7539:
century. It may be useful to recall that such radical perceptions of the term float mostly in the realm of media coverage and are far removed from the actual historical reality of the achievements when a caliphate existed in the medieval period. If we take a longer view of the influence of the office of the caliphate on changes in
Islamic society, it may be worth noting that most of the dramatic social and legal reforms instituted by, for instance, the Ottomans in the 19th century were only feasible because of the ability of the sultan to posture as caliph. The Gulhane Reform of 1839 which established the equality of all subjects of the empire before the law, the reforms of 1856 which eliminated social distinctions based on religion, the abolition of slavery in 1857, and the suspension of the traditional penalties of Islamic law in 1858 would all have been inconceivable without the clout that the umbrella of the caliphate afforded to the office of the reforming monarch.
2884:
12738:
2134:
4904:
1998:
1784:
2525:
2272:
75:
6452:, the founder of a transnational political movement devoted to the revival of the caliphate, writes that although the Shura is an important part of "the ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, "(it is) not one of its pillars", meaning that its neglect would not make a caliph's rule un-Islamic such as to justify a rebellion. However, the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest Islamic movement in Egypt, has toned down these Islamist views by accepting in principle that in the modern age the Majlis al-Shura is democracy.
3156:
2396:
4861:, a traditional requirement for a caliph. The caliphate was ostensibly an attempt to unite the many other jihadis who were not his followers and who were quarrelling among each other. It was not successful. Abu Issa's efforts to compel them to unite under his command were met "with mockery and then force". Local Afghans also despised him and his followers. Like the later Islamic State he tried to abolish infidel currency and rejected nationalism. According to scholar Kevin Jackson,
4719:
4158:. The argument of this book has been summarised as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government". He focussed his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate. Raziq wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels".
4043:
1631:
13782:
5903:'Umar). But the latter said: I have not come to sit with you. I have come to you to tell you a tradition I heard from the Messenger of Allah. I heard him say: One who withdraws his band from obedience (to the Amir) will find no argument (in his defence) when he stands before Allah on the Day of Judgment, and one who dies without having bound himself by an oath of allegiance (to an Amir) will die the death of one belonging to the days of Jahiliyyah.
4930:
4922:
2873:
3059:
4915:
2580:
4032:
809:
156:
4545:
12064:
of their transition to adulthood, and while most presumably did not (though little is known about literacy levels in pre-Mongol Muslim societies), others did. Types of literacy in any event varied, as Nelly Hanna has recently suggested, and are best studied as part of the complex social dynamics and contexts of individual Muslim societies. The need to conform commercial contracts and business arrangements to
2102:, by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. He was countered with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue among themselves. Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, an example followed by the gathered men.
4817:
whenever He wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a reign of violently oppressive rule and it will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, there will be a reign of tyrannical rule and it will remain for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, Allah will raise it up whenever He wills to raise it up. Then, there will be a
Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood.
6209:, or consultative assembly. Candidates were usually from the same lineage as the deceased leader, but they were not necessarily his sons. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual direct heir, as there was no basis in the majority Sunni view that the head of state or governor should be chosen based on lineage alone. Since the Umayyads, all caliphates have been dynastic.
9494:
218:
2734:
5134:). Various Islamist movements gained momentum in recent years with the ultimate aim of establishing a caliphate. In 2014, ISIL/ISIS made a claim to re-establishing the caliphate. Those advocating the re-establishment of a caliphate differed in their methodology and approach. Some were locally oriented, mainstream political parties that had no apparent transnational objectives.
7054:, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in office aged 59/60 years, Uthman, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second oldest to rule as caliph. Under Uthman's leadership, the Islamic empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s.
6298:, are believed to have been considered, even before their birth, as the only valid Islamic rulers appointed and decreed by God. Shia Muslims believe that all the Muslim caliphs following Muhammad's death to be illegitimate due to their unjust rule and that Muslims have no obligation to follow them, as the only guidance that was left behind, as ordained in the
9486:
5175:(literally, "Party of Liberation"). It is particularly strong in Central Asia and Europe and is growing in strength in the Arab world. It is based on the claim that Muslims can prove that God exists and that the Qur'an is the word of God. Hizb ut-Tahrir's stated strategy is a non-violent political and intellectual struggle.
12023:
recent move from typographic culture to the
Internet.) The result was remarkable. As historian Jonathan Bloom informs us, paper encouraged "an efflorescence of books and written culture incomparably more brilliant than was known anywhere in Europe until the invention of printing with movable type in the fifteenth century.
5106:– who was not merely a political leader but primarily a religious leader. If a khalifa does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as khalifa which is applicable to believers transnationally and not limited to one particular state.
2437:
government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from
Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until
2557:, Abd al-Rahman III claimed the title of caliph himself. This helped Abd al-Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained after the Fatimids were repulsed. The rule of the caliphate is considered as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, before it fragmented into various
6550:
connected with Allah’s
Prescribed Punishments?" Then he got up and delivered a sermon saying, "What destroyed the nations preceding you, was that if a noble amongst them stole, they would forgive him, and if a poor person amongst them stole, they would inflict Allah's Legal punishment on him. By Allah, if
4530:, who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee. However, the movement lost its momentum after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. After further arrests and flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organisation, the Movement eventually died down and disbanded.
11941:
In neither case did the state supply or even systematically subsidise educational services. The Muslim world's eventual introduction of state funding under Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century was quickly followed by partisan religious squabbling over education and the gradual fall of Islam from its
6506:
Islamic lawyers commented that when the rulers refuse to step down after being impeached through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, if the majority is in agreement they have the option to launch a revolution. Many noted that this option is to be exercised only after
4221:
12063:
More so than any previously existing society, Islamic society of the period 1000–1500 was profoundly a culture of books. The emergence of a culture of books is closely tied to cultural dispositions toward literacy in
Islamic societies. Muslim young men were encouraged to memorise the Qur'an as part
5902:
It has been reported on the authority of Nafi, that 'Abdullah b. Umar paid a visit to
Abdullah b. Muti' in the days (when atrocities were perpetrated on the People Of Medina) at Harra in the time of Yazid b. Mu'awiya. Ibn Muti' said: Place a pillow for Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (family name of 'Abdullah b.
5828:
And judge between them ˹O Prophet˺ by what Allah has revealed, and do not follow their desires. And beware, so they do not lure you away from some of what Allah has revealed to you. If they turn away ˹from Allah's judgment˺, then know that it is Allah's Will to repay them for some of their sins, and
4816:
Prophethood will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain, then Allah will raise it up whenever he wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a
Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood remaining with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, He will raise it up
2945:
leaders and representatives of the
Islamic world. However, the earlier Ottoman caliphs did not officially bear the title of caliph in their documents of state, inscriptions, or coinage. It was only in the late eighteenth century that the claim to the caliphate was discovered by the sultans to have a
6966:
in the fourth century BC, and later, China after the introduction of printing from the tenth century. One factor for the relatively high literacy rates in the early
Islamic Empire was its parent-driven educational marketplace, as the state did not systematically subsidise educational services until
5882:
Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophethood shall commence, and remain as long as Allah wills. Then corrupt/erosive monarchy would take place, and it will remain as long as
5804:
in the land, as He did with those before them; and will surely establish for them their faith which He has chosen for them; and will indeed change their fear into security—˹provided that˺ they worship Me, associating nothing with Me. But whoever disbelieves after this ˹promise˺, it is they who will
5097:
caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. Although the khalifa is elected it is believed that God himself directs the hearts of believers towards an individual. Thus the khalifa is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people
3032:
in the Philippines to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule; the Sultan obliged them and wrote the letter which was sent to Sulu via Mecca. As a result, the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby
2961:
claimed a diplomatic victory by being allowed to remain the religious leaders of Muslims in the now-independent Crimea as part of the peace treaty; in return Russia became the official protector of Christians in Ottoman territory. According to Barthold, the first time the title of "caliph" was used
12022:
Whatever the source, the diffusion of paper-making technology via the lands of Islam produced a shift from oral to scribal culture across the rest of Afroeurasia that was rivalled only by the move from scribal to typographic culture. (Perhaps it will prove to have been even more important than the
11858:
Reaching further back through the centuries, the civilisations regarded as having the highest literacy rates of their ages were parent-driven educational marketplaces. The ability to read and write was far more widely enjoyed in the early medieval Islamic empire and in fourth-century-B.C.E. Athens
6440:
The majlis is also the means to elect a new caliph. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they must be just, have enough knowledge to distinguish a good caliph from a bad one and have sufficient wisdom and judgement to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi
5109:
Ahmadi Muslims believe that God has assured them that this caliphate will endure to the end of time, depending on their righteousness and faith in God. The Khalifa provides unity, security, moral direction and progress for the community. It is required that the Khalifa carry out his duties through
4865:
Abu ʿIssa issued 'sad and funny' fatwas, as Abu al-Walid puts it, notably sanctioning the use of drugs. A nexus had been forged between and local drug smugglers. (The fatwa led one jihadist author to dismiss Abu Issa as the 'caliph of the Muslims among drug traffickers and takfir') Abu ʿIssa also
6549:
who had committed theft. They asked, "Who will intercede for her with Allah's Apostle?" Some said, "No one dare to do so except Usama bin Zaid the beloved one to Allah's Apostle." When Usama spoke about that to Allah's Apostle; Allah's Apostle said: "Do you try to intercede for somebody in a case
5962:
used to be ruled and guided by prophets: Whenever a prophet died, another would take over his place. There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs who will increase in number." The people asked, "O Allah's Messenger! What do you order us (to do)?" He said, "Obey the one who will be
5927:
Leaders will take charge of you after me, where the pious (one) will lead you with his piety and the impious (one) with his impiety, so only listen to them and obey them in everything which conforms with the truth (Islam). If they act rightly it is for your credit, and if they acted wrongly it is
5101:
According to Ahmadiyya thought, a khalifa need not be the head of a state; rather the Ahmadiyya community emphasises the spiritual and organisational significance of the Khilāfah. It is primarily a religious/spiritual office, with the purpose of upholding, strengthening and spreading Islam and of
11732:
Life expectancy was another area where Islamic society diverged from the suggested model for agricultural society. No less than three separate studies about the life expectancy of religious scholars, two from 11th century Muslim Spain, and one from the Middle East, concluded that members of this
7538:
Today the term 'caliphate' has come to denote in journalistic use a form of political and religious tyranny, a fanatical version of the application of Islamic law, and a general intolerence toward other faiths – another interpretation, albeit a distorted one, at the beginning of the twenty-first
6116:
The Imams (scholars of the four schools of thought)- may Allah have mercy on them- agree that the Caliphate is an obligation, and that the Muslims must appoint a leader who would implement the injunctions of the religion, and give the oppressed justice against the oppressors. It is forbidden for
4874:
province. Eventually he did not even control this area after the Taliban took it over in the late 1990s. The caliphate then moved to London, where they "preach to a mostly skeptical jihadi intelligentsia about the obligation of establishing a caliphate". They succeeded in attracting some jihadis
2436:
created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed predominantly of Turkic Cuman, Circassian and Georgian slave origin known as Mamluks. By 1250 the Mamluks came to power in Egypt. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the
2165:, or the first Islamic civil war. The followers of Ali later became the Shi'a ("shiaat Ali", partisans of Ali.) minority sect of Islam and reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. The followers of all four Rāshidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali) became the majority Sunni sect.
2114:
stated that Ali also had support among the Ansar for his succession, explained by the genealogical links he shared with them. Whether his candidacy for the succession was raised during Saqifah is unknown, though it is not unlikely. Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali to gain his allegiance,
7128:
was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous
11761:
This rate is uncommonly high, not only under the conditions in medieval cities, where these 'ulama' lived, but also in terms of the average life expectancy for contemporary males. In other words, the social group studied through the biographies is, a priori, a misleading sample, since it was
2795:
and had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of the caliphate, as recognised by some Muslims. Therefore, this constitutes a rare period in history in which the descendants of Ali (hence the name Fatimid, referring to Ali's wife
2219:
rule, the caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy (to their delegated governors), greater religious freedom for Jews and some indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralised and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the decades of
7099:
was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) and his own father, Caliph
5147:
means representative. Man, according to Islam is the representative of "people", His (God's) viceregent; that is to say, by virtue of the powers delegated to him, and within the limits prescribed by the Qu'ran and the teaching of the prophet, the caliph is required to exercise Divine
5114:(consultative body). However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The Khalifatul Masih has overall authority for all religious and organisational matters and is bound to decide and act in accordance with the Qur'an and sunnah.
6135:
This Ayah is a source in the selection of an Imaam, and a Khaleef, he is listened to and he is obeyed, for the word is united through him, and the Ahkam (laws) of the Caliph are implemented through him, and there is no difference regarding the obligation of that between the Ummah
3009:, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness relative to Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. The sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia.
6232:. At that meeting, Abu Bakr was elected caliph by the Muslim community. Sunni Muslims developed the belief that the caliph is a temporal political ruler, appointed to rule within the bounds of Islamic law (Sharia). The job of adjudicating orthodoxy and Islamic law was left to
2094:, both prominent companions of Muhammad, upon learning of the meeting became concerned of a potential coup and hastened to the gathering. Upon arriving, Abu Bakr addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the
5940:
A Imam is a shield for them. They fight behind him and they are protected by (him from tyrants and aggressors). If he enjoins fear of God, the Exalted and Glorious, and dispenses justice, there will be a (great) reward for him; and if he enjoins otherwise, it redounds on
2486:
defeated the Mamluk Sultanate and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Al-Mutawakkil III was captured together with his family and transported to Constantinople as a prisoner where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.
2332:
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the caliph. However, for a variety of reasons, including that they were not elected by
4840:
and was much less successful, was "the forgotten caliphate" of Muhammad bin ʿIssa bin Musa al Rifaʿi ("known to his followers as Abu ʿIssa"). This "microcaliphate" was founded on 3 April 1993 on the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, when Abu Issa's small number of
2985:
The British supported and propagated the view that the Ottomans were caliphs of Islam among Muslims in British India, and the Ottoman sultans helped the British by issuing pronouncements to the Muslims of India telling them to support British rule from Sultan
2252:
was elected as the next caliph, but abdicated in favour of Mu'awiyah a few months later to avoid any conflict within the Muslims. Mu'awiyah became the sixth caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty, named after the great-grandfather of Uthman and Mu'awiyah,
4879:, Abu Umar al Kuwaiti) who later joined the Islamic State. Abu Issa died in 2014, "after spending most of his final years in prison in London". Abu Umar al Kuwaiti became a judge for the Islamic state but was later executed for extremism after he "took
6204:
argues that the standard Arabian practice during the early caliphates was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from among themselves, although there was no specified procedure for this
2105:
Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of caliph) as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention as a result of the rushed nature of the event. Several companions, most prominent among them being
6558:
Various Islamic lawyers, however, place multiple conditions and stipulations on the execution of such a law, making it difficult to implement. For example, the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty, and during a time of drought in the
9727:
Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad. Currently based in Pakistan, but forbidden to practice, preach, or propagate their faith as Islam or their places of worship as
8672:
4611:, that Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed caliph in March 1924. His stance towards the Ottoman caliphate was ambiguous, and while he was hostile to it, he preferred to wait for its official abolition before assuming the title, so as not to break the
4311:
and banned Islamically unlawful activities. However, Aurangzeb's personal expenses were covered by his own incomes, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran. Thus, he has been compared to the second caliph,
9333:
7172:
was the second Abbasid caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754–775) and succeeding his brother al-Saffah. Al-Mansur is generally regarded as the greatest caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. He is also known for founding the 'round city' of
5845:
O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. Should you disagree on anything, then refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if you ˹truly˺ believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is the best and fairest
6460:
Al-Mawardi said that if the rulers meet their Islamic responsibilities to the public the people must obey their laws, but a caliph or ruler who becomes either unjust or severely ineffective must be impeached via the Majlis al-Shura.
6343:
After these Twelve Imams, the potential caliphs, had passed, and in the absence of the possibility of a government headed by their imams, some Twelvers believe it was necessary that a system of Shi'i Islamic government based on the
6441:
also said that in emergencies when there is no caliphate and no majlis, the people themselves should create a majlis and select a list of candidates for caliph; then the majlis should select a caliph from the list of candidates.
4513:
and it spread throughout the British colonial territories. It was strong in British India where it formed a rallying point for some Indian Muslims as one of many anti-British Indian political movements. Its leaders included
11458:
12068:
provided a further impetus for literacy, especially likely in commercial centers. Scholars often engaged in commercial activity and craftsmen or tradesmen often spent time studying in madrasas. The connection between what
2240:. The battle lasted several months, resulting in a stalemate. To avoid further bloodshed, Ali agreed to negotiate with Mu'awiyah. This caused a faction of approximately 4,000 people, who would come to be known as the
11240:
5247:
but which had not exercised real power since the thirteenth century." Zawahiri believes that once the caliphate is re-established, Egypt would become a rallying point for the rest of the Islamic world, leading the
4975:
on 29 June 2014 and renamed itself as the "Islamic State". ISIL's claim to be the highest authority of Muslims has been widely rejected. No prominent Muslim scholar has supported its declaration of caliphate; even
5092:
centered on human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the ‘precepts of prophethood’ and they are as a result disunited, their inability to establish a
2544:
became Emir of Córdoba in 756 after six years in exile. Intent on regaining power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area who defied Umayyad rule and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate.
11899:
The spread of written knowledge was at least the equal of what it was in China after printing became common there in the tenth century. (Chinese books were printed in small editions of a hundred or so copies.)
8444:
Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269) : Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm
2552:
was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimid Caliphate. To aid his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the caliphate in opposition to the generally recognised Abbasid caliph of Baghdad,
4184:
Since the end of the Ottoman Empire, occasional demonstrations have been held calling for the re-establishment of the caliphate. Organisations which call for the re-establishment of the caliphate include
8669:
9325:
10425:
7060:(Ali ibn Abu Talib), fourth Rashidun caliph. Considered by Shi'a Muslims, however, to be the first imam. His reign was fraught with internal conflict, with Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Muawiyah I) and
4592:, it represented the culmination of a long struggle to reclaim the caliphate from Ottoman hands. The first Arab revolts challenging the validity of the Ottoman caliphate and demanding that an Arab
2232:
Ali's reign was plagued by turmoil and internal strife. The Persians, taking advantage of this, infiltrated the two armies and attacked the other army causing chaos and internal hatred between the
2467:. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt had no political power; they continued to maintain the symbols of authority, but their sway was confined to religious matters. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was
1999:
1785:
10118:
6991:
culture, and from typographic culture to the Internet. Other factors include the widespread use of paper books in Islamic society (more so than any other previously existing society), the study
5252:
against the West. "Then history would make a new turn, God willing", Zawahiri later wrote, "in the opposite direction against the empire of the United States and the world's Jewish government".
5021:
state on Iraqi and Syrian territory. At its height in 2014, the Islamic State held "about a third of Syria and 40 percent of Iraq". By December 2017 it had lost 95% of that territory, including
2413:
origin, the Abbasids. Their time represented a scientific, cultural and religious flowering. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during their reign. Their major city and capital
4804:
Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry among Muslim rulers, the caliphate lay dormant and largely unclaimed since the 1920s. For the majority of Muslims, the caliph, as leader of the
8188:
6914:. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, a number of the Arab tribes, who had accepted Islam at the hand of The Prophet Muhammad, rebelled and refused to continue to pay the Zakat, leading to the
6073:) would be gathered, the enemy would be fought, the routes would be made safe, the strong one will return what he took from the weak till the tyrant would be contained, and not bother anyone.
9217:
4391:. The British recognised them as the 'sultans of Bornu', one step down in Muslim royal titles. After Nigeria became independent, its rulers became the 'emirs of Bornu', another step down.
6054:
The Sahaba agreed to this and selected Abu Bakr as their first Khaleef. Habbab ibn Mundhir who suggested the idea of two Ameers corrected himself and was the first to give Abu Bakr the
2703:
The Almohads continued to rule in northern Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the
6042:
It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs for this would cause differences in their affairs and concepts, their unity would be divided and disputes would break out among them. The
5999:, state that the Mahdi will be elected caliph and rule over a caliphate. A number of Islamic figures titled themselves both "caliph" and "al-Mahdi", including the first Abbasid caliph
5223:
has as one of its clearly stated goals the re-establishment of a caliphate. Its former leader, Osama bin Laden, called for Muslims to "establish the righteous caliphate of our umma".
6155:
The judges will be suspended, the Wilayaat (provinces) will be nullified, ... the decrees of those in authority will not be executed and all the people will be on the verge of Haraam
5963:
given the pledge of allegiance first. Fulfil their (i.e. the Caliphs) rights, for Allah will ask them about (any shortcoming) in ruling those Allah has put under their guardianship."
2909:(reigned 1362 to 1389), while recognising no authority on the part of the Abbasid caliphs of the Mamluk-ruled Cairo. Hence the seat of the caliphate moved to the Ottoman capital of
6955:, Lawrence Conrad estimates the average lifespan in the early Islamic caliphate to be above 35 years for the general population, compared to around 40 years for the population of
4883:
to new levels ... pronouncing death sentences for apostasy on those who were ignorant of scripture – and then pronouncing takfir on those too reluctant to pronounce takfir."
11558:
Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century".
9943:
9364:
7070:, fifth caliph. Considered as "rightly guided" by several historians. He abdicated his right to the caliphate in favour of Muawiyah I to end the potential for ruinous civil war.
6491:) will say, "Our Lord! We obeyed our leaders and elite, but they led us astray from the ˹Right˺ Way. Our Lord! Give them double ˹our˺ punishment, and condemn them tremendously."
5883:
Allah wills. After that, despotic kingship would emerge, and it will remain as long as Allah wills. Then, the Caliphate (Khilafah) shall come once again based on the precept of
2153:
then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt and later by some of his own guard. He faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by
9645:
4165:
in 1926 to discuss the revival of the caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate, and no action was taken to implement the summit's resolutions. Though the title
7116:(Umar II), Umayyad caliph who is considered one of the finest rulers in Muslim history. He is also considered by some (mainly Sunnis) to be among the "rightly guided" caliphs.
4275:". Although the Mughals did not acknowledge the overlordship of Ottomans, they nevertheless used the title of caliph to honor them in diplomatic exchanges. Akbar's letter to
4104:
and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement had collapsed by late 1922.
6473:
stated that the people have an obligation to rebel if the caliph begins to act with no regard for Islamic law. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said that to ignore such a situation is
5243:, bin Laden's mentor and al-Qaeda's second-in-command until 2011, once "sought to restore the caliphate... which had formally ended in 1924 following the dissolution of the
3527:
3266:
11230:
6925:
added to the duties of the state an allowance, paid on behalf of every man woman and child, starting at birth, creating the world's first state run social welfare program.
6417:(literally "consultative assembly") was a representation of the idea of consultative governance. The importance of this is premised by the following verses of the Qur'an:
6065:
People must have an Amir...where the believer works under his Imara (rule) and under which the unbeliever would also benefit, until his rule ended by the end of his life (
4259:, who were the only Sunni rulers whose territory and wealth could compete with that of the Ottomans, started assuming the title of caliph and calling their capital as the
2110:, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Ali may have been reasonably expected to assume leadership, being both cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad. The theologian
10235:
10060:
9576:
Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day
8071:
5063:(rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with the appearance of
7254:
was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death in 1225. According to the historian, Angelika Hartmann, Al-Nasir was the last effective later Abbasid caliph.
6951:
enjoyed a life expectancy of 59–75 years between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, the overall life expectancy of men in the same societies was lower. Factoring in
2830:, who claimed descent from Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially controlling
6935:
behaviour of medieval Islamic society varied in some significant respects from other agricultural societies. Nomadic groups within places like the deserts of Egypt and
2791:
is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were
10151:
10265:
2933:
defeated and annexed the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo into his empire. Through conquering and unifying Muslim lands, Selim I became the defender of the holy cities of
10713:
7192:, Abbasid caliph during whose reign Baghdad became the world's prominent centre of trade, learning and culture. Harun is the subject of many stories in the famous
6971:
in the eleventh century. Another factor was the diffusion of paper from China, which led to an efflorescence of books and written culture in Islamic society; thus
10456:
9823:
2776:
there in 969. Thereafter, Cairo became the capital of the caliphate, with Egypt becoming the political, cultural and religious centre of the state. Islam scholar
13475:
9795:
9008:
4415:
inheritance of the throne, as the theological opinion of the time was that a woman may hold the secular office of sultan but not the spiritual office of caliph.
2337:
and suggestions of impious behaviour, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like
4279:
addressed the latter as having attained the rank of the caliphate, while calling Akbar's empire as the "Khilafat of realms of Hind and Sind." The fifth emperor
9003:
6569:
later formulated the concept that all classes were subject to the law of the land, and no person is above the law; officials and private citizens alike have a
9516:"Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925".
6939:
maintained high birth rates compared to rural and urban populations, though periods of extremely high nomadic birth rates seem to have occurred in occasional
7817:
7635:
7210:
was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842. The younger son of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is also known for founding the city of
10004:
6166:
It is obligatory to know that the office in charge of commanding over the people (ie: the post of the Khaleefah) is one of the greatest obligations of the
10421:
6058:. This indicates an Ijma as-Sahaba of all of the Sahaba. Ali ibni abi Talib, who was attending the body of Muhammad at the time, also consented to this.
5677:
3522:
3261:
2946:
practical use, since it allowed them to counter Russian claims to protect Ottoman Christians with their own claim to protect Muslims under Russian rule.
1659:
10110:
6444:
Some Islamist interpretations of the role of the Majlis al-Shura are the following: In an analysis of the shura chapter of the Qur'an, Islamist author
2846:, before the Abbasid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171 and was overtaken by
2297:
Beginning with the Umayyads, the title of the caliph became hereditary. Under the Umayyads, the caliphate grew rapidly in territory, incorporating the
11925:
11842:
8180:
8011:
5276:)." This is not the view of the majority of Islamist groups, as both the Muslim Brotherhood and Hizb ut-Tahrir view the Ottoman state as a caliphate.
6240:. Many Muslims call the first four caliphs the Rashidun, meaning the "Rightly Guided", because they are believed to have followed the Qur'an and the
10936:
9213:
8248:
8041:
7232:
was the twentieth Abbasid caliph, reigning from 934 to his death. He died on 23 December 940 at the age of 31. He is considered the last caliph of
6131:
said that the caliph is the "pillar upon which other pillars rest", and said of the Quranic verse, "Indeed, man is made upon this earth a Caliph":
4457:. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power. The current head of the Sokoto Caliphate is
3634:
3601:
2753:
of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of its caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the
2425:. The Abbasid Caliphate had, however, lost its effective power outside Iraq already by c. 920. By 945, the loss of power became official when the
2321:) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.17 million square miles (13,400,000 km), making it the
8563:
In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the country was invaded by
7686:
5796:
In addition, the following excerpt from the Quran, known as the 'Istikhlaf Verse', is used by some to argue for a Quranic basis for a caliphate:
5268:." There were a number of reasons including "that according to the classical authors, a caliph must be a member of the tribe of the Prophet (the
3646:
2098:, would likely result in dissension as only they can command the necessary respect among the community. He then took Umar and another companion,
6448:
argues that Islam only requires the ruler to consult with some of the representatives of the ruled and govern within the context of the Sharia.
9132:
Dasgupta, K., 1975. How Learned Were the Mughals: Reflections on Muslim Libraries in India. The Journal of Library History, 10(3), pp. 241–254.
3938:
3001:
reasserted the title as a way of countering Russian expansion into Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Sunni Muslims of
14279:
11982:
According to legend, paper came to the Islamic world as a result of the capture of Chinese paper makers at the 751 C.E. battle of Talas River.
11268:
12349:
11366:
8975:
6318:, therefore able to lead society and the Muslim community with complete justice and equity. The Prophet's own grandson, and third Shia imam,
4808:, "is cherished both as memory and ideal" as a time when Muslims "enjoyed scientific and military superiority globally". The Islamic prophet
3586:
4473:, also known as the Tukular Empire, was one of the Fulani jihad states in sub-saharan Africa. It was eventually pacified and annexed by the
2364:. Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hashim and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the
2352:). At the command of Yazid son of Muawiya, an army led by Umar ibn Saad, a commander by the name of Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan killed Ali's son
2011:("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor
12073:
has called "maktab literacy" and commercial literacy was real and exerted a steady pressure on individuals to upgrade their reading skills.
10675:
10177:
8218:
7220:
was the tenth Abbasid caliph who reigned from 847 until 861. He was the son of al-Mu'tasim. He is considered an influential Abbasid caliph.
6338:
5524:
3671:
3596:
10504:
8865:
13468:
10206:
9539:
Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".
8823:
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7394:
6109:
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4506:
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12207:
11186:
9714:
9388:"Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein"
8575:
and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.
4857:, Jordan and like his followers had come to Afghanistan to wage jihad against the Soviets. Unlike them he had ancestors in the tribe of
12549:
10317:
7568:
7166:
was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history.
5140:
believed the caliph was not just an individual ruler who had to be restored, but was man's representation of God's authority on Earth:
4071:
2978:
would tactfully affirm the Ottoman claim to the caliphate and proceed to have the Ottoman caliph issue orders to the Muslims living in
9356:
8419:
7450:
6947:
methods and political or economic instability. This led to population declines in some regions. While several studies have shown that
13357:
12945:
11138:
9635:
4236:
and the conquest on small territories of the western part of the Indian peninsula, early Indian Muslim dynasties were founded by the
4215:
3928:
876:
13794:
8644:
7110:
was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik.
7048:(Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
4764:(Successor or Caliph of the Messiah). After Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, the first caliph, the title of the Ahmadiyya caliph continued under
2883:
10335:
10030:
8848:
Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar
5671:
3591:
2561:
in the eleventh century. This period was characterised by a flourishing in technology, trade and culture; many of the buildings of
2463:, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt tried to gain legitimacy for their rule by declaring the re-establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in
1090:
5029:, its "capital". Its caliph, Al-Baghdadi, was killed in a raid by U.S. forces on 26 October 2019, its "last holdout", the town of
2811:
The caliphate was reputed to exercise a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews,
2326:
13838:
13799:
13115:
9841:
9758:
6465:
argued that Islam is the goal of the ummah, so any ruler who deviates from this goal must be impeached. Al-Ghazali believed that
3933:
2941:, which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to the caliphate in the Muslim world. Ottomans gradually came to be viewed as the
1652:
592:
8929:
Kemal H. Karpat. "The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State".
8158:
8101:
2119:
which may have involved violence. However, after six months, the group made peace with Abu Bakr and Ali offered him his fealty.
13785:
13461:
12895:
12871:
10231:
8063:
4194:
9239:
8131:
2348:
There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between
15232:
14614:
13487:
13278:
12441:
12326:
12253:
12162:
12133:
12104:
11787:
11754:
11725:
11645:
11180:
10617:
10569:
9583:
7531:
7483:
6943:
rather than on a continuous basis. Individuals living in large cities had much lower birth rates, possibly due to the use of
6578:
4288:
2902:
479:
11043:
The just ruler (al-sultān al-adil) in Shīite Islam : the comprehensive authority of the jurist in Imamite jurisprudence
9191:
8611:
8550:
8459:
8386:
8324:
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clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the
13315:
10257:
10143:
5651:
4933:
4907:
4898:
4287:
has often been regarded as one of the few Islamic caliphs to have ruled the Indian peninsula. He received support from the
4096:(1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the
2429:
conquered Baghdad and all of Iraq. The empire fell apart and its parts were ruled for the next century by local dynasties.
15138:
11806:
9973:
7677:
6322:
led an uprising against injustice and the oppressive rule of the Muslim caliph at the time at the Battle of Karbala. Shia
15431:
13880:
10386:
5617:
5387:
4964:
2373:
184:
12316:
11417:
10448:
9820:
7347:, in an attempt to preserve the title proclaimed himself caliph. He preferred to wait for the official abolition of the
7145:
was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from 15 April to 3 or 4 October 744, and died in that office.
4980:
preachers accused the group of engaging in political showmanship and bringing disrepute to the notion of Islamic state.
3123:
2715:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western
2141:
Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed. Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian slave called
15284:
14284:
13868:
12617:
11050:
11003:
10094:
9708:
9678:
9302:
9117:
9092:
8938:
8917:
8896:
8856:
8817:
8790:
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8735:
8703:
8605:
8513:
8453:
8380:
8318:
7986:
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7949:
7911:
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7355:
by creating a second caliph alongside the Ottoman caliph. However his caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the
6345:
4765:
4727:
4101:
2417:
began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. This period of cultural fruition ended in 1258 with the
1645:
10531:
8998:
6175:
3095:
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13680:
12305:
12229:
12182:
11403:
11308:
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10052:
9781:
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6488:
5612:
5607:
4292:
3778:
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3142:
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1875:
branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.
657:
7609:
13873:
13512:
12642:
12468:
11349:
11107:
7809:
6303:
5490:
5171:
One transnational group whose ideology was based specifically on restoring the caliphate as a pan-Islamic state is
4132:
257:
12737:
7631:
6479:
and those who cannot revolt from inside the caliphate should launch a struggle from outside. Al-Asqalani used two
4181:, neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries.
2963:
14910:
9996:
6838:
5783:
5663:
5507:
5289:
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4283:
also laid claim to the Caliphate. Although the Mughal Empire is not recognised as a caliphate, its sixth emperor
3102:
1832:, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517 until the Ottoman caliphate was formally
1530:
839:
14072:
7719:
7325:, the 28th and the last caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. Nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman dynasty. In 1924,
13407:
12637:
12542:
10912:
8357:
7344:
7000:
6962:
The early Islamic Empire also had the highest literacy rates among pre-modern societies, alongside the city of
6704:
6637:
6274:, a principle by which rulers are imams who are divinely chosen, infallible and sinless and must come from the
5729:
5373:
4753:
subordinate to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The group are traditionally shunned by the majority of Muslims.
4064:
3080:
2653:(r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the
2495:
The Abbasid dynasty lost effective power over much of the Muslim realm by the first half of the tenth century.
1337:
1292:
784:
17:
9821:
Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical, Restoration of Caliphate resonates With Mainstream Muslims
8240:
15348:
13670:
13350:
12938:
6023:
Let there be one Amir from us and one Amir from you (meaning one from the Ansar and one from the Mohajireen).
5439:
5126:
called for the restoration of the caliphate by uniting Muslim nations, either through political action (e.g.
4328:
3788:
2665:
1163:
528:
7129:
literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as
4588:. The idea of the Sharifian Caliphate had been floating around since at least the fifteenth century. In the
3828:
15436:
15343:
15227:
13382:
12416:
12387:
12378:
12369:
9326:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916"
8809:
The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State
8005:
6621:
5014:
4123:, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for
4108:
4089:
3109:
2953:
was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large territories, including those with large Muslim populations, such as
560:
11660:
Bulliet, Richard W. (April 1970), "A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Muslim Biographical Dictionaries",
1903:
groups have claimed the caliphate, although these claims have usually been widely rejected among Muslims.
15421:
15353:
14390:
13831:
10361:
7194:
6283:
5414:
3273:
2823:
2007:), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of
1357:
872:
607:
434:
10928:
8033:
6849:
also existed in the medieval Islamic world. Many of these concepts were adopted and further advanced in
6365:
Ismailis believe in the Imamate principle mentioned above, but they need not be secular rulers as well.
2657:
by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.
13863:
13074:
11779:
11300:
7713:
7523:
7329:
6430:"...and consult with them in ˹conducting˺ matters. Once you make a decision, put your trust in Allah."(
5982:
5285:
4604:
4379:
The Bornu Caliphate, which was headed by the Bornu emperors, began in 1472. A rump state of the larger
4233:
3898:
3566:
3390:
3216:
3076:
3042:
2460:
2116:
1833:
1806:
1178:
647:
39:
13517:
12889:
12035:
Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
11994:
Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
11954:
Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
11871:
Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
7260:
was the 37th and last Abbasid caliph to rule from Baghdad. He ruled from 1242 until his death in 1258.
6699:
developed between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as "Islamic capitalism". A vigorous
6593:. In a number of cases, caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to render their verdict.
3091:
2895:
15311:
14459:
14023:
13437:
13392:
13377:
12692:
12535:
11395:
8597:
The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west
7867:
6870:, since the time of the first Islamic State, established by Muhammad at Medina. The taxes (including
5878:
can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).
5272:) ... moreover, caliphs ruled societies that the Islamists do not consider to have been Islamic (the
4057:
4012:
3355:
3021:
2792:
2099:
742:
454:
12826:
12410:
15269:
15244:
15094:
14753:
14748:
13625:
13343:
12931:
12477:
12037:
11996:
11956:
11873:
11265:
7290:
6261:
6121:
Shia scholars have expressed similar opinions. However, the Shia school of thought states that the
5227:
chiefs released a statement in 2005, under which, in what they call "phase five" there will be "an
5034:
5000:
4733:
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is a self-proclaimed Islamic revivalist movement founded in 1889 by
4510:
4276:
2361:
2154:
1793:) as his heir and successor. The title of caliph, which was the equivalent of titles such as king,
928:
674:
474:
12901:
12781:
12776:
11341:
8965:
7975:
The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads
5824:
is, by definition, to rule via the caliphate and use the following verses to sustain their claim.
4112:
2133:
15336:
15217:
14758:
14711:
14654:
14353:
14297:
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13366:
13253:
13238:
12954:
12857:
12707:
12682:
12398:
9791:
9745:
8210:
7863:
7125:
7096:
6103:
6015:
Al-Habbab Ibn ul-Munthir said, when the Sahaba met in the wake of the death of Muhammad, (at the
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5261:
4925:
4120:
3975:
3069:
2418:
2322:
2142:
1586:
1153:
269:
177:
35:
12801:
12392:
10173:
8001:
5820:
Several schools of jurisprudence and thought within Sunni Islam argue that to govern a state by
4119:, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. Atatürk offered the caliphate to
4116:
3715:
3048:
2515:
2475:, who ruled as caliph from 1508 to 1516, then he was deposed briefly in 1516 by his predecessor
1883:(the "Household of the Prophet"). Some caliphates in history have been led by Shiites, like the
1837:
122:
15358:
15259:
15254:
14942:
14890:
14810:
14743:
14647:
14632:
14525:
14292:
14246:
14087:
13974:
13824:
13422:
13263:
12610:
12094:
10904:
10608:
10500:
9173:
8950:
Jay Tolson, "Caliph Wanted: Why An Old Islamic Institution Resonates With Many Muslims Today",
6421:"...who respond to their Lord, establish prayer, conduct their affairs by mutual consultation"(
6271:
6253:
5891:
In the above, the first era of the caliphate is commonly accepted by Muslims to be that of the
5739:
5724:
4832:
A contemporary effort to re-establish the caliphate by supporters of armed jihad that predates
4619:. He also supported financially the late Ottoman dynasty in exile, to avoid them being ruined.
4474:
3843:
3279:
2918:
2233:
2221:
2128:
2050:
1601:
1168:
723:
489:
12786:
12761:
12090:
10199:
8846:
8807:
8270:
7893:
6680:, commerce and employment. Copies of the contract were usually kept by both parties involved.
6233:
5500:
5102:
maintaining the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by
4903:
4723:
15426:
15289:
15249:
15062:
14937:
14001:
13991:
13950:
13921:
13402:
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13160:
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12864:
12841:
12831:
12383:
11170:
9698:
9668:
9065:
8755:
7386:
7174:
6867:
6810:
6673:
6672:
land for farming or any other purpose. Signatures were required on contracts for every major
6470:
5399:
4340:
3916:
3755:
3556:
2442:
2399:
2349:
2111:
1888:
1596:
1459:
1056:
718:
543:
327:
282:
15177:
12746:
12404:
12374:
12365:
12355:
12295:
10773:
Al-Fiqh Alal-Mathahib Al- Arba’a (the fiqh of the four schools of thought), volume 5, p. 416
10314:
8411:
7552:
6469:
by a caliph is sufficient grounds for impeachment. Rather than just relying on impeachment,
6170:. In fact, there is no establishment of the Deen except by it....this is the opinion of the
2693:
2511:
1802:
15382:
15212:
15182:
15057:
14988:
14959:
14878:
14212:
14050:
14040:
13563:
13283:
13007:
12722:
12697:
12192:
9155:
9043:
8875:
7871:
6764:
6627:
6449:
6282:
or election. They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the
6091:
5646:
5641:
5360:
5264:
writes that "early on, Islamists replace the concept of the caliphate ... with that of the
5137:
5067:(1835–1908, the founder of the movement) whom Ahmadis identify as the Promised Messiah and
4972:
4870:
The territory under his control "did not extend beyond a few small towns" in Afghanistan's
4833:
4523:
4400:
4093:
3833:
3627:
3221:
2914:
2254:
15162:
11134:
9469:
9176:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
8636:
7903:
7897:
3735:
1981:
1887:(909–1171). From the late 20th century towards the early 21st century, in the wake of the
8:
15416:
15074:
14954:
14920:
14822:
14642:
14637:
14449:
14168:
14104:
13979:
13964:
13551:
13507:
13412:
12197:
9640:
9525:
9033:, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), 243.
7875:
7417:
7381:
7338:
7300:
6776:
6772:
6756:
6748:
6732:
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6696:
6334:
and tyranny are not merely moral values, but values essential to a person's religiosity.
5800:
Allah has promised those of you who believe and do good that He will certainly make them
5776:
5529:
5046:
4777:
4713:
4553:
4539:
4515:
4412:
4304:
4128:
4085:
4000:
3970:
3201:
2685:
2338:
1857:
1841:
1520:
1429:
1386:
1173:
938:
832:
728:
362:
262:
142:
14790:
14780:
12489:
10339:
10026:
6038:
It has additionally been reported that Abu Bakr went on to say on the day of Al-Saqifa:
4704:
in relation to spiritual responsibilities and to propagate the teachings of the tariqa.
4383:, its rulers held the title of caliph until 1893, when it was absorbed into the British
4097:
15187:
15167:
15150:
15101:
14966:
14775:
14726:
14659:
14577:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14464:
14434:
14326:
14224:
14092:
14067:
12558:
12472:
12455:
12282:
12054:
12013:
11973:
11921:
11912:
11890:
11838:
11829:
11618:
11583:
11575:
11505:
11497:
11450:
11235:
10893:
9616:
9556:
9182:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
9061:
7497:
7489:
6605:
6597:
6167:
5599:
5512:
5495:
5409:
5153:
5064:
4757:
4734:
4478:
4458:
4446:
4380:
4336:
4190:
3945:
3921:
3783:
3561:
3546:
3456:
3309:
3116:
2843:
2801:
2681:
2673:
2245:
2033:
1856:. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all of which were
1817:
1716:
1158:
943:
918:
752:
709:
679:
662:
637:
582:
538:
250:
170:
89:
11536:
9965:
9740:
9029:"Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī", Soheila Amirsoleimani,
7412:
6348:
be developed, due to the need for some form of government, where an Islamic jurist or
4201:
policies throughout its rule, has been accused of intending to restore the caliphate.
2548:
Rulers of the emirate used the title "emir" or "sultan" until the tenth century, when
15296:
15192:
15128:
15123:
15052:
14949:
14664:
14592:
14587:
14429:
14358:
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14131:
14082:
13491:
13308:
13298:
13268:
12811:
12791:
12652:
12603:
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12359:
12322:
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12178:
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12129:
12100:
12058:
12017:
11977:
11894:
11783:
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11721:
11641:
11587:
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11509:
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11304:
11176:
11056:
11046:
11009:
10999:
10976:
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10908:
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10565:
10090:
9750:
9704:
9674:
9620:
9579:
9560:
9521:
9450:
9440:
9183:
9113:
9088:
8934:
8913:
8892:
8852:
8813:
8786:
8761:
8731:
8699:
8601:
8572:
8540:
8509:
8449:
8376:
8353:
8314:
8154:
8093:
7982:
7955:
7945:
7937:
7927:
7907:
7599:
7558:
7527:
7501:
7479:
7356:
7348:
7266:
7157:
7076:
6992:
6802:
6720:
6677:
6359:
6144:(The scholars) consented that it is an obligation upon the Muslims to select a Khalif
5704:
5240:
5030:
4959:
and rose to prominence as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the
4773:
4769:
4616:
4585:
4526:, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi. For a time it was supported by
4502:
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4005:
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3883:
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3823:
3803:
3720:
3681:
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3329:
3319:
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3173:
3029:
2867:
2827:
2750:
2728:
2661:
2646:
2574:
2549:
2533:
2524:
2472:
2385:
2357:
2314:
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2107:
1884:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1591:
1312:
1143:
1095:
923:
856:
793:
757:
704:
617:
577:
439:
132:
127:
104:
99:
94:
13582:
11733:
occupational group enjoyed a life expectancy of 69, 75, and 72.8 years respectively!
6098:
stated that the global Muslim community can have only one leader at any given time.
15145:
14932:
14927:
14883:
14870:
14800:
14768:
14763:
14627:
14622:
14604:
14565:
14498:
14481:
14422:
14412:
14407:
14348:
14304:
14274:
14234:
14217:
14200:
14163:
13914:
13890:
13885:
13387:
13288:
13228:
13177:
13135:
12913:
12851:
12771:
12274:
12221:
12150:
12046:
12005:
11965:
11882:
11699:
11669:
11610:
11567:
11532:
11489:
11440:
11432:
11358:
11284:
10888:
10875:
10593:
9608:
9548:
9399:
9243:
8310:
8123:
7471:
7151:
was the fourteenth and last Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death in 750.
6963:
6956:
6952:
6928:
6834:
6752:
6740:
6700:
6582:
6414:
6400:
6179:
6050:(innovations) would spread and Fitna would grow, and that is in no one's interests.
5990:
5916:
5517:
5404:
5179:
4992:
4960:
4876:
4666:
4577:
4549:
4445:
in the early nineteenth century, it controlled one of the most powerful empires in
4430:
4424:
4408:
4388:
4360:
4352:
4267:
like their Timurid ancestors. A gold coin struck under Akbar called him the "great
3888:
3838:
3446:
3344:
3339:
3324:
2842:, the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and
2650:
2592:
2454:
2237:
2216:
1928:
1861:
1730:
1424:
1347:
1317:
1191:
933:
913:
602:
597:
548:
533:
518:
427:
306:
137:
9612:
9552:
7293:, the 2nd Ottoman caliph, during whose reign the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith
3025:
15363:
15331:
15204:
15172:
15155:
15111:
15106:
15084:
15079:
15037:
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14865:
14860:
14701:
14582:
14476:
14471:
14439:
14264:
14254:
14148:
14141:
14136:
14121:
14077:
13959:
13945:
13557:
13502:
13258:
13243:
13233:
13203:
13170:
12996:
12884:
12756:
12626:
12518:
12460:
12399:
Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources
12243:
12239:
12172:
11272:
10561:
10321:
9827:
9177:
8757:
Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924
8693:
8676:
8595:
8568:
8530:
8442:
8370:
8304:
8300:
7879:
7681:
7517:
7454:
7257:
7211:
7189:
7086:
7020:
6850:
6846:
6830:
6806:
6788:
6560:
6381:
5236:
5165:
5004:
4977:
4910:'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015
4866:
prohibited the use of paper currency and ordered his men to burn their passports.
4799:
4573:
4565:
4519:
4438:
4332:
4245:
4151:
4047:
3798:
3710:
3551:
3461:
3385:
3256:
3206:
2971:
2891:
2851:
2800:) and the caliphate were united to any degree, excepting the final period of the
2777:
2772:
and made it their capital city, before conquering Egypt and building the city of
2769:
2708:
2704:
2677:
2642:
2541:
2502:, reclaimed the title of caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.
2471:(r. June–November 1261). The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of
2468:
2369:
2353:
2212:
2181:
1865:
1777:
1769:
1691:
1683:
1635:
1608:
1464:
1454:
1251:
1148:
737:
553:
513:
502:
484:
387:
332:
245:
31:
14785:
12174:
Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God
11390:
Robert Sabatino Lopez, Irving Woodworth Raymond, Olivia Remie Constable (2001),
11087:
8124:"HIST 210 – Lecture 16 – The Splendor of the Abbasid Period | Open Yale Courses"
6496:
4700:
Sufi caliphates are not necessarily hereditary. Khalifas are aimed to serve the
4669:
define themselves as caliphates. Their leaders are thus commonly referred to as
3155:
2737:
Map of the Fatimid Caliphate at its largest extent in the early eleventh century
2271:
74:
15306:
15301:
15264:
15239:
15222:
15133:
15118:
15089:
15047:
14895:
14855:
14850:
14805:
14731:
14691:
14681:
14671:
14486:
14365:
14259:
14126:
14008:
13750:
13484:
13417:
13397:
13273:
13165:
13105:
13058:
13053:
13038:
13018:
12672:
12121:
11802:
10053:"Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross"
7674:
7309:, the 25th and the last Ottoman caliph to rule with independent, absolute power
7306:
7284:
7223:
7207:
6692:
6609:
6520:
6327:
6319:
5769:
5752:
5656:
5378:
5337:
5273:
5244:
5172:
5127:
4996:
4871:
4643:
4623:
4596:
be chosen as caliph can be traced back to 1883 when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized
4527:
4454:
4348:
4249:
4237:
4198:
4186:
3993:
3960:
3863:
3813:
3773:
3750:
3705:
3639:
3541:
3512:
3487:
3441:
3024:, to approach Sultan Abdul Hamid II to use his position as caliph to order the
3017:
2998:
2975:
2967:
2922:
2863:
2812:
2554:
2068:
1613:
1544:
1449:
1282:
1196:
825:
697:
684:
642:
587:
201:
13569:
12278:
11688:
Authority, Conflict, and the Transmission of Diversity in Medieval Islamic Law
11571:
11493:
9782:"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrates its new cultural outpost in Kenner"
9454:
7122:
was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from February 720 until his death in 724.
4320:. The Mughal emperors continued to be addressed as caliphs until the reign of
2395:
15410:
15387:
15274:
15069:
15042:
15015:
14993:
14971:
14738:
14721:
14706:
14550:
14503:
14491:
14417:
14309:
14183:
14178:
14153:
14035:
13847:
13765:
13715:
13130:
13043:
13028:
12846:
12662:
12297:
From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic
12262:
12202:
11362:
11013:
10900:
10857:
Siyaasah Shariyyah – chapter: 'The obligation of adherence to the leadership'
10612:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 1230–1238.
9754:
9694:
8591:
8345:
7959:
7838:
7447:
7376:
7322:
7217:
7067:
7061:
6968:
6944:
6822:
6818:
6385:
6315:
6159:
6122:
5834:
5561:
5548:
5449:
5228:
4892:
4837:
4581:
4256:
4248:. The Indian sultanates did not extensively strive for a caliphate since the
4124:
3965:
3873:
3858:
3808:
3793:
3745:
3725:
3651:
3397:
3334:
3160:
2958:
2887:
2742:
2669:
2637:
tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in
2426:
2249:
2227:
2056:
1892:
1816:
During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the
1500:
1395:
1297:
1287:
1128:
762:
667:
627:
46:
14815:
14795:
13453:
12499:
11673:
11436:
11060:
10933:
An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism
9404:
9387:
9187:
7093:
as his successor, a trend that would continue through subsequent caliphates.
6577:(Islamic judge) was not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion,
6563:, capital punishment was suspended until the effects of the drought passed.
6220:
has said that the leader of the Muslims simply should be from the majority.
6106:
declared it impermissible to give oaths of loyalty to more than one leader.
5469:
2161:. Ali's tumultuous rule lasted only five years. This period is known as the
15279:
15020:
15010:
14976:
14905:
14900:
14827:
14617:
14599:
14560:
14555:
14535:
14530:
14402:
14395:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14269:
14207:
14188:
14173:
14109:
13735:
13303:
13293:
13248:
13145:
13125:
13013:
12482:
12070:
11601:
Amin, Samir (June 1978). "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems".
11544:
10980:
10527:
10382:
10082:
8689:
7941:
7493:
7360:
7201:
6976:
6665:
6645:
6546:
6295:
6217:
6095:
5920:
5757:
5534:
5444:
5320:
5157:
5110:
consultation and taking into consideration the views of the members of the
4842:
4789:
4450:
4321:
4036:
4017:
3893:
3878:
3818:
3700:
3507:
3492:
3451:
3380:
3351:
2991:
2962:
as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the
2692:
dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of
2476:
1918:
1849:
1798:
1549:
1476:
1470:
1444:
1439:
1415:
1405:
1342:
1231:
1051:
975:
813:
769:
506:
238:
227:
160:
12368:
By Richard Stephen Humphreys, Stephen (EDT) Humphreys from The History of
12154:
11075:
Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism: Social Justice and Salvation for the Masses
9574:
Sazonov, Vladimir; Espak, Peeter; Mölder, Holger; Saumets, Andres (2020).
9269:
7931:
6845:. Organisational enterprises similar to corporations independent from the
6554:, the daughter of Muhammad (my daughter) stole, I would cut off her hand."
6125:
must not be appointed by the Islamic ummah, but must be appointed by God.
4776:
who were the third and fourth caliphs respectively. The current caliph is
1911:
Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title
14998:
14983:
14832:
14545:
14454:
14444:
14370:
14018:
14013:
13710:
13223:
13218:
13100:
13095:
13068:
13033:
12816:
12712:
12142:
11703:
10553:
8587:
7316:
7139:
was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until his death in the year 744.
7136:
6972:
6932:
6886:
6688:
6669:
6649:
6631:
6601:
6530:
6445:
6311:
6201:
6117:
Muslims to have two leaders in the world whether in agreement or discord.
5933:
5884:
5199:
5084:
can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to
4988:
4356:
4178:
4170:
4140:
3980:
3868:
3853:
3740:
3664:
3006:
3002:
2422:
2342:
2302:
2201:
2162:
1896:
1880:
1872:
1813:
based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.
1696:
1554:
1539:
1481:
1352:
1216:
1015:
1010:
990:
980:
970:
565:
523:
447:
11454:
11418:"The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence"
11103:
11028:
Rafia'a & Derayati 2003: Al-Hashiyah ala al-Usul al-Kafi (in Arabic)
7591:
7475:
7299:, the 8th Ottoman caliph, who is well known for his construction of the
7226:
was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.
6499:
6432:
6423:
6151:
when writing of the potential consequences of losing the caliphate said:
5813:
5332:
5076:
4042:
2490:
2055:
In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the
1983:
1630:
15025:
14842:
14716:
14676:
14609:
13725:
13690:
13640:
13614:
13608:
13208:
13150:
13140:
13120:
13090:
13063:
13048:
12766:
12687:
12405:
The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba: Berbers and Andalusis in conflict
12050:
12009:
11969:
11886:
11622:
11501:
10819:
10725:
10654:
10633:
9294:
8970:
8889:
Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective
8536:
7554:
Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts
7245:
7107:
7082:
7039:
6988:
6915:
6911:
6684:
6466:
6462:
6331:
6257:
6148:
6128:
6083:
6047:
5959:
5854:
5837:
5585:
5556:
5328:
5315:
5123:
4984:
4718:
4589:
4442:
4280:
4241:
4197:
government in Turkey, a former Muslim Brotherhood ally who has adopted
3950:
3730:
3502:
3249:
3083: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2630:
2616:
2562:
2519:
2499:
2318:
2241:
2189:
1876:
1559:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1491:
1332:
1123:
1005:
1000:
864:
570:
12356:
The History of Al-Khilafah Ar-Rashidah (The Rightly Guided Caliphates)
11762:
composed exclusively of individuals who enjoyed exceptional longevity.
11579:
11445:
9214:"Is Yogyakarta Ready for a Female Successor to Sultan Hamengkubowono?"
9141:
Qadir, K.B.S.S.A., 1936. "The Cultural Influences of Islam in India".
7186:
was the third Abbasid caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.
5235:"The Voice of the Caliphate". According to author and Egyptian native
2441:(934–941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to
1809:, and parallel regional caliphates. Historically, the caliphates were
14915:
14686:
14570:
14540:
14195:
13986:
13760:
13740:
13730:
13720:
13705:
13695:
13675:
13660:
13650:
13635:
13603:
13593:
13545:
13023:
12981:
12976:
12836:
12821:
12727:
12717:
12512:
10596:, Kitab Al-Fitan (8584\503\4) أخرج ( ك ) نعيم بن حماد (986) , والحاكم
9997:"Isis 'controls 50% of Syria' after seizing historic city of Palmyra"
9670:
Prayer in the City: The Making of Muslim Sacred Places and Urban Life
9179:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
9070:
Gabriel's Wing A Study Into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal
8157:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
8094:"Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica"
7169:
7163:
7148:
7142:
6996:
6940:
6653:
6641:
6590:
6362:
and established in Iran, is not universally accepted among the Shia.
6356:
6353:
6267:
6099:
6055:
6000:
5311:
5183:
5088:
and uphold the unity of God, therefore any movement to establish the
5052:
5017:(YPG) along with a 60 nation coalition in its efforts to establish a
5009:
4929:
4848:
4639:
4631:
4296:
4284:
4225:
4220:
3517:
2987:
2877:
2781:
2712:
2200:, succeeded Ali as caliph. Muāwiyah transformed the caliphate into a
2137:
Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule
2076:
1879:, however, believe a caliph should be an imam chosen by God from the
1362:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1085:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1020:
985:
953:
897:
892:
11614:
11523:
Spier, Ray (August 2002). "The history of the peer-review process".
10111:"Blamed for Rise of ISIS, Syrian Leader Is Pushed to Escalate Fight"
9085:
Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State
4921:
4642:. Although he lost the Hejaz and was exiled, then imprisoned by the
3058:
2974:
on territory whose sovereignty was ceded to the Russian Empire. The
2872:
2248:, Ali was later assassinated by the Kharijite Ibn Muljam. Ali's son
14316:
14099:
14057:
13996:
13755:
13700:
13685:
13665:
13655:
13630:
13598:
13588:
13576:
13432:
13427:
13155:
13110:
13080:
12986:
12702:
12677:
12569:
12527:
12493:
12434:
Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought
11211:, pp. 132 & 135); Mathieu Tillier, Judicial Authority and
9786:
8571:. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the
7468:
The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought
7312:
7251:
7239:
7183:
7119:
7101:
7035:
7028:
7008:
6881:
6814:
6712:
6534:
6374:
6087:
5892:
5734:
5699:
5368:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5131:
5103:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4914:
4809:
4795:
4608:
4144:
3497:
3373:
3239:
3181:
3013:
2926:
2540:. The Umayyads lost the position of caliph in Damascus in 750, and
2537:
2433:
2298:
2158:
2087:
2029:
1900:
1720:
1712:
1434:
995:
965:
908:
779:
747:
461:
395:
45:"The Caliphate" redirects here. For the modern militant group, see
13335:
13328:
indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only
12923:
12595:
12393:
Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924)
7315:, the 26th Ottoman caliph, who made the Ottoman Empire enter into
7303:, one of the most famous mosques and tourist attraction in Turkey.
6652:. A social transformation took place as a result of changing land
6384:
have, since the year 1130, followed the imam's chief officer, the
5969:
5909:
4228:, unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a caliph of India.
2579:
2448:
2372:
took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle,
14229:
14158:
14114:
13969:
13895:
13816:
13745:
13645:
13620:
13540:
13530:
13442:
13085:
13001:
12991:
12966:
12667:
12318:
The Way of the Strangers : Encounters with the Islamic State
12126:
God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam
11392:
Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents
10089:. Princeton University Press (Kindle Edition). pp. 283–284.
9599:
Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate".
8564:
7402:
7296:
7272:
7229:
7178:
7130:
7113:
7090:
6936:
6899:
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6551:
6323:
6291:
6229:
6213:
6016:
5996:
5947:
5851:
5573:
5463:
5269:
5074:
Ahmadis maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as
4858:
4750:
4635:
4627:
4434:
4317:
4174:
3482:
3244:
2930:
2906:
2847:
2835:
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2177:
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2095:
2044:
1236:
1073:
1063:
612:
289:
14030:
12427:
The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the real war of ideas
12265:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo".
12196:
10998:(1st ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
9887:
Interview with Kevin Jackson, 15 December 2015, quoted in Wood,
5458:
5059:) is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the
4544:
2876:
The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan
2409:
In 750, the Umayyad dynasty was overthrown by another family of
14062:
13937:
13189:
12962:
12579:
12065:
10871:
7276:
7248:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, who reigned 1136–1160.
7051:
7004:
6984:
6980:
6975:
technology transformed Islamic society (and later, the rest of
6959:
and 31 years for the population of thirteenth-century England.
6919:
6903:
6890:) of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the
6857:
6826:
6792:
6784:
6661:
6657:
6600:, the system of legal scholars and jurists responsible for the
6526:
6516:
6475:
6408:
6370:
6299:
6241:
6043:
5870:
5821:
5810:
5633:
5568:
5231:, or caliphate". Al-Qaeda has named its Internet newscast from
5191:
5161:
4880:
4738:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4662:
4659:
4647:
4593:
4449:
prior to European conquest and colonisation culminating in the
4300:
4263:("abode of the caliphate") since the time of the third emperor
4204:
3403:
3301:
2957:, were lost to the Russian Empire. However, the Ottomans under
2954:
2938:
2910:
2758:
2638:
2623:
2600:
2169:
2146:
2145:. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors (
2060:
1976:
1810:
1400:
632:
622:
411:
379:
371:
356:
350:
234:
11480:
Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".
11266:
The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence on Europe
10963:
Islamic messianism : the idea of Mahdi in twelver Shīʻism
8695:
The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction
7064:
controlling the Levant and Egypt regions independently of Ali.
6352:
rules Muslims, suffices. However, this idea, developed by the
6216:
all agreed that a caliph must be a descendant of the Quraysh.
5025:, Iraq's second largest city, and the northern Syrian city of
4941:
Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Al-Qaeda in Iraq)
4768:, who led the community for over 50 years. Following him were
4760:, became the caliph of the community and assumed the title of
4693:), the main khalifas, who nominate local khalifas to organise
4650:, Hussein continued to use the title until his death in 1931.
2536:
was an integral province of the Umayyad Caliphate ruling from
2498:
The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over
2244:, to abandon the fight. After defeating the Kharijites at the
14696:
13535:
13193:
10584:
Masnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Mishkat, Chapter Al-Anzar Wal Tahzir
9423:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356.
8908:
Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino (eds).
7693:
7352:
6948:
6907:
6876:
6862:
6708:
6566:
6542:
6404:
6349:
6307:
6279:
6237:
6206:
6171:
5986:
5580:
5434:
5350:
5308:
5300:
5068:
5026:
5022:
4968:
4956:
4854:
4805:
4746:
4742:
4612:
4597:
4344:
4308:
4264:
4162:
4136:
3422:
3410:
3362:
3196:
2934:
2839:
2816:
2773:
2762:
2689:
2558:
2464:
2410:
2334:
2306:
2197:
2080:
2072:
1913:
774:
652:
343:
301:
294:
217:
209:
11090:
Ayatullah Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi Greater Sins
7551:
Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012).
7442:
Hassan, Mona. "Conceptualizing the Caliphate, 632–1517 CE."
3016:, U.S. Secretary of State, asked the American ambassador to
2645:
in roughly 1120. The Almohads succeeded in overthrowing the
1844:, but this caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the
12574:
10144:"Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State"
8999:"How to interpret discussions on Atatürk and the caliphate"
7407:
7045:
6922:
6797:
6744:
6574:
6570:
6480:
5919:
reported on the authority of Abu Saleh on the authority of
5265:
5232:
5098:
at that time) nor merely by election but primarily by God.
4313:
2660:
The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when
2345:, or his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule.
2185:
2091:
1937:
1794:
1760:
403:
311:
13906:
12211:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
10501:"The Muslim Brotherhood And Copts, Historical Perspective"
9636:"Islamic Caliph condemns ISIS' act of 'Un-Islamic terror'"
9518:
Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949
7660:
Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate".
7204:, a great Abbasid patron of Islamic philosophy and science
7089:. Muawiyah instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son
4407:(Caliph of God) as one of his many titles. In 2015 sultan
2733:
2700:
falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248, respectively.
2505:
2228:
Ali's caliphate, Hasan and the rise of the Umayyad dynasty
12584:
10232:"The Islamic Khilafat – Its Rise, Fall, and Re-emergence"
9573:
8728:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
7598:. OBP collection. Open Book Publishers. pp. 73–100.
7319:
in 1914, which would ultimately lead to the Empire's end.
7057:
6287:
6228:
Following the death of Muhammad, a meeting took place at
6031:
It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs (rulers)...
2805:
2150:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1745:
1739:
11662:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
8600:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320.
7810:"What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?"
7550:
6987:
culture, comparable to the later shifts from scribal to
6373:
continue to have a living imam; the current imam is the
2341:; others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the
2149:). Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group.
2075:
among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the
12377:
By Clifford Edmund (TRN) Bosworth, from The History of
11679:
11320:
Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam",
10027:"Isis rebels declare 'Islamic state' in Iraq and Syria"
7662:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
7444:
Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History
7287:. Under his reign, the Empire grew by seventy per cent.
6290:, his cousin and son-in-law, as his successor. For the
5344:
and reminds him of his obligation to rule with justice.
4749:, awaited by Muslims. He also claimed to be a follower-
4726:, first designed in 1939, during the leadership of the
4411:
renounced any claim to the caliphate to facilitate his
4299:. As a memoriser of Quran, Aurangzeb fully established
2780:
dubbed the fourth century AH /tenth century CE as the "
2368:, "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the
2083:), though this has later become the subject of debate.
1840:. An attempt to preserve the title was tried, with the
12267:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
11088:
The Thirtieth Greater Sin: Not Helping the Oppressed.
9418:
4827:
11342:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism"
9966:"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force"
7038:, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the
6388:, as they believe the imams are in a state of hiding.
4983:
ISIL has been at war with armed forces including the
4707:
2491:
Parallel regional caliphates in the later Abbasid era
2292: Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
1967:
1955:
1946:
1934:
1757:
1748:
1736:
12096:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
10449:"Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical"
10315:
Professor Mackie and the Kalam Cosmological Argument
10138:
10136:
8375:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 23, 676.
6719:
employed during this time included early contracts,
6545:: The people of Quraish worried about the lady from
5976:
3036:
2609:
2286: Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661
1961:
1940:
1742:
10809:
Al-Moghni Fi Abuab Al-Tawhid, volume 20, pp. 58–145
9487:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح"
9437:
Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses
4634:, but he received support from a large part of the
4394:
2479:, but was restored again to the caliphate in 1517.
1952:
1931:
1754:
1733:
12218:Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights
12128:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
10892:
8306:The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800)
7351:before assuming the title, so as not to break the
7242:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, 991–1031.
6191:
4756:After Ahmad's death in 1908, his first successor,
4533:
12170:
12099:. Vol. IV. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 881–885.
10133:
9741:"Hadhrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih V"
9667:Desplat, Patrick A.; Schulz, Dorothea E. (2014).
9467:
8670:"The history of the institution of the caliphate"
8440:
7793:
7781:
7744:
7699:
2180:) of the caliphate had its own governor (Sultan,
15408:
12245:The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
10764:Al-Mughni fi abwab Al-Tawheed, volume 20, p. 243
10422:"Al-Qaeda chiefs reveal world domination design"
10081:
7446:, Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 98–141,
6711:) and the integration of previously independent
6664:or religious background the right to buy, sell,
4963:. In the summer of 2014, the group launched the
4484:
4464:
2857:
2707:, in 1215. The last representative of the line,
2568:
9357:"How Did the Ottoman Dynasty Survive in Exile?"
9110:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707
8910:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
8522:
8483:Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l'Islam
8010:. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2017.
7133:had, and enforced it, even upon his own family.
6077:
4886:
4418:
2722:
2449:Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517)
2379:
2023:
1871:Not all Muslim states have had caliphates. The
1828:(750–1517). In the fourth major caliphate, the
12429:, by Tony Corn, Small Wars Journal, March 2011
12171:Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014).
12149:, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press,
10965:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
9484:
8966:"Turkey: Could the Caliphate Make a Comeback?"
8944:
8749:
8747:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8508:. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 136–137.
7470:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
6691:were present in the caliphate, since an early
6596:According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at
5168:wrote about the restoration of the caliphate.
5055:believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic:
4971:. The group declared itself a caliphate under
4374:
4143:, but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by
2768:The Fatimids established the Tunisian city of
2260:
13922:
13832:
13483:
13469:
13351:
12939:
12611:
12543:
12504:
11942:place of cultural and scientific preeminence.
9666:
9050:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159, 160.
8783:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
8368:
7944:. London: Penguin Random House. p. 244.
7853:. Cyril Glasse. pp. 39–41, 318–319, 353–354,
7279:, the 1st caliph and maiden title holder of "
5777:
5209:
4065:
2390:
1801:in other parts of the world, had led to many
1653:
833:
178:
30:"Caliph" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Islamic monarchy claiming to succeed Muhammad
15379:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
11159:Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 681
11129:
11127:
11125:
10424:. Melbourne: Theage.com.au. 24 August 2005.
10407:Interview (21 October 2001) from bin Laden,
8586:
8488:
8481:
8441:Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012).
7726:
7687:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
6339:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
6236:, legal specialists collectively called the
4853:) to him. Abu Issa, was born in the city of
4846:
4205:Parallel regional caliphates to the Ottomans
3635:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2603:
1990:
61:
12215:
11744:
11715:
11635:
11208:
10881:
10525:
9912:
9910:
9870:
9868:
8744:
8712:
7972:
7966:
6455:
5122:A number of Islamist political parties and
4653:
2672:by an alliance of the Christian princes of
2583:The Almohad empire at its greatest extent,
1723:and the identification of a monarch called
13929:
13915:
13839:
13825:
13476:
13462:
13358:
13344:
12946:
12932:
12618:
12604:
12550:
12536:
12375:The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate
12321:. New York: Random House. pp. 128–9.
12216:Weeramantry, Judge Christopher G. (1997).
12120:
11859:than in any other cultures of their times.
11560:Comparative Studies in Society and History
11335:
11333:
11260:
11258:
11041:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988).
10961:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981).
10490:Harvard University Press, (1994) pp. 42–43
9900:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate",
9854:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate",
9538:
8799:
8664:
8662:
8631:
8629:
8155:"The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)"
8152:
7659:
7448:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9
6035:Then he got up and addressed the Muslims.
5784:
5770:
4918:Military situation in Libya in early 2016:
4615:by creating a second caliph alongside the
4600:and called for the caliphate as a Sayyid.
4572:) was an Arab caliphate proclaimed by the
4169:was adopted by the King of Morocco and by
4072:
4058:
2890:, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the
1660:
1646:
840:
826:
185:
171:
11444:
11122:
11040:
10960:
9944:"Caliphate won't last but its legacy may"
9779:
9403:
9385:
8838:
7891:
7177:which was to become the core of imperial
6507:factoring in the potential cost of life.
6006:
5932:It has been narrated on the authority of
4556:) in green and the current region in red.
4216:Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent
3929:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
3143:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:
1715:is based on a claim of succession to the
877:List of countries by system of government
11557:
11297:The Cambridge economic history of Europe
11222:
10887:
10605:
10303:, Harvard University Press, (1994) p. 42
9907:
9865:
9693:
9419:British Secret Service (29 March 1924).
9386:Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014).
9158:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India".
9060:
9046:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India".
8902:
8874:, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801:
8812:. Oxford University Press. p. 235.
8490:Mémoires de l'Institut Français de Damas
8406:
8404:
7899:Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures
7804:
7802:
7769:
7732:
7711:
7515:
6967:the introduction of state funding under
6715:areas. Business techniques and forms of
5983:Islamic eschatology § Major figures
5086:those who believe and work righteousness
4913:
4902:
4741:, India, who claimed to be the promised
4717:
4543:
4509:in 1920 to defend the Ottoman Caliphate
4219:
3154:
2882:
2871:
2732:
2578:
2523:
2394:
2270:
2132:
15203:
12386:By Franz Rosenthal from The History of
11659:
11425:The American Journal of Comparative Law
11330:
11255:
11228:
10956:
10954:
9994:
9703:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
9633:
9172:
9162:. Oxford University Press. p. 162.
9107:
9082:
8753:
8659:
8626:
8580:
8299:
7589:
5829:that many people are indeed rebellious.
4689:(orders) are led by spiritual leaders (
4156:Islam and the Foundations of Governance
2982:to comply with the British government.
2528:Map of the Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000
2506:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
2280: Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
1853:
14:
15409:
12517:
12293:
12238:
12141:
12088:
11773:
11339:
11168:
10993:
10606:Madelung, Wilferd (1986). "al-Mahdī".
10007:from the original on 30 September 2015
9842:Islamic caliphate a dream, not reality
9485:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020).
9434:
9295:"New Series Vol. 7 No. 6 (1 May 1917)"
9154:
9042:
8871:
8805:
8730:. New York: Basic Books. p. 111.
8725:
8688:
8682:
8503:
7926:
7557:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
6314:and offspring, who are believed to be
6294:, Ali and his eleven descendants, the
5995:Many Islamic texts, including several
5182:aimed to establish a Caliphate across
4252:was already observing the caliphate.
4209:
2626:movement founded in the 12th century.
13910:
13820:
13457:
13339:
12927:
12599:
12531:
12516:
12503:
12191:
12034:
11993:
11953:
11870:
11685:
11522:
11479:
11415:
11243:from the original on 16 November 2012
11045:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10939:from the original on 10 December 2017
10895:Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500
10868:Concordance de la Tradition Musulmane
10800:Maqalat Al-Islamyin, volume 2, p. 134
10428:from the original on 28 February 2011
10033:from the original on 18 November 2022
9367:from the original on 13 December 2023
9336:from the original on 14 December 2023
9220:from the original on 22 December 2019
8996:
8963:
8844:
8780:
8401:
8372:Concise Encyclopeida Of World History
8014:from the original on 22 December 2023
7933:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
7799:
7638:from the original on 22 February 2020
7465:
6853:from the thirteenth century onwards.
6707:of a stable high-value currency (the
6640:, the caliphate understood that real
6573:to obey the same law. Furthermore, a
5080:) and numerous ahadith on the issue,
4955:. The group eventually expanded into
4822:As-Silsilah As-Sahihah, vol. 1, no. 5
4783:
2211:In areas which were previously under
2192:, a relative of Uthman and governor (
1776:
1707:) that originated in the 7th century
1690:
13776:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only
12557:
12436:. Princeton University Press, 2018.
12352:, by The Internet Islamic University
12261:
11803:"A millennium of health improvement"
11747:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
11718:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
11640:, Brill Publishers, pp. 63–66,
11638:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
11600:
11461:from the original on 17 January 2023
11189:from the original on 17 January 2023
10994:Ḥusayn, Ṭabāṭabāʼī Muḥammad (1975).
10951:
10599:
10552:
10459:from the original on 11 October 2017
10446:
10290:, The Islamic Foundation, 1976, p. 9
10212:from the original on 9 November 2015
10154:from the original on 8 February 2021
9858:, 14 December 2014, quoted in Wood,
9810:
9717:from the original on 17 January 2023
9648:from the original on 15 October 2014
9509:
9428:
9194:from the original on 17 January 2023
9143:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
9112:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors.
8997:Duran, Burhanettin (4 August 2020).
8826:from the original on 17 January 2023
8614:from the original on 14 January 2023
8553:from the original on 17 January 2023
8528:
8462:from the original on 17 January 2023
8389:from the original on 17 January 2023
8327:from the original on 17 January 2023
8251:from the original on 26 October 2017
8134:from the original on 28 October 2023
8074:from the original on 27 October 2023
8044:from the original on 27 October 2023
8034:"The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)"
7920:
7655:
7653:
7571:from the original on 17 January 2023
7396:The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate
6061:Imam Ali whom the Shia revere said:
4899:List of leaders of the Islamic State
4433:was an Islamic state in what is now
3081:adding citations to reliable sources
3052:
2921:, the seat of the Ottomans moved to
2749:, that extended its rule across the
2629:The Almohad movement was started by
2619:" or "the Unifiers") was a Moroccan
13881:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
13365:
12953:
12625:
11931:from the original on 17 August 2011
11910:
11848:from the original on 17 August 2011
11827:
11809:from the original on 16 August 2017
10534:from the original on 5 January 2008
10526:Bieliauskas, Hana (17 April 2007).
9598:
9348:
9011:from the original on 7 January 2024
8978:from the original on 7 January 2024
8964:Birch, Nicholas (3 December 2010).
8891:. Columbia University Press, 2010.
8785:. St. Martin's Press. p. 444.
8104:from the original on 15 August 2020
7019:For a more comprehensive list, see
4828:Abu Issa caliphate (1993 – c. 2014)
4569:
3033:recognizing American sovereignty."
2711:, was reduced to the possession of
2649:in governing Morocco by 1147, when
2604:
2122:
1991:
1889:invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR
1773:
1687:
62:
24:
13846:
12384:Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad
12343:
11372:from the original on 12 April 2019
11110:from the original on 5 August 2022
10782:Al-Fasl Fil-Milal, volume 4, p. 62
10755:Mughni Al-Muhtaj, volume 4, p. 132
10528:"Campus Radicals – Hizb-ut Tahrir"
10507:from the original on 18 March 2009
10268:from the original on 3 August 2017
10238:from the original on 31 March 2015
9780:Linderman, Juliet (14 June 2017).
9749:. Islamic Publications. May 2008.
9592:
9567:
9532:
9478:
9461:
9354:
9287:
7979:State University of New York Press
7973:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994),
7882:, the son of Umayya ibn Abd Shams.
7596:History of International Relations
7014:
6392:
6346:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
6286:in particular, that he considered
5279:
5178:In Southeast Asia, groups such as
4708:Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)
4676:
4584:, declaring independence from the
4102:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
4088:of October 1918 with the military
3647:Principles of State and Government
3623:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
2970:in 1774, when the Empire retained
2784:century in the history of Islam".
2204:office, thus founding the Umayyad
25:
15448:
12448:
12366:The Crisis of the Early Caliphate
12350:The theory of government in Islam
10839:Sharhu Sahih Muslim p. 205 vol 12
10180:from the original on 26 June 2015
10121:from the original on 15 July 2017
10063:from the original on 26 June 2015
9976:from the original on 31 July 2014
9798:from the original on 17 June 2018
9761:from the original on 27 July 2011
8931:Studies in Middle Eastern History
8532:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art
8281:from the original on 21 June 2021
7851:The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam
7820:from the original on 25 July 2017
7650:
7632:"The Roots of Democracy in Islam"
7612:from the original on 7 April 2022
7363:), leaving the title in dormancy.
7327:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
7281:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
6612:in the early nineteenth century:
6483:from the Qur'an to justify this:
6306:, was the Islamic holy book, the
5977:Prophesied caliphate of the Mahdi
5928:counted for you and against them.
5040:
4622:His caliphate was opposed by the
4511:at the end of the First World War
4109:president of the Turkish Republic
3572:List of Islamic political parties
3037:Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
2901:The caliphate was claimed by the
2565:were constructed in this period.
2168:Under the Rāshidun, each region (
1917:(King), or another from the same
1868:, have claimed to be caliphates.
13781:
13780:
12736:
12490:Islamists urge caliphate revival
12028:
11987:
11947:
11904:
11864:
11821:
11795:
11767:
11749:, Brill Publishers, p. 66,
11738:
11720:, Brill Publishers, p. 66,
11709:
11653:
11629:
11594:
11551:
11516:
11473:
11409:
11384:
11314:
11290:
11278:
11215:s’ Autonomy under the Abbasids,
11201:
11162:
11153:
11141:from the original on 7 July 2011
11096:
11081:
11067:
11034:
11020:
10987:
10921:
10860:
10851:
10842:
10833:
10824:
10812:
10803:
10794:
10785:
10776:
10767:
10758:
10749:
10740:
10731:
10719:
10707:
10698:
10689:
10680:
10668:
10659:
10647:
10638:
10626:
10587:
10578:
10546:
10519:
10493:
10480:
10471:
10440:
10414:
10401:
10389:from the original on 4 June 2011
10375:
10354:
10328:
10306:
10293:
10280:
10250:
10224:
10192:
10166:
10103:
10075:
10045:
9497:from the original on 16 May 2023
9305:from the original on 25 May 2024
9242:. Indhistory.com. Archived from
8933:. Oxford University Press, 2001
8851:. Lexington Books. p. 397.
8422:from the original on 16 May 2015
8241:"The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt"
8191:from the original on 27 May 2015
8161:from the original on 5 July 2023
8153:Yalman, Suzan; Komaroff, Linda.
7519:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History
6278:regardless of majority opinion,
5936:that the Prophet of Allah said:
5160:unity and the implementation of
5117:
4928:
4920:
4812:is reported to have prophesied:
4395:Yogyakarta Caliphate (1755–2015)
4133:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
4100:(August 1920) which imposed the
4041:
4030:
3057:
2664:(1199–1214) was defeated at the
2532:During the Umayyad dynasty, the
1927:
1729:
1629:
807:
216:
154:
73:
12314:
11482:The Journal of Economic History
11322:The Journal of Economic History
11229:Feldman, Noah (16 March 2008).
10737:Subul Al-Asha, volume 9, p. 277
10686:"Al-A’kd Al-Farid" of Al-Waqidi
10644:"Tarikh ut-Tabari" by at-Tabari
10338:. harunyaya.com. Archived from
10019:
9995:Shaheen, Kareem (21 May 2015).
9988:
9958:
9946:. The Australian. 8 August 2014
9936:
9923:
9894:
9881:
9848:
9833:
9773:
9733:
9687:
9660:
9634:Taggart, Steve (10 July 2014).
9627:
9412:
9379:
9318:
9276:
9258:
9232:
9206:
9166:
9148:
9135:
9126:
9101:
9076:
9054:
9036:
9023:
8990:
8957:
8954:144.1 (14 January 2008): 38–40.
8923:
8881:
8774:
8647:from the original on 3 May 2015
8497:
8474:
8434:
8362:
8339:
8293:
8263:
8233:
8221:from the original on 3 May 2015
8203:
8173:
8146:
8116:
8086:
8056:
8026:
7994:
7885:
7856:
7844:
7832:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7750:
7738:
7705:
7330:abolished the Ottoman Caliphate
6839:double-entry bookkeeping system
6247:
6223:
6192:Electing or appointing a caliph
5290:Divisions of the world in Islam
4534:Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1931)
4497:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
4389:Northern Cameroons Protectorate
3068:needs additional citations for
2745:caliphate, originally based in
2325:the world had yet seen and the
123:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus
12471:– a three-part documentary by
12461:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
12417:The abolition of the Caliphate
10848:al Iqtisaad fil Itiqaad p. 240
10704:Nahj-ul-Balagha (part 1 p. 91)
10665:"As-Sunan ul-Kubra" of Bayhaqi
10447:Vick, Karl (14 January 2006).
9700:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
8369:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007).
7902:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
7794:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014
7782:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014
7745:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014
7668:
7634:. Irfi.org. 16 December 2002.
7624:
7583:
7544:
7509:
7459:
7436:
6727:, early forms of partnership (
6638:Muslim Agricultural Revolution
6510:
4603:However, it was not until the
4518:, his brother Shawkat Ali and
4367:were popularly given the term
2951:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
2929:. In 1517, the Ottoman sultan
1699:form of government (initially
1338:Intergovernmental organisation
1293:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
13795:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
12879:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
12865:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
11776:The Western Medical Tradition
11537:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6
11175:. A&C Black. p. 61.
10234:. Alislam.org. 3 March 2011.
9613:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994
9578:. University of Tartu Press.
9553:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895
9471:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة
9439:. Columbia University Press.
7758:The Essentials of Ibadi Islam
7700:Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014
7424:
6529:establishes the principle of
6186:
6046:would then be abandoned, the
5255:
4638:at the time, as well as from
4485:Khilafat Movement (1919–1924)
4465:Toucouleur Empire (1848–1893)
4329:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
4327:Other notable rulers such as
3789:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2903:sultans of the Ottoman Empire
2858:Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)
2741:The Fatimid Caliphate was an
2666:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
2584:
2569:Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269)
2327:seventh largest ever to exist
1838:1924 secularisation of Turkey
11774:Conrad, Lawrence I. (2006),
11172:Islam Today: An Introduction
9421:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924
8038:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
7892:Cavendish, Marshall (2010).
7429:
6648:and wealth and thus enhance
6622:History of Islamic economics
6212:Traditionally, Sunni Muslim
6078:Views of Islamic theologians
6027:Upon this Abu Bakr replied:
4887:Islamic State (2014–present)
4605:end of the Ottoman caliphate
4580:in 1924 previously known as
4419:Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
4090:occupation of Constantinople
2723:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
2380:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517)
2024:Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
1906:
1135:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
13936:
12478:The return of the caliphate
12147:The Early Islamic Conquests
12093:. In Houtsma, M. Th (ed.).
11686:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2007), "
11169:Geaves, Ron (1 July 2010).
9066:"The Historical Background"
8952:U.S News & World Report
7874:. Mu'awiyah was the son of
7369:
7195:One Thousand and One Nights
6330:, and speaking out against
6284:hadith of the pond of Khumm
6198:The Early Islamic Conquests
5327:on Earth. Second, in Surah
4847:
4845:" followers swore loyalty (
4658:Though non-political, some
4505:was launched by Muslims in
4375:Bornu Caliphate (1472–1893)
4107:On 3 March 1924, the first
3583:Militant Islamism based in
2824:Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
2610:
2374:‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
2261:Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
1982:
1203:(socio-economic ideologies)
873:List of forms of government
391:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
15453:
15432:Religious leadership roles
12082:
11780:Cambridge University Press
11745:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994),
11716:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994),
11692:Journal of Islamic Studies
11636:Shatzmiller, Maya (1994),
11416:Kuran, Timur (Fall 2005).
11301:Cambridge University Press
10746:Al-Mizan, volume 2, p. 157
9468:نضال داود المومني (1996).
9282:
8887:Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab.
8754:Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999).
7715:The Succession to Muhammad
7712:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
7592:"4. The Muslim Caliphates"
7524:Cambridge University Press
7522:. Cambridge and New York:
7085:, the first caliph of the
7018:
7011:educational institutions.
6656:giving individuals of any
6625:
6619:
6615:
6514:
6398:
6336:
6270:, Shi'ites believe in the
6251:
5991:Second Coming § Islam
5980:
5286:Political aspects of Islam
5283:
5213:
5210:Al-Qaeda's Caliphate goals
5130:), or through force (e.g.
5044:
4943:formed as an affiliate of
4896:
4890:
4793:
4787:
4711:
4537:
4528:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
4494:
4488:
4477:, being incorporated into
4422:
4234:Umayyad campaigns in India
4213:
3899:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
3567:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
3046:
3043:Abolition of the Caliphate
3040:
2919:conquest of Constantinople
2861:
2726:
2596:
2572:
2509:
2461:Mongol conquest of Baghdad
2452:
2432:In the ninth century, the
2391:Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad
2383:
2264:
2126:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2018:
44:
40:Caliphate (disambiguation)
29:
15372:
15324:
14841:
14245:
13944:
13854:
13774:
13526:
13498:
13373:
13326:
13188:
12961:
12910:
12800:
12745:
12734:
12651:
12633:
12565:
12525:
12510:
12505:Links to related articles
12358:School Textbook, By Dr. '
12279:10.1017/s0041977x00113710
11572:10.1017/s001041759900208x
11494:10.1017/S0022050700097837
11396:Columbia University Press
10362:"Quran translation index"
9392:Journal of Human Sciences
8806:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001).
8760:. Brill. pp. 18–19.
8726:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
8482:
8480:Louis Massignon (1935). "
8002:"40. History of Muhammad"
7506:Accessed 17 January 2023.
7466:March, Andrew F. (2019).
7003:and the emergence of the
6487:And they (the sinners on
6326:emphasise that values of
5861:
5323:creating humanity as his
5294:
5015:People's Protection Units
4161:A summit was convened at
4013:Islam and other religions
3523:International propagation
3262:International propagation
2222:Byzantine–Persian warfare
2100:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
1324:(geo-cultural ideologies)
63:
13513:Family tree (simplified)
12896:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
12872:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
12124:; Hinds, Martin (1986),
12038:Journal of World History
11997:Journal of World History
11957:Journal of World History
11874:Journal of World History
11363:10.1163/156920607x171591
11219:, 26 (2014), p. 119-131.
10830:Tafseer ul-Qurtubi 264/1
10695:"as-Sirah" of Ibnu Ishaq
10674:"Al-fasil-fil Milal" by
9931:The Way of the Strangers
9918:The Way of the Strangers
9889:The Way of the Strangers
9876:The Way of the Strangers
9860:The Way of the Strangers
9839:Andrew Hammond, (2006).
9361:www.ekrembugraekinci.com
8912:, Volume 1. Sage, 2011.
8781:James, Lawrence (2000).
8675:24 December 2014 at the
8637:"caliph – Islamic title"
7680:10 December 2014 at the
7516:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021).
7332:and sent Mejid in exile.
7291:Suleiman the Magnificent
6676:concerning agriculture,
6644:were needed to increase
6456:Accountability of rulers
6262:Imamate in Shia doctrine
5898:Nafi'a reported saying:
5035:Syrian Democratic Forces
5001:Syrian Democratic Forces
4654:Non-political caliphates
4524:Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
4316:, and Kurdish conqueror
4277:Suleiman the Magnificent
4154:published his 1925 book
3675:Governance of the Jurist
2964:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2360:in 680, solidifying the
2155:Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam
1852:), leaving the claim in
480:Medieval Islamic science
13864:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)
13075:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
12858:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
12208:Encyclopædia Britannica
11674:10.1163/156852070X00123
11525:Trends in Biotechnology
11340:Banaji, Jairus (2007).
11135:"Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy"
10653:"Siratu Ibn Hisham" by
10320:15 January 2008 at the
9933:, 2017, p. 297, n. 14.
9826:11 October 2017 at the
9792:Advance Local Media LLC
9746:The Review of Religions
9435:Kramer, Martin (1986).
9240:"The Khilafat Movement"
9174:Saksena, Banarsi Prasad
8641:Encyclopædia Britannica
8504:Wintle, Justin (2003).
8416:Encyclopædia Britannica
8245:www.napoleon-series.org
8215:Encyclopædia Britannica
8185:Encyclopædia Britannica
7453:17 January 2023 at the
7032:("Righteously Guided")
6860:included collection of
6703:developed based on the
6244:(example) of Muhammad.
6104:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad
5958:The Prophet said, "The
5876:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
4965:Northern Iraq offensive
4780:, who lives in London.
4520:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
4121:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
3779:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
2591:The Almohad Caliphate (
2459:In 1261, following the
2275:The caliphate, 622–750
1587:Administrative division
1531:International relations
36:Caliph (disambiguation)
13508:Family tree (detailed)
12411:Khilafat and Caliphate
12294:Özoğlu, Hakan (2011).
12089:Arnold, T. W. (1993).
11350:Historical Materialism
10714:Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah
10609:Encyclopaedia of Islam
10558:Islam: A Brief History
9673:. Verlag. p. 82.
9541:Middle Eastern Studies
8489:
8064:"Qays/Mudar and Yaman"
7862:Uthman was the son of
7590:Ringmar, Erik (2020).
6866:(charity), one of the
6811:transactional accounts
6556:
6504:
6266:With the exception of
6254:Succession to Muhammad
6184:
6157:
6146:
6138:
6119:
6075:
6052:
6033:
6025:
6019:hall) of Bani Sa’ida:
5974:
5954:Narrated Abu Huraira:
5952:
5930:
5914:
5889:
5859:
5842:
5818:
5150:
4967:, seizing the city of
4936:
4911:
4868:
4825:
4730:
4557:
4303:in South Asia via his
4229:
3844:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
3280:Islamic fundamentalism
3164:
2898:
2880:
2738:
2588:
2529:
2406:
2356:and his family at the
2294:
2138:
2129:Early Muslim conquests
2051:Succession to Muhammad
2039:Succession to Muhammad
490:Succession to Muhammad
15349:Medieval great powers
12315:Wood, Graeme (2017).
12193:Goeje, Michael Jan de
11690:by R. Kevin Jaques",
11437:10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785
11264:Zohor Idrisi (2005),
10411:, Verso, 2005, p. 121
10288:Human Rights in Islam
10200:"Khilafat-e-Rashidah"
10029:. BBC. 30 June 2014.
9405:10.12785/jhs/20140213
9283:Teitelbaum 2001 p. 42
9156:Arnold, Thomas Walker
9108:Hussein, S M (2002).
9083:Jackson, Roy (2010).
9044:Arnold, Thomas Walker
8845:Yegar, Moshe (2002).
8698:. Brill. p. 21.
8567:, the founder of the
6868:Five Pillars of Islam
6739:) and early forms of
6717:business organisation
6683:Early forms of proto-
6674:financial transaction
6539:
6485:
6471:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
6164:
6153:
6142:
6133:
6114:
6063:
6040:
6029:
6021:
5956:
5938:
5925:
5900:
5880:
5843:
5826:
5798:
5415:Birmingham manuscript
5400:Samarkand Kufic Quran
5284:Further information:
5142:
5045:Further information:
4951:militants during the
4917:
4906:
4863:
4814:
4794:Further information:
4721:
4547:
4441:. Founded during the
4341:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah
4223:
4173:, former head of the
4127:. The title was then
4113:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3917:Criticism of Islamism
3911:Criticism of Islamism
3829:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
3756:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3159:Official portrait of
3158:
2886:
2875:
2736:
2582:
2527:
2421:by the Mongols under
2400:Mustansiriya Madrasah
2398:
2274:
2136:
1858:hereditary monarchies
1597:Democratic transition
1460:Self-governing colony
1057:Military dictatorship
15359:European colonialism
15344:Ancient great powers
13008:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
12847:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
11914:Delivering Education
11911:Coulson, Andrew J.,
11831:Delivering Education
11828:Coulson, Andrew J.,
11782:, pp. 15, 137,
11271:25 June 2008 at the
10530:. Newstatesman.com.
10488:Failure of Islamism,
10409:Message to the World
10312:William Lane Craig,
9845:. Middle East Online
9601:Comparative Strategy
9072:. Brill. p. 30.
8876:Mark Lambert Bristol
7872:Umayya ibn Abd Shams
7756:Valerie J. Hoffman,
7526:. pp. 284–285.
7114:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
6765:capital accumulation
6733:limited partnerships
6628:Capitalism and Islam
6604:was replaced by the
6450:Taqiuddin al-Nabhani
6092:Ahmad al-Qalqashandi
5923:that Muhammad said:
5336:, it addresses King
4973:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
4834:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
4401:sultan of Yogyakarta
4255:The emperors of the
4094:Treaty of Versailles
3716:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3673:Islamic Government:
3077:improve this article
2997:Around 1880, Sultan
2915:Mehmed the Conqueror
2894:, with his daughter
2688:. Nearly all of the
2516:Caliphate of Córdoba
2255:Umayya ibn Abd Shams
2063:) took place in the
2009:Khalīfah Rasūl Allāh
1975:), derives from the
529:Association football
15437:Islamic terminology
15354:Modern great powers
13793:Related templates:
12653:Caliphs of Damascus
12413:, By Mubasher Ahmad
12248:, London: Vintage,
12143:Donner, Fred McGraw
11030:. pp. 590–599.
10453:The Washington Post
10301:Failure of Islamism
10286:Abul A'al Mawdudi,
10264:. 13 January 2006.
10150:. 28 October 2019.
9862:, 2017, pp. 152–255
9641:The London Economic
9330:archive.wikiwix.com
9062:Schimmel, Annemarie
8668:Dominique Sourdel,
7476:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms
7418:Worldwide caliphate
7339:Sharifian Caliphate
7001:commercial activity
6880:) collected in the
6777:capital expenditure
6773:circulating capital
6725:international trade
6697:merchant capitalism
6537:and accountability
6176:Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ
5053:Ahmadiyya community
5051:The members of the
5047:Ahmadiyya Caliphate
4778:Mirza Masroor Ahmad
4714:Ahmadiyya Caliphate
4691:khilafah ruhaniyyah
4607:, abolished by the
4562:Sharifian Caliphate
4554:Sharifian Caliphate
4540:Sharifian Caliphate
4516:Mohammad Ali Jouhar
4307:. He re-introduced
4244:, most notably the
4210:Indian subcontinent
4086:Armistice of Mudros
4048:Politics portal
4001:Islam and modernity
3677:("Velayat-e faqih")
3659:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
2999:Abdul Hamid II
2949:The outcome of the
2751:Mediterranean coast
2482:The Ottoman sultan
2339:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
2067:(courtyard) of the
1842:Sharifian Caliphate
1824:(661–750), and the
1807:sectarian conflicts
1778:[xæ'liːfæh]
1692:[xi'laːfah]
1636:Politics portal
1521:Supranational union
1430:Dependent territory
1343:National government
290:Profession of Faith
263:Day of Resurrection
143:Sharifian Caliphate
117:Parallel caliphates
15422:Islamic monarchies
13518:Line of succession
12802:Caliphs of Córdoba
12519:Caliphal Dynasties
12473:Al Jazeera English
12464:. Merriam-Webster.
12407:By Peter C. Scales
12051:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
12010:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
11970:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
11922:Hoover Institution
11887:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
11839:Hoover Institution
11704:10.1093/jis/etm005
11236:The New York Times
10728:, volume 9, p. 360
10262:Washingtonpost.com
10117:. 22 August 2014.
10115:The New York Times
9904:, 14 December 2014
8878:on 19 August 1924.
8529:Baer, Eva (1983).
8100:. 9 October 2023.
8098:www.britannica.com
7938:Harari, Yuval Noah
7928:Harari, Yuval Noah
6695:and early form of
6598:Harvard University
6561:Rashidun caliphate
6304:two weighty things
5805:be the rebellious.
5664:Biblical parallels
5410:Topkapi manuscript
5154:Muslim Brotherhood
5065:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
5037:on 23 March 2019.
4937:
4912:
4784:Period of dormancy
4766:Mirza Mahmud Ahmad
4758:Hakeem Noor-ud-Din
4735:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
4731:
4667:Ahmadiyya movement
4558:
4479:French West Africa
4447:sub-Saharan Africa
4403:historically used
4381:Kanem-Bornu Empire
4337:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
4230:
4191:Muslim Brotherhood
3946:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
3922:Criticism of Islam
3784:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
3602:Sub-Saharan Africa
3562:Muslim Brotherhood
3547:Iranian Revolution
3457:Islamic Golden Age
3310:Islamic governance
3165:
2899:
2896:Dürrüşehvar Sultan
2881:
2813:Maltese Christians
2802:Rashidun Caliphate
2739:
2589:
2530:
2512:Emirate of Córdoba
2443:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
2407:
2376:and not from Ali.
2295:
2246:Battle of Nahrawan
2139:
2112:Ibrahim al-Nakha'i
2034:Rashidun Caliphate
1818:Rashidun Caliphate
1713:political identity
90:Rashidun Caliphate
15404:
15403:
15398:
15397:
15320:
15319:
15285:Polish–Lithuanian
14460:Gurjara-Pratihara
13904:
13903:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13807:
13451:
13450:
13333:
13332:
13309:al-Mutawakkil III
13299:al-Mutawakkil III
12921:
12920:
12812:Abd al-Rahman III
12792:Abd al-Rahman III
12593:
12592:
12442:978-1-4008-8804-7
12401:By Guy Le Strange
12362:, `Abdullah Ahsan
12360:Abdullah al-Ahsan
12328:978-0-8129-8875-8
12255:978-1-4000-3084-2
12198:"Caliphate"
12164:978-0-691-05327-1
12135:978-0-521-32185-3
12106:978-90-04-09790-2
11789:978-0-521-47564-8
11756:978-90-04-09896-1
11727:978-90-04-09896-1
11647:978-90-04-09896-1
11182:978-1-84706-478-3
10899:. New York City:
10889:Robinson, Francis
10866:Jan A. Wensinck,
10619:978-90-04-09419-2
10571:978-1-4051-8094-8
10503:. Ikhwanweb.com.
10258:"Reunified Islam"
10148:The Wilson Center
10059:. 13 March 2015.
9695:Esposito, John L.
9585:978-9949-03-520-5
9520:. 22 March 1924.
9272:on 16 April 2007.
8573:Abbasid caliphate
8539:. p. xxiii.
8350:Histoire du Maroc
8211:"Abbasid Dynasty"
7940:; Purcell, John;
7772:, pp. 32–33)
7533:978-1-107-18324-7
7485:978-0-674-98783-8
7357:Sultanate of Nejd
7349:Ottoman Caliphate
7267:Ottoman Caliphate
7158:Abbasid Caliphate
7077:Umayyad Caliphate
6803:startup companies
6721:bills of exchange
6608:of Sharia by the
6360:Ruhollah Khomeini
6312:Muhammad's family
5968:Sahih al-Bukhari
5794:
5793:
5678:Mentioned by name
5307:twice. First, in
5241:Ayman al-Zawahiri
5138:Abul A'la Maududi
5031:Al-Baghuz Fawqani
4774:Mirza Tahir Ahmad
4770:Mirza Nasir Ahmad
4636:Muslim population
4586:Ottoman Caliphate
4552:(that became the
4503:Khilafat Movement
4491:Khilafat Movement
4471:Toucouleur Empire
4385:Colony of Nigeria
4365:Khwaja Salimullah
4167:Ameer al-Mumineen
4150:Egyptian scholar
4082:
4081:
3956:Abdelwahab Meddeb
3884:Haji Shariatullah
3849:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3834:Abul A'la Maududi
3824:Ruhollah Khomeini
3804:Rached Ghannouchi
3736:Alija Izetbegović
3721:Ruhollah Khomeini
3628:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
3528:by country/region
3417:Two-nation theory
3369:Islamic terrorism
3330:Islamic socialism
3320:Islamic democracy
3296:Apostasy in Islam
3267:by country/region
3153:
3152:
3145:
3127:
3049:Atatürk's reforms
3030:Sultanate of Sulu
2913:. In 1453, after
2868:Ottoman Caliphate
2729:Fatimid Caliphate
2662:Muhammad al-Nasir
2647:Almoravid dynasty
2575:Almohad Caliphate
2550:Abd al-Rahman III
2534:Iberian Peninsula
2473:Al-Mutawakkil III
2386:Abbasid Caliphate
2358:Battle of Karbala
2315:Iberian Peninsula
2267:Umayyad Caliphate
2143:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
2108:Ali ibn Abi Talib
1885:Fatimid Caliphate
1866:Ayyubid Sultanate
1846:Sultanate of Nejd
1830:Ottoman Caliphate
1826:Abbasid Caliphate
1822:Umayyad Caliphate
1670:
1669:
1621:
1620:
1592:Democracy indices
1567:
1566:
1370:
1369:
1179:Semi-presidential
1104:
1103:
850:
849:
195:
194:
133:Almohad Caliphate
128:Fatimid Caliphate
105:Ottoman Caliphate
100:Abbasid Caliphate
95:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
15444:
15201:
15200:
14866:Austro-Hungarian
14566:Chagatai Khanate
13931:
13924:
13917:
13908:
13907:
13891:Islamic monarchy
13886:Islamic republic
13841:
13834:
13827:
13818:
13817:
13784:
13783:
13478:
13471:
13464:
13455:
13454:
13360:
13353:
13346:
13337:
13336:
13316:Ottoman conquest
13289:al-Mutawakkil II
12948:
12941:
12934:
12925:
12924:
12852:Abd al-Rahman IV
12772:Abd ar-Rahman II
12747:Emirs of Córdoba
12740:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12597:
12596:
12559:Rashidun Caliphs
12552:
12545:
12538:
12529:
12528:
12514:
12513:
12501:
12500:
12465:
12432:Hüseyin Yılmaz.
12339:
12337:
12335:
12311:
12290:
12258:
12240:Wright, Lawrence
12235:
12222:Brill Publishers
12212:
12200:
12188:
12167:
12138:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12076:
12075:
12032:
12026:
12025:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11938:
11936:
11930:
11919:
11908:
11902:
11901:
11868:
11862:
11861:
11855:
11853:
11847:
11836:
11825:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11814:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11771:
11765:
11764:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11713:
11707:
11706:
11683:
11677:
11676:
11657:
11651:
11650:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11477:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11448:
11422:
11413:
11407:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11371:
11346:
11337:
11328:
11318:
11312:
11294:
11288:
11285:Maya Shatzmiller
11282:
11276:
11262:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11226:
11220:
11209:Weeramantry 1997
11205:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11166:
11160:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11146:
11137:. 2muslims.com.
11131:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11115:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11071:
11065:
11064:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11024:
11018:
11017:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10958:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10935:. p. 147+.
10925:
10919:
10918:
10898:
10885:
10879:
10876:Brill Publishers
10864:
10858:
10855:
10849:
10846:
10840:
10837:
10831:
10828:
10822:
10816:
10810:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10792:
10791:Matalib Ulil-Amr
10789:
10783:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10765:
10762:
10756:
10753:
10747:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10729:
10723:
10717:
10711:
10705:
10702:
10696:
10693:
10687:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10663:
10657:
10651:
10645:
10642:
10636:
10630:
10624:
10623:
10603:
10597:
10594:Naeem Bin Hammad
10591:
10585:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10560:(2nd ed.).
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10497:
10491:
10484:
10478:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10418:
10412:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10394:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10332:
10326:
10310:
10304:
10297:
10291:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10228:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10211:
10204:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10174:"The Holy Quran"
10170:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10140:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10107:
10101:
10100:
10083:Gerges, Fawaz A.
10079:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10023:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9972:. 30 July 2014.
9962:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9940:
9934:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9905:
9898:
9892:
9885:
9879:
9872:
9863:
9852:
9846:
9837:
9831:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9724:
9722:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9513:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9432:
9426:
9424:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9291:
9285:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9268:. Archived from
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9246:on 28 April 2015
9236:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9152:
9146:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9040:
9034:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8961:
8955:
8948:
8942:
8927:
8921:
8906:
8900:
8885:
8879:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8723:
8710:
8709:
8690:Karpat, Kemal H.
8686:
8680:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8560:
8558:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8506:History of Islam
8501:
8495:
8492:
8485:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8445:('appointments')
8438:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8408:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8366:
8360:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8301:Kennedy, Hugh N.
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8275:Egyptian History
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7936:. Translated by
7924:
7918:
7917:
7889:
7883:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7806:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7657:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7463:
7457:
7440:
7382:Amir al-Mu'minin
7175:Madinat al-Salam
6993:and memorisation
6964:classical Athens
6957:Classical Greece
6953:infant mortality
6949:Islamic scholars
6931:states that the
6929:Maya Shatzmiller
6894:, including the
6807:savings accounts
6789:promissory notes
6723:, long-distance
6701:monetary economy
6502:
6435:
6426:
6401:Majlis-ash-Shura
6180:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
5972:
5950:
5917:Hisham ibn Urwah
5912:
5857:
5840:
5835:Surah Al-Ma'idah
5816:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5730:Quran and Sunnah
5405:Sanaa manuscript
5374:First revelation
5347:
5346:
5335:
5318:
5180:Jemaah Islamiyah
5079:
4993:Free Syrian Army
4961:Syrian Civil War
4932:
4924:
4877:Yahya al-Bahrumi
4852:
4823:
4762:Khalifatul Masih
4574:Sharifian rulers
4571:
4550:Kingdom of Hejaz
4431:Sokoto Caliphate
4425:Sokoto Caliphate
4409:Hamengkubuwono X
4361:Nawabs of Bengal
4353:Nasir I of Kalat
4314:Umar bin Khattab
4305:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
4224:Hafiz Muhiuddin
4139:, leader of the
4098:Treaty of Sèvres
4074:
4067:
4060:
4046:
4045:
4037:Islam portal
4035:
4034:
4033:
3939:in North America
3889:Hassan Al-Turabi
3839:Abul Hasan Nadwi
3447:Anti-imperialism
3345:Islamic republic
3340:Islamic monarchy
3325:Islamic feminism
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3085:
3061:
3053:
3007:World War I
3005:. By the eve of
2613:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2593:Berber languages
2586:
2455:Mamluk Sultanate
2362:Shia-Sunni split
2313:and most of the
2291:
2285:
2279:
2238:Battle of Siffin
2123:Rāshidun Caliphs
2073:Muslim community
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1994:
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1987:
1974:
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1970:
1969:
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1862:Mamluk Sultanate
1792:
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1425:Associated state
1383:
1382:
1358:Internationalism
1348:World government
1325:
1204:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1091:Free association
1078:
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159:
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138:Sokoto Caliphate
77:
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15383:American Empire
15368:
15364:African empires
15316:
15199:
14891:Central African
14837:
14655:Romano-Germanic
14241:
13975:Middle Assyrian
13948:
13940:
13935:
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13900:
13896:Islamic emirate
13850:
13845:
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13809:
13804:
13770:
13564:Süleyman Çelebi
13522:
13494:
13482:
13452:
13447:
13369:
13367:Fatimid Caliphs
13364:
13334:
13329:
13322:
13259:al-Mutawakkil I
13244:al-Mutawakkil I
13234:al-Mutawakkil I
13204:al-Mustansir II
13196:
13184:
13178:Mongol conquest
12997:Harun al-Rashid
12969:
12957:
12955:Abbasid Caliphs
12952:
12922:
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12906:
12885:Abd al-Rahman V
12804:
12796:
12757:Abd al-Rahman I
12749:
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12627:Umayyad dynasty
12624:
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12344:Further reading
12333:
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12122:Crone, Patricia
12111:
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12079:
12045:(2): 165–186 ,
12033:
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12004:(2): 165–186 ,
11992:
11988:
11964:(2): 165–186 ,
11952:
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11934:
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11928:
11924:, p. 117,
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11909:
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11881:(2): 165–186 ,
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11841:, p. 117,
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10336:"harunyaya.com"
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10176:. Alislam.org.
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9355:ekinci, ekrem.
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9266:"The Statesman"
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9216:. 17 May 2015.
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8569:Ayyubid dynasty
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8027:
8017:
8015:
8007:World Religions
8000:
7999:
7995:
7989:
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7952:
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7921:
7914:
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7886:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
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7833:
7823:
7821:
7816:. 28 May 2013.
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7441:
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7413:Shaykh al-Islām
7372:
7345:Hussein bin Ali
7190:Harun al-Rashid
7087:Umayyad dynasty
7024:
7021:List of caliphs
7017:
7015:Notable caliphs
6851:medieval Europe
6634:
6624:
6618:
6567:Islamic jurists
6533:in relation to
6523:
6513:
6503:
6495:
6458:
6431:
6422:
6415:Majlis al-Shura
6411:
6397:
6394:Majlis al-Shura
6382:Taiyabi Ismaili
6341:
6320:Hussain ibn Ali
6264:
6252:Main articles:
6250:
6226:
6194:
6189:
6140:An-Nawawi said:
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5693:Characteristics
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5672:Related persons
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5363:
5331:
5319:, it refers to
5314:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5280:Religious basis
5258:
5237:Lawrence Wright
5218:
5212:
5166:Hassan al-Banna
5120:
5075:
5049:
5043:
5005:Iraqi Kurdistan
4978:Salafi-jihadist
4926:Ansar al-Sharia
4919:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4802:
4800:Islamic revival
4792:
4786:
4716:
4710:
4679:
4677:Sufi caliphates
4656:
4542:
4536:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4475:French Republic
4467:
4459:Sa'adu Abubakar
4439:Usman dan Fodio
4427:
4421:
4399:The Indonesian
4397:
4377:
4333:Alauddin Khilji
4289:Ottoman sultans
4261:Dar-ul-khilafat
4246:Delhi Sultanate
4218:
4212:
4207:
4152:Ali Abdel Raziq
4078:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3799:Hassan al-Banna
3769:
3761:
3760:
3711:Muammar Gaddafi
3696:
3688:
3687:
3674:
3617:
3609:
3608:
3552:Jamaat-e-Islami
3475:
3467:
3466:
3462:Islamic revival
3437:
3429:
3428:
3386:Political Islam
3291:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3257:Salafi movement
3235:
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3138:
3132:
3129:
3086:
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3062:
3051:
3045:
3039:
2972:moral authority
2905:beginning with
2892:Ottoman dynasty
2870:
2862:Main articles:
2860:
2852:Ayyubid dynasty
2828:Fatimid dynasty
2778:Louis Massignon
2731:
2725:
2709:Idris al-Wathiq
2705:Marinid dynasty
2643:Atlas Mountains
2617:the Monotheists
2577:
2571:
2542:Abd al-Rahman I
2522:
2510:Main articles:
2508:
2493:
2457:
2451:
2419:sack of Baghdad
2393:
2388:
2382:
2370:Abbasid dynasty
2293:
2289:
2287:
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2269:
2263:
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2213:Sasanian Empire
2131:
2125:
2079:(migrants from
2053:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2028:Main articles:
2026:
2021:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1951:
1930:
1926:
1909:
1836:as part of the
1820:(632–661), the
1786:
1783:
1782:
1753:
1732:
1728:
1666:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1609:Democratisation
1602:Autocratization
1578:
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1569:
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1486:
1465:Tributary state
1455:Satellite state
1410:
1380:
1379:Power structure
1372:
1371:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1275:
1261:
1252:Totalitarianism
1202:
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1100:
1076:
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1033:
1025:
956:
948:
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886:
885:Source of power
863:Basic forms of
857:Politics series
846:
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806:
799:
798:
743:Other religions
738:Arabic language
700:
690:
689:
618:Moral teachings
509:
495:
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485:Spread of Islam
430:
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407:(jurisprudence)
389:Qisas al-Anbiya
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230:
191:
155:
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148:
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118:
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85:
84:Main caliphates
60:
50:
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32:List of caliphs
28:
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14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14251:
14249:
14247:Post-classical
14243:
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14048:
14046:Middle Kingdom
14043:
14033:
14028:
14027:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14002:Neo-Babylonian
13999:
13994:
13992:Old Babylonian
13984:
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13861:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13848:Islamic states
13844:
13843:
13836:
13829:
13821:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13802:
13800:Valide sultans
13797:
13790:
13789:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13769:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13751:Abdul Hamid II
13748:
13743:
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13723:
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13708:
13703:
13698:
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13638:
13633:
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13606:
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13596:
13591:
13586:
13583:Mustafa Çelebi
13579:
13574:
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13321:
13320:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13274:al-Mustakfi II
13271:
13269:al-Mu'tadid II
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13200:
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13186:
13185:
13183:
13182:
13173:
13168:
13166:al-Mustansir I
13163:
13158:
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13148:
13143:
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12511:
12508:
12507:
12498:
12497:
12487:
12475:
12466:
12450:
12449:External links
12447:
12446:
12445:
12430:
12424:
12423:, 8 March 1924
12414:
12408:
12402:
12396:
12390:
12381:
12372:
12363:
12353:
12345:
12342:
12341:
12340:
12327:
12312:
12306:
12291:
12273:(3): 501–507.
12263:Holt, Peter M.
12259:
12254:
12236:
12230:
12213:
12203:Chisholm, Hugh
12189:
12183:
12168:
12163:
12155:2027/heb.00877
12139:
12134:
12118:
12105:
12084:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12027:
11986:
11946:
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11863:
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11788:
11766:
11755:
11737:
11726:
11708:
11678:
11652:
11646:
11628:
11593:
11550:
11515:
11472:
11431:(4): 785–834.
11408:
11383:
11329:
11313:
11289:
11277:
11254:
11231:"Why Shariah?"
11221:
11200:
11181:
11161:
11152:
11121:
11095:
11080:
11066:
11052:978-0195119152
11051:
11033:
11019:
11005:978-0873952729
11004:
10986:
10971:
10950:
10920:
10913:
10880:
10859:
10850:
10841:
10832:
10823:
10811:
10802:
10793:
10784:
10775:
10766:
10757:
10748:
10739:
10730:
10718:
10706:
10697:
10688:
10679:
10667:
10658:
10646:
10637:
10632:"As-Sirah" of
10625:
10618:
10598:
10586:
10577:
10570:
10564:. p. 38.
10545:
10518:
10492:
10486:Roy, Olivier,
10479:
10470:
10439:
10413:
10400:
10374:
10353:
10342:on 11 May 2015
10327:
10305:
10299:Roy, Olivier,
10292:
10279:
10249:
10223:
10191:
10165:
10132:
10102:
10096:978-0691175799
10095:
10074:
10044:
10018:
9987:
9957:
9935:
9922:
9920:, 2017, p. 155
9906:
9893:
9891:, 2017, p. 153
9880:
9878:, 2017, p. 153
9864:
9847:
9832:
9809:
9772:
9732:
9710:978-0199757268
9709:
9686:
9680:978-3839419458
9679:
9659:
9626:
9591:
9584:
9566:
9547:(5): 733–755.
9531:
9508:
9477:
9460:
9445:
9427:
9411:
9398:(2): 312–335.
9378:
9363:(in Turkish).
9347:
9317:
9286:
9275:
9257:
9231:
9205:
9165:
9147:
9145:, pp. 228–241.
9134:
9125:
9119:978-8173914898
9118:
9100:
9094:978-1136950360
9093:
9075:
9053:
9035:
9022:
8989:
8956:
8943:
8939:978-0195136180
8922:
8918:978-1412959636
8901:
8897:978-0231144896
8880:
8864:
8858:978-0739103562
8857:
8837:
8819:978-0195136180
8818:
8798:
8792:978-0312263829
8791:
8773:
8767:978-9004113718
8766:
8743:
8737:978-0465023967
8736:
8711:
8705:978-9004039452
8704:
8681:
8658:
8625:
8607:978-0521223102
8606:
8592:Lewis, Bernard
8579:
8545:
8521:
8515:978-1843530183
8514:
8496:
8473:
8455:978-9004233331
8454:
8433:
8400:
8382:978-8126907755
8381:
8361:
8338:
8320:978-9004117945
8319:
8292:
8271:"The Mamlukes"
8262:
8232:
8202:
8181:"Islamic arts"
8172:
8145:
8115:
8085:
8055:
8025:
7993:
7988:978-0791418277
7987:
7981:, p. 37,
7965:
7951:978-0099590088
7950:
7919:
7913:978-0761479260
7912:
7884:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7798:
7786:
7784:, p. 186)
7774:
7770:Madelung (1997
7762:
7749:
7737:
7733:Madelung (1997
7725:
7704:
7692:
7667:
7649:
7623:
7605:978-1783740246
7604:
7582:
7564:978-0199327959
7563:
7543:
7532:
7508:
7484:
7458:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
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7410:
7405:
7400:
7392:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7320:
7310:
7307:Abdul Hamid II
7304:
7294:
7288:
7285:Ottoman Empire
7263:
7262:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7205:
7199:
7187:
7181:
7167:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7094:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7065:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7016:
7013:
6999:, flourishing
6823:money changers
6819:exchange rates
6693:market economy
6620:Main article:
6617:
6614:
6610:Ottoman Empire
6525:The following
6521:Islamic ethics
6512:
6509:
6497:Surah Al-Ahzab
6493:
6457:
6454:
6438:
6437:
6428:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6378:
6337:Main article:
6328:social justice
6249:
6246:
6225:
6222:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6082:Scholars like
6079:
6076:
6069:), the booty (
6012:
6005:
5978:
5975:
5965:
5943:
5905:
5868:The following
5865:
5860:
5848:
5831:
5807:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5763:
5762:
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5755:
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5717:
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5708:
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5696:
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5680:
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5638:
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5527:
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5504:
5503:
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5487:
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5477:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5379:Asbab al-Nuzul
5376:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5303:uses the term
5296:
5293:
5281:
5278:
5274:Ottoman Empire
5257:
5254:
5245:Ottoman Empire
5214:Main article:
5211:
5208:
5173:Hizb ut-Tahrir
5128:Hizb ut-Tahrir
5119:
5116:
5042:
5041:Ahmadiyya view
5039:
4997:Al-Nusra Front
4891:Main article:
4888:
4885:
4829:
4826:
4819:
4788:Main article:
4785:
4782:
4724:Ahmadiyya flag
4712:Main article:
4709:
4706:
4678:
4675:
4655:
4652:
4624:British Empire
4617:Ottoman caliph
4538:Main article:
4535:
4532:
4489:Main article:
4486:
4483:
4466:
4463:
4455:Battle of Kano
4423:Main article:
4420:
4417:
4396:
4393:
4376:
4373:
4349:Sher Shah Suri
4271:, the exalted
4250:Ottoman Empire
4238:Ghurid dynasty
4214:Main article:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:Neo-Ottomanist
4187:Hizb ut-Tahrir
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3997:
3994:Related topics
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Maryam Namazie
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Ata Abu Rashta
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Muhammad Iqbal
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Muhammad Abduh
3770:
3768:Key ideologues
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3751:House of Thani
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Omar al-Bashir
3703:
3697:
3695:Heads of state
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3668:
3661:("Milestones")
3655:
3643:
3631:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3597:Southeast Asia
3594:
3589:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3513:Sahwa movement
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Dawat-e-Islami
3485:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Anti-communism
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
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3342:
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3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
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3292:
3289:
3288:
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3264:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3151:
3150:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3041:Main article:
3038:
3035:
3018:Ottoman Turkey
2968:Russian Empire
2925:, present-day
2923:Constantinople
2864:Ottoman Empire
2859:
2856:
2757:, Sicily, the
2743:Isma'ili Shi'i
2727:Main article:
2724:
2721:
2573:Main article:
2570:
2567:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2489:
2453:Main article:
2450:
2447:
2392:
2389:
2384:Main article:
2381:
2378:
2350:Yaman and Qays
2323:largest empire
2288:
2282:
2276:
2265:Main article:
2262:
2259:
2229:
2226:
2124:
2121:
2117:an altercation
2086:Nevertheless,
2043:Main article:
2040:
2037:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
1908:
1905:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:Hybrid regimes
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Regional power
1542:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:Puppet monarch
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1389:
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1378:
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1374:
1373:
1368:
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1365:
1360:
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1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1283:State religion
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Constitutional
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1113:Power ideology
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1077:(rule by none)
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
960:
959:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Representative
926:
921:
916:
911:
903:
902:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
868:
867:
860:
859:
848:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
801:
800:
797:
796:
790:
789:
788:
787:
782:
772:
767:
766:
765:
760:
750:
745:
740:
734:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
713:
712:
707:
701:
698:Related topics
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
680:Social welfare
677:
672:
671:
670:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
574:
573:
568:
558:
557:
556:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
442:
437:
431:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
409:
400:
399:
393:
385:
377:
368:
367:
347:
339:
336:
335:
330:
324:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
298:
297:
292:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:Predestination
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
251:Revealed Books
248:
242:
241:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
212:
206:
205:
193:
192:
190:
189:
182:
175:
167:
164:
163:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
70:
69:
26:
18:Arab caliphate
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15449:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15414:
15412:
15389:
15388:Soviet empire
15386:
15384:
15381:
15380:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:Miscellaneous
15371:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15338:
15335:
15334:
15333:
15330:
15329:
15327:
15323:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15291:
15288:
15287:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15206:
15202:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15170:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15157:
15154:
15153:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15126:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15104:
15103:
15100:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15072:
15071:
15068:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15008:
15007:
15004:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14991:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14972:German Empire
14970:
14969:
14968:
14965:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14898:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14848:
14846:
14844:
14840:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14783:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14740:
14737:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14714:
14713:
14712:Turco-Persian
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14657:
14656:
14653:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14619:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14579:
14576:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14553:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14501:
14500:
14497:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14474:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14452:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14410:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14367:
14364:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14351:
14350:
14347:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14307:
14306:
14303:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14290:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14250:
14248:
14244:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14206:
14202:
14199:
14198:
14197:
14194:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14124:
14123:
14120:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14038:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14011:
14010:
14007:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13988:
13985:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13932:
13927:
13925:
13920:
13918:
13913:
13912:
13909:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13853:
13849:
13842:
13837:
13835:
13830:
13828:
13823:
13822:
13819:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13792:
13791:
13788:
13787:
13778:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13766:Abdulmejid II
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13716:Abdul Hamid I
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13616:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13584:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13566:
13565:
13560:
13559:
13554:
13553:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13486:
13479:
13474:
13472:
13467:
13465:
13460:
13459:
13456:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13375:
13372:
13368:
13361:
13356:
13354:
13349:
13347:
13342:
13341:
13338:
13325:
13319:
13317:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13229:al-Mu'tadid I
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13214:al-Mustakfi I
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13181:
13179:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13131:al-Mustarshid
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13076:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13029:al-Mutawakkil
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13009:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12949:
12944:
12942:
12937:
12935:
12930:
12929:
12926:
12915:
12909:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12897:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12880:
12876:
12874:
12873:
12869:
12867:
12866:
12862:
12860:
12859:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12739:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12635:
12632:
12628:
12621:
12616:
12614:
12609:
12607:
12602:
12601:
12598:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12564:
12560:
12553:
12548:
12546:
12541:
12539:
12534:
12533:
12530:
12524:
12520:
12515:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12470:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12453:
12452:
12443:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12428:
12425:
12422:
12421:The Economist
12418:
12415:
12412:
12409:
12406:
12403:
12400:
12397:
12395:By Azmi Özcan
12394:
12391:
12389:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12361:
12357:
12354:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12330:
12324:
12320:
12319:
12313:
12309:
12307:9780313379567
12303:
12299:
12298:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12257:
12251:
12247:
12246:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12231:90-411-0241-8
12227:
12223:
12219:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12190:
12186:
12184:9781610691789
12180:
12176:
12175:
12169:
12166:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12137:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12108:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12086:
12074:
12072:
12067:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12039:
12031:
12024:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11998:
11990:
11983:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11958:
11950:
11943:
11927:
11923:
11916:
11915:
11907:
11900:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11875:
11867:
11860:
11844:
11840:
11833:
11832:
11824:
11808:
11805:. BBC. 1998.
11804:
11798:
11791:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11770:
11763:
11758:
11752:
11748:
11741:
11734:
11729:
11723:
11719:
11712:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11689:
11682:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11656:
11649:
11643:
11639:
11632:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11603:MERIP Reports
11597:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11566:(2): 263–93.
11565:
11561:
11554:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11519:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11476:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11430:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11404:0-231-12357-4
11401:
11397:
11393:
11387:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11351:
11343:
11336:
11334:
11326:
11323:
11317:
11310:
11309:0-521-08709-0
11306:
11302:
11298:
11293:
11286:
11281:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11261:
11259:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11232:
11225:
11218:
11214:
11210:
11204:
11188:
11184:
11178:
11174:
11173:
11165:
11156:
11140:
11136:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11091:
11084:
11076:
11070:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11048:
11044:
11037:
11029:
11023:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11001:
10997:
10996:Shiʻite Islam
10990:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10972:9780873954426
10968:
10964:
10957:
10955:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10916:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10901:Facts on File
10897:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10863:
10854:
10845:
10836:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10806:
10797:
10788:
10779:
10770:
10761:
10752:
10743:
10734:
10727:
10722:
10715:
10710:
10701:
10692:
10683:
10677:
10671:
10662:
10656:
10650:
10641:
10635:
10629:
10621:
10615:
10611:
10610:
10602:
10595:
10590:
10581:
10573:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10549:
10533:
10529:
10522:
10506:
10502:
10496:
10489:
10483:
10474:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10443:
10427:
10423:
10417:
10410:
10404:
10388:
10384:
10378:
10363:
10357:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10324:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10296:
10289:
10283:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10253:
10237:
10233:
10227:
10208:
10201:
10195:
10179:
10175:
10169:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10137:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10106:
10098:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10078:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10032:
10028:
10022:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9991:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9961:
9945:
9939:
9932:
9926:
9919:
9913:
9911:
9903:
9897:
9890:
9884:
9877:
9871:
9869:
9861:
9857:
9851:
9844:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9825:
9822:
9818:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9783:
9776:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9736:
9729:
9716:
9712:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9696:
9690:
9682:
9676:
9672:
9671:
9663:
9647:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9630:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9587:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9535:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9512:
9496:
9493:(in Arabic).
9492:
9488:
9481:
9473:
9472:
9464:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9446:1-59740-468-3
9442:
9438:
9431:
9422:
9415:
9406:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9321:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9290:
9284:
9279:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9161:
9160:The Caliphate
9157:
9151:
9144:
9138:
9129:
9121:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9090:
9087:. Routledge.
9086:
9079:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9049:
9048:The Caliphate
9045:
9039:
9032:
9026:
9010:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8993:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8947:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8860:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8841:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8811:
8810:
8802:
8794:
8788:
8784:
8777:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8750:
8748:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8707:
8701:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8685:
8678:
8674:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8576:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8552:
8548:
8546:9780791495575
8542:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8525:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8491:
8477:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8437:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8365:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8346:Bernard Lugan
8342:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8296:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8073:
8069:
8068:www.brown.edu
8065:
8059:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7990:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7942:Watzman, Haim
7939:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7923:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7878:, the son of
7877:
7873:
7870:, the son of
7869:
7866:, the son of
7865:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7839:John Esposito
7835:
7819:
7815:
7814:The Economist
7811:
7805:
7803:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7735:, p. 32)
7734:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7708:
7701:
7696:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7656:
7654:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7547:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7435:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7377:Al-Muhajiroun
7375:
7374:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7323:Abdulmejid II
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7234:early Abbasid
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7218:Al-Mutawakkil
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7104:(r. 684–685).
7103:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7068:Hasan ibn Ali
7066:
7063:
7062:Amr ibn al-As
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6969:Nizam al-Mulk
6965:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6945:birth control
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6518:
6508:
6501:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6386:Dai al-Mutlaq
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6160:Ibn Taymiyyah
6156:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5971:
5964:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5946:Sahih Muslim
5942:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5908:Sahih Muslim
5904:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5853:
5852:Surah An-Nisa
5847:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5688:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5229:Islamic state
5226:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5194:and parts of
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:Islamist call
5115:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4934:Islamic State
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4893:Islamic State
4884:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4839:
4838:Islamic State
4835:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4728:Second Caliph
4725:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4582:Vilayet Hejaz
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4548:Map with the
4546:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4507:British India
4504:
4498:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:Khalifatullah
4402:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4257:Mughal Empire
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:Mohammed Omar
4168:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:, as part of
4114:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Maajid Nawaaz
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Navvab Safavi
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Tariq Ramadan
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Safwat Hegazi
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Muhammad Asad
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:House of Saud
3744:
3742:
3741:Mohammed Omar
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Mohamed Morsi
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3682:Khomeini 1970
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3398:Post-Islamism
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3335:Islamic state
3333:
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3308:
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3274:Shia Islamism
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3175:
3169:
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3162:
3161:Abdulmejid II
3157:
3147:
3144:
3136:
3133:December 2012
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094: –
3093:
3089:
3088:Find sources:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3066:This section
3064:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3026:Tausūg people
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:British India
3000:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
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2980:British India
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2959:Abdul Hamid I
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
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2888:Abdulmejid II
2885:
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2809:
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2803:
2799:
2794:
2793:Ismaili imams
2790:
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2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:Sierra Morena
2667:
2663:
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2656:
2652:
2651:Abd al-Mu'min
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:al-Muwaḥḥidun
2602:
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2209:
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2171:
2166:
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2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2115:resulting in
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:pronunciation
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:war on terror
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
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1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:pronunciation
1779:
1771:
1765:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Islamic State
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1658:
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1532:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Confederation
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
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1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
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1446:
1443:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Unitary state
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:State atheism
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:Secular state
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Authoritarian
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Parliamentary
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
957:(rule by few)
955:
952:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
805:
804:
803:
802:
795:
792:
791:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
694:
693:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:Proselytizing
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:Denominations
559:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
504:
499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
424:
423:
416:
414:
410:
408:
406:
402:
401:
397:
394:
392:
390:
386:
384:
382:
378:
376:
374:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
341:
340:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:
229:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
188:
183:
181:
176:
174:
169:
168:
166:
165:
162:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
59:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:Islamic State
41:
37:
33:
19:
15427:Pan-Islamism
15139:Contemporary
14989:Indo-Persian
14977:Nazi Germany
14921:Contemporary
14823:Vijayanagara
14722:Great Seljuk
14633:Thessalonica
14561:Golden Horde
14321:
14201:Carthaginian
13980:Neo-Assyrian
13965:Neo-Sumerian
13858:
13779:
13736:Abdulmejid I
13613:
13581:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13413:al-Mustansir
13313:
13304:al-Mustamsik
13294:al-Mustamsik
13284:al-Mustanjid
13254:al-Musta'sim
13249:al-Wathiq II
13239:al-Musta'sim
13175:
13171:al-Musta'sim
13146:al-Mustanjid
13126:al-Mustazhir
13073:
13006:
12894:
12890:Muhammad III
12877:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12683:Abd al-Malik
12483:The Guardian
12481:
12459:
12433:
12426:
12420:
12332:. Retrieved
12317:
12300:. ABC-CLIO.
12296:
12270:
12266:
12244:
12217:
12206:
12177:. Abc-Clio.
12173:
12146:
12125:
12110:. Retrieved
12095:
12071:Brian Street
12062:
12042:
12036:
12030:
12021:
12001:
11995:
11989:
11981:
11961:
11955:
11949:
11940:
11933:, retrieved
11913:
11906:
11898:
11878:
11872:
11866:
11857:
11850:, retrieved
11830:
11823:
11813:18 September
11811:. Retrieved
11797:
11775:
11769:
11760:
11746:
11740:
11731:
11717:
11711:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11681:
11665:
11661:
11655:
11637:
11631:
11609:(68): 3–14.
11606:
11602:
11596:
11563:
11559:
11553:
11531:(8): 357–8.
11528:
11524:
11518:
11488:(1): 79–96.
11485:
11481:
11475:
11465:24 September
11463:. Retrieved
11428:
11424:
11411:
11391:
11386:
11374:. Retrieved
11357:(1): 47–74.
11354:
11348:
11324:
11321:
11316:
11296:
11292:
11280:
11245:. Retrieved
11234:
11224:
11216:
11212:
11203:
11191:. Retrieved
11171:
11164:
11155:
11143:. Retrieved
11112:. Retrieved
11098:
11089:
11083:
11074:
11069:
11042:
11036:
11027:
11022:
10995:
10989:
10962:
10941:. Retrieved
10932:
10929:"7: Imamate"
10923:
10894:
10883:
10878:, 1936–1988.
10867:
10862:
10853:
10844:
10835:
10826:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10787:
10778:
10769:
10760:
10751:
10742:
10733:
10721:
10709:
10700:
10691:
10682:
10670:
10661:
10649:
10640:
10628:
10607:
10601:
10589:
10580:
10557:
10554:Sonn, Tamara
10548:
10536:. Retrieved
10521:
10509:. Retrieved
10495:
10487:
10482:
10473:
10461:. Retrieved
10452:
10442:
10430:. Retrieved
10416:
10408:
10403:
10391:. Retrieved
10377:
10365:. Retrieved
10356:
10344:. Retrieved
10340:the original
10330:
10313:
10308:
10300:
10295:
10287:
10282:
10270:. Retrieved
10261:
10252:
10240:. Retrieved
10226:
10214:. Retrieved
10194:
10182:. Retrieved
10168:
10156:. Retrieved
10147:
10123:. Retrieved
10114:
10105:
10086:
10077:
10065:. Retrieved
10056:
10047:
10035:. Retrieved
10021:
10009:. Retrieved
10001:The Guardian
10000:
9990:
9978:. Retrieved
9969:
9960:
9948:. Retrieved
9938:
9930:
9925:
9917:
9901:
9896:
9888:
9883:
9875:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9835:
9816:
9812:
9800:. Retrieved
9785:
9775:
9763:. Retrieved
9744:
9735:
9726:
9719:. Retrieved
9699:
9689:
9669:
9662:
9650:. Retrieved
9639:
9629:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9575:
9569:
9544:
9540:
9534:
9517:
9511:
9499:. Retrieved
9490:
9480:
9470:
9463:
9436:
9430:
9420:
9414:
9395:
9391:
9381:
9369:. Retrieved
9360:
9350:
9338:. Retrieved
9329:
9320:
9307:. Retrieved
9298:
9289:
9278:
9270:the original
9260:
9248:. Retrieved
9244:the original
9234:
9222:. Retrieved
9208:
9196:. Retrieved
9178:
9168:
9159:
9150:
9142:
9137:
9128:
9109:
9103:
9084:
9078:
9069:
9056:
9047:
9038:
9030:
9025:
9013:. Retrieved
9002:
8992:
8980:. Retrieved
8969:
8959:
8951:
8946:
8941:pp. 242–243.
8930:
8925:
8909:
8904:
8888:
8883:
8867:
8847:
8840:
8828:. Retrieved
8808:
8801:
8782:
8776:
8756:
8727:
8694:
8684:
8649:. Retrieved
8640:
8616:. Retrieved
8596:
8588:Lambton, Ann
8582:
8565:Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn
8562:
8555:. Retrieved
8531:
8524:
8505:
8499:
8487:
8476:
8464:. Retrieved
8443:
8436:
8424:. Retrieved
8415:
8391:. Retrieved
8371:
8364:
8349:
8341:
8329:. Retrieved
8305:
8295:
8283:. Retrieved
8274:
8265:
8253:. Retrieved
8244:
8235:
8223:. Retrieved
8214:
8205:
8193:. Retrieved
8184:
8175:
8163:. Retrieved
8148:
8136:. Retrieved
8128:oyc.yale.edu
8127:
8118:
8106:. Retrieved
8097:
8088:
8076:. Retrieved
8067:
8058:
8046:. Retrieved
8037:
8028:
8016:. Retrieved
8006:
7996:
7974:
7968:
7932:
7922:
7898:
7887:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7813:
7796:, p. 4)
7789:
7777:
7765:
7760:(2012), p. 6
7757:
7752:
7747:, p. 3)
7740:
7728:
7714:
7707:
7702:, p. 3.
7695:
7685:
7670:
7661:
7640:. Retrieved
7626:
7614:. Retrieved
7595:
7585:
7573:. Retrieved
7553:
7546:
7537:
7518:
7511:
7467:
7461:
7443:
7438:
7395:
7387:
7361:Saudi Arabia
7258:Al-Musta'sim
7233:
7193:
7097:Abd al-Malik
7027:
6977:Afro-Eurasia
6961:
6927:
6885:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6855:
6796:
6768:
6760:
6736:
6728:
6689:free markets
6682:
6650:tax revenues
6646:productivity
6635:
6606:codification
6595:
6565:
6557:
6547:Bani Makhzum
6540:
6524:
6505:
6486:
6474:
6459:
6443:
6439:
6412:
6393:
6364:
6342:
6296:Twelve Imams
6275:
6265:
6248:Shi'a belief
6227:
6224:Sunni belief
6218:Al-Baqillani
6211:
6197:
6196:In his book
6195:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6108:
6081:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6008:
5994:
5957:
5953:
5939:
5931:
5926:
5921:Abu Hurairah
5915:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5881:
5869:
5867:
5862:
5844:
5827:
5819:
5811:Surah An-Nur
5801:
5799:
5795:
5758:Islam portal
5647:Hermeneutics
5600:Translations
5468:
5341:
5324:
5304:
5298:
5259:
5249:
5219:
5177:
5170:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5121:
5111:
5108:
5100:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5018:
5008:
4982:
4938:
4869:
4864:
4843:Afghan Arabs
4831:
4815:
4803:
4790:Pan-Islamism
4761:
4755:
4732:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4657:
4621:
4602:
4570:خلافة شريفية
4561:
4559:
4500:
4468:
4451:Adamawa Wars
4428:
4404:
4398:
4378:
4368:
4326:
4322:Shah Alam II
4272:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4231:
4183:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4106:
4083:
4028:
4018:Islamophobia
3894:Ahmed Yassin
3879:Ali Shariati
3819:Ali Khamenei
3701:Ali Khamenei
3672:
3670:
3658:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3577:
3576:
3535:
3534:
3493:Ahl-i Hadith
3477:
3452:Anti-Zionism
3421:
3409:
3402:
3381:Pan-Islamism
3361:
3356:of knowledge
3352:Islamization
3314:
3300:
3191:Fundamentals
3139:
3130:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3087:
3075:Please help
3070:verification
3067:
3022:Oscar Straus
3011:
2996:
2992:Abdulmejid I
2984:
2948:
2942:
2900:
2821:
2810:
2788:
2786:
2767:
2740:
2702:
2659:
2628:
2608:
2590:
2547:
2531:
2497:
2494:
2481:
2477:Al-Mustamsik
2469:Al-Mustansir
2458:
2431:
2408:
2365:
2347:
2331:
2329:in history.
2296:
2231:
2210:
2193:
2167:
2140:
2104:
2085:
2064:
2059:(natives of
2054:
2012:
2008:
1980:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1870:
1860:such as the
1850:Saudi Arabia
1815:
1724:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1550:Middle power
1477:Vassal state
1471:Buffer state
1469:
1445:Puppet state
1440:Protectorate
1416:Client state
1406:Principality
1232:Distributism
1174:Presidential
1052:Dictatorship
976:Gerontocracy
898:rule by many
871:
855:Part of the
770:Islamophobia
549:Demographics
544:Circumcision
469:
460:
453:
446:
412:
404:
388:
380:
372:
361:
355:
349:
342:
57:
51:
14727:Khwarezmian
14660:Carolingian
14465:Rashtrakuta
14169:Shaishunaga
14068:Hellenistic
14051:New Kingdom
14041:Old Kingdom
13711:Mustafa III
13681:Suleiman II
13570:Musa Çelebi
13552:Interregnum
13418:al-Musta'li
13264:al-Musta'in
13224:al-Hakim II
13219:al-Wathiq I
13197:(1261–1517)
13096:al-Mustakfi
13069:al-Muqtadir
13059:al-Mu'tadid
13054:al-Mu'tamid
13039:al-Musta'in
13034:al-Muntasir
13019:al-Mu'tasim
12827:Muhammad II
12817:Al-Hakam II
12713:Al-Walid II
12673:Mu'awiya II
12638:Family tree
12456:"Caliphate"
12066:Islamic law
11935:22 November
11852:22 November
11247:21 February
11104:"Our Story"
10943:16 December
10477:Wright, 46.
10385:. fas.org.
10125:21 February
10037:23 November
9721:20 November
9607:(1): 1–14.
9526:C5111548903
9491:جريدة الوطن
9371:13 December
9340:14 December
8872:Özoğlu 2011
7494:j.ctvp2n3ms
7390:(TV series)
7317:World War I
7301:Blue Mosque
7224:Al-Mu'tadid
7208:Al-Mu'tasim
7137:Al-Walid II
6989:typographic
6973:papermaking
6933:demographic
6887:Bayt al-mal
6858:Islamic law
6835:assignments
6821:, bankers,
6817:, loaning,
6769:nama al-mal
6705:circulation
6636:During the
6632:Bayt al-mal
6602:rule of law
6531:rule of law
6511:Rule of law
6446:Sayyid Qutb
6276:Ahl al-Bayt
6202:Fred Donner
6096:Al-Sha`rani
6011:of Muhammad
5934:Abu Huraira
5895:Caliphate.
5885:Prophethood
5846:resolution.
5652:Esotericism
5530:Eschatology
5394:Manuscripts
5388:Historicity
5262:Olivier Roy
5200:Philippines
5162:Islamic law
5158:pan-Islamic
4989:Syrian Army
4947:network of
4673:(caliphs).
4357:Tipu Sultan
4293:Suleiman II
4179:Afghanistan
4141:Arab Revolt
4117:his reforms
3981:Bassam Tibi
3976:Olivier Roy
3869:Rashid Rida
3854:Sayyid Qutb
3640:Iqbal 1930s
3587:MENA region
3557:Millî Görüş
3092:"Caliphate"
2990:and Sultan
2555:Al-Mu'tadid
2423:Hulagu Khan
2366:Shi‘at ‘Alī
2343:Banu Hashim
2303:Transoxiana
2069:Banu Sa'ida
2013:selected by
1921:. The term
1897:Arab Spring
1881:Ahl al-Bayt
1697:monarchical
1555:Great power
1540:Small power
1482:Viceroyalty
1353:Nationalism
1217:Colonialism
1197:Libertarian
1159:Directorial
1036:rule by one
1016:Technocracy
1011:Stratocracy
991:Meritocracy
981:Kleptocracy
971:Aristocracy
785:Laws of war
448:Ahl al-Bayt
333:Foundations
15417:Caliphates
15411:Categories
15297:Portuguese
15178:Revival Le
15168:Vietnamese
14811:Later Tran
14781:Vietnamese
14677:Singhasari
14665:Holy Roman
14289:Bulgarian
14225:Satavahana
14196:Phoenician
14132:Achaemenid
14093:Indo-Greek
14073:Macedonian
13987:Babylonian
13726:Mustafa IV
13691:Mustafa II
13641:Mehmed III
13626:Suleiman I
13615:Cem Sultan
13609:Bayezid II
13558:İsa Çelebi
13209:al-Hakim I
13151:al-Mustadi
13141:al-Muqtafi
13121:al-Muqtadi
13091:al-Muttaqi
13064:al-Muktafi
13049:al-Muhtadi
13044:al-Mu'tazz
12970:(749–1258)
12912:indicates
12902:Hisham III
12805:(929–1031)
12782:al-Mundhir
12777:Muhammad I
12767:Al-Hakam I
12688:Al-Walid I
12663:Mu'awiya I
12469:The Caliph
11446:10161/2546
11299:, p. 437.
10914:0871966298
10903:. p.
10726:Al-Muhalla
10676:Ibnu Hazim
10655:Ibn Hisham
10634:Ibn Kathir
10538:17 January
9455:1113069713
9224:12 October
8971:Eurasianet
8830:19 October
8537:SUNY Press
8412:"Almohads"
8358:2262016445
8165:11 October
8138:11 October
8108:11 October
8078:11 October
8048:11 October
8018:22 October
7876:Abu Sufyan
7718:. p.
7425:References
7275:, the 9th
7246:Al-Muqtafi
7108:Al-Walid I
7083:Muawiyah I
7040:Ridda wars
6979:) from an
6916:Ridda Wars
6731:) such as
6685:capitalism
6642:incentives
6626:See also:
6541:Narrated ‘
6515:See also:
6467:oppression
6463:Al-Juwayni
6399:See also:
6332:oppression
6316:infallible
6258:Shia Islam
6187:Government
6182:and others
6174:, such as
6149:Al-Ghazali
6129:Al-Qurtubi
6084:Al-Mawardi
5981:See also:
5802:successors
5740:Shi’a view
5657:Abrogation
5470:Muqatta'at
5256:Opposition
5164:. Founder
5156:advocates
5148:authority.
5124:mujahideen
5033:, fell to
4985:Iraqi Army
4939:The group
4897:See also:
4590:Arab world
4495:See also:
4443:Fulani War
4413:daughter's
4363:, and the
4281:Shah Jahan
4242:Ghaznavids
4232:After the
4125:Abdulmejid
4084:After the
3971:Sam Harris
3951:Farag Foda
3731:Zia ul-Haq
3592:South Asia
3503:Madkhalism
3478:Scholastic
3436:Influences
3250:Khomeinism
3234:Ideologies
3222:Secularism
3103:newspapers
3047:See also:
2822:The Shiʻa
2633:among the
2631:Ibn Tumart
2563:al-Andalus
2520:Al-Andalus
2500:Al-Andalus
2319:Al-Andalus
2242:Kharijites
2234:companions
2202:hereditary
2127:See also:
2049:See also:
1899:, various
1803:civil wars
1560:Superpower
1516:Superstate
1511:Federation
1506:Devolution
1492:Federalism
1333:City-state
1006:Plutocracy
1001:Particracy
865:government
638:Philosophy
375:(exegesis)
312:Pilgrimage
302:Almsgiving
15290:Couronian
14928:Ethiopian
14916:Manchukuo
14871:Brazilian
14717:Ghaznavid
14687:Srivijaya
14638:Trebizond
14623:Byzantine
14605:North Sea
14600:Norwegian
14588:Almoravid
14571:Ilkhanate
14541:Majapahit
14514:Muromachi
14423:Solomonic
14408:Ethiopian
14322:Caliphate
14255:Aragonese
14083:Ptolemaic
13859:Caliphate
13761:Mehmed VI
13741:Abdulaziz
13731:Mahmud II
13721:Selim III
13706:Osman III
13696:Ahmed III
13676:Mehmed IV
13661:Mustafa I
13651:Mustafa I
13636:Murad III
13604:Mehmed II
13594:Mehmed II
13546:Bayezid I
13393:al-Mu'izz
13388:al-Mansur
13136:al-Rashid
13024:al-Wathiq
13014:al-Ma'mun
12982:al-Mansur
12977:al-Saffah
12837:Hisham II
12822:Hisham II
12750:(756–929)
12728:Marwan II
12718:Yazid III
12656:(661–750)
12388:al-Tabari
12379:al-Tabari
12370:al-Tabari
12287:161092185
12242:(2007) ,
12091:"Khalīfa"
12059:143484233
12018:143484233
11978:143484233
11895:143484233
11588:144129603
11510:153962294
11376:16 August
11287:, p. 263.
11193:30 August
11014:123145315
10463:30 August
10432:1 October
10272:30 August
9950:25 August
9755:0034-6721
9621:157012525
9561:164473838
9309:9 October
9015:7 January
8982:7 January
8618:30 August
8448:. Brill.
7960:910498369
7575:30 August
7502:204443322
7430:Citations
7388:Caliphate
7359:(current
7283:" of the
7202:Al-Ma'mun
7170:Al-Mansur
7164:As-Saffah
7149:Marwan II
7143:Yazid III
6654:ownership
6591:prejudice
6357:Ayatollah
6234:mujtahids
6110:Al-Joziri
6100:Al-Nawawi
6001:As-Saffah
5725:Criticism
5705:Inerrancy
5618:Ahmadiyya
5428:Divisions
5340:as God's
5312:Al-Baqara
5184:Indonesia
5010:Peshmerga
4772:and then
4640:Mehmed VI
4609:Kemalists
4297:Mehmed IV
4285:Aurangzeb
4226:Aurangzeb
4147:in 1925.
4006:Modernism
3934:in Europe
3665:Qutb 1965
3652:Asad 1961
3616:Key texts
3536:Political
3518:Wahhabism
3474:Movements
3315:Caliphate
3212:Economics
3163:as caliph
3012:In 1899,
2988:Selim III
2966:with the
2878:Mehmed IV
2844:Palestine
2808:himself.
2787:The term
2713:Marrakesh
2597:Imweḥḥden
2587:1180–1212
2217:Byzantine
2170:Sultanate
2077:Muhajirun
1907:Etymology
1848:(current
1834:abolished
1774:خَلِيفَةْ
1688:خِلَافَةْ
1674:caliphate
1387:Unitarism
1363:Globalism
1269:Religious
1257:Tribalism
1247:Socialism
1242:Feudalism
1227:Despotism
1222:Communism
1212:Anarchism
1149:Communist
1096:Stateless
1086:Anarchism
1047:Despotism
1031:Autocracy
1021:Theocracy
986:Kritarchy
954:Oligarchy
939:Socialist
893:Democracy
758:terrorism
710:Criticism
663:Sexuality
633:Mysticism
603:Festivals
583:Education
578:Economics
514:Academics
470:Caliphate
283:Practices
58:Caliphate
15270:Japanese
15233:Scottish
15213:American
15205:Colonial
15134:Imperial
15102:Moroccan
15038:Japanese
15016:Afsharid
14875:Burmese
14861:Austrian
14816:Later Le
14791:Early Le
14776:Venetian
14702:Tiwanaku
14615:Hellenic
14578:Moroccan
14509:Kamakura
14499:Japanese
14482:Saffarid
14435:Georgian
14349:Chalukya
14327:Rashidun
14317:Calakmul
14285:Bruneian
14164:Haryanka
14142:Sasanian
14137:Parthian
14088:Bactrian
14078:Seleucid
14058:Goguryeo
14036:Egyptian
13970:Assyrian
13960:Akkadian
13951:Colonies
13786:Category
13756:Mehmed V
13701:Mahmud I
13686:Ahmed II
13666:Murad IV
13656:Osman II
13631:Selim II
13599:Murad II
13589:Murad II
13577:Mehmed I
13438:al-Fa'iz
13433:al-Zafir
13428:al-Hafiz
13408:al-Zahir
13403:al-Hakim
13383:al-Qa'im
13378:al-Mahdi
13279:al-Qa'im
13161:al-Zahir
13156:al-Nasir
13116:al-Qa'im
13111:al-Qadir
13106:al-Ta'i'
13101:al-Muti'
13081:al-Qahir
12987:al-Mahdi
12916:usurpers
12914:Hammudid
12842:Sulayman
12832:Sulayman
12787:Abdullah
12762:Hisham I
12703:Yazid II
12693:Sulayman
12678:Marwan I
12570:Abu Bakr
12494:BBC News
12334:22 March
12195:(1911).
12145:(1981),
11926:archived
11843:archived
11807:Archived
11545:12127284
11459:Archived
11455:30038724
11367:Archived
11269:Archived
11241:Archived
11217:al-Masāq
11187:Archived
11139:Archived
11114:5 August
11108:Archived
11061:45842548
10937:Archived
10891:(1984).
10556:(2010).
10532:Archived
10505:Archived
10457:Archived
10426:Archived
10387:Archived
10367:10 April
10318:Archived
10266:Archived
10236:Archived
10207:Archived
10178:Archived
10158:27 March
10152:Archived
10119:Archived
10085:(2017).
10061:Archived
10031:Archived
10011:17 March
10005:Archived
9974:Archived
9970:BBC News
9902:Jihadica
9856:Jihadica
9824:Archived
9802:12 March
9796:Archived
9787:NOLA.com
9759:Archived
9728:mosques.
9715:Archived
9697:(2004).
9652:12 March
9646:Archived
9495:Archived
9365:Archived
9334:Archived
9303:Archived
9218:Archived
9198:13 April
9192:Archived
9188:31870180
9064:(1963).
9009:Archived
8976:Archived
8920:p. 1350.
8824:Archived
8692:(1974).
8673:Archived
8645:Archived
8612:Archived
8594:(1995).
8551:Archived
8460:Archived
8420:Archived
8387:Archived
8325:Archived
8303:(2001).
8279:Archived
8249:Archived
8219:Archived
8189:Archived
8159:Archived
8132:Archived
8102:Archived
8072:Archived
8042:Archived
8012:Archived
7930:(2015).
7868:Abu-l`As
7818:Archived
7678:Archived
7664:: 81–86.
7636:Archived
7610:Archived
7569:Archived
7451:Archived
7370:See also
7313:Mehmed V
7252:Al-Nasir
7240:Al-Qadir
7184:Al-Mahdi
7120:Yazid II
7102:Marwan I
7036:Abu Bakr
7029:Rashidun
7009:Madrasah
6941:"surges"
6912:disabled
6910:and the
6882:treasury
6843:lawsuits
6831:deposits
6737:mudaraba
6729:mufawada
6713:monetary
6678:industry
6666:mortgage
6535:nepotism
6500:33:67–68
6494:—
6375:Aga Khan
6292:Twelvers
6214:madhhabs
6200:(1981),
6088:Ibn Hazm
5966:—
5960:Israelis
5944:—
5906:—
5893:Rashidun
5849:—
5832:—
5808:—
5753:Category
5735:Quranism
5634:Exegesis
5518:Parables
5513:Miracles
5491:Prophets
5342:khalifa
5260:Scholar
5225:Al-Qaeda
5221:Al-Qaeda
5216:al-Qaeda
5204:Cambodia
5196:Thailand
5188:Malaysia
5132:al-Qaeda
5104:Muhammad
5095:Khilāfah
5090:Khilāfah
5082:Khilāfah
5061:Rāshidūn
5057:Khilāfah
5019:de facto
4953:Iraq War
4949:Islamist
4945:Al-Qaeda
4836:and the
4820:—
4810:Muhammad
4796:Islamism
4702:silsilah
4671:khalifas
4665:and the
4632:Wahhabis
4628:Zionists
4453:and the
4291:such as
4273:khalifah
4240:and the
4189:and the
4145:ibn Saud
3578:Militant
3498:Deobandi
3374:Jihadism
3290:Concepts
3240:Islamism
3217:Politics
3182:Islamism
3174:a series
3172:Part of
3014:John Hay
2943:de facto
2927:Istanbul
2789:Fatimite
2761:and the
2686:Portugal
2605:الموحدون
2538:Damascus
2434:Abbasids
2299:Caucasus
2190:Muāwiyah
2159:Khawarij
2088:Abu Bakr
2030:Rashidun
1984:khalīfah
1901:Islamist
1895:and the
1854:dormancy
1811:polities
1721:Muhammad
1711:, whose
1705:absolute
1703:, later
1701:elective
1679:khilāfah
1435:Dominion
1164:Legalist
1144:Absolute
1129:Republic
1124:Monarchy
996:Noocracy
966:Anocracy
919:Economic
909:Demarchy
794:Glossary
780:Jihadism
753:Violence
748:Islamism
719:Muhammad
705:Apostasy
648:Politics
598:Feminism
593:Exorcism
554:Diaspora
539:Children
534:Calendar
462:Rashidun
440:Muhammad
435:Timeline
396:Mathnawi
258:Prophets
202:a series
200:Part of
15337:largest
15332:Empires
15312:Swedish
15307:Spanish
15302:Russian
15265:Italian
15240:Chinese
15228:English
15223:British
15218:Belgian
15193:Vietnam
15183:Tay son
15129:Tsarist
15124:Russian
15119:Ottoman
15085:Dzungar
15080:Khoshut
15053:Mexican
15048:Maratha
15031:Pahlavi
15011:Safavid
15006:Iranian
14933:Haitian
14896:Chinese
14856:Ashanti
14828:Wagadou
14754:Eastern
14749:Western
14732:Timurid
14692:Tibetan
14682:Songhai
14672:Serbian
14593:Almohad
14583:Idrisid
14487:Samanid
14477:Tahirid
14472:Iranian
14450:Kannauj
14430:Genoese
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