 described crimes committed by the Germans against the Jewish populace. AK commander General Stefan Rowecki estimated that 640,000 people had been murdered in Auschwitz between 1940 and March 1943, including 66,000 ethnic Poles and 540,000 Jews from various countries (this figure was revised later to 500,000). The Home Army started carrying out death sentences for 9206: 8863: 8479: 8253: 8179: 3452:. The Poles' main motive was to acquire intelligence on the Germans and to obtain much-needed equipment. There were no known joint Polish–German operations, and the Germans were unsuccessful in recruiting the Poles to fight exclusively against the Soviet partisans. Furthermore, most cooperative efforts between local Home Army commanders and the Germans were condemned by Home Army headquarters. 2919:. It is likely that more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, some fought in both. Thousands of Jews joined, or claimed to join, the Home Army in order to survive in hiding, but Jews serving in the Home Army were the exception rather than the rule. Most Jews in hiding could not pass as ethnic Poles and would have faced deadly consequences if discovered. 1238: 2809: 3359:

engaged in retaliatory actions. Polish partisans attacked the OUN, assassinated Ukrainian commanders, and carried out operations against Ukrainian villages. Retaliatory operations aimed at intimidating the Ukrainian population contributed to increased support for the UPA. The Home Army command tried to limit operations against Ukrainian civilians to a minimum. According to

3557:, formed in mid-1943. Its aim was not to engage Soviet forces in combat, but to observe them and to gather intelligence while the Polish Government-in-Exile decided how to deal with the Soviets; at that time, the exiled government still believed in the possibility of constructive negotiations with the Soviets. On 7 May 1945 NIE was disbanded and transformed into the 808:). The third, largest group were "part-time members": sympathisers who led "double lives" under their real names in their real homes, received no payment for their services, and stayed in touch with their undercover unit commanders but were seldom mustered for operations, as the Home Army planned to use them only during a planned nationwide rising. 774:

other resistance organisations into the Home Army, and that while the number of members was high and that of sympathizers was even higher, the number of armed members participating in operations at any given time was smaller—as little as one per cent in 1943, and as many as five to ten per cent in 1944—due to an insufficient number of weapons.

685:), which in turn, a little over two years later, on 14 February 1942, became the Home Army. During that time, many other resistance organisations remained active in Poland, although most of them, merged with the Armed Resistance or with its successor, the Home Army, and substantially augmented its numbers between 1939 and 1944. 2837:), though there were no Jewish representatives in the Government Delegation for Poland. Traditionally, Polish historiography has presented the Home Army interactions with Jews in a positive light, while Jewish historiography has been mostly negative; most Jewish authors attribute the Home Army's hostility to endemic 3149: 826:) became subordinate to the Home Army. In turn, individual Home Army units varied substantially in their political outlooks, notably in their attitudes toward ethnic minorities and toward the Soviets. The largest group that completely refused to join the Home Army was the pro-Soviet, communist People's Army ( 3358:

The Polish government-in-exile in London was taken by surprise; it did not expect Ukrainian anti-Polish actions of such magnitude. There is no evidence that the Polish government-in-exile contemplated a general policy of revenge against the Ukrainians, but local Poles, including Home Army commanders,

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to many Jewish fugitives, enabling them to pass as Poles. Home Army published a leaflet in 1943 stating that "Every Pole is obligated to help those in hiding. Those who refuse them aid will be punished on the basis of...treason to the Polish Nation". Nevertheless, Jewish historians have asserted that

3019:, ŻZW) received from the Home Army, among other things, 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades. Some supplies were also provided to the ŻOB, but less than to ŻZW with whom the Home Army had closer ties and ideological similarities. 2976:

observed that "the attitude of the military underground to the genocide is both more complex and more controversial . Throughout the period when it was being carried out, the Home Army was preoccupied with preparing for ... Nazi rule in Poland collapsed. It was determined to avoid premature military

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From arms caches hidden in 1939, the Home Army obtained 614 heavy machine guns, 1,193 light machine guns, 33,052 rifles, 6,732 pistols, 28 antitank light field guns, 25 antitank rifles, and 43,154 hand grenades. However, due to their inadequate preservation, which had to be improvised in the chaos of

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began, the Home Army reached its highest membership: estimates of membership in the first half and summer of 1944 range from 200,000, through 300,000, 380,000 and 400,000 to 450,000–500,000, though most estimates average at about 400,000; the strength estimates vary due to the constant integration of

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Until the major rising in 1944, the Home Army concentrated on self-defense (the freeing of prisoners and hostages, defense against German pacification operations) and on attacks against German forces. Home Army units carried out thousands of armed raids and intelligence operations, sabotaged hundreds

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As a clandestine army operating in an enemy-occupied country and separated by over a thousand kilometers from any friendly territory, the Home Army faced unique challenges in acquiring arms and equipment, though it was able to overcome these difficulties to some extent and to field tens of thousands

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The Home Army was intended to be a mass organisation that was founded by a core of prewar officers. Home Army soldiers fell into three groups. The first two consisted of "full-time members": undercover operatives, living mostly in urban settings under false identities (most senior Home Army officers

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In the Southeastern part of occupied Polish territories, there have been long-standing tensions between the Polish and Ukrainian populations. Poland's plans to restore its prewar borders were opposed by the Ukrainians, and some Ukrainian groups' collaboration with Nazi Germany had discredited their

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Postwar assessments of the Home Army's activities in Lithuania have been controversial. In 1993, the Home Army's activities there were investigated by a special Lithuanian government commission. Only in recent years have Polish and Lithuanian historians been able to approach consensus, though still

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that AK units attacked or was attacked by had a sizable Jewish presence. In general, AK units in the east were more likely to be hostile towards Jewish partisans, who in turn were more closely associated with the Soviet underground, while AK units in the west were more helpful towards the Jews. The

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The largest and best-known of the Operation Tempest battles, the Warsaw Uprising, constituted an attempt to liberate Poland's capital and began on 1 August 1944. Polish forces took control of substantial parts of the city and resisted the German-led forces until 2 October (a total of 63 days). With

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The Home Army was intended to be representative of the Polish nation, and its members were recruited from most parties and social classes. Its growth was largely based on integrating scores of smaller resistance organisations into its ranks; most of the other Polish underground armed organizations

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to Home Army members, and gained information about large numbers of Home Army and WiN people and resources in the following months. By the time the (imprisoned) Home Army and WiN leaders realised their mistake, the organizations had been crippled, with thousands of their members arrested. WiN was

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In late 1943 the actions of Soviet partisans, who had been ordered to destroy Home Army forces, even resulted in limited uneasy cooperation between some Home Army units and German forces. While the Home Army still treated the Germans as the enemy and conducted operations against them, some Polish

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The OUN decided to attack Polish civilians, who constituted about a third of the population of the disputed territories. It equated Ukrainian independence with ethnic homogeneity, which meant the Polish presence had to be completely removed. By February 1943 the OUN began a deliberate campaign of

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Many women participated in the Warsaw Uprising, particularly as medics or scouts; they were estimated to form about 75% of the insurgent medical personnel. By the end of the uprising, there were about 5,000 female casualties among the insurgents, with over 2,000 female soldiers taken captive; the

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writes that "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, ... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance ." Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe." Mark Wyman writes that

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By mid-1944, most of the disputed regions were occupied by the Soviet Red Army. Polish partisans disbanded or went underground, as did most Ukrainian partisans. Both the Poles and the Ukrainians would increasingly concentrate on the Soviets as their primary enemy – and both would ultimately

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from continental Europe between 1939 and 1945 came from Polish sources. The total number of those reports is estimated at 80,000, and 85 per cent of them were deemed to be high quality or better. The Polish intelligence network grew rapidly; near the end of the war, it had over 1,600 registered

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Attitudes towards Jews in the Home Army were mixed. A few AK units actively hunted down Jews, and in particular two district commanders in the northeast of Poland (Władysław Liniarski of Białystok and Janusz Szlaski of Nowogródek) openly and routinely persecuted Jewish partisans and fugitives;

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and Polish resistance movements had common enemies—Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union—they began working together only in 1944–1945, after the Soviet reoccupation, when both fought the Soviet occupiers. The main obstacle to unity was a long-standing territorial dispute over the Vilnius Region.

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district transferred to the ghetto. In January 1943 the Home Army delivered a larger shipment of 50 pistols, 50 hand grenades, and several kilograms of explosives, along with a number of smaller shipments that carried a total of 70 pistols, 10 rifles, 2 hand machine guns, 1 light machine gun,

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Most of the underground press was sympathetic towards Jews, and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army; however, the bureau's anti-communist sub-division, created as a response to communist

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The Western Allies had limited intelligence assets in Central and Eastern Europe. The extensive in-place Polish intelligence network proved a major resource; between the French capitulation and other Allied networks that were undeveloped at the time, it was even described as "the only llied

3471:, which the Poles had envisioned to be a joint Polish–Soviet operation against the retreating Germans which would also establish Polish claims to those territories. The Home Army helped Soviet units with scouting assistance, uprisings, and assistance in liberating some cities (e.g., 280:

had cleared most Polish territory of German forces, the Home Army was disbanded. After the war, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, communist government propaganda portrayed the Home Army as an oppressive and reactionary force. Thousands of ex-Home Army personnel were deported to

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In the end, despite all efforts, most Home Army forces had inadequate weaponry. In 1944, when the Home Army was at its peak strength (200,000–600,000, according to various estimates), the Home Army had enough weaponry for only about 32,000 soldiers." On 1 August 1944, when the

2125:, 2005) described contributions of Polish intelligence to the Allied victory as "disproportionally large" and argued that "the work performed by Home Army intelligence undoubtedly supported the Allied armed effort much more effectively than subversive and guerilla activities". 2231:; in 1944, a series of nationwide risings which aimed primarily to seize control of cities and areas where German forces were preparing defenses against the Soviet Red Army, so that Polish underground civil authorities could take power before the arrival of Soviet forces. 2845:, postwar testimonies of Holocaust survivors reveal that their experiences with the Home Army were mixed even if predominantly negative. Jews trying to seek refuge from Nazi genocidal policies were often exposed to greater danger by open resistance to German occupation. 3081:

Because it was the largest Polish resistance organization, the Home Army's attitude towards Jewish fugitives often determined their fate. According to Antony Polonsky the Home Army saw Jewish fugitives as security risks. At the same time, AK's "paper mills" supplied

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from German soldiers or their allies, or stolen from German supply depots or transports. Efforts to capture weapons from the Germans also proved highly successful. Raids were conducted on trains carrying equipment to the front, as well as on guardhouses and

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of armed soldiers. Nevertheless, the difficult conditions meant that only infantry forces armed with light weapons could be fielded. Any use of artillery, armor or aircraft was impossible (except for a few instances during the Warsaw Uprising, such as the

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The Home Army, though in theory subordinate to the civil authorities and to the government-in-exile, often acted somewhat independently, with neither the Home Army's commanders in Poland nor the "London government" fully aware of the other's situation.

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Jews who had escaped the Holocaust, and a large Polish minority, passionately hated UPA because it engaged in thorough ethnic cleansing, killing all the Jews it could find, about 50,000 Poles in Volhynia and between 20,000 and 30,000 Poles in

3336:. Between January and March 1944, the division fought 16 major battles with the UPA, expanding its operational base and securing Polish forces against the main attack. One of the largest battles between the Home Army and the UPA took place in 3443:

areas accepted them when the Germans offered arms and supplies to the Home Army to be used against the Soviet partisans. However, such arrangements were purely tactical and indicated no ideological collaboration, as demonstrated by France's

2766:. During the war, 485 air-drop missions from the West (about half of them flown by Polish airmen) delivered some 600 tons of supplies for the Polish resistance. Besides equipment, the planes also parachuted in highly qualified instructors ( 3588:

when many Home Army units tried to work together with the Soviets in a nationwide uprising against the Germans. Other Home Army veterans were arrested when they approached Polish communist government officials after having been promised

2926:. This section collected data about the situation of the Jewish population, drafted reports, and sent information to London. It also centralized contacts between Polish and Jewish military organizations. The Home Army also supported the 5986: 856:

Home Army ranks included a number of female operatives. Most women worked in the communications branch, where many held leadership roles or served as couriers. Approximately a seventh to a tenth of the Home Army insurgents were female.

3220:, which resulted in a low-level civil war between anti-Nazi Poles and pro-Nazi Lithuanians that was encouraged by the German authorities; it culminated in the June 1944 massacres of Polish and Lithuanian civilians in the villages of 2841:. More recent scholarship has presented a mixed, ambivalent view of Home Army–Jewish relations. Both "profoundly disturbing acts of violence as well as extraordinary acts of aid and compassion" have been reported. In an analysis by 768:

In February 1942, when the Home Army was formed from the Armed Resistance, it numbered around 100,000 members. Less than a year later, at the start of 1943, it had reached a strength of around 200,000. In the summer of 1944, when

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deteriorated, conflict grew between the Home Army and Soviet forces. The Home Army's allegiance to the Polish government-in-exile caused the Soviet government to consider the Home Army to be an impediment to the introduction of a

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Even then, some partisans remained in the countryside, and were unwilling or unable to rejoin the community; they became known as the cursed soldiers. Stanisław Marchewka "Ryba" was killed in 1957, and the last AK partisan,

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finally disbanded in 1952. By 1947 a colonel of the communist forces declared that "The terrorist and political underground ceased to be a threatening force, though there still men of the forests" to be dealt with.

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the Poles receiving no aid from the approaching Red Army, the Germans eventually defeated the insurrectionists and burned the city, quelling the Uprising on 2 October 1944. Other major Home Army city risings included

3179:, or LAF) cooperated with Nazi operations against Poles during the German occupation. In autumn 1943, the Home Army carried retaliatory out operations against the Nazis' Lithuanian supporters, mainly the Lithuanian 6362:

Without assistance of Poles and even their active participation in some actions, without the supply of arms from the Polish underground movement - the outbreak of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto was impossible.

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area, where regional structures were able to set up a functioning government—they ultimately failed to secure sufficient territory to enable the government-in-exile to return to Poland due to Soviet hostility.

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The Home Army was officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to avoid civil war and armed conflict with the Soviets. However, many former Home Army units decided to continue operations. The Soviet Union, and the

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posts. Sometimes weapons were taken from individual German soldiers accosted in the street. During the Warsaw Uprising, the Home Army even managed to capture several German armored vehicles, most notably a

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varied widely from unit to unit, and the topic remains controversial. The Home Army answered to the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile, where some Jews served in leadership positions (e.g.

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the September Campaign, most of the guns were in poor condition. Of those that had been buried in the ground and had been dug up in 1944 during preparations for Operation Tempest, only 30% were usable.

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said: "We have to do everything possible so that a Pole, when meeting a Ukrainian, will be ready to kill him, and conversely, a Ukrainian will be ready to kill the Pole." A German commissioner from

6140: 3644:, were executed in communist prisons, and 6 million Polish citizens (every third adult Pole) were classified as "reactionary" or "criminal elements", and were subjected to spying by state agencies. 2522:

German poster listing 100 Polish hostages executed in reprisal for assassinations of German police and SS by a Polish "terrorist organization in the service of the English", Warsaw, 2 October 1943

804:, or "forest people"), who openly fought the Germans (the forest people are estimated at some 40 groups, numbering 1,200–4,000 persons in early 1943, but their numbers grew substantially during 4873:

Peszke, Michael Alfred (1 December 2006). "A Review of: "Intelligence Co-Operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II — The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"".

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Arms were clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army in its own secret workshops, and by Home Army members working in German armaments factories. In this way the Home Army was able to procure

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partisans as potential Polish allies. While the Polish government-in-exile considered tentative plans about providing a limited autonomy for Ukrainians, in 1942 the staff of the Home Army of

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however, these were the only two provinces, out of seventeen, where such orders were issued by provincial commanders. The extent of such behaviors in the Home Army overall has been disputed;

233:. Estimates of the Home Army's 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000. The latter number made the Home Army not only Poland's largest underground resistance movement but, along with 4830:

Schwonek, Matthew R. (19 April 2006). "Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain during World War II: The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, vol. 1 (review)".

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killed the Polish delegation. On 20 July that year the Home Army command decided to establish partisan units in Volhynia. Several formations were created, most notably, in January 1944, the

3518:. They were convicted of "planning military action against the U.S.S.R." In March 1945 they had been invited to help organize a Polish Government of National Unity and were arrested by the 2751:. Hundreds of people were involved in the manufacturing effort. The Home Army did not produce its own ammunition, but relied on supplies stolen by Polish workers from German-run factories. 1839: 3308:

and Eastern Galicia, beginning in the spring of 1943, 100,000 Poles were killed. OUN forces targeted Polish villages, which prompted the formation of Polish self-defense units (e.g., the

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recommended deporting 1–1.5 million Ukrainians to the Soviet Union and settling the remainder in other parts of Poland once the war ended. The situation escalated the next year when the

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area), Polish units (including affiliates of the Home Army) carried out retaliatory attacks in which about 3,000 Ukrainians were killed; one of the most infamous ones is known as the

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In 1943 the Home Army began recreating the organization of the prewar Polish Army, its various units now being designated as platoons, battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, and

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were incorporated into the Home Army, though they retained varying degrees of autonomy. The largest organization that merged into the Home Army was the leftist Peasants' Battalions (

3431:(high command) issued on 22 June 1943, Soviet partisans engaged Polish partisans in combat; it has also been claimed that they attacked the Poles more frequently than the Germans. 2962:(where he would spend three and a half years) to organize a resistance on the inside and to gather information on the atrocities occurring there to inform the Western Allies about 9400: 4340: 1823: 5081: 4401: 2630:). Even these light-infantry units were as a rule armed with a mixture of weapons of various types, usually in quantities sufficient to arm only a fraction of a unit's soldiers. 3534:

that it controlled, viewed the underground, still loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, as a force to be extirpated before they could gain complete control of Poland. Future

3363:, the Polish operations resulted in 10,000 to 15,000 Ukrainian deaths in 1943–47, including 8,000-10,000 on territory of post-war Poland. From February to April 1945, mainly in 4486: 5804: 9435: 9395: 5904: 5754: 901: 5854: 5779: 3286:, one of UPA's leaders, and his followers concluded that the war would end in the exhaustion of both Germany and the Soviet Union, leaving only the Poles—who laid claim to 5879: 5736: 248:

in the Soviet Union, destroying German supplies and tying down substantial German forces. It also fought pitched battles against the Germans, particularly in 1943 and in

221:(Armed Resistance) established in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasions in September 1939. Over the next two years, the Home Army absorbed most of the other 9430: 1754: 640: 7610: 7214: 5711: 3815:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 1729: 1382: 787:(NCOs). The officer cadre was formed from prewar officers and NCOs, graduates of underground courses, and elite operatives usually parachuted in from the West (the 5265:

Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.

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loyal to the Polish government-in-exile more as a potential obstacle to Soviet plans to control postwar Poland than as a potential ally. On orders from the Soviet

8975: 3337: 2637:, arms purchased or captured from the Germans and their allies, arms clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army itself, and arms received from Allied air drops. 5598:

Armstrong, John Lowell (1994). "The Polish Underground and the Jews: A Reassessment of Home Army Commander Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski's Order 116 against Banditry".

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took responsibility for disarming the Home Army. By the end of the war, around 60,000 Home Army soldiers were arrested, 50,000 of whom were deported to Soviet

1779: 3347:, where local self-defence forces managed to fend off two attacks. In March 1944 the Home Army also carried out reprisal attack against UPA in the village of 1492: 1366: 886: 9005: 4127: 2674: 5938:

Shmuel Krakowski (January 2003). "The Attitude of the Polish Underground to the Jewish Question during the Second World War". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).

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This tendency influenced the unwillingness to recognize the disproportionally large contribution of Polish Intelligence to the Allied victory over Germany

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Engel, David (1983). "An Early Account of Polish Jewry under Nazi and Soviet Occupation Presented to the Polish Government-In-Exile, February 1940".

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officials in retaliation against Nazi terror inflicted on Poland's civilian population; prominent individuals assassinated by the Home Army included

261: 8980: 6545: 1881: 1651: 1271:) as smaller organisational units. Overall, the Home Army regional structure largely resembled Poland's interwar administration division, with an 6462: 6421: 6408: 1855: 8995: 7044: 4639:

LERSKI, GEORGE J. (1982). "Review of GENERAŁ: Opowieść o Leopoldzie Okulickim (The General: Story of Leopold Okulicki), Jerzy R. Krzyżanowski".

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repressions in Poland. In 1944–56, approximately 2 million people were arrested; over 20,000, including Pilecki, organizer of the resistance in

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wrote that the bulk of the Home Army's antisemitic behavior can be ascribed to a small minority of members, often affiliated with the far-right

9445: 8242: 2055:, for the Western Allies, the intelligence provided by the Home Army was considered to be the best source of information on the Eastern Front. 633: 719:

on 12 July 1941. This put the Polish government in a difficult position since it had previously pursued a policy of "two enemies". Although a

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magazine), 3 January 1943 issue, satirizing Nazi terror and genocide. From the right, emerging from the "III" (Roman numeral three", of the "

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In February 1942, the Home Army Operational Command's Office of Information and Propaganda set up a Section for Jewish Affairs, directed by

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estimated that an eighth of all German transports to the Eastern Front were destroyed or substantially delayed due to Home Army operations.

8990: 7299: 3973: 3546:, is quoted as saying: "Soldiers of the AK are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy." Another prominent Polish communist, 2803: 1995: 319: 7478: 3690:

Many monuments to the Home Army have since been erected in Poland, including the Polish Underground State and Home Army Monument near the

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Home Army arms and equipment came mostly from four sources: arms that had been buried by the Polish armies on battlefields after the 1939

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but aborted due to various circumstances. While the Home Army managed to liberate a number of places from German control—for example, the

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Persak, Krzysztof (December 2006). "The Polish – Soviet Confrontation in 1956 and the Attempted Soviet Military Intervention in Poland".

3164: 4543:"Żeńskie oddziały sabotażowo-dywersyjne w strukturach armii podziemnej w latach 1940–1944 na podstawie relacji i wspomnień ich członkiń" 4352: 3663:, were locked up in communist prisons between 1944 and 1956. In 1956 an amnesty released 35,000 former Home Army soldiers from prisons. 9415: 9098: 8200: 4542: 4427: 3721: 222: 206: 1890: 723:

was signed in August 1941, cooperation continued to be difficult and deteriorated further after 1943 when Nazi Germany publicised the

9425: 8919: 8852: 4497: 3333: 626: 276:-friendly government in Poland, which hindered cooperation and in some cases led to outright conflict. On 19 January 1945, after the 4799:"Intelligence Cooperation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II. The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee" 3593:. Home Army soldiers stopped trusting the government after a number of broken promises in the first few years of communist control. 3531: 1896: 1790: 6027: 3651:

or by Poland's UB political police. They were interrogated and imprisoned on various charges such as "fascism". Many were sent to

1037:", "Forest") commanded from July 1943 until his surrender to the Germans when the Warsaw Uprising was suppressed in October 1944. 9331: 8914: 7640: 7445: 6962: 6947: 5258: 3569: 2679: 2659: 603: 344: 7527: 7398: 3807: 9420: 6765: 5032:

Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee

5004:

Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee

3275: 2123:

Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee

913: 4095: 3115:

has suggested that some of these incidents are better understood in the context of the Polish–Soviet conflict, as some of the

8898: 8413: 8092: 8071: 8029: 8003: 7979: 7958: 7939: 7879: 7757: 7719: 7563: 7408: 7156: 6700: 6642: 6528: 6503: 6445: 6392: 6384:

The Attitude of the Polish Home Army (AK) to the Jewish Question during the Holocaust: the Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

6230: 6200: 6123: 6060: 5949: 5559: 5525: 5433: 5366: 5339: 5289: 5197: 5158: 5110: 5039: 5011: 4781: 4739: 4712: 4623: 4596: 4525: 4442: 4381: 4312: 4269: 4253: 4210: 4152: 4105: 4078: 4032: 4005: 3917: 3844: 3011:'s intervention on the Organization's behalf. Zimmerman describes the supplies as "limited but real". Jewish fighters of the 1669: 1005: 994: 289:

in Central and Eastern Europe, the portrayal of the Home Army was no longer subject to government censorship and propaganda.

2664: 9241: 8878: 7618: 3217: 3209: 3186: 2032: 2000: 1008:) of the Polish government-in-exile and answered in the civilian chain of command to the Government Delegation for Poland. 975: 410: 210: 104: 9036: 7558:Żołnierze Batalionu Armii Krajowej "Zośka" represjonowani w latach 1944–1956," Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2008, 7188: 3193:, killing hundreds of mostly Lithuanian policemen and other collaborators during the first half of 1944. In response, the 8785: 8168: 3716: 3671:, was killed in 1963 – almost two decades after World War II had ended. It was only four years later, in 1967, that 8235: 7126: 6281: 4566: 3558: 598: 7400:

The Culmination of Conflict: The Ukrainian-Polish Civil War and the Expulsion of Ukrainians After the Second World War

9405: 9188: 8461: 8052: 7920: 7901: 7845: 7784: 7116: 7005: 6931: 6890: 6862: 6825: 6634:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

6321: 6255: 5695: 5316: 4184: 3891: 2935: 740: 609: 324: 301: 9354: 8496: 3695: 3328:

was sent to talk with local Ukrainians with the goal of ending the massacres; the mission was unsuccessful, and the

2190: 1075: 662: 9410: 8893: 8408: 5082:""Biuletyn Informacyjny" wychodził w konspiracji co tydzień przez pięć lat. Rekordowy nakład - 50 tys. egzemplarzy" 3459:

entering Polish territories in 1944, the Home Army established an uneasy truce with the Soviets. Even so, the main

3410: 3096: 2950:

delivered the first eyewitness account of the Holocaust to the Western powers, after having personally visited the

1150: 693: 670: 7482:(Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved from Internet Archive. 6328:

Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author".

6262:

Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author."

5638:"The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Postwar Jewish Testimonies and Wartime Documents Reveal" 1081: 9067: 8888: 8429: 8403: 8117: 3539: 1111: 900:

were high-ranking officers described as "holding top posts" within the communication branch of the organisation.

777:

Home Army numbers in 1944 included a cadre of over 10,000–11,000 officers, 7,500 officers-in-training (singular:

654: 459: 354: 9103: 7662: 7095: 6519:

Bauer, Yehuda (1989). "Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust". In François Furet (ed.).

3680: 3305: 2703: 2202: 906: 524: 8018:

The Armed Forces of Poland in the West, 1939–46: Strategic Concepts, Planning, Limited Success but No Victory!

6594:

Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2 July 2015). "Rethinking the Polish Underground". Interview in Yeshiva University News.

285:

and Soviet prisons, while other ex-members, including a number of senior commanders, were executed. After the

8924: 8845: 8228: 5928:

Powstanie warszawskie w walce i dyplomacji - page 23 Janusz Kazimierz Zawodny, Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert 2005

1929: 1925: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1765: 1740: 1713: 1554: 1532: 1424: 1393: 720: 17: 6087: 9181: 8813: 8744: 8454: 8288: 7042:

To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947

5409: 5115: 4274: 3849: 3683:, Home Army soldiers remained under investigation by the secret police, and it was only in 1989, after the 3456: 3241: 3213: 2276: 1900: 1819: 1794: 1503: 1458: 430: 245: 8539: 7065:"Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939-44" 2720: 2696: 9324: 8544: 7049: 6561: 3753:"Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe." The numbers of 3100: 2873: 2849: 2102:, to an abandoned German airfield in Poland to pick up intelligence prepared by Polish aircraft-designer 544: 268: 3748:

A number of sources say that the Home Army was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe.

956:

Home Army Headquarters was divided into five sections, two bureaus and several other specialized units:

9236: 9231: 8780: 7473: 7146: 6923: 6035: 4472: 3388: 3116: 3000: 2916: 2059: 1474: 689: 565: 380: 339: 226: 114: 9021: 8619: 8559: 3483:), only to find that Home Army troops were arrested, imprisoned, or executed immediately afterwards. 3312:) and fights between the Home Army and the OUN. The Germans encouraged both sides against each other; 3152: 3124:

propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the

1629: 9309: 8356: 3609: 3467:

forces conducted operations against Home Army partisans, including during or directly after Poland's

3414: 3172: 3083: 3044: 2634: 911:

headed the distribution branch. Several all-female units existed within the AK structures, including

666: 405: 349: 9364: 8759: 8506: 7833: 5581: 3543: 2260: 2121:

The researchers who produced the first Polish–British in-depth monograph on Home Army intelligence (

1085: 1026: 966:

Section III: Operations and Training – coordination, planning, preparation for a nationwide uprising

840: 800:

belonged to this group); and uniformed (to a certain extent) partisans, living in forested regions (

218: 9226: 9156: 8838: 8205: 7995:

The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II

7520: 5972:"Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj" 5331:

The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II

4773: 3597: 3422: 3267: 3190: 2999:

with firearms, ammunition, and explosives, but only after it was convinced of the eagerness of the

876: 784: 678: 554: 513: 487: 435: 309: 230: 125: 84: 8135: 6465:[Zimmerman: Polish underground and Jews. Solidarity, betrayal and everything in between]. 5464:

Blutinger, Jeffrey (Fall 2010). "An Inconvenient Past: Post-Communist Holocaust Memorialization".

822: 9288: 9115: 9072: 9031: 8654: 8161: 7514: 6345: 6225:. Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies. Vol. 5. London / New York: Routledge. 5548:

Joshua D. Zimmerman (January 2009). Murray Baumgarten; Peter Kenez; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.).

3687:, that the sentences of Home Army soldiers were finally declared null and void by Polish courts. 3321: 3029: 3008: 2799: 2071: 2063: 2036: 674: 534: 477: 467: 385: 8754: 7711: 7251: 7041: 5030:

Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.).

5002:

Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.).

3970: 3679:("Silent Unseen") intelligence and support group—was released from prison. Until the end of the 3205: 2526:

The Polish Resistance carried out dozens of attacks on German commanders in Poland, the largest

891: 9317: 9298: 8704: 8564: 8278: 7545: 7427: 6818:

Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe

3995: 3699: 3032:, the Ghetto uprising would not have been possible without supplies from the Polish Home Army. 2990: 2978: 2838: 2627: 1276: 716: 712: 400: 375: 9088: 8594: 6995: 6881:

Piskunowicz, Henryk (1996). "Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie". In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.).

6493: 6435: 6382: 6190: 6113: 6050: 5549: 5515: 5423: 5329: 5148: 5055: 4767: 4371: 4302: 4200: 4022: 2857: 2687: 815: 503: 9109: 8694: 8604: 8529: 8377: 8298: 8013: 7989: 7774: 7749: 7743: 6854: 6848: 5254:

The Production of Arms and Explosive Materials by the Polish Home Army in the Years 1939–1945

4586: 3907: 3472: 3130:

stereotype. The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by

3108: 3061: 3055: 3012: 2527: 2248: 2150: 2134: 2050: 1517: 570: 529: 390: 8764: 5279: 3372: 3355:", ended in ethnic cleansing operations in which about 700 Ukrainian civilians were killed. 9135: 8830: 8709: 8273: 3515: 3418: 3300:)—as a significant force, and therefore the Poles had to be weakened before the war's end. 2655: 2592: 2186: 2163: 1230: 708: 165: 8689: 8599: 8488: 8446: 4130:. Publications of Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Canada. Retrieved 21 December 2006. 3584:

and prisons; most of these soldiers had been taken captive by the Soviets during or after

3393: 3309: 3194: 2070:

on this subject received by the Allies), German submarine operations, and, most famously,

1570: 8: 9093: 8803: 8674: 8644: 8609: 8331: 5633: 4983:

Ordway, Frederick I., III. "The Rocket Team." Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pgs 158, 173)

3684: 3553:

The first Home Army structure designed primarily to deal with the Soviet threat had been

3489:, Soviet forces continued engaging many Home Army soldiers, who received the moniker of " 3342: 3221: 2981:, who believed that the Holocaust could only be halted by a significant military action. 2842: 2566: 2280: 2067: 732: 286: 273: 7492: 7431: 5304: 4798: 3020: 2885: 2861: 2816:

with Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army after the camp's liberation during the

1676: 1585: 1414: 861: 169: 9390: 9130: 9125: 8574: 8569: 8346: 8154: 8127: 7704: 7592: 7087: 6965:[Today in Vilnius veterans of Lithuanian army and AK will forgive each other]. 6941: 6659: 5659: 5615: 5569: 5497: 5489: 4966: 4898: 4855: 4656: 3624: 3616:, UB), managed to convince several Home Army and WiN leaders that they wanted to offer 3572:—declined to accept jurisdiction over Home Army soldiers; as a result, for over a year 3225: 3204:

In April 1944, the Home Army in the Vilnius Region attempted to open negotiations with

2830: 2759: 2218: 2154:(Information Bulletin), with a top circulation (on 25 November 1943) of 50,000 copies. 2079: 1174: 539: 498: 238: 153: 8939: 8934: 8729: 8724: 8554: 8341: 6972: 6309: 5493: 5253: 4675: 3352: 2923: 2877: 2865: 2551: 2538: 918: 8929: 8361: 8321: 8303: 8088: 8067: 8048: 8025: 7999: 7975: 7954: 7935: 7916: 7897: 7875: 7841: 7780: 7753: 7715: 7596: 7559: 7524: 7404: 7152: 7122: 7091: 7001: 6927: 6915: 6886: 6858: 6821: 6696: 6689: 6638: 6553: 6524: 6499: 6441: 6388: 6317: 6277: 6251: 6226: 6196: 6119: 6056: 5945: 5691: 5663: 5607: 5555: 5521: 5501: 5481: 5429: 5362: 5335: 5312: 5285: 5193: 5154: 5035: 5007: 4958: 4902: 4890: 4859: 4847: 4812: 4777: 4735: 4708: 4683: 4648: 4619: 4592: 4521: 4464: 4419: 4377: 4308: 4249: 4206: 4180: 4158: 4148: 4101: 4074: 4028: 4001: 3981: 3913: 3887: 3804: 3585: 3535: 3468: 3398: 2869: 2228: 2208: 1978: 1808: 1350: 805: 770: 249: 8954: 8124:– Site edited by the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association 6422:

Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)

6409:

Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)

3668: 3036: 2881: 845: 9369: 9262: 9151: 8749: 8714: 8649: 8634: 8629: 8614: 8511: 8293: 7867: 7641:"Pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i Armii Krajowej / pomnik / Jerzy Staniszkis" 7584: 7440: 7112: 7079: 5649: 5473: 4882: 4839: 4803: 4454: 4409: 4143:

Laqueur, Walter (2019). "5. The Twentieth Century (II): Partisans against Hitler".

3754: 3726: 3554: 3547: 3197:, who had already killed hundreds of Polish civilians since 1941 (particularly the 3181: 2834: 2217:

in 1943, a series of attacks on German border outposts on the frontier between the

1210: 1154: 1038: 1001: 415: 234: 161: 8639: 8283: 6913: 6803:

Lietuvių ir lenkų pasipriešinimo judėjimai 1942–1945 m.: sąsajos ir skirtumai

6797: 5120: 4279: 3854: 3480: 3112: 2702:, one of very few weapons designed and mass-produced covertly in occupied Europe. 2575: 2256: 673:

neared completion. Seven weeks later, on 17 November 1939, on orders from General

9293: 8739: 8734: 8684: 8589: 8579: 8387: 8336: 8326: 8268: 8146: 8121: 8082: 7993: 7969: 7889: 7531: 7148:

Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II

7142: 6967: 6632: 5939: 5356: 5262: 5187: 4729: 4702: 4613: 4515: 4414: 4243: 4226: 4068: 3977: 3811: 3660: 3502: 3490: 3449: 3360: 3291: 3198: 3131: 2973: 2897: 2817: 2782: 2614: 2587: 2570: 2531: 2513: 2240: 2195: 2075: 1512: 1191: 1158: 933: 849: 779: 752: 257: 253: 197: 185: 8959: 8549: 8534: 4700: 3694:

building in Warsaw, unveiled in 1999. The Home Army is also commemorated in the

2758:, which was the only way to obtain more exotic, highly useful equipment such as 9359: 8664: 8501: 8351: 7932:

Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła" : konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947

7799: 6844: 6463:"Zimmerman: Podziemie polskie a Żydzi. Solidarność, zdrada i wszystko pomiędzy" 3283: 2955: 2711: 2534:". Dozens of additional assassinations were carried out, the best-known being: 2518: 2214: 2091: 1127: 1012: 936:, two all-female units were created—a demolition unit and a sewer system unit. 897: 724: 157: 8949: 7588: 6801: 4886: 4162: 2906: 2542: 1011:

The Home Army's first commander, until his arrest by the Germans in 1943, was

9384: 9340: 9041: 8719: 8699: 8679: 8669: 8584: 7855: 7083: 6850:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

6557: 5654: 5637: 5611: 5485: 4962: 4894: 4851: 4816: 4687: 4652: 4468: 4423: 3749: 3672: 3525:. Despite the court's lenience, 6 years later only two of the men were alive. 3325: 3040: 3024: 2996: 2963: 2951: 2912: 2813: 2774: 2235: 2103: 1118: 1017: 788: 558: 517: 491: 256:

of August–October 1944. The Home Army also defended Polish civilians against

229:

in London, and it constituted the armed wing of what came to be known as the

9173: 8944: 7817:

The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis

6192:

Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust

5375: 4992:

McGovern, James. "Crossbow and Overcast." W. Morrow: New York, 1964. (pg 71)

3436: 3126: 2111: 1646: 940:

latter number reported in contemporary press caused a "European sensation".

9257: 9221: 8624: 7215:

Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history

6349: 5401: 3573: 3519: 3445: 3287: 3088: 2748: 2732: 2726: 2645: 2581: 2142: 2012: 1526: 828: 580: 214: 8064:

Poland Alone: Britain, SOE and the Collapse of the Polish Resistance, 1944

5477: 4843: 3148: 2744: 1909: 1749: 1319: 1318:

area); sources vary on whether there was a Northeastern Area (centered in

1251:

The Home Army was divided geographically into regional branches or areas (

8659: 8382: 6378: 6374: 5941:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

4459: 3676: 3073: 3023:, commander of the Home Army in Warsaw, ordered the entire armory of the 2967: 2767: 2650: 2138: 2008: 1951: 1452: 1294:, with some sources differentiating between left- and right-bank areas – 1201: 1165: 1107: 925: 866: 9026: 4660: 9120: 6806:(Lithuanian and Polish resistance movements 1942–1945), 30 January 2004 6189:

Jarosław Piekałkiewicz (30 November 2019). Joanna Drzewieniecki (ed.).

6083: 5619: 5421: 5406:

There Once Was a World: A 900-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyshok

4970: 3711: 3329: 3313: 2947: 2853: 2107: 1720: 972:

Section V: Communication – including with the Western Allies; air drops

472: 252:

from January 1944. The Home Army's most widely known operation was the

241:

partisans, one of Europe's largest World War II underground movements.

31: 9339: 8114: 7118:

Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine

6910:

Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942–1944

4494:

Załącznik do Uchwały Senatu PW nr 202/XLVI/2007 z dnia 27 June 2007 r.

4373:

Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present

3565:), but it was disbanded on 8 August 1945 to stop partisan resistance. 3368: 7308:

Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948

6963:"W Wilnie pojednają się dziś weterani litewskiej armii i polskiej AK" 6523:(1st American ed.). New York: Schocken Books. pp. 235–251. 4574:

from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

3641: 3637: 2959: 2738: 2670: 2407: 2083: 1303: 948: 736: 7666: 6141:"The Remarkable Story of the Man Who Volunteered to Enter Auschwitz" 6111: 4128:

Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939–1945)

3507: 3348: 3250: 3077:

Jan Grabiec, who had blackmailed residents of villages that hid Jews

2927: 2773:

Air drops were infrequent. Deliveries from the west were limited by

1803: 1602: 1565: 1307: 9051: 8021: 7951:

Wołyń'43 Ludobójcza czystka - fakty, analogie, polityka historyczna

6223:

Holocaust: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews

3460: 3406: 3324:, the Ukrainians want Bandera. Fight each other." On 10 July 1943, 3320:, when local Poles complained about massacres, answered: "You want 3254: 3087:

the main cause for the low survival rates of escaping Jews was the

2755: 2272: 2168: 2095: 1941: 1850: 1541: 277: 8220: 7663:"Muzeum Armii Krajowej im. Gen. Emila Fieldorfa "Nila" w Krakowie" 4707:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47, 401, 513–514, 605–505. 3274:, UPA), a Ukrainian nationalist force and the military arm of the 2954:

and a Nazi concentration camp. Another crucial role was played by

2623: 2609: 2287:

Confirmed sabotage and covert operations of the Armed Resistance (

1697: 864:, an underground courier who was sometimes called the only female 8808: 8140: 7872:

Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944

5029: 5001: 4618:(in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 18–25. 3617: 3590: 3476: 2556: 2016: 1846: 1693: 1448: 1444: 1144: 929: 882: 748: 744: 63: 7512:

Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the "Enemy Nation", pp. 372–375, in

4520:(in Polish). Warszawska Oficyna Wydawnicza "Gryf". p. 118. 2785:

began, only a sixth of Home Army fighters in Warsaw were armed.

1484: 1469: 1315: 6914:

Zygmunt Boradyn; Andrzej Chmielarz; Henryk Piskunowicz (1997).

6521:

Unanswered questions: Nazi Germany and the genocide of the Jews

4769:

The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War

3512: 3427: 3216:, the Home Army dealt a substantial blow to the Nazi-sponsored 3111:

organization was mostly integrated into the Home Army in 1944.

2560: 2264: 2058:

Home Army intelligence provided the Allies with information on

2020: 1964: 1872: 1863:

Kilof (pick), Komin (chimney), Kuźnia (foundry), Serce (heart)

1774: 1580: 1418: 1361: 1287: 6776: 5192:(in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 214. 3655:, executed, or "disappeared". For example, all the members of 3568:

The first Polish communist government formed in July 1944—the

2604: 1359:

Codenames: Cegielnia (Brickworks), Woda (Water), Rzeka (River)

1326:) or whether Białystok was classified as an independent area ( 981:

Bureau of Finances (sometimes called "Section VII") – finances

8883: 6920:

Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941–1945)

6745: 6576: 6352:[Assistance of Poles in the Warsaw ghetto uprising]. 6220: 5206: 4914: 4912: 4701:

Jerzy Jan Lerski; George J. Lerski; Halina T. Lerski (1996).

3652: 3629: 3581: 3440: 3317: 3296: 3282:, OUN), directed most of its attacks against Poles and Jews. 3156: 3067: 2252: 2174: 2099: 2024: 1960: 1876: 1724: 1624: 1377: 991:, Polish for "Directorate of Diversion") – special operations 984: 420: 282: 217:. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier 9205: 8862: 8860: 8478: 8252: 8178: 8047:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 5422:

Robert D. Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (1 January 2007).

3675:—a soldier of AK and a member of the elite, Britain-trained 2189:

of 1942–1943, with the Home Army sabotaging German plans to

978:(sometimes called "Section VI") – information and propaganda 852:. They had just marched several hours through Warsaw sewers. 820:) around 1943–1944, and parts of the National Armed Forces ( 56: 8476: 7281: 6491: 6276:(2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 416. 6216: 6214: 6212: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 5447: 5445: 5358:

Silent and Unseen: I was a Polish WWII Special Ops Commando

5167: 4241: 3691: 3648: 3605: 3577: 3522: 3464: 3263: 2958:, who was the only person to volunteer to be imprisoned at 2825: 2808: 2763: 2715: 2181:

Major Home Army military and sabotage operations included:

1237: 7479:

Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej

7269: 7169: 6048: 4929: 4927: 4909: 2090:, "Bridge III"), a stripped-for-lightness RAF twin-engine 2035:

to the Allies; 48 per cent of all reports received by the

1390:

Struga (stream), Krynica (source), Gorzelnia (distillery)

1229:

Arrested by the Soviets, sentenced to imprisonment in the

1226:

Dissolved AK trying to lessen the Polish-Soviet tensions.

1000:

The Home Army's commander was subordinate in the military

264:. Its attitude toward Jews remains a controversial topic. 6733: 6721: 6709: 6118:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 119–120. 6115:

Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future

6052:

Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence

5425:

Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future

5412:, vol. 1, no. 2 (June 1999), City University of New York. 5218: 4588:

Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland

4540: 4245:

Leksykon historii Polski po II wojnie światowej 1944–1997

2770:), 316 of whom were inserted into Poland during the war. 1637:

Miód (honey), Wiano (dowry) (subunit "Kaunas Lithuania")

1220: 1184: 1137: 1097: 677:, the Service for Poland's Victory was superseded by the 8143:

Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963 – The Untold Story

8109: 7370:

Ukaże się nowa publikacja o konflikcie polsko-ukraińskim

7305: 7254:, Gazeta Wyborcza 23 April 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2008. 6473: 6469:(Interview) (in Polish). Interviewed by Filip Mazurczak. 6209: 6163: 5996: 5442: 3805:

The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)

3257:

self-defense centers organized with Home Army help, 1943

2224:

Operation Jula, in 1944, another rail-sabotage operation

1996:

History of Polish intelligence services § 1939–1945

244:

The Home Army sabotaged German transports bound for the

9401:

Military units and formations of Poland in World War II

7121:. Central European University Press. pp. 285–286. 6105: 5189:

Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego

4924: 4615:

Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego

2852:

for risking their lives to save Jews, examples include

2547: 832:), which numbered 30,000 people at its height in 1944. 7680: 7426: 7378: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7257: 7232: 7220: 6188: 6112:

Robert Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (7 June 2007).

6008: 5023: 4179:, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, 3636:

The persecution of the Home Army was only part of the

2911:. The Home Army provided training and supplies to the 1255:), which were subdivided into subregions or subareas ( 960:

Section I: Organization – personnel, justice, religion

6367: 5327: 4995: 4605: 4341:"Militarna partycypacja kobiet w Siłach Zbrojnych RP" 2736:), flamethrowers, explosive devices, road mines, and 2613:, armored car used by the resistance during the 1944 2595:

of the Warsaw District, assassinated 1 February 1944.

2358:

Disruptions to electricity supply in the Warsaw grid

1489:

Okręg Lwów Zachód (West) and Okręg Lwów Wschód (East)

881:

organised an intelligence network in German-occupied

665:

set up on 27 September 1939, just as the coordinated

9436:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

9396:

Polish underground organisations during World War II

8020:. Helion Studies in Military History. Vol. 13. 7611:"Państwo Podziemne było fenomenem na skalę światową" 6885:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Bellona. pp. 213–214. 6876: 6874: 6427: 6290: 5179: 4541:

Marcinkiewicz-Kaczmarczyk, Anna (18 November 2015).

4021:

Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (26 November 2013).

3757:

were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.

3550:, said that the Home Army had to be "exterminated." 2297:

from 1 January 1941 to 30 June 1944, listed by type

2044:

intelligence assets on the Continent". According to

7499:. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 112–123. 6460: 6433: 5547: 3516:

show trial of 16 Polish civil and Home Army leaders

3232:differing in their interpretations of many events. 3201:), intensified their operations against the Poles. 3035:A year later, during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the 2141:created the illusion of a German movement opposing 1762:Lin (tench), Czapla (aigrette), Pełnia (full moon) 8176: 7806:, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233. 7703: 6688: 6686: 6630: 6546:"The Noble and the Base: Poland and the Holocaust" 6492:Wilhelm Heitmeyer; John Hagan (19 December 2005). 6387:. University of Delaware Press. pp. 121–122. 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5185: 5105: 5103: 4727: 4611: 4584: 4565: 4235: 4202:Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4066: 3382: 3246:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 225:and underground forces. Its allegiance was to the 9431:Military units and formations established in 1942 6871: 6691:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 6682: 6680: 6182: 5688:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning 5642:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 5593: 5591: 4673: 4097:Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 1944–1988 3874: 3872: 2201:the protection of the Polish population from the 1710:Kwadra (quarter), Twierdza (keep), Żuraw (crane) 1281:Administrative division of Second Polish Republic 739:units. The Home Army also assassinated prominent 9382: 7491: 6440:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218. 6316:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. 6250:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. 5937: 5273: 5271: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5056:"Biuletyn Informacyjny : wydanie codzienne" 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4731:Struktura organizacyjna Armii Krajowej 1939-1944 4694: 4443:"Spór o Elżbietę Zawacką – żołnierza i pedagoga" 4242:Hanna Konopka; Adrian Konopka (1 January 1999). 4093: 4014: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3901: 3899: 3608:and the newly created Polish secret police, the 3417:that began on 1 September 1939; even though the 2896:A Jewish partisan detachment served in the 1944 2507: 963:Section II: Intelligence and Counterintelligence 709:Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union 7300:Marek Jasiak, "Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance" 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6839: 6837: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6308: 6245: 5805:"Żabiński Jan & Żabińska Antonina (Erdman)" 5534: 5520:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2011. p. 478. 5100: 4402:"Kobiety w polskiej armii – ujęcie historyczne" 4138: 4136: 4114: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3397:Soviet and Home Army soldiers patrol together, 3144:Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II 2788: 1816:Gobelin, Godło (coat of arms), Muzeum (museum) 1048:("Bear"), led the Home Army in its final days. 932:informants in addition to sabotage. During the 731:of railway shipments, and participated in many 8084:The Polish underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 7832: 7508: 7506: 7310:. Oxford: Rowman & Littfield. p. 174. 7244: 6960: 6809: 6677: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6537: 6437:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 6350:"Pomoc Polaków bojownikom getta warszawskiego" 6221:David Cesarani; Sarah Kavanaugh, eds. (2004). 6195:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 256–257. 5931: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5588: 5396: 5394: 5277: 4406:Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych 4300: 3869: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3039:liberated hundreds of Jewish inmates from the 1551:Komar (mosquito), Tarcza (shield), Ton (tone) 1088:as Armia Krajowa was not named such until 1942 9325: 9203: 9189: 8846: 8462: 8236: 8162: 8045:Armed actions of underground Warsaw 1939-1944 7741: 7701: 7193:1943 Volhynia Massacre. Truth and Remembrance 7141: 5969: 5268: 5135: 4748: 4513: 4020: 3896: 3647:Most Home Army soldiers were captured by the 2458:Built-in flaws in air-traffic radio stations 848:soldiers, 2 September 1944, a month into the 711:on 22 June 1941, the Soviet Union joined the 634: 7967: 7217:. University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4 7015: 6834: 6354:Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 6055:. Manchester University Press. p. 240. 5354: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5173: 4918: 4294: 4262: 4205:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 202–203. 4133: 3926: 2804:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 2474:Built-in flaws in electro-industrial lathes 2239:"To arms!" Home Army poster during the 1944 2128: 813: 8041:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944 7804:The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology 7735: 7695: 7503: 7105: 6922:. Warsaw: Institute of Political Sciences, 6880: 6597: 6512: 6495:International Handbook of Violence Research 6424:, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.10-18 6373: 5670: 5391: 5321: 5281:Days of Adversity: The Warsaw Uprising 1944 4578: 4553:(26): 115–138 – via cejsh.icm.edu.pl. 4507: 4440: 4399: 4338: 4087: 3818: 2211:, in 1942, sabotaging German rail transport 1467:Codenames: Lux, Lutnia (Lute), Orzech (Nut) 928:, who carried out assassinations of female 735:clashes and battles with German police and 68: 9332: 9318: 9196: 9182: 8853: 8839: 8469: 8455: 8243: 8229: 8201:Polish resistance movement in World War II 8169: 8155: 8038: 7772: 7766: 7485: 7403:. Columbia University Press. p. 220. 6766:"Żołnierze akcji "Antyk" kontra komuniści" 6763: 6414: 6302: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5517:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1938–1940 5224: 5212: 4591:. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. 4195: 4193: 4145:Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study 3905: 3722:Polish resistance movement in World War II 3596:The third post-Home Army organization was 3280:Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv 1684:Drapacz (sky-scraper), Przystań (harbour), 1500:Dukat (ducat), Lira (lire), Promień (ray) 924:, an entirely female sabotage unit led by 692:and to its agency in occupied Poland, the 641: 627: 61:Polish red-and-white flag with superposed 27:Polish resistance movement in World War II 8080: 7888: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7151:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 336–337. 6782: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6582: 6479: 6239: 6176: 6014: 6002: 5944:. Rutgers University Press. p. 102. 5653: 5632: 5597: 5463: 5451: 5428:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. 5348: 5230: 4933: 4765: 4704:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 4458: 4413: 4169: 3997:Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996 3987: 3880:Początki ruchy oporu w Polsce. Kilka uwag 2984: 2762:and antitank weapons such as the British 2434:Built-in flaws in aircraft engines parts 1787:Len (linnen), Salon (saloon), Żyto (rye) 8087:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7779:. Cornell University Press. p. 34. 7776:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–51 7422: 7420: 7189:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres" 7053:, Spring 1999 Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 86–120 6954: 6899: 6815: 6543: 6138: 5909:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5884:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5859:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5834:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5809:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5784:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5759:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5741:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5716:The Righteous Among The Nations Database 5146: 4977: 4944: 4942: 4829: 4721: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3623: 3506: 3392: 3278:(Організація Українських Націоналістів, 3249: 3147: 3054: 3050: 2946:From 1940 onward, the Home Army courier 2807: 2686: 2603: 2599: 2517: 2450:Built-in flaws in artillery projectiles 2275:German rail- and road-transports to the 2234: 2106:, including 100 lb (45 kg) of 1999: 1922:Arka (ark), Barka (barge), Łania (bath) 1267:) and 280 (as of early 1944) districts ( 947: 860:Notable women in the Home Army included 839: 9131:Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN) 9121:Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts) 7390: 7293: 7111: 6987: 6651: 5958: 5880:"Iwański Henryk & Iwańska Wiktoria" 5150:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century 4563: 4517:Wacław Iwanowski i odrodzenie Białorusi 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4190: 4142: 3570:Polish Committee of National Liberation 14: 9383: 8061: 8012: 7988: 7948: 7929: 7910: 7854: 7574: 7452: 7396: 7384: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7287: 7275: 7263: 7238: 7226: 7175: 7135: 6993: 6843: 6657: 6461:Joshua D. Zimmerman (9 October 2015). 6401: 6271: 5685: 5381: 4986: 4875:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 4872: 4796: 4638: 4248:(in Polish). Graf-Punkt. p. 130. 4000:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1872. 3993: 3798: 3409:grew worse as the war progressed. The 3276:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 2754:The final source of supply was Allied 2563:prison, assassinated 7 September 1943. 2482:Damage to important factory machinery 2221:and the territories annexed by Germany 1296:Obszar Warszawski prawo- i lewobrzeżny 260:by Germany's Ukrainian and Lithuanian 9446:Polish resistance during World War II 9313: 9177: 9037:Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW) 8834: 8450: 8224: 8150: 7866: 7710:. Columbia University Press. p. 7706:God's Playground: 1795 to the present 7434:Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland 7417: 6994:Dovile, Budryte (30 September 2005). 6820:. Cambridge University. p. 152. 6518: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6296: 6049:John Wolffe; Open University (2004). 5600:The Slavonic and East European Review 5284:. Helion & Company. pp. 6–. 4948: 4939: 4766:Kochanski, Halik (13 November 2012). 4567:"The Warsaw women who took on Hitler" 4395: 4393: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4041: 3912:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 10. 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 2644:Arms were sometimes purchased on the 1593:Borówki (berries), Pomnik (monument) 1529:), Struga (stream), Światła (lights) 1006:General Inspector of the Armed Forces 995:Directorate of Underground Resistance 196: 9242:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force 7546:Warsaw Uprising: 5 pm, 1 August 1944 7062: 6344: 6086:Shoa Resource Center. Archived from 5686:Snyder, Timothy (8 September 2015). 5298: 5034:. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 410. 4321: 4231:(in Polish). s.n. 1996. p. 134. 3405:Home Army relations with the Soviet 3218:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force 3210:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force 3187:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force 2848:Members of the Home Army were named 2824:Home Army members' attitudes toward 2259:. The Home Army also prepared for a 1737:Hreczka (buckwheat), Konopie (hemp) 976:Bureau of Information and Propaganda 9341:Commanders of the Polish Home Army 9104:National Military Association (NOW) 8866:Units, affiliates, and predecessors 8250: 7915:. Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM. 7306:Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001). 7195:. Institute of National Remembrance 7181: 6961:Jacek J. Komar (1 September 2004). 6946:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors ( 6883:Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny 6544:Connelly, John (14 November 2012). 6434:Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015). 6377:(January 2009). Murray Baumgarten; 5311:, Columbia University Press, 1978, 5006:. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 32. 4734:(in Polish). UPJW. pp. 5, 82. 4585:Malgorzata Fidelis (21 June 2010). 4564:Tendyra, Bernadeta (26 July 2004). 4301:autor zbiorowy (23 November 2015). 4219: 3884:Rozwój organizacyjny Armii Krajowej 3744: 3742: 3717:Polish contribution to World War II 2891: 2366:Damaged or destroyed army vehicles 2157: 1659:Cyranka (garganey), Nów (new moon) 24: 9441:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Europe 9068:Service for Poland's Victory (SZP) 8482:Personnel, emblems and decorations 7953:. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. 7934:. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. 7702:Norman Davies (28 February 2005). 7448:from the original on 18 July 2012. 6420:Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński, 6407:Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński, 6331: 5551:Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4390: 4359: 4067:Roy Francis Leslie (19 May 1983). 3775: 3559:Armed Forces Delegation for Poland 2426:Disruptions in factory production 2072:the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket 1143:Discovered and arrested by German 1004:to the Polish Commander-in-Chief ( 96:14 February 1942 – 19 January 1945 25: 9457: 9416:World War II resistance movements 8136:Archiwum Pomorskie Armii Krajowej 8103: 8024:, England: Helion & Company. 6139:Ackerman, Elliot (26 July 2019). 6077:"Zegota, page 4/34 of the Report" 5361:(in Polish). Askon. p. 125. 3994:Wróbel, Piotr (27 January 2014). 3882:. In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), 2970:in Warsaw in the summer of 1943. 2964:the fate of the Jewish population 2928:Relief Council for Jews in Poland 2442:Built-in flaws in cannon muzzles 2302:Sabotage / covert-operation type 2148:The Home Army published a weekly 1153:. Executed by personal decree of 9426:1945 disestablishments in Poland 9204: 9094:Confederation of the Nation (KN) 8861: 8477: 8251: 8177: 7809: 7793: 7681:"Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego" 7673: 7655: 7633: 7617:. 8 January 2010. Archived from 7603: 7568: 7552: 7537: 7362: 7207: 7063:Mick, Christoph (7 April 2011). 7056: 6788: 6757: 6588: 6485: 5554:. University of Delaware Press. 4070:The History of Poland Since 1863 3739: 3563:Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj 3419:Germans invaded the Soviet Union 3334:27th Home Army Infantry Division 3117:Soviet-affiliated partisan units 2162:Sabotage was coordinated by the 2031:The Home Army supplied valuable 1840:Kraków Motorized Cavalry Brigade 1663:Zgrupowanie Okręgu AK Nowogródek 1286:There were three to five areas: 1263:). There were 89 inspectorates ( 1236: 1200: 1164: 1151:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1117: 694:Government Delegation for Poland 653:The Home Army originated in the 318: 55: 9258:AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army) 7913:Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960 7840:. New York: Macmillan Company. 7825: 7072:Journal of Contemporary History 6454: 6381:; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.). 6265: 6132: 6069: 6042: 6020: 5922: 5897: 5872: 5847: 5822: 5797: 5772: 5747: 5729: 5704: 5626: 5508: 5457: 5415: 5278:Evan McGilvray (19 July 2015). 5153:. Routledge. pp. 197–198. 5074: 5048: 4866: 4832:The Journal of Military History 4823: 4790: 4674:Nowak-Jeziorański, Jan (2003). 4667: 4632: 4557: 4534: 4479: 4434: 4376:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 472. 3906:Prazmowska, A. (29 July 2004). 3413:on 17 September 1939 after the 3383:Relations with the Soviet Union 3270:(Українська повстанська армія, 3084:forged identification documents 2936:Jewish resistance organizations 2669:and an armored troop transport 2559:officer, and commandant of the 2498:Assassinations of Nazi Germans 2326:Delayed repairs to locomotives 2285: 1989: 1854:various commanders, incl. Col. 1807:various commanders, incl. Col. 1114:. Emigrated to United Kingdom. 1112:Polish Armed Forces in the West 794: 688:The Home Army was loyal to the 9355:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski 9157:Freedom and Independence (WiN) 9110:National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK) 8497:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski 8110:Armia Krajowa Museum in Krakow 7874:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 7745:1945: The War that Never Ended 7397:Rapawy, Stephen (3 May 2016). 5328:Michael Alfred Peszke (2005). 4228:Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny 4073:. Cambridge University Press. 3421:in June 1941, the Soviets saw 3306:massacres of Poles in Volhynia 3272:Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiya 3137: 2934:) as well as the formation of 2203:massacres of Poles in Volhynia 1897:2nd Legions' Infantry Division 1791:3rd Legions' Infantry Division 1686:Wydra (otter), Prom (shuttle) 1612:Pałac (palace), Parcela (lot) 1076:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski 663:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski 551:Non-integrated but recognizing 525:National Military Organization 13: 1: 9421:1942 establishments in Poland 9116:Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW) 9073:Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) 8925:104th Company of Syndicalists 8915:2nd Legions Infantry Division 8872:Headquarters and Directorates 8814:Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego 8141:The Home Army After July 1944 8081:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). 4487:"Grażyna Lipińska – życiorys" 4400:Drapikowska, Barbara (2016). 4351:(91): 166–194. Archived from 4339:Drapikowska, Barbara (2013). 4024:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 3909:Civil War in Poland 1942-1948 3764: 3304:killing Polish civilians. In 3290:(viewed by the Ukrainians as 3235: 2658:light tank destroyer renamed 2508:Assassination of Nazi leaders 2466:Built-in flaws in condensers 2133:The Home Army also conducted 1984: 1197:Emigrated to United Kingdom. 758: 478:National Security Corps (PKB) 135: 7968:Ney-Krwawicz, Marek (2001). 7517:. Crimes, Terror, Repression 6032:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5410:Journal of Genocide Research 5400:John Radzilowski, Review of 5309:The Polish Underground State 4415:10.15290/cnisk.2016.01.01.03 4304:Wielka Księga Armii Krajowej 4100:. Hoover Press. p. 32. 4027:. Routledge. pp. 506–. 3540:Polish United Workers' Party 3486: 3214:Battle of Murowana Oszmianka 2941: 2789:Relations with ethnic groups 2700:("Lightning") submachine gun 2418:Burned down military stores 1421:, Cukrownia (Sugar factory) 1347:reconstruction of the Polish 1345:Units (re)created during the 1310:regions), and Southeastern ( 943: 655:Service for Poland's Victory 7: 8039:Strzembosz, Tomasz (1983). 7998:. McFarland & Company. 7971:Polish Home Army, 1939–1945 7773:Mark Wyman (18 June 1998). 7549:, Retrieved on 4 July 2007. 7050:Journal of Cold War Studies 7000:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 6971:(in Polish). Archived from 6764:Zalesiński, Łukasz (2017). 6687:Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002). 6631:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). 5186:Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993). 5119:(in Polish). Archived from 4797:Soybel, Phyllis L. (2007). 4728:Wiesław Józef Wiąk (2003). 4612:Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993). 4496:(in Polish). Archived from 4441:Półturzycki, Józef (2014). 4278:(in Polish). Archived from 3853:(in Polish). Archived from 3705: 3681:People's Republic of Poland 3532:Polish communist government 3411:Soviet Union invaded Poland 3159:-region Home Army commander 3007:, ŻOB) to fight, and after 3005:Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa 2995:The Home Army provided the 2850:Righteous Among the Nations 2814:Gęsiówka concentration camp 2691:Polish weapons, including ( 2500: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2460: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2412: 2400: 2392: 2390:Destroyed fuel (in tonnes) 2384: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2344: 2336: 2328: 2320: 2312: 2116:Special Report 1/R, no. 242 1328:Okręg samodzielny Białystok 1233:. Likely executed in 1946. 952:Regional organization, 1944 902:Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz 545:Confederation of the Nation 325:History of Poland 1939–1945 10: 9462: 9237:Lithuanian Security Police 9232:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 9089:Peasants' Battalions (BCh) 8879:Information and Propaganda 8786:Warsaw Uprising insurgents 7643:(in Polish). Puszka.waw.pl 7252:Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa 6924:Polish Academy of Sciences 5334:. McFarland. p. 183. 3696:Home Army Museum in Kraków 3659:, which had fought in the 3632:, Poland, 11 November 2008 3500: 3496: 3389:Soviet partisans in Poland 3386: 3239: 3177:Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas 3141: 3091:of the Polish population. 3001:Jewish Combat Organization 2988: 2917:Jewish Combat Organization 2797: 2511: 2060:German concentration camps 1993: 1618: 1312:Obszar Południowo-Wschodni 1246: 1080:Technically, commander of 690:Polish government-in-exile 671:Soviet invasions of Poland 566:Jewish Combat Organization 292: 227:Polish government-in-exile 115:Polish government-in-exile 29: 9350: 9281: 9250: 9214: 9171: 9144: 9136:Union of Retaliation (ZO) 9081: 9060: 9027:Little Andrews (Jędrusie) 9014: 8968: 8907: 8871: 8828: 8794: 8773: 8520: 8487: 8444: 8422: 8396: 8370: 8312: 8261: 8218: 8214: 8193: 8062:Walker, Jonathan (2008). 7949:Motyka, Grzegorz (2016). 7930:Motyka, Grzegorz (2011). 7911:Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). 7589:10.1080/09668130600996549 7374:Retrieved 2015-05-13. 7047:16 May 2011 at Wikiwix," 6695:. Yale University Press. 6660:"The Pogrom at Eishyshok" 6498:. Springer. p. 154. 6272:Rashke, Richard (1995) . 4887:10.1080/13518040601028578 4682:(in Polish) (37): 88–97. 4177:Polskie Państwo Podziemne 4094:Andrew A. Michta (1990). 3984:. Retrieved 2 April 2008. 3195:Lithuanian Sonderkommando 3173:Lithuanian Activist Front 3045:Warsaw concentration camp 3017:Żydowski Związek Wojskowy 2350:Blown-up railway bridges 2129:Subversion and propaganda 1935: 1560: 1464: 1356: 1190:Surrendered after end of 785:non-commissioned officers 147: 142: 131: 120: 110: 100: 92: 54: 46: 41: 9406:Polish Underground State 9227:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 9126:Secret Polish Army (TAP) 9032:Underground Police (PKB) 8206:Polish Underground State 7521:Harvard University Press 7145:; Shepherd, Ben (2014). 7084:10.1177/0022009410392409 6816:Petersen, Roger (2002). 6246:David Wdowiński (1963). 5985:(4): 287. Archived from 5979:Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość 5830:"Bartoszewski Władysław" 5655:10.1177/0888325419844816 4774:Harvard University Press 4408:(in Polish) (1): 45–65. 4307:. Otwarte. p. 294. 3976:14 February 2008 at the 3732: 3598:Freedom and Independence 3268:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 3242:Poland–Ukraine relations 3228:(Dubinki) respectively. 3191:Lithuanian Secret Police 1563:Codename: Zamek (Castle) 1487:– divided into two areas 1259:) or independent areas ( 1103:Arrested by the Soviets 1082:Służba Zwycięstwu Polski 835: 659:Służba Zwycięstwu Polski 231:Polish Underground State 198:[ˈarmjakraˈjɔva] 126:Polish Underground State 85:Polish Underground State 9411:Guerrilla organizations 9289:The Holocaust in Poland 9099:Leśni (Forest Soldiers) 9022:Błyskawica radiostation 8920:27th Volhynian Division 7834:Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz 7515:Black Book of Communism 6658:Eliach, Yaffa (2009) . 5261:30 October 2022 at the 5147:Crampton, R.J. (1994). 5062:. Warsaw Public Library 4547:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość 4175:Stanisław Salmonowicz, 3810:3 November 2019 at the 3153:Aleksander Krzyżanowski 2800:The Holocaust in Poland 2793: 2342:Transports set on fire 2318:Damaged railway wagons 2145:within Germany itself. 2064:the Holocaust in Poland 2037:British secret services 1824:106th Infantry Division 1630:Aleksander Krzyżanowski 763: 721:Polish–Soviet agreement 535:Camp of Fighting Poland 367:Political organizations 269:Polish–Soviet relations 9365:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski 9299:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 8899:Underground Resistance 8507:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski 8414:Underground Resistance 8279:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 8128:Warsaw Uprising Museum 8115:Polish resistance – AK 8014:Peszke, Michael Alfred 7990:Peszke, Michael Alfred 7815:Leonid D. Grenkevich, 7742:Gregor Dallas (2005). 7428:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 5970:Adam Puławski (2003). 5494:10.5703/shofar.29.1.73 5060:dLibra Digital Library 4514:Jerzy Turonek (1992). 3700:Warsaw Uprising Museum 3669:Józef "Lalek" Franczak 3633: 3628:Home Army veterans at 3610:Department of Security 3602:Wolność i Niezawisłość 3526: 3402: 3294:, and by the Poles as 3258: 3160: 3078: 2991:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2985:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2874:Władysław Bartoszewski 2839:antisemitism in Poland 2821: 2707: 2704:Warsaw Uprising Museum 2617: 2530:being that codenamed " 2523: 2243: 2080:Operation Wildhorn III 2028: 1930:26th Infantry Division 1926:25th Infantry Division 1836:24th Infantry Division 1832:22nd Infantry Division 1828:21st Infantry Division 1766:29th Infantry Division 1741:27th Infantry Division 1714:30th Infantry Division 1555:12th Infantry Division 1533:11th Infantry Division 1455:, Garbarnia (tannery) 1425:28th Infantry Division 1394:10th Infantry Division 1086:Związek Walki Zbrojnej 1027:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski 953: 853: 814: 717:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 683:Związek Walki Zbrojnej 468:Armed Resistance (ZWZ) 448:Military organizations 401:Camp of National Unity 376:Polish Socialist Party 219:Związek Walki Zbrojnej 211:German-occupied Poland 189: 105:German-occupied Poland 8781:Armia Krajowa members 8378:Biuletyn Informacyjny 8262:Uprisings and battles 8120:22 March 2021 at the 8066:. The History Press. 7750:Yale University Press 6855:Yale University Press 5737:"Kamiński Aleksander" 5478:10.1353/sho.2010.0093 5355:Stefan Bałuk (2009). 4951:Jewish Social Studies 4844:10.1353/jmh.2006.0128 4447:Rocznik Andragogiczny 4147:. Milton: Routledge. 3627: 3576:agencies such as the 3510: 3473:Operation Ostra Brama 3396: 3387:Further information: 3253: 3151: 3142:Further information: 3109:National Armed Forces 3058: 3051:Attitude to fugitives 3013:Jewish Military Union 2811: 2690: 2607: 2600:Weapons and equipment 2521: 2382:Destroyed fuel-tanks 2279:in the Soviet Union. 2249:Operation Ostra Brama 2238: 2151:Biuletyn Informacyjny 2135:psychological warfare 2003: 1994:Further information: 1901:7th Infantry Division 1820:6th Infantry Division 1795:9th Infantry Division 1504:5th Infantry Division 1475:Władysław Filipkowski 1459:8th Infantry Division 1029:(Tadeusz Komorowski, 989:Kierownictwo Dywersji 969:Section IV: Logistics 951: 843: 823:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne 571:Jewish Military Union 530:National Armed Forces 436:Polish Workers' Party 431:National Radical Camp 421:Betar (Zionist youth) 9209:Opponents and rivals 8521:Senior officers and 8313:Underground, field, 7290:, pp. 382, 387. 7101:on 25 February 2023. 6908:Henryk Piskunowicz, 6785:, pp. 208, 357. 6314:And we are not saved 6248:And we are not saved 5634:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 5251:Rafal E. Stolarski, 4776:. pp. 234–236. 4460:10.12775/RA.2014.023 3802:Marek Ney-Krwawicz, 3614:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa 3206:Povilas Plechavičius 3062:Information Bulletin 2812:Jewish prisoners of 2656:Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer 2593:SS and Police Leader 2334:Derailed transports 2310:Damaged locomotives 2164:Union of Retaliation 1780:Kazimierz Tumidajski 1383:Hieronim Suszczyński 1231:Trial of the Sixteen 1054:Home Army commander 510:Partially integrated 460:Service for Poland's 166:Emil August Fieldorf 124:Armed forces of the 30:For other uses, see 8804:Armia Krajowa Cross 8430:Republic of Pińczów 7669:on 15 October 2018. 7621:on 24 December 2013 7577:Europe-Asia Studies 7476:, 02.10.04 Nr 232, 7372:, PAP, 2011-02-20. 7278:, pp. 358–360. 7178:, pp. 447–448. 6997:Taming Nationalism? 6754:, pp. 314–318. 6585:, pp. 267–298. 6564:on 23 February 2018 6360:(149): 43–52, 144. 6274:Escape from Sobibor 6093:on 21 November 2008 5690:. Crown/Archetype. 5215:, pp. 343–346. 5174:Ney-Krwawicz (2001) 4919:Ney-Krwawicz (2001) 4475:on 11 January 2023. 4345:Zeszyty Naukowe AON 3878:Tomasz Strzembosz, 3208:, commander of the 2858:Aleksander Kamiński 2843:Joshua D. Zimmerman 2714:(copies of British 2567:Operation Kutschera 2374:Damaged aeroplanes 2298: 2281:Richard J. Crampton 2271:The Home Army also 1755:Władysław Liniarski 1275:being similar to a 1187:– 2 September 1944 816:Bataliony Chłopskie 599:Cultural activities 207:resistance movement 205:) was the dominant 9152:Independence (NIE) 9006:VII Warsaw suburbs 8289:Murowana Oszmianka 7530:7 May 2023 at the 6926:. pp. 40–45. 6664:The New York Times 5905:"Dobraczyński Jan" 5755:"Korbonski Stefan" 5088:. 24 November 2011 3634: 3527: 3487:Long after the war 3403: 3373:Pawłokoma massacre 3259: 3161: 3101:National Democracy 3097:Tadeusz Piotrowski 3079: 3009:Władysław Sikorski 2831:Ignacy Schwarzbart 2822: 2760:plastic explosives 2708: 2635:invasion of Poland 2618: 2524: 2398:Blocked oil wells 2286: 2244: 2219:General Government 2046:Marek Ney-Krwawicz 2029: 1979:operational groups 1915:Michał Stempkowski 1730:Kazimierz Bąbiński 1619:Independent areas 1547:Bronisław Zawadzki 1437:Zygmunt Marszewski 1406:Franciszek Jachieć 1324:Obszar Białystocki 1261:okręgi samodzielne 1223:– 17 January 1945 1175:Tadeusz Komorowski 954: 854: 741:Nazi collaborators 675:Władysław Sikorski 540:Pomeranian Griffin 504:Peasant Battalions 499:Gwardia Ludowa WRN 411:Jewish Labour Bund 154:Tadeusz Komorowski 9378: 9377: 9307: 9306: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9165: 9164: 8930:Battalion Parasol 8894:Covert Resistance 8822: 8821: 8530:J. Aleksandrowicz 8523:prominent members 8438: 8437: 8409:Covert Resistance 8094:978-1-107-01426-8 8073:978-1-86227-474-7 8031:978-1-90891-654-9 8005:978-0-7864-2009-4 7981:978-0-9501348-9-5 7974:. London: PUMST. 7960:978-83-08-06207-4 7941:978-83-08-04576-3 7896:. Jonathan Cape. 7881:978-0-7818-1302-0 7868:Lukas, Richard C. 7759:978-0-300-10980-1 7721:978-0-231-12819-3 7564:978-83-60464-92-2 7410:978-3-8382-6855-2 7158:978-1-63220-159-1 7113:Marples, David R. 7040:Timothy Snyder, " 6916:Tomasz Strzembosz 6702:978-0-300-09546-3 6644:978-0-7864-0371-4 6530:978-0-8052-4051-1 6505:978-1-4020-3980-5 6447:978-1-107-01426-8 6394:978-0-87413-039-3 6232:978-0-415-27509-5 6202:978-0-7618-7167-5 6125:978-1-4616-4308-1 6062:978-0-7190-7107-2 6028:"Henryk Wolinski" 5951:978-0-8135-3158-8 5855:"Fogg Mieczyslaw" 5780:"Woliński Henryk" 5561:978-0-87413-039-3 5527:978-0-7591-2039-6 5435:978-0-7425-4666-0 5368:978-83-7452-036-2 5341:978-0-7864-2009-4 5291:978-1-912174-34-8 5225:Strzembosz (1983) 5213:Strzembosz (1983) 5199:978-83-02-05061-9 5160:978-0-415-05346-4 5123:on 3 October 2013 5041:978-0-85303-656-2 5013:978-0-85303-656-2 4783:978-0-674-06816-2 4741:978-83-916862-7-0 4714:978-0-313-26007-0 4641:The Polish Review 4625:978-83-02-05061-9 4598:978-0-521-19687-1 4527:978-83-85209-12-6 4383:978-1-85109-770-8 4314:978-83-240-3431-4 4255:978-83-87988-08-1 4212:978-1-4128-2488-0 4154:978-0-429-69636-7 4107:978-0-8179-8861-6 4080:978-0-521-27501-9 4034:978-1-135-96957-8 4007:978-1-135-92701-1 3982:Encyklopedia WIEM 3919:978-0-230-50488-2 3886:, Bellona, 1996, 3685:fall of communism 3586:Operation Tempest 3544:Władysław Gomułka 3536:Secretary General 3469:Operation Tempest 3351:, remembered as " 3310:Przebraże Defence 3224:(Glinciszki) and 2900:, and another in 2505: 2504: 2490:Acts of sabotage 2291:) and Home Army ( 2229:Operation Tempest 2209:Operation Garland 2068:the first reports 2005:Der Klabautermann 1975: 1974: 1889:Rolnik (farmer), 1809:Julian Filipowicz 1571:Zygmunt Miłkowski 1493:Stefan Czerwiński 1465:Southeastern area 1367:Albin Skroczyński 1351:Operation Tempest 1292:Obszar Warszawski 1244: 1243: 1098:27 September 1939 1089: 1063:Replaced because 1025:", "Spearhead"). 887:Janina Karasiówna 806:Operation Tempest 771:Operation Tempest 661:), which General 651: 650: 610:History of Poland 484:Mostly integrated 312:Underground State 287:fall of communism 250:Operation Tempest 175: 174: 16:(Redirected from 9453: 9370:Leopold Okulicki 9334: 9327: 9320: 9311: 9310: 9285:Related articles 9263:Soviet partisans 9208: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9175: 9174: 8889:Civil Resistance 8865: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8832: 8831: 8774:Membership lists 8695:A. Stelmachowski 8675:Z. Romanowiczowa 8512:Leopold Okulicki 8481: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8448: 8447: 8404:Civil Resistance 8255: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8181: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8134: 8098: 8077: 8058: 8035: 8009: 7985: 7964: 7945: 7926: 7907: 7890:Moorhouse, Roger 7885: 7863: 7851: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7665:. 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Archived from 4417: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4368: 4357: 4356: 4336: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4275:Encyklopedia PWN 4266: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4197: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4064: 4039: 4038: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3924: 3923: 3903: 3894: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3850:Encyklopedia PWN 3841: 3816: 3800: 3758: 3755:Soviet partisans 3746: 3727:Western betrayal 3548:Roman Zambrowski 3423:Polish partisans 3346: 3185:battalions, the 3182:Schutzmannschaft 3021:Antoni Chruściel 2910: 2892:Daily operations 2886:Jan Dobraczyński 2862:Stefan Korboński 2835:Szmul Zygielbojm 2683: 2668: 2299: 2261:rising in Kraków 2158:Major operations 2110:wreckage from a 2054: 1703:Henryk Krajewski 1677:Antoni Chruściel 1608:Henryk Kowalówka 1586:Janusz Pałubicki 1518:Władysław Herman 1333: 1332: 1240: 1222: 1211:Leopold Okulicki 1204: 1186: 1168: 1155:Heinrich Himmler 1139: 1121: 1110:, fought in the 1099: 1079: 1051: 1050: 1039:Leopold Okulicki 1002:chain of command 922: 910: 895: 880: 872:Grażyna Lipińska 862:Elżbieta Zawacka 819: 679:Armed Resistance 643: 636: 629: 612:during 1939–1945 555:Armed Resistance 514:Armed Resistance 488:Armed Resistance 416:Hashomer Hatzair 406:Democratic Party 322: 297: 296: 223:Polish partisans 200: 195: 170:Antoni Chruściel 162:Leopold Okulicki 137: 83:) emblem of the 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 59: 39: 38: 21: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9346: 9343:(Armia Krajowa) 9338: 9308: 9303: 9294:Warsaw Uprising 9273: 9272: 9267: 9246: 9210: 9202: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9140: 9077: 9056: 9010: 8969:Warsaw commands 8964: 8940:Żaglowiec Group 8935:Battalion Zośka 8903: 8867: 8859: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8796: 8790: 8769: 8755:T. Żenczykowski 8710:Z. Szendzielarz 8635:J. Mazurkiewicz 8620:A. Krzyżanowski 8545:W. Bartoszewski 8540:K. K. Baczyński 8522: 8516: 8483: 8475: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8418: 8392: 8388:Operation Antyk 8366: 8337:Project Big Ben 8314: 8308: 8274:Zamość uprising 8269:Warsaw Uprising 8257: 8249: 8210: 8189: 8175: 8132: 8122:Wayback Machine 8106: 8101: 8095: 8074: 8055: 8032: 8006: 7982: 7961: 7942: 7923: 7904: 7882: 7848: 7828: 7823: 7814: 7810: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7615:Polska Newsweek 7609: 7608: 7604: 7573: 7569: 7557: 7553: 7542: 7538: 7532:Wayback Machine 7511: 7504: 7490: 7486: 7472: 7453: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7159: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7039: 7016: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6968:Gazeta Wyborcza 6959: 6955: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6845:Snyder, Timothy 6842: 6835: 6828: 6814: 6810: 6795:(in Lithuanian) 6794: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6685: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6629: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6372: 6368: 6343: 6332: 6324: 6310:David Wdowiński 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6219: 6210: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5992:on 11 May 2023. 5989: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5684: 5671: 5631: 5627: 5596: 5589: 5577: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5546: 5535: 5528: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5399: 5392: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5276: 5269: 5263:Wayback Machine 5250: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4910: 4871: 4867: 4828: 4824: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4764: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4672: 4668: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4562: 4558: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4439: 4435: 4430:on 16 May 2023. 4398: 4391: 4384: 4370: 4369: 4360: 4337: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4225: 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2552:Oberscharführer 2539:Operation Bürkl 2532:Operation Heads 2516: 2514:Operation Heads 2510: 2296: 2241:Warsaw Uprising 2196:Generalplan Ost 2160: 2131: 2076:Project Big Ben 2048: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1963: 1947:Jan Korkozowicz 1944: 1940: 1928: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1879: 1871: 1853: 1849: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1777: 1773: 1752: 1748: 1727: 1723: 1700: 1696: 1685: 1674: 1672: 1649: 1645: 1627: 1623: 1605: 1601: 1583: 1579: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1544: 1540: 1515: 1511: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1434: 1432: 1403: 1401: 1380: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1300:Obszar Zachodni 1249: 1192:Warsaw Uprising 1159:Warsaw Uprising 1140:– 30 June 1943 1078: 946: 934:Warsaw Uprising 916: 904: 889: 874: 850:Warsaw Uprising 838: 797: 766: 761: 753:Franz Kutschera 715:and signed the 647: 618: 617: 614: 611: 594: 586: 585: 577: 575: 562: 561: 552: 549: 521: 520: 511: 508: 495: 494: 485: 482: 464: 461: 455: 451: 449: 441: 440: 427: 425: 397: 395: 372: 370: 368: 360: 359: 335: 327: 311: 295: 254:Warsaw Uprising 193: 178: 168: 164: 160: 156: 149: 88: 80: 77: 74: 71: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9459: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9360:Stefan Rowecki 9357: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9337: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9314: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9201: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8955:Żniwiarz Group 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8858: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8705:J. Szczepański 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8610:B. Kostrzewska 8607: 8605:K. Kierzkowski 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8575:J. Bokszczanin 8572: 8570:A. Bohdziewicz 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8502:Stefan Rowecki 8499: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:Operation Belt 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8248: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8225: 8219: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8174: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8125: 8112: 8105: 8104:External links 8102: 8100: 8099: 8093: 8078: 8072: 8059: 8053: 8036: 8030: 8010: 8004: 7986: 7980: 7965: 7959: 7946: 7940: 7927: 7921: 7908: 7902: 7894:Killing Hitler 7886: 7880: 7864: 7856:Davies, Norman 7852: 7846: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7808: 7800:Walter Laqueur 7792: 7785: 7765: 7758: 7752:. p. 79. 7734: 7720: 7694: 7672: 7654: 7632: 7602: 7567: 7551: 7543:Michał Zając, 7536: 7525:online excerpt 7523:, London. See 7502: 7484: 7474:Rzeczpospolita 7451: 7430:(April 2006). 7416: 7409: 7389: 7387:, p. 578. 7377: 7361: 7359:, p. 448. 7349: 7347:, p. 120. 7337: 7335:, p. 413. 7325: 7323:, p. 110. 7313: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7266:, p. 327. 7256: 7243: 7241:, p. 390. 7231: 7229:, p. 324. 7219: 7206: 7180: 7168: 7157: 7134: 7128:978-9637326981 7127: 7104: 7078:(2): 336–363. 7055: 7014: 7006: 6986: 6953: 6932: 6898: 6891: 6870: 6863: 6857:. p. 84. 6833: 6826: 6808: 6787: 6775: 6770:Polska Zbrojna 6756: 6744: 6742:, p. 346. 6732: 6730:, p. 189. 6720: 6718:, p. 299. 6708: 6701: 6676: 6650: 6643: 6596: 6587: 6575: 6536: 6529: 6511: 6504: 6484: 6482:, p. 194. 6472: 6453: 6446: 6426: 6413: 6400: 6393: 6366: 6330: 6322: 6301: 6299:, p. 175. 6289: 6283:978-0252064791 6282: 6264: 6256: 6238: 6231: 6208: 6201: 6181: 6179:, p. 188. 6162: 6131: 6124: 6104: 6068: 6061: 6041: 6038:on 9 May 2023. 6019: 6015:Zimmerman 2015 6007: 6005:, p. 317. 5995: 5957: 5950: 5930: 5921: 5896: 5871: 5846: 5821: 5796: 5771: 5746: 5728: 5703: 5696: 5669: 5625: 5606:(2): 259–276. 5587: 5560: 5533: 5526: 5507: 5456: 5454:, p. 418. 5441: 5434: 5414: 5390: 5374: 5367: 5347: 5340: 5320: 5297: 5290: 5267: 5229: 5227:, p. 423. 5217: 5205: 5198: 5178: 5176:, p. 166. 5166: 5159: 5134: 5099: 5073: 5047: 5040: 5022: 5012: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4938: 4923: 4908: 4881:(4): 787–790. 4865: 4838:(2): 528–529. 4822: 4789: 4782: 4747: 4740: 4720: 4713: 4693: 4666: 4631: 4624: 4604: 4597: 4577: 4556: 4533: 4526: 4506: 4503:on 7 May 2023. 4478: 4433: 4389: 4382: 4358: 4355:on 9 May 2023. 4320: 4313: 4293: 4282:on 12 May 2014 4270:"Armia Ludowa" 4261: 4254: 4234: 4218: 4211: 4189: 4168: 4153: 4132: 4113: 4106: 4086: 4079: 4040: 4033: 4013: 4006: 3986: 3925: 3918: 3895: 3868: 3857:on 12 May 2014 3817: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3657:Batalion Zośka 3498: 3495: 3384: 3381: 3284:Stepan Bandera 3237: 3234: 3139: 3136: 3052: 3049: 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2956:Witold Pilecki 2943: 2940: 2893: 2890: 2882:Henryk Iwański 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2564: 2512:Main article: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2305:Total numbers 2303: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2215:Operation Belt 2212: 2206: 2199: 2159: 2156: 2130: 2127: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1937: 1936:Foreign areas 1933: 1932: 1923: 1920: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1882:Jan Zientarski 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1843: 1842: 1817: 1814: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1652:Janusz Szlaski 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1576: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1480: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1442: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1411: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1372: 1354: 1353: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1221:3 October 1944 1218: 1213: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1149:Imprisoned in 1147: 1141: 1135: 1130: 1128:Stefan Rowecki 1123: 1122: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1013:Stefan Rowecki 998: 997: 992: 982: 979: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 945: 942: 898:Emilia Malessa 885:in 1942–1944. 846:Radosław Group 837: 834: 796: 793: 765: 762: 760: 757: 725:Katyn massacre 649: 648: 646: 645: 638: 631: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 608: 606: 601: 595: 593:Related topics 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 574: 573: 568: 550: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 509: 507: 506: 501: 483: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 458: 453:Home Army (AK) 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 394: 393: 388: 386:National Party 383: 381:People's Party 378: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 345:Administration 342: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 315: 314: 306: 305: 294: 291: 201:; abbreviated 176: 173: 172: 158:Stefan Rowecki 151: 145: 144: 140: 139: 138:400,000 (1944) 133: 129: 128: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 60: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9458: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9335: 9330: 9328: 9323: 9321: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9199: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9042:Silent Unseen 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8976:I Śródmieście 8974: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8827: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8765:T. Żychiewicz 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8735:A. Zakrzewska 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8655:T. Pełczyński 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8472: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315:and espionage 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8284:Lwów uprising 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197:Main articles 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8186: 8185:Armia Krajowa 8180: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8054:83-06-00717-4 8050: 8046: 8042: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7922:83-7399-163-8 7918: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7903:0-224-07121-1 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7847:0-89839-082-6 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7788: 7786:0-8014-8542-8 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7698: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7642: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7509: 7507: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7386: 7385:Motyka (2006) 7381: 7371: 7368:Anna Kondek, 7365: 7358: 7357:Motyka (2011) 7353: 7346: 7345:Motyka (2016) 7341: 7334: 7333:Motyka (2006) 7329: 7322: 7321:Motyka (2016) 7317: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7288:Motyka (2006) 7284: 7277: 7276:Motyka (2006) 7272: 7265: 7264:Motyka (2006) 7260: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7239:Motyka (2006) 7235: 7228: 7227:Motyka (2006) 7223: 7216: 7213:J. P. Himka. 7210: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7177: 7176:Motyka (2011) 7172: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7143:Cooke, Philip 7138: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7009: 7007:0-7546-4281-X 7003: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6943: 6935: 6933:83-907168-0-3 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6902: 6894: 6892:83-11-08544-7 6888: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6864:0-300-10586-X 6860: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6827:0-521-00774-7 6823: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6798:Arūnas Bubnys 6791: 6784: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6637:. McFarland. 6636: 6635: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6359: 6356:(in Polish). 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6323:0-8022-2486-5 6319: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6257:0-8022-2486-5 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6151:on 8 May 2023 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6108: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5988: 5984: 5981:(in Polish). 5980: 5973: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5806: 5800: 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4956: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4936:, p. 54. 4935: 4930: 4928: 4921:, p. 98. 4920: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4449:(in Polish). 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4185:83-02-05500-X 4182: 4178: 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2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:Warsaw Ghetto 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913:Warsaw Ghetto 2908: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2820:, August 1944 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2749:hand grenades 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2718:, indigenous 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2576:Brigadeführer 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2515: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2356: 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1813: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 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605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 590: 589: 582: 579: 578: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 560: 556: 553:authority of 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 519: 515: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 493: 489: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 463: 462:Victory (SZP) 457: 456: 454: 445: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 396:Minor parties 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 371:Major parties 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 331: 330: 326: 321: 317: 316: 313: 308: 307: 303: 299: 298: 290: 288: 284: 279: 275: 270: 265: 263: 262:collaborators 259: 255: 251: 247: 246:Eastern Front 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199: 191: 190:Armia Krajowa 187: 183: 177:Military unit 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 146: 141: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87:and Home Army 86: 66: 65: 58: 53: 49: 48:Armia Krajowa 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Armia Krajowa 9342: 9222:Nazi Germany 9061:Predecessors 9045: 8960:Żyrafa Group 8908:Combat units 8795:Emblems and 8715:A. Szklarski 8690:D. Smoleński 8685:J. Rutkowski 8645:K. Moczarski 8630:J. J. Lerski 8615:H. Krahelska 8595:S. Jankowski 8397:Directorates 8184: 8182: 8083: 8063: 8044: 8040: 8017: 7994: 7970: 7950: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7871: 7862:. Macmillan. 7859: 7837: 7826:Bibliography 7816: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7775: 7768: 7744: 7737: 7725:. Retrieved 7705: 7697: 7685:. Retrieved 7675: 7667:the original 7657: 7645:. Retrieved 7635: 7623:. Retrieved 7619:the original 7614: 7605: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7554: 7544: 7539: 7513: 7496: 7487: 7477: 7439: 7433: 7399: 7392: 7380: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7246: 7234: 7222: 7209: 7197:. Retrieved 7192: 7183: 7171: 7162: 7147: 7137: 7117: 7107: 7096:the original 7075: 7071: 7058: 7048: 6996: 6989: 6977:. Retrieved 6973:the original 6966: 6956: 6919: 6909: 6901: 6882: 6849: 6817: 6811: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6769: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6690: 6669:27 September 6667:. Retrieved 6663: 6653: 6633: 6590: 6578: 6566:. 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