83:, or micro-destructive (requiring removal of only a tiny portion of the sample). Non-destructive methods can be used on more artefacts than destructive ones, but because they operate at the surface of the metal, corrosion and other surface effects may interfere with the results. Options that include sampling include various forms of
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to explain and understand the use of metals in the past. A study conducted by the department of
Particle Physics and Astrophysics at Weizmann Institute of Science and the department of Archaeology at the University of Haifia analyzed the chemical composition and the mass of different denominations of
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fields. Analysis contributes valuable insights into many archaeological questions, from technological choice to social organisation. Any project concerned with the relationship that the human species has had to the metals known to us is an example of archaeometallurgical study.
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coinage. They concluded that even with modern standards and technology, there is a considerable variation within the "same" denomination of coin. This simple conclusion can be used to further analyze discoveries of ancient currency.
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After initial sporadic work, archaeometallurgy was more widely institutionalised in the 1960s and 70s, with research groups in
Britain (
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used in past. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by ancient humans. Gold and copper are both found in their '
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There are various methodological approaches to archaeometallurgical studies. The same methods used in
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405:, Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 41:559-575, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145719.
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The
Archaeometallurgy of Iron: Recent Developments in Archaeological and Scientific Research
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is the study of the past use and production of metals by humans. It is a sub-discipline of
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may be used to analyze artifacts. Chemical analysis methods may include the analysis of
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S. Kalyanaraman (2011) "Indian
Hieroglyphs", Sarasvati Research Center, Herndon, VA
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384:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology.
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may have developed due to the attractive colouring and value of ores such as
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327:. London: The Historical Metallurgy Society, Occasional Publication No 6.
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One of the methods of archaeometallurgy is the study of modern metals and
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403:"Archaeometallurgy: The Study of Preindustrial Mining and Metallurgy"
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410:"Coins, Artefacts and Isotopes- Archaeometallurgy and Archaeometry"
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Bayley, Justine; Crossley, David; Ponting, Matthew, eds. (2008).
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Archaeometallurgy in Global
Perspective: Methods and Syntheses
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Archaeometallurgy in Global
Perspective:Methods and Syntheses
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Roberts, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Christopher P., eds. (2014).
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Hošek, JiĹ™Ă; Cleere, Henry; Mihok, L'ubomĂr, eds. (2011).
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145:) used in the past. Iron metal was first encountered in
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Archaeometallurgical study has many uses in both the
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482:Yale University Archaeometallurgy Laboratory
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344:Archaeometallurgy–Materials Science Aspects
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123:extraction of copper from its ores
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459:The Historical Metallurgy Society
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87:and a variety of chemical tests.
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346:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
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466:offered two courses in 2012:
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253:History of ferrous metallurgy
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361:Hauptmann, Andreas (2007).
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205:of waste products such as
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306:10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.036
298:Making Sense out of Cents
133:Ferrous archaeometallurgy
365:. Heidelberg: Springer.
187:Deutsches Bergbau Museum
439:A History of Metallurgy
223:Ancient iron production
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470:Prehistoric Metallurgy
420:. New York: Springer.
36:archaeological science
211:manufacturing studies
201:of finished objects,
171:Industrial Revolution
77:chemical composition
65:analytical chemistry
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278:Metallurgy#History
183:The British Museum
115:non-ferrous metals
81:X-ray spectroscopy
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391:978-80-87365-41-0
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85:mass spectrometry
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159:cast iron
151:iron ores
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217:See also
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177:History
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