677:
635:
33:
75:
653:
665:
2066:
52:
2052:
585: in) wide. Their tops are darker green than their undersides. They have rounded tips tapering back to the base, held vertically by a twisted leaf stalk in an alternate arrangement on the stem. The leaves remain green for 1–3 years before falling in autumn, when their colour changes to a reddish-green or purple, pale on the underside.
553:
shrub growing to 5–30 centimetres (2–12 inches) high. Wild stands of the species can be dense, with heights rarely taller than 15 cm (6 in). Erect branching twigs emerge from long flexible prostrate stems, which are produced by single roots. The trailing stems will layer, sending out small
612:
inch (6 to 13 mm) in diameter. The red fruits persist on the plant into early winter. The fruits are bittersweet when raw, but sweeter when boiled and dried. Each drupe contains 1 to 5 hard seeds, which need to be
554:
roots periodically. The finely textured velvety branches are initially white to pale green, becoming smooth and red-brown with maturity. The small solitary three-scaled buds are dark brown.
634:
3560:
1163:
on hillsides and slopes due to its deep roots. It is tolerant of sun and dry soils, and is thus common groundcover in urban areas, in naturalized areas, and in native plant or
676:
2831:
2845:
2873:
2859:
2852:
2817:
588:
Terminal clusters of small urn-shaped flowers bloom from May to June. The flowers are white to pink, and bear round, fleshy or mealy, bright red to pink fruits called
2866:
2838:
1274:
837:
bark in pipes. Numerous common names exist, depending on region, such as mealberry, sandberry, mountain-box, fox-plum, hog-crawberry, and barren myrtle.
3600:
3138:
2790:
2275:
794:(meaning "bunch of grapes") in reference to the fruits which form grape-like clusters. In the wild, the fruits are commonly eaten by bears. The
3213:
1025:, as a potential emergency condition. Preliminary studies indicate that arbutin may be toxic when ingested in high doses. Uva ursi may cause
3285:
3437:
3086:
2056:
3585:
3450:
3151:
3099:
495:
for "smoking mixture") is a common name in Canada and the United States. Growing up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) in height, the
1415:
1122:
Dried bearberry leaves are the main component in many traditional North
American Native smoking mixes, known collectively as "
3570:
3179:
2110:
1885:
1651:
1464:
3264:
3156:
1452:
3530:
1185:
3555:
3424:
3050:
1318:
2969:
2070:
2031:
2006:
1977:
1946:
1376:
3580:
3565:
3218:
3463:
3125:
59:
2080:
642:
3575:
3303:
2893:
1918:
1520:
1282:
3481:
3200:
1108:
3078:
2824:
2576:
2513:
1068:. The berries were used as seasoning and cooked with meat. The young leaves can be made into tea. Teas and
849:
is circumpolar, and it is widespread in northern latitudes, but confined to high altitudes further south:
74:
1279:(L.) Spreng; E-Flora: Electronic atlas of the flora of British Columbia; In: Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor)"
625:
to reduce the seed coat and break embryo dormancy. There is an average of 40,900 cleaned seeds per pound.
3311:
2990:
2752:
2745:
2723:
2660:
2653:
2569:
2443:
2380:
2345:
932:
3455:
3476:
3298:
2810:
2688:
2618:
2597:
2338:
1512:
1488:
1232:
1227:
759:
3104:
3595:
3254:
3174:
3065:
2632:
2583:
2527:
2506:
2485:
2478:
2401:
2324:
2269:
2255:
2103:
1281:. E-Flora BC, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia Herbarium. 2018. Archived from
3545:
2759:
2674:
2667:
2646:
2611:
2590:
2548:
2534:
2520:
2499:
2492:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2331:
2262:
1006:
3192:
3016:
1812:
De Arriba, S. G; Naser, B; Nolte, K. U (2013). "Risk assessment of free hydroquinone derived from
3535:
2716:
2639:
2604:
2562:
2408:
1875:
1131:
1112:
1077:
1065:
3362:
3290:
739:
3550:
3143:
3073:
2931:
2695:
2681:
2625:
2555:
2541:
2457:
2429:
2394:
2366:
936:
3590:
2422:
2415:
2352:
2317:
1167:. As the seeds are difficult to germinate they are most often propagated using rooted stems.
948:
866:
758:
have been accepted, however as of 2024 they are considered synonyms by major sources such as
191:
3231:
1969:
1963:
3024:
2436:
2194:
2180:
2096:
1793:. PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 16 November 2019
1584:
1073:
920:
822:
8:
3249:
2152:
1456:
1064:
as food. While edible raw, the fruits are fairly bland that way, but can be used to make
618:
484:
477:
41:
3277:
3502:
3370:
2913:
2904:
2215:
2201:
2159:
2088:
1841:
1737:
Introducing the
Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies
1618:
1609:
1563:
1482:
1127:
874:
858:
763:
614:
220:
69:
652:
3411:
3241:
3226:
2998:
2173:
2166:
2145:
2138:
2027:
2002:
1973:
1942:
1914:
1891:
1881:
1833:
1647:
1516:
1470:
1460:
1372:
1116:
1018:
987:
825:
word meaning "smoking mixture". Native
Americans and early pioneers smoked the dried
1845:
1567:
1346:
3540:
3507:
3375:
2884:
1909:
Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
1825:
1790:
1716:
1553:
1145:
1061:
952:
795:
664:
521:
3416:
3003:
3402:
3329:
3166:
2801:
2187:
2024:
Jewels of the plains : wild flowers of the Great Plains grasslands and hills
1934:
1641:
944:
528:
112:
3352:
3316:
3205:
1535:
32:
3272:
2783:
2226:
1877:
Northwest
Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest
1218:
1034:
1026:
983:
973:
535:
508:
492:
472:
168:
99:
3524:
3429:
3055:
2954:
2208:
1939:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
1895:
1829:
1558:
1537:
1474:
1081:
1038:
1030:
969:
719:
703:
3494:
3342:
1837:
1123:
1100:
924:
727:
707:
1763:
1446:
3187:
3112:
2980:
2963:
2120:
1724:. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. pp. 37–47.
1678:= bunch of grapes or berries; hence bearberry, pertaining redundantly to
1164:
1152:
1049:
1045:
928:
715:
711:
622:
550:
3442:
3091:
1538:"Chromatographic separation of tannin fractions from a bearberry leaf (
1104:
1084:
1002:
940:
916:
755:
561:
are shiny, small, and feel thick and stiff, measuring about 4 cm (
951:
in the northeast United States. It is prevalent across all regions of
369:(Braun-Blanq.) Rivas Mart. ex Torre, Alcaraz & M.B.Crespo (1995)
3117:
3037:
1672:
1664:
1149:
1096:
912:
743:
516:
500:
481:
158:
2925:
3489:
3396:
3337:
3130:
2948:
2065:
1141:
1092:
1088:
905:
897:
345:(Fernald & J.F.Macbr.) Á.Löve, D.Löve & B.M.Kapoor (1971)
281:(Fernald & J.F.Macbr.) Á.Löve, D.Löve & B.M.Kapoor (1972)
148:
138:
125:
3042:
1880:(Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 107.
527:
means "grape of the bear" in Latin, similar to the meaning of the
3468:
3011:
2774:
2129:
1160:
1069:
1022:
956:
889:
854:
834:
830:
731:
212:
3029:
2051:
1356:. USDA NRCS Northeast Plant Materials Program. 31 January 2002.
1156:
901:
893:
882:
878:
735:
558:
496:
2026:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 26–27.
3324:
1536:
Pegg, Ronald B.; Rybarczyk, Anna; Amarowicz, Ryszard (2008).
1017:
One review indicated that ingestion of large doses can cause
870:
862:
775:
723:
589:
504:
333:(Fernald & J.F.Macbr.) Calder & Roy L.Taylor (1965)
86:
1137:
Indigenous peoples also used the plant to make yellow dye.
787:
1507:
Clapham, Arthur; Tutin, Thomas; Warburg, Frederic (1989).
3561:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
2118:
1060:
Bearberry fruits and leaves are used by members of the
208:
1134:, often including other herbs and sometimes tobacco.
1130:
for "smoking mixture") used especially among western
1965:
Western
Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
1811:
1506:
2244:
1992:
1863:. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. p. 101.
1718:Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho
1646:. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas. p. 13.
1321:. Alberta Plant Watch, Government of Alberta. 2019
829:leaves and bark alone or mixed with other herbs,
3522:
1908:
911:in North America from arctic Alaska, Canada and
1933:
592:. The smooth, glossy skinned fruits range from
514:One of several related species referred to as
2104:
1546:Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
1579:
1577:
1119:that such treatments are effective or safe.
1692:
1684:
1183:
840:
2111:
2097:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1177:
1099:, leaf tea is used to treat urinary tract
50:
31:
1714:
1574:
1557:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
993:Bears and other animals eat the berries.
1873:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1448:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1366:
503:. The flowers are white to pink and the
1961:
1858:
1778:
1710:
1708:
1706:
3601:Plants used in Native American cuisine
3523:
1993:Moerman, Daniel E. (15 August 1998). "
1734:
1410:
1408:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1296:
1269:
1213:
1211:
2930:
2929:
2092:
1743:
1639:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
2021:
1861:Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians
1703:
1529:
1509:Excursion Flora of the British Isles
1453:United States Department of the Army
1441:
1439:
1437:
1371:. Sonora, California: Hooker Press.
1818:International Journal of Toxicology
1805:
1332:
1208:
305:(Braun-Blanq.) Rivas Mart. (2011)
13:
1495:
1385:
1246:
1196:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
1048:to form hydroquinone, a potential
1044:The leaves contain arbutin, which
321:Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan (1849)
14:
3612:
3304:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1024084-2
2044:
1739:. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 114.
1434:
1422:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019
1148:. It is an attractive year-round
453:(L.) Cockerell ex Daniels (1911)
2064:
2050:
1542:L. Sprengel) extract by Se-HPLC"
1159:, and is useful for controlling
1072:of the leaves have been used in
675:
663:
651:
633:
470:is a plant species of the genus
73:
3482:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17566-2
2015:
1986:
1955:
1927:
1902:
1867:
1852:
1728:
1715:Patterson, Patricia A. (1985).
1633:
1602:
1144:that are propagated for use as
996:
3586:Garden plants of North America
2894:Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia
1937:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
1911:The Cultural History of Plants
1360:
1347:"Plant fact sheet: Bearberry (
575: in) long and 1 cm (
541:
1:
1816:folium herbal preparations".
1170:
1109:sexually transmitted diseases
802:, comes from the Latin words
749:
410:Daphnidostaphylis fendleriana
405:Packer & Denford (1974)
381:Packer & Denford (1974)
3571:Smoking in the United States
2825:Comarostaphylis diversifolia
2577:Arctostaphylos montereyensis
2514:Arctostaphylos confertiflora
1673:
1665:
1643:The Manzanitas of California
919:, north coast, central High
769:
697:
549:is a small procumbent woody
7:
2832:Comarostaphylis glaucescens
2753:Arctostaphylos gabilanensis
2746:Arctostaphylos rainbowensis
2724:Arctostaphylos peninsularis
2661:Arctostaphylos regismontana
2654:Arctostaphylos refugioensis
2570:Arctostaphylos montaraensis
2444:Arctostaphylos stanfordiana
2381:Arctostaphylos klamathensis
2346:Arctostaphylos gabrielensis
1999:Native American ethnobotany
1968:. New York: Knopf. p.
1111:, as of 2017, there was no
1012:
782:comes from the Greek words
702:The plant contains diverse
294:Arctostaphylos angustifolia
10:
3617:
3531:NatureServe secure species
2846:Comarostaphylis longifolia
2811:Comarostaphylis arbutoides
2689:Arctostaphylos viridissima
2619:Arctostaphylos pajaroensis
2598:Arctostaphylos obispoensis
2339:Arctostaphylos franciscana
1513:Cambridge University Press
1369:Discover California Shrubs
1233:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1228:Plants of the World Online
1103:. Though thought to be an
963:
760:Plants of the World Online
476:widely distributed across
313:Wimm. & Grab. (1827)
310:Arctostaphylos officinalis
302:Arctostaphylos crassifolia
278:Arctostaphylos adenotricha
16:Species of fruit and plant
3556:Flora of Northern America
3386:
2938:
2903:
2883:
2874:Comarostaphylis spinulosa
2860:Comarostaphylis polifolia
2853:Comarostaphylis mucronata
2800:
2773:
2737:
2705:
2633:Arctostaphylos pechoensis
2584:Arctostaphylos morroensis
2528:Arctostaphylos glandulosa
2507:Arctostaphylos columbiana
2486:Arctostaphylos auriculata
2479:Arctostaphylos andersonii
2467:
2402:Arctostaphylos nevadensis
2325:Arctostaphylos densiflora
2306:
2296:
2277:Arctostaphylos nummularia
2270:Arctostaphylos nummularia
2256:Arctostaphylos myrtifolia
2234:
2225:
2128:
1962:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
1913:. Routledge. p. 99.
1859:Hellson, John C. (1974).
1766:. Drugs.com. 19 July 2017
1735:Reiner, Ralph E. (1969).
1640:Wells, Philip V. (2000).
1080:people over centuries as
1005:in several states of the
933:Central Coast, California
810:(bear), reflected by the
643:Köhler's Medicinal Plants
318:Arctostaphylos procumbens
226:
219:
197:
190:
70:Scientific classification
68:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2818:Comarostaphylis discolor
2760:Arctostaphylos ohloneana
2675:Arctostaphylos tomentosa
2668:Arctostaphylos silvicola
2647:Arctostaphylos purissima
2612:Arctostaphylos otayensis
2591:Arctostaphylos nortensis
2549:Arctostaphylos imbricata
2535:Arctostaphylos glutinosa
2521:Arctostaphylos cruzensis
2500:Arctostaphylos catalinae
2493:Arctostaphylos canescens
2388:Arctostaphylos manzanita
2374:Arctostaphylos insularis
2360:Arctostaphylos hispidula
2332:Arctostaphylos edmundsii
2263:Arctostaphylos nissenana
2022:Barr, Claude A. (1983).
1830:10.1177/1091581813507721
1007:Midwestern United States
841:Distribution and habitat
398:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
386:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
374:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
362:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
350:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
338:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
326:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
3581:Garden plants of Europe
3566:Native American culture
3255:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2970:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2940:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2867:Comarostaphylis sharpii
2717:Arctostaphylos pringlei
2640:Arctostaphylos pilosula
2605:Arctostaphylos osoensis
2563:Arctostaphylos malloryi
2451:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2409:Arctostaphylos parryana
2083:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2072:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2058:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1995:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1874:Benoliel, Doug (2011).
1814:Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
1612:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1587:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1540:Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
1418:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1349:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1277:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1221:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1188:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
1055:
980:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
929:Mono County, California
847:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
780:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
547:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
467:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
201:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
25:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
2839:Comarostaphylis lanata
2696:Arctostaphylos wellsii
2682:Arctostaphylos virgata
2626:Arctostaphylos pallida
2556:Arctostaphylos luciana
2542:Arctostaphylos hooveri
2458:Arctostaphylos viscida
2430:Arctostaphylos pungens
2395:Arctostaphylos mewukka
2367:Arctostaphylos hookeri
1941:. Knopf. p. 497.
1693:
1685:
1559:10.17221/234/2008-cjfs
1487:: CS1 maint: others (
937:San Francisco Bay Area
3576:Garden plants of Asia
2423:Arctostaphylos pumila
2416:Arctostaphylos patula
2353:Arctostaphylos glauca
2318:Arctostaphylos bakeri
1791:"Arbutin, CID 440936"
1367:Casebeer, M. (2004).
1113:high-quality evidence
1001:The plant is rare or
972:species and may be a
949:Appalachian Mountains
286:Arctostaphylos alpina
2437:Arctostaphylos rudis
2195:Arbutus peninsularis
2181:Arbutus occidentalis
2061:at Wikimedia Commons
1585:"Plants profile for
1459:. 2009. p. 28.
1194:NatureServe Explorer
1184:NatureServe (2023).
1074:traditional medicine
888:in Asia from arctic
845:The distribution of
806:(meaning grape) and
538:for "bear grapes").
478:circumboreal regions
357:Rivas Mart. (1963)
2153:Arbutus canariensis
1935:Niering, William A.
1591:. USDA Plants. 2019
1457:Skyhorse Publishing
740:phenolic glycosides
485:Northern Hemisphere
442:Uva-ursi procumbens
429:(L.) Desv. (1813)
421:(L.) Desv. (1813)
254:Arbutus officinalis
42:Conservation status
2914:Xylococcus bicolor
2216:Arbutus xalapensis
2202:Arbutus tessellata
2160:Arbutus glandulosa
2081:Medicinal Plants:
2001:. pp. 87–88.
1619:World Flora Online
1511:(Third ed.).
1420:; 'Massachusetts'"
1319:"Common bearberry"
1140:There are several
1037:, or pregnant and
1021:, with nausea and
1019:allergic reactions
861:south to southern
859:North Cape, Norway
764:World Flora Online
640:Illustration from
434:Uva-ursi buxifolia
426:Mairrania uva-ursi
262:Arbutus procumbens
3518:
3517:
3227:Open Tree of Life
2932:Taxon identifiers
2923:
2922:
2769:
2768:
2733:
2732:
2292:
2291:
2174:Arbutus menziesii
2167:Arbutus madrensis
2146:Arbutus arizonica
2139:Arbutus andrachne
2123:subfamily species
2055:Media related to
1887:978-1-59485-366-1
1653:978-0-933994-22-5
1466:978-1-60239-692-0
1146:ornamental plants
1117:clinical research
988:spruce broom rust
817:The common name,
463:
462:
454:
450:Uva-ursi uva-ursi
446:
438:
430:
422:
418:Mairania uva-ursi
414:
413:Klotzsch (1851)
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
246:Arbutus buxifolia
242:
63:
3608:
3596:Medicinal plants
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3388:Arbutus uva-ursi
3379:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3239:Panartic Flora:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3206:NHMSYS0000456036
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2927:
2926:
2885:Ornithostaphylos
2304:
2303:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2069:Data related to
2068:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1676:
1668:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1181:
1062:Blackfeet Nation
953:British Columbia
853:in Europe, from
796:specific epithet
679:
667:
655:
637:
611:
610:
606:
601:
600:
596:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
566:
522:specific epithet
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
401:
392:
389:
380:
377:
368:
365:
356:
353:
344:
341:
332:
329:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
270:Arbutus uva-ursi
265:Salisb. (1796)
264:
256:
248:
240:
203:
183:A. uva-ursi
78:
77:
57:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3546:Flora of Europe
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3164:MichiganFlora:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2899:
2879:
2802:Comarostaphylis
2796:
2765:
2729:
2701:
2463:
2288:
2221:
2188:Arbutus pavarii
2124:
2117:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1907:
1903:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1698:= of the bear).
1662:is from Greek:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1589:(kinnikinnick)"
1583:
1582:
1575:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:. p. 231.
1505:
1496:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1058:
1029:in people with
1027:adverse effects
1015:
999:
966:
945:Rocky Mountains
877:) and northern
843:
772:
752:
700:
695:
694:
693:
690:
680:
671:
668:
659:
656:
647:
638:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
564:
562:
544:
529:generic epithet
459:
445:Moench (1794)
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
257:Boiss. (1875)
249:Stokes (1812)
241:Gilib. (1782)
232:
231:
215:
205:
199:
186:
72:
64:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Arctostaphylos
3533:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:wfo-0000543207
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:wfo-0000543738
3367:
3357:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3259:
3246:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2960:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2784:Arctous alpina
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2708:Pictobracteata
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2470:Foliobracteata
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2309:Arctostaphylos
2301:
2299:Arctostaphylos
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:mendocinoensis
2266:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2227:Arctostaphylos
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2075:at Wikispecies
2062:
2046:
2045:External links
2043:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2014:
2007:
1985:
1978:
1954:
1947:
1926:
1919:
1901:
1886:
1866:
1851:
1804:
1777:
1742:
1727:
1702:
1660:Arctostaphylos
1652:
1632:
1601:
1573:
1552:(4): 485–490.
1528:
1521:
1494:
1465:
1433:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1331:
1295:
1245:
1207:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1057:
1054:
1035:kidney disease
1014:
1011:
998:
995:
984:alternate host
965:
962:
961:
960:
909:
886:
842:
839:
771:
768:
754:As many as 14
751:
748:
734:, up to 17%),
720:essential oils
704:phytochemicals
699:
696:
692:
691:
681:
674:
672:
669:
662:
660:
657:
650:
648:
639:
632:
629:
628:
627:
543:
540:
532:Arctostaphylos
473:Arctostaphylos
461:
460:
458:
457:
456:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
395:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
315:
307:
299:
297:Payot (1882)
291:
289:Payot (1882)
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
238:Arbutus acerba
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
178:
174:
173:
170:Arctostaphylos
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
49:
46:
45:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Flora of Asia
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2791:Arctous rubra
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:Arbutus unedo
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2033:0-8166-1127-0
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2008:0-88192-453-9
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1979:0-394-73127-1
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1948:0-394-50432-1
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:(6): 442–53.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1378:0-9665463-1-8
1374:
1370:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:on 2018-04-04
1284:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:First Nations
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:urinary tract
1079:
1078:First Nations
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:breastfeeding
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
994:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
970:fire-tolerant
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Sierra Nevada
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Sierra Nevada
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
850:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
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805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
747:
745:
741:
738:(up to 15%),
737:
733:
729:
728:hydroquinones
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
688:
684:
678:
673:
666:
661:
654:
649:
645:
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631:
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469:
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451:
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437:Gray (1821)
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
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411:
408:
403:
396:
393:Roof (1980)
391:
384:
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367:
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196:
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192:Binomial name
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105:
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101:
100:Tracheophytes
98:
95:
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91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3591:Groundcovers
3387:
2939:
2912:
2892:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2789:
2782:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2298:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2236:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2082:
2071:
2057:
2023:
2017:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1964:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1768:. Retrieved
1736:
1730:
1717:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1617:
1614:(L.) Spreng"
1611:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1586:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1508:
1455:. New York:
1447:
1424:. Retrieved
1417:
1368:
1362:
1348:
1323:. Retrieved
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1276:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1223:(L.) Spreng"
1220:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1187:
1179:
1165:rock gardens
1139:
1136:
1124:kinnikinnick
1121:
1107:or cure for
1101:inflammation
1059:
1043:
1016:
1000:
997:Conservation
992:
979:
978:
967:
925:Convict Lake
846:
844:
826:
819:kinnikinnick
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
791:
783:
779:
773:
753:
708:ursolic acid
706:, including
701:
686:
682:
641:
587:
556:
546:
545:
531:
524:
515:
513:
489:Kinnikinnick
488:
471:
466:
465:
464:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
397:
385:
373:
366:crassifolius
361:
349:
337:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
132:
119:
106:
93:
24:
18:
3278:kew-2647407
3188:NatureServe
3113:iNaturalist
2964:Wikispecies
2247:Micrococcus
2237:Micrococcus
2121:Arbutoideae
1797:19 November
1680:A. uva-ursi
1153:groundcover
1085:antiseptics
1050:liver toxin
1046:metabolizes
974:seedbanking
915:, south to
885:mountains);
869:); central
716:gallic acid
712:tannic acid
683:A. uva-ursi
623:germination
551:groundcover
542:Description
378:longipilosa
354:crassifolia
330:adenotricha
273:L. (1753)
113:Angiosperms
60:NatureServe
3525:Categories
3360:WisFlora:
3273:Plant List
2988:Calflora:
2905:Xylococcus
2738:Unassigned
1920:0415927463
1764:"Uva ursi"
1595:2019-08-27
1522:0521232902
1325:2019-08-27
1289:2019-08-27
1190:Bearberry"
1171:References
1105:astringent
1003:endangered
947:; and the
941:New Mexico
917:California
814:nickname.
756:subspecies
750:Subspecies
744:flavonoids
619:stratified
491:(from the
3403:Q21870725
3131:1024084-2
3079:220001038
2297:Subgenus
2235:Subgenus
1896:668195076
1770:27 August
1690:= berry,
1674:staphylos
1658:The name
1483:cite book
1475:277203364
1426:27 August
1150:evergreen
1142:cultivars
1128:Algonquin
1097:herbalism
1093:laxatives
1089:diuretics
976:species.
913:Greenland
892:south to
875:Apennines
833:or dried
823:Algonquin
812:bearberry
786:(meaning
770:Etymology
698:Chemistry
621:prior to
615:scarified
517:bearberry
507:is a red
501:evergreen
482:subarctic
402:stipitata
390:monoensis
342:coactilis
177:Species:
159:Ericaceae
83:Kingdom:
3495:12303103
3490:Tropicos
3397:Wikidata
3350:VASCAN:
3343:12300006
3338:Tropicos
3325:Species+
3193:2.139183
3144:10422386
2978:BioLib:
2949:Wikidata
2706:Section
2468:Section
2307:Section
2245:Section
1846:24225098
1838:24296864
1682:(Latin:
1670:= bear,
1625:26 March
1568:37247418
1238:26 March
1200:17 April
1070:extracts
1023:seizures
1013:Toxicity
968:It is a
906:Himalaya
904:and the
898:Caucasus
827:uva-ursi
821:, is an
800:uva-ursi
792:staphyle
778:name of
730:(mainly
687:uva-ursi
525:uva-ursi
221:Synonyms
155:Family:
149:Ericales
139:Asterids
126:Eudicots
3541:Berries
3469:17566-2
3443:4169872
3175:MoBotPF
3092:2882580
3012:Ecocrop
2955:Q208032
2775:Arctous
2279:subsp.
2130:Arbutus
2119:Extant
1161:erosion
1157:gardens
1041:women.
964:Ecology
957:Alberta
943:in the
923:(above
890:Siberia
855:Iceland
835:dogwood
831:tobacco
736:tannins
732:arbutin
718:, some
685:subsp.
670:Flowers
658:Flowers
607:⁄
597:⁄
580:⁄
570:⁄
480:of the
213:Spreng.
165:Genus:
145:Order:
87:Plantae
58: (
56:Secure
3456:409372
3430:169583
3286:PLANTS
3242:741001
3232:100960
3180:279933
3066:arcuva
3063:FEIS:
3056:169582
3030:583640
2030:
2005:
1976:
1945:
1917:
1894:
1884:
1844:
1836:
1666:arctos
1650:
1566:
1519:
1473:
1463:
1375:
1091:, and
982:is an
902:Levant
900:, the
896:, the
894:Turkey
883:Pindus
879:Greece
790:) and
784:arctos
646:(1887)
590:drupes
559:leaves
520:, its
497:leaves
400:subsp.
388:subsp.
376:subsp.
364:subsp.
352:subsp.
340:subsp.
328:subsp.
3425:EUNIS
3330:29040
3262:PFI:
3219:84009
3157:23530
3139:IRMNG
3118:68049
3051:EUNIS
3043:ARYUU
3017:12414
2981:38970
1842:S2CID
1722:(PDF)
1564:S2CID
1354:(PDF)
1115:from
1095:. In
1066:jelly
1031:liver
939:, to
871:Italy
863:Spain
808:ursus
776:genus
724:resin
689:fruit
536:Greek
509:berry
505:fruit
493:Unami
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
3477:POWO
3464:IPNI
3451:GRIN
3438:GBIF
3417:G6RH
3363:2585
3353:5492
3317:1491
3299:POWO
3291:ARUV
3265:3731
3250:PfaF
3214:NCBI
3167:1208
3152:ITIS
3126:IPNI
3105:3866
3100:GRIN
3087:GBIF
3038:EPPO
3004:GBQG
2028:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1892:OCLC
1882:ISBN
1834:PMID
1799:2019
1772:2019
1694:ursi
1648:ISBN
1627:2024
1517:ISBN
1489:link
1471:OCLC
1461:ISBN
1428:2019
1373:ISBN
1240:2024
1202:2023
1155:for
1056:Uses
986:for
955:and
857:and
788:bear
774:The
762:and
742:and
722:and
617:and
557:The
499:are
230:List
3503:WFO
3412:CoL
3371:WFO
3312:RHS
3201:NBN
3074:FNA
3025:EoL
2999:CoL
2991:624
1997:".
1970:418
1826:doi
1686:uva
1554:doi
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1076:of
1033:or
931:),
804:uva
602:to
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