1895:. Abduh believed the Arabs' Muslim ancestors bestowed "rationality on mankind and created the essentials of modernity," borrowed by the West. Thus, while Europe advanced from adopting the modernist ideals of true Islam, the Muslims failed, corrupting and abandoning true Islam. Al-Afghani blamed a division between Muslims on European influence. He thus advocated for pan-Muslim unity as a project to revitalize Islam as a cohesive force against the Western Colonialism, and argued that new interpretations of Islam were needed to confront questions posed by modernity. Their followers would create their own magazines and political parties to develop these ideas. Abduh influenced modern Arab nationalism in particular, because the revival of true Islam's ancestors (who were Arabs) would also become the revival of Arab culture and the restoration of the Arab position as the leaders of the Islamic world. One of Abduh's followers,
2603:
This was possible before nationalism became directly opposed to the
European model. In this sense, the connection of the "ideal Arab woman" to the conceptions of modernity made women "markers of cultural borders". Consistent with this logic would be the discussion on the unveiling of women, which came to be used as a symbol of progress in the early twentieth century by Egypt. Additionally, Tunisian women protested its usage for the first time during the 1920s and the 1930s. However, this image "...was not much different from that of a tractor, an industrial complex, or a new railroad in symbolizing the modern, the development, the progress"; its value was not related to any notion of emancipation.
2929:
2412:. A key aspect of this was the need for economic aid that was not dependent on peace with Israel and the establishment of U.S. or British military bases within Arab countries. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and directly challenged the dominance of the Western powers in the region. At the same time he opened Egypt up as a Cold War zone by receiving aid and arms shipments from the Soviet bloc countries that were not dependent on treaties, bases and peace accords. However, because of the connotations for Cold War dominance of the region, Egypt also received aid from the US, who sought to promote the emerging Arab nationalism as a barrier to
2285:, opening dialogue with the German government which was at war with Britain. Under great pressure from the latter, al-Gaylani resigned on 31 January 1941 and al-Said took his place. The perceived British interjection in Iraq's internal affairs angered Arab nationalist officers in the army, leading a group of them to overthrow the government in April and install al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. To counter a British military response to the coup, al-Gaylani enlisted the support of Germany, but the German military did not arrive to aid the Arab nationalist government. With pro-German
2385:
1821:
origin. The
Ottomans, on the other hand, had deviated from true Islam and thus suffered decline. The reforming Ottoman and Egyptian governments were blamed for the situation because they attempted to borrow Western practices from the Europeans that were seen as unnatural and corrupt. The Arab patriots' view was that the Islamic governments should revive true Islam that would in turn, pave way for the establishment of constitutional representative government and freedom which, though Islamic in origin, was manifested in the West at the time.
2828:
57:
212:. Arab unity was considered a necessary instrument to "restoring this lost part" of the nation, which in turn meant eliminating the "relics" of foreign colonialism. Arab nationalism emerged in the early 20th century as an opposition movement in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, later evolving into the overwhelmingly dominant ideological force in the Arab world. Its influence steadily expanded over subsequent years. By the 1950s and 1960s, the charismatic Egyptian leader
2619:
right to vote for the first time in history, as well as their right to education and employment. Nasser also guaranteed economic rights to the working class and the peasantry regardless of gender. The
Algerian constitution also acknowledged equal rights to all citizens, but until 1984 no changes were made in personal status codes, and social attitudes toward women receiving education beyond the primary level or going to work were restrictive. Associated is the phenomenon of
2193:
6076:
33:
2615:, where the Arab nationalist discourse replicated the most conservative conceptions of womanhood. Following this logic, the laws that regulated the private sphere became stricter, or tightened. Conversely, this assertion has been nuanced by Deniz Kandiyoti, under the argument that the relationship between Islam and women's rights is "politically convergent" and should not be generalized nor simplified without a proper study of each case.
1825:
2737:
304:
2590:
education for their children. The former was a consequence of the creation of a "maternalist frame" for national and historical symbols, which women themselves adopted to construct their activism. Nermin Allam proposes the term "domestication of female public bravery" to refer to how women's participation has been reduced in the imaginary of the struggle to constrain their questioning of hierarchies.
2728:, support for Arab and even most local nationalist movements declined further. Dawisha states the "irrelevance of secular nationalism to the concerns of the twenty-first century paved the way for increasingly violent competition between the state and political Islam for the loyalty, as well as for the hearts and minds of the Arab citizen", observing Arab nationalism has no role in this struggle.
1874:, he pointed to the role played by language, besides customs and belief in common interests, in defining national identity. This distinction between fatherland and nation was also made by Hasan al-Marsafi in 1881. By the beginning of the 20th century, groups of Muslim Arabs embraced an Arab nationalist "self-view" that would provide the basis of the Arab nationalist ideology of the 20th century.
2513:
of Islam, Islam was seen as a universal message as well as an expression of secular genius on the part of the Arab peoples. Islam had given the Arabs a "glorious past", which was very different from the "shameful present". In effect, the troubles of the Arab presence were because the Arabs had diverged from their "eternal and perfect symbol", Islam. The Arabs needed to have a "resurrection" (
2324:, officially stated Britain's support of strong pan-Arab ties in a bid to ease anti-British sentiments in the region. The events of the region influenced the creation of the Arab Union Club in Egypt in 1942 which called for developing stronger ties between Egypt and the Arab world. Branches were subsequently opened in Baghdad, Beirut, Jaffa and Damascus, and Egyptian Prime Minister
1924:
2083:
achievement of total independence within one single unity. Every endeavor which confines political activities to local or regional issues is to be fought against, and since colonialism is, in all its forms and manifestations, incompatible with the dignity and paramount aims of the Arab nation, the Arab nation rejects it and will resist it with all the means at its disposal.
69:
2576:, are considered precursors of women's ideological discussion due to their reflections on the role of women in Islamic reforms. However, women themselves also contributed to the intellectual foundations of the ideology by publishing articles where they made demands, such as the expansion of education, in journals dedicated to Arab history and culture.
1915:("the Young Arab Society"), an Arab nationalist secret society and club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the
1644:
the region. Both Arabic and Islam served as the pillars of the nation. According to writer
Youssef M. Choueiri, Arab nationalism represents the "Arabs' consciousness of their specific characteristics as well as their endeavor to build a modern state capable of representing the common will of the nation and all its constituent parts."
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the two states and for the immediate deployment of Iraqi troops into Syria. Instead Assad, perhaps fearful of Iraqi domination and a new war with Israel, advocated a step-by-step approach. The unity talks were eventually suspended indefinitely after an alleged discovery of a Syrian plot to overthrow Saddam
Hussein in November 1979.
2363:, even writing "Egypt was an Arab country before Christ." The apparent Egyptian embrace of Arabism was met with general Arab excitement at the popular level and Pasha's efforts gained more traction among the various Arab governments than al-Said's Fertile Crescent proposal. Reasons for this ranged from the antipathy of the
2623:, which refers to the state's co-option of women's agenda to gain political legitimacy and constrict female mobilization. This was a strategy used by Nasser, who banned the creation of autonomous organizations and formulated women's demands as social welfare issues, leading to a recession of Egyptian feminist activism.
2233:
JanuaryâFebruary 1936 led to major negotiations for an independence deal with the French government. The
British took a firm stance against the nationalist revolt in Palestine, dissolving the AHC forcing al-Husayni into exile in Lebanon in 1937. In Algeria, hostility towards the Jewish community saw an attack in
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Islam, then, is the only Divine way of life which brings out the noblest human characteristics, developing and using them for the construction of human society. Islam has remained unique in this respect to this day. Those who deviate from this system and want some other system, whether it be based on
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In this context, it has been argued that women's participation was used as an ideological instrument by Arab nationalism. They were considered "bearers of the nation", because they not only had the biological capability to give birth to future generations, but their own preparation signified a better
2039:
revolted against French rule. The revolt subsequently spread throughout Syria, particularly in
Damascus where an uprising by the citizens took place. The French responded by systematically bombarding the city, resulting in thousands of deaths. The revolt was put down by the end of the year, but it is
1985:
To further tensions, a rift formed between the older nationalist members of various Syrian urban-class families and the generally younger nationalists who became close to Faysalâhis Hejazi troops, Iraqi and Syrian military officers, and
Palestinian and Syrian intellectuals. The older guard was mainly
1919:
in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. They also requested that Arab conscripts to the
Ottoman army not be required to serve in non-Arab regions except in time of war. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the
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was fearful of losing his power to Assad (who was supposed to become the deputy leader in the new union) and forced al-Bakr into retirement under threat of violence. Although unity talks did continue between Assad and Saddam after July 1979, but Assad rejected Iraqi demands for a full merger between
2606:
The question of women became more complex to deal with once the requirement of women's political involvement needed to coexist with the continuity of tradition. When Arab nationalism directly challenged
Western cultural influence, women's compliance with Arab values was key to distinguish themselves
2512:
of the Ba'ath Party in Syria in the 1940s. Aflaq, thought himself a Christian, viewed Islam as a testament to the "Arab genius", and once said "Muhammed was the epitome of all the Arabs. So let all the Arabs today be Muhammed." Since the Arabs had reached their greatest glories through the expansion
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and the Damascus political establishment to the leadership ambitions of the rival Hashemite family to the belief by Lebanon's Maronite Christian community that Egypt's plan would not require conceding future independence. Between 25 September-8 October 1944, the leaders of Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
2336:
Rivalry for the leadership of the Arab world developed mostly between the political establishments of Iraq and Egypt in the period following the failure of Rashid Ali coup. Eden's stated support for increased Arab ties encouraged Nuri al-Said of Iraq to propose his own plan for Arab unity in January
1807:
The former was also possible with the influence of the intellectual movement produced by the expansion of journalism using a unifying language, with the creation of newspapers in Arabic, as well as the publication of an Arabic dictionary and an encyclopedia during the late 1860s and the early 1870s.
2806:
taking place in Iraq the same year, Western powers feared the fallouts of a powerful Arab nationalism in the region. Foreign powers were not only concerned about the possible spread of such revolutionary movements in other Arab states, but also worried about losing the control and monopoly over the
2618:
Because of this, the expansion of women's political and economic rights was achieved under nationalist regimes, but it was deficient when it came to questioning their domestic limitations, such as polygamy, divorce, and the minimum age for marriage. In Egypt, the 1956 Constitution granted women the
2593:
Women were important to the movement in relation to the family unit. But women's presence in the nationalist pursuit was crucial considering that "building a nation-state required the mobilization of the entire population, both male and female". The former can also be seen in Palestine, where women
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movement. Arab nationalists generally rejected religion as a main element in political identity, and promoted the unity of Arabs regardless of sectarian identity. However, the fact that most Arabs were Muslims was used by some as an important building block in creating a new Arab national identity.
2448:
and Pan-Arabist policies, drafted a new Algerian constitution in 1976 which declared "the unity of the Arab people is written in the community of the destinies of these people. When there will be the conditions for a unity based on the liberation of the popular masses, Algeria will engage itself in
2123:
was formed by Palestinian and Iraqi activists from al-Fatat as a direct result of the Jerusalem conference on 13 August 1932. Most of the AIP's activities were centered in the Palestinian political field, but the party also worked towards achieving Arab unity and solidarity as a means to strengthen
1981:
remained significant bases of support. Following the creation of Faysal's state, a serious tension within the Arab nationalist movement became visible; the conflict between the ideology's highest ideal of forming a single independent unit comprising all countries that shared the Arabic language and
2245:
on 9 September 1937 in Syria which gathered 524 delegates from across the Arab world, although al-Husayni himself was not in attendance. According to author Adeeb Dawisha, although the uprising had been quelled by 1939, it greatly "contributed to the growth of Arab nationalist sentiment" and began
1643:
Arab nationalists believe that the Arab nation existed as a historical entity prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19thâ20th century. The Arab nation was formed through the gradual establishment of Arabic as the language of communication and with the advent of Islam as a religion and culture in
2602:
To modernists between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the status of women in Arab society was seen as a symptom of backwardness. Consequently, the reinterpretation of Islamic texts proposed with the revival of Arab culture also included the question of women.
2350:
state and Iraq would form an "Arab League," to which other Arab states could join, that would oversee matters of defense, foreign policy, customs, currency and the safeguarding of minorities. The proposal reflected a combination of factors, namely the expansionist ambitions of the Hashemites, the
2082:
covenant was proclaimed centering on three main articles: the Arab countries form an integral and indivisible whole. Hence the Arab nation does not accept or recognize the divisions of whatever nature to which it has been subjected, all efforts in every Arab country are to be directed towards the
2030:
of 1920. The uprising which was carried out by the urban population as well as the rural tribes of Iraq ended in 1921. The British drastically changed their policy in Iraq afterwards. Although the mandate was still in place officially, the British role was virtually reduced to an advisory one. In
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but were crushed with 50 rioters killed. A pro-Nasser coup attempt on 18 July 1963 in Syria also ended unsuccessfully. Hundreds of people were killed or wounded in an attempt to take over the Damascus radio station and army headquarters, and 27 rebel officers were summarily executed. Nasser then
2471:
became a rallying point for Arab nationalism from both a religious perspective and a military perspective. The fact that the Zionists were Jewish promoted a religious flavor to the xenophobic rhetoric and strengthened Islam as a defining feature of Arab nationalism. The humiliating defeat in the
1820:
for "betraying Islam" and the Fatherland to the Christian West. In the view of Arab patriots, Islam had not always been in a "sorry state" and attributed the military triumphs and cultural glories of the Arabs to the advent of the religion, insisting that European modernism itself was of Islamic
2814:
Another unsuccessful attempt at union occurred in 1963. That year the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party came to power in Syria and Iraq and talks were held on uniting the two countries with Egypt. On 17 April an agreement to unite the countries was signed, but Ba'ath leaders complained of what they
2598:
was tried for allegedly bombing a cafe, which killed 11 civilians inside. Moreover, female political involvement has been considered by several authors as a necessary dimension of Arab nationalism, because it is, in essence, a "gendered discourse". The community that was imagined by nationalist
2345:
region as well as the differences between their inhabitants. It sought to unify those states in a stage-based process whereby the initial stage would see Syria, Transjordan, Palestine and Lebanon unite with limited autonomy given to the Jews in Palestine and special rights for the Christians in
2319:
The conflict in Iraq provoked anger and frustration throughout the Arab world and the British acknowledged the rapid growth of Arab nationalist feeling among the Arab population, large segments of which saw the events in Iraq as a valiant struggle against imperialism. British Foreign Secretary,
2266:
family (Kuwait was still a British territory at the time). Ghazi died in a car accident in 1939, prompting a number of his army officers to allege the king was assassinated by British forces. That same year, al-Husayni arrived in Baghdad after escaping from Lebanon, giving a morale boost to the
1968:
Damascus became the coordinating center of the Arab nationalist movement as it was seen as the birthplace of the ideology, the seat of Faysalâthe first Arab "sovereign" after nearly 400 years of Turkish suzeraintyâand because the nationalists of the entire Mashreq region were familiar with it.
1799:
Throughout the late 19th century, beginning in the 1860s, a sense of loyalty to the "Fatherland" developed in intellectual circles based in the Levant and Egypt, but not necessarily an "Arab Fatherland". It developed from observance of the technological successes of Western Europe which they
2912:. They signed a charter in Baghdad for Joint National Action which provided for the "closest form of unity ties" including "complete military unity" as well as "economic, political and cultural unification". An agreement to unify the two states was to come into effect in July 1979. However,
2132:
by Western-educated professional civil service groups with the aims of creating a common Arab market and industrial base as well as the abolishment of customs barriers between the Arab countries. By proposing agrarian reforms to limit the power of landowners, abolishing what they considered
2098:
identified Islam, Arabism, and nationalism as the three main components of the Algerian national character distinct from France, while his fellow 'alim Ahmad Tawfiq al-Madani (1889â1983) wrote extensive historical writings in Arabic celebrating the Muslim and Arab ancestors of Algeria. The
2232:
The events in Palestine followed similar anti-colonial activities in Egypt, Syria and Algeria which helped inspire the uprising. In Egypt, week-long anti-British demonstrations had eventually resulted in the restoration of the Egyptian constitution while in Syria, a general strike held in
2103:, describing the events in Palestine in 1936 as an "insult to all Muslim countries and a degradation of Arabism" and events in 1947 as "test set up by God in order to examine the Muslims and the Arabs' faith". It also stressed the view that Palestine belongs to all Arabs and not only to
2599:
groups was largely dependent on the status they assigned to women: modernist nationalists considered their inclusion in the public space as a necessary measure to achieve modernity, while conservative nationalists would vindicate their traditional roles as symbols of Islamic culture.
2563:
Women were active participants in the nationalist mobilizations. Arab nationalism became an opportunity for women to appear in public spaces âwhich were traditionally reserved for men, not only as protesters but also as founders of their own unions and organizations. One example is
1947:
Nationalist individuals became more prominent during the waning years of Ottoman authority, but the idea of Arab nationalism had virtually no impact on the majority of Arabs as they considered themselves loyal subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The British, for their part, incited the
2720:
However, Halliday notes how many ideas and goals of the emerging Islamist movements resembled, and even derived from, the programmes of the earlier, secular nationalists. He says, âthe Islamist movements were beneficiaries and inheritors of the secular nationalist agendaâ.
2249:
Meanwhile, a clandestine Arab nationalist society was formed in Iraq in 1938 which came to be known as Arab Nationalist Party (ANP). The ANP typically confined itself to influencing events and leaders in Iraq rather than taking the lead of a mass nationalist movement. King
2094:. Its motto was "Islam is our religion, Algeria is our homeland, Arabic is our language", and it emphasized on the Arab-Islamic national identity of Algeria, becoming the strongest defender of Arab and Muslim culture and a major provider of education in Arabic. Its founder
1761:
connotation, calling for ... the creation of revolutionary Arab unity." Groups who subscribed to this point of view advocated opposition, violent and non-violent, against Israel and against Arabs who did not subscribe to this point of view. The person most identified with
2815:
considered Egyptian president Nasser's "patronizing, bullying tone" and his insistence on a single centralized party structure under his leadership. In Syria, pro-Nasserists were purged from the Syrian military and cabinet. In response, large pro-Nasser riots erupted in
2408:, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the
2611:, in response to the strong French campaign against its use during the 1930s. Some authors argue there is a link between opposition to Westernization and the strengthening of domestic roles to protect Arab identity. Nadje Al-Ali and Beth Baron call this a process of
1851:, a Lebanese Christian philosopher, called for the Arabs to "recover their lost ancient vitality and throw off the yoke of the Turks" in 1868. A secret society promoting this goal was formed in the late 1870s, with al-Yazigi as a member. The group placed placards in
2118:
Plans for a near-future conference were made, but never came into play due to Faysal's death in 1933 (delegates chose Faysal of Iraq to be their patron and he agreed to provide moral and material support for the movement) and fierce British opposition. However, the
1667:
works. Arab nationalism is the "sum total" of the characteristics and qualities exclusive to the Arab nation, whereas pan-Arab unity is the modern idea that stipulates that the separate Arab countries must unify to form a single state under one political system.
2312:" in Palestine. In one of the mufti's speeches he asked Arabs to unite and "kill the Jews wherever you find them." Throughout World War II, the Nazi government, seeking to take advantage of widespread anti-imperialist feelings in the Middle East, had broadcast
2005:
During the war, Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Ottoman Empire. Although the Arab forces were promised a state that included much of the Arabian Peninsula and the
2048:
in 1919. As a result of three-year negotiations following the uprising, the British agreed to allow Egypt's official independence in 1922, but their military still held great influence in the country. The political leaders of the Egyptian revolution espoused
2677:
cites the âfailure of the secular state, in its economic, social, and state-building roles, as well as in foreign policies, that led to the rejection of nationalism, and associated ideas of socialism and revolution, in much of the Arab worldâ.
2768:. These aspirations, however, were unpopular and met with suspicion in the countries they sought to conquer. The creation of the Arab League and its insistence on the territorial integrity and respect for sovereignty of each member state, the
2358:
launched a rival initiative for establishing closer inter-Arab relations, and sent delegations to several Arab states. Influential Arab nationalist figures in the country sought to emphasize Egypt's Arab character, the most prominent of them,
1859:-based notables, mostly Muslims, formed similar secret movements, although they differed as Christian groups who disfavoured Arabism called for a completely independent Lebanon while the Muslim Arab societies generally promoted an autonomous
2064:
encouraged Arab nationalists to put forward programs of action against colonial powers in the region. According to historian Youssef Choueiri, the "first public glimmerings" of a pan-Arab approach occurred in 1931, during the convention of
231:
nationalism mostly promoted by each Arab state and the emergence of Islamic radicalism filling the perceived void. However, the ideology as a whole began to decline across the Arab world following the decisive Israeli victory in the
2419:
Gamal Abdel Nasser was a major supporter of the Algerian independence movement, whose mixture of Arab nationalism and revolution appealed to the Arabs in North Africa. He provided financial, diplomatic and military support to the
2141:
in the Levant who tended to encourage local nationalism and were open to working with European authorities or Jewish land purchasers. The LNA enjoyed a level of popularity throughout the 1930s, but did not survive into the 1940s.
1960:
entered Damascus in 1918. By now, Faysal along with many Iraqi intellectuals and military officers had joined al-Fatat which would form the backbone of the newly created Arab state that consisted of much of the Levant and the
2672:
The historian Adeed Dawisha observes the decline in popularity was, in part, due to the elimination of many of the political factors that stoked nationalist passion in the Arab world during the 1950s and early 1960s, while
2807:
region's natural oil resources. However, due to discontent over the hegemony of Egypt and after a coup in Syria that introduced a more radical government to power, the United Arab Republic collapsed in 1961. The term
2594:
partaken in a demonstration in opposition to the heavy flow of Zionist immigrants in 1921, or with their gradual participation in Algeria's War of Independence as nurses, cooks, and even carrying bombs. In July 1957,
1058:
2258:. Many Arab nationalist politicians from Kuwait, who favored independence particularly after the discovery of oil there in 1938, were provided safe haven in Iraq after being repressed by the quasi-rulers of the
2077:
in Palestine. Arab delegates held a separate conference and for the first time delegates from North Africa, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent convened together to discuss Arab matters. A
2002:. Centered in Damascus with branches in various cities throughout the Levant, al-Istiqlal received political and financial support from Faysal, but relied on the inner circle of al-Fatat to survive.
4844:
2701:, which grew as Arab nationalism declined, and whose Islamist adherents were very hostile towards nationalism in general, believing it had no place in Islam, and lack of interest by the movement in
2555:
as an alternative. He called for the establishment of the Muslim World League, visiting several Muslim countries to advocate the idea. He also engaged in a propaganda and media war with Nasser.
2517:
in Arabic). After the Ba'athist military coups in Iraq and Syria in the 1960s, the Ba'athists "contributed very little to the development of all-Arab nationalism, which was its original
334:
2540:) were implacably opposed to nationalism as a European pollution intended to weaken Islamic unity, al-Banna "had regarded the transfer of power to non-Arabs after the first four '
2760:
of Iraq sought to create an expanded Arab empire constructed out of the smaller nation-states that had been created in the mandate period. Abdullah's dream was to be king of a
4535:
2026:
A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British rule culminated in the
1899:, openly declared that the Ottoman Empire should be both Turkish and Arab, with the latter exercising religious and cultural leadership. due to their historical role in the
224:
demonstrated remarkable capabilities for mobilization, organization, and clandestine activities. This ideology seemed to be on the rise across the independent Arab states.
2779:
During much of the 20th century, the rivalry between Syria and Nasser in Egypt for who would lead the union undermined the effort of forming a united Arab state. In 1958,
2351:
attempt by Iraq's political establishment to secure the mantle of Arab leadership in their rivalry with Egypt and a genuine embrace of Arab identity by Iraq's leaders.
1671:
Local patriotism centered on individual Arab countries was incorporated into the framework of Arab nationalism starting in the 1920s. This was done by positioning the
2449:
the promotion of the formulas of union, integration or fusion that may fully respond to the legitimate and deep aspirations of the Arab people". Like his predecessor
3770:
7371:
958:
2875:. This loose union lasted until 1977 when it split due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar Gaddafi and
2018:
period, when Arab lands were under French and British control, Arab nationalism became an important anti-imperial opposition movement against European rule.
4836:
2014:
between Britain and France provided for the territorial division of much of that region between the two imperial powers. During the interwar years and the
2157:
sentiments reached a boiling point on 15 April 1936, when an armed group of Arabs killed a Jewish civilian after intercepting his car near the village of
2607:
from Europe, or not to become Western-like. The former can be exemplified by how the use of the veil was reintroduced as a nationalist symbol during the
1078:
5835:
2297:
2293:. By 1 June, al-Gaylani and al-Husayni fled to the country for Germany, while the army officers who carried out the coup were captured and executed.
1990:, who served as Faysal's prime minister, while the younger guard did not have one particular leader. However, the youth within al-Fatat founded the
4549:"Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism: Women and the Politics of Modernity in the Making of Nation-States. Cases from Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria"
4478:
1069:
2425:
2328:
adopted its platform, pledging to help protect "the interests and rights" of the "sister Arab nations" and explore the "question of Arab unity."
1800:
attributed to the prevailing of patriotism in those countries. During this period, a heavy influx of Christian missionaries and educators from
5865:
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4444:
1040:
344:
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2181:(AHC), a national committee bringing together Arab factions in Palestine, was established to coordinate the uprising. To protest increased
4595:
2237:
in the summer of 1934 in which a number of Jews were killed, in response to the events in Palestine. Al-Husayni, who leaned more towards
1920:
organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces.
849:
834:
2639:(the battle of destiny)âthe Arab nationalist movement is said to have suffered an "irreversible" slide towards "political marginality".
5820:
5248:
3353:
1219:
236:. Although pan-Arab nationalism lost appeal by the 1990s, it continued to exercise an intellectual hegemony throughout the Arab world.
3225:
1489:
1448:
924:
5815:
5220:
2642:
From the mid-1960s onward, the movement was further weakened by factional splits and ideological infighting. The formerly pro-Nasser
2484:, a debate circled between those who believed that pan-Arab unity would bring about destruction of Israel (the view advocated by the
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1024:
929:
5945:
5875:
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1991:
894:
844:
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leader of Germany, and other Nazi officials and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve what he believed was the "
914:
904:
884:
869:
6784:
5805:
997:
889:
839:
5317:
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1652:
2586:, in Egypt. This title became the foremother of a subsequent group of publications that came to be known as women's journals.
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Arab resistance against the British Mandate in Palestine and increased Jewish settlement occurring there. In August 1933, the
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6689:
5170:
5151:
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4235:
4208:
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3912:
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1804:
provided what was termed the "Arab political revival", resulting in the establishment of secret societies within the empire.
383:
378:
368:
5443:
1750:
is sometimes disparaged as "regionalism" by those who consider pan-Arabism the only legitimate variant of Arab nationalism.
7612:
7537:
6329:
6293:
5483:
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1994:("al-Istiqlal") in February 1919. Its goal was to achieve unity and complete Arab independence. Prominent members included
1889:, Iranian political activist. They both shared their thoughts on reform for Islamic societies by publishing in the journal
1630:
815:
527:
373:
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as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion, however he was more assertive than Ben Bella in carrying out
5855:
5800:
2421:
2108:
981:
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This allowed the questioning (albeit limited), of Ottoman power. Accordingly, in the 1860s, literature produced in the
1108:
2799:. This very exercise, while fostering Egypt's position at the centre of Arab politics, led to the weakening of Syria.
7314:
5937:
5860:
3650:
1335:
1239:
761:
272:
179:
6105:
5725:
5717:
5381:
2702:
2572:. (Male) Islamic modernists Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, along with Egyptian judge and intellectual
2027:
1174:
17:
1722:
The modern Arabic language actually has two distinct words which can be translated into English as "nationalism":
7863:
7718:
6967:
6774:
3901:"Les Oulémas à l'indépendance de l'Algérie: dominants du champ religieux, dominés du champ politique (1962-1978)"
546:
183:
5463:
7567:
7522:
6779:
6600:
5885:
5647:
5241:
2945:
2061:
1385:
1029:
899:
756:
708:
240:
7968:
are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
7657:
7652:
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7309:
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6884:
6532:
339:
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7738:
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7607:
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7512:
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6522:
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5790:
5780:
5329:
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2125:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
746:
521:
412:
7642:
5346:
3907:, BibliothĂšque historique des pays dâIslam (in French), Paris: Ăditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 247â318,
2824:
formally withdrew from the union agreement, denouncing the Syrian Ba'athists as "fascists and murderers".
1647:
Within the Arab nationalist movement are three main ideas: that of the Arab nation; Arab nationalism; and
7279:
6502:
6452:
6098:
5955:
5785:
5775:
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2289:
having taken control of neighboring Syria, Britain reoccupied Iraq in May to prevent it from joining the
2045:
1395:
1048:
947:
919:
909:
879:
401:
160:
156:
4417:
nationalism, colour and race, class struggle, or similar corrupt theories, are truly enemies of mankind!
2928:
2568:, who marched with other women during the 1919 revolution against the British and would then create the
1816:) which was under Ottoman control at the time, contained emotional intensity and strongly condemned the
1782:
has weakened faith in this ideal. The current dominant ideology among Arab policy makers has shifted to
7637:
7517:
6548:
5926:
5919:
5850:
5529:
5291:
1956:
during the First World War. The Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son
1877:
This new version of Arab patriotism was directly influenced by the Islamic modernism and revivalism of
1835:
Arabism and regional patriotism (such as in Egypt or in the Levant) mixed and gained predominance over
1351:
1234:
1164:
1126:
1086:
1017:
665:
557:
516:
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2473:
2464:
2360:
2242:
2011:
1896:
751:
221:
205:
7597:
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166:
One of the primary goals of modern Arab nationalism is ridding the Arab world of influence from the
7914:
7572:
7376:
6288:
5388:
5124:
5093:
5038:
2372:, Egypt in a meeting hosted by the Egyptian government which ended with an agreement known as the "
2170:
1623:
1356:
1249:
1179:
790:
3446:
Hurvitz, Nimrod (December 2006). "Muhibb ad-Din al-Khatib's Semitic Wave Theory and Pan-Arabism".
7356:
6828:
6732:
6643:
6558:
6437:
6041:
5960:
5745:
3148:
2848:
2569:
2481:
2238:
1932:
1886:
1437:
1259:
191:
81:
37:
7934:
6889:
5000:
4993:
2428:
in Cairo. This played a major role in France's decision to wage war against him during the 1956
7304:
7194:
6972:
6936:
6818:
6663:
6512:
5468:
3593:
2913:
2548:
2488:) or whether the destruction of Israel would bring about pan-Arab unity (the view advocated by
2441:
2066:
1900:
991:
692:
603:
187:
101:
5062:
4964:
Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century
4279:
4198:
4124:
3843:
2551:
sought to counter the influences of Arab nationalism and communism in the region by promoting
2254:
was one such leader. Ghazi intended to build a strong Iraqi army and actively sought to annex
7627:
7592:
7577:
7456:
7284:
7274:
7239:
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2505:
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2197:
2178:
2095:
1916:
1778:
still remains a potent political force today, the death of Nasser and the Arab defeat in the
741:
608:
4811:
Halliday, Fred (2013). "Nationalism in the Arab World Since 1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.).
4501:
4306:
3585:
2341:." The plan recognized the linguistic, cultural and economic ties between the states of the
7998:
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7481:
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2706:
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2433:
2234:
2225:
2146:
2050:
1987:
766:
613:
124:
5210:
4777:
3182:
2681:
Other factors given for the decline include: regional attachments such as Iraqi president
1659:, which asserts that the Arab nation is the group of people who speak Arabic, inhabit the
8:
7883:
7763:
7557:
7496:
7461:
7366:
7269:
7224:
7189:
7153:
7148:
7088:
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7057:
7003:
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6590:
6553:
6480:
6447:
6427:
6397:
6283:
6183:
6051:
5408:
5341:
4596:
Women and the Egyptian Revolution: Engagement and Activism during the 2011 Arab Uprisings
4110:
2844:
2373:
2100:
2015:
1616:
1184:
986:
874:
209:
5186:
4089:
2281:
succeeded al-Said as Prime Minister in March 1940 and took a neutral position regarding
1870:
distinguished the notion of fatherland from that of nation; when applying the latter to
7969:
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7672:
7552:
7426:
7401:
7209:
7127:
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6982:
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6679:
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6442:
6350:
6308:
6214:
6204:
6199:
6178:
6161:
6121:
6056:
6036:
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5912:
5895:
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5488:
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5458:
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5403:
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3545:
3304:
3265:
3153:
3138:
3055:
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2909:
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2533:
2405:
2389:
2384:
1890:
1767:
1758:
1169:
1141:
1063:
1034:
798:
771:
248:
213:
49:
7562:
5672:
4750:
4536:
Her Magazine, Her Voice: Foremothers of Womenâs Journals in Africa and the Middle East
2040:
credited with forcing the French to take more steps to ensure Syrian independence. In
7944:
7929:
7723:
7411:
7103:
7052:
7008:
6869:
6806:
6638:
6605:
6410:
6402:
6303:
6240:
6016:
5707:
5642:
5557:
5537:
5166:
5147:
5099:
5068:
5044:
5023:
5004:
4977:
4816:
4787:
4756:
4665:
4653:
4568:
4450:
4377:
4339:
4312:
4285:
4258:
4231:
4204:
4063:
3908:
3879:
3849:
3822:
3795:
3646:
3612:
3586:
3537:
3417:
3380:
3335:
3296:
3257:
3123:
3095:
3075:
3025:
2955:
2895:
2741:
2710:
2565:
2217:
2138:
1999:
1848:
1828:
1672:
1664:
1579:
1564:
1311:
1159:
533:
170:, and the removal of those Arab governments that are considered to be dependent upon
132:
4755:. Internet Archive. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. p. 282.
1707:
in ancient times or by associating the other pre-Islamic cultures, such as those of
7858:
7667:
7547:
7062:
7042:
6658:
6653:
6585:
6565:
6459:
6355:
6235:
5950:
5657:
5622:
5592:
5587:
5562:
5371:
4560:
3035:
3000:
2960:
2827:
2595:
2355:
2342:
2325:
2209:
2201:
2174:
2036:
2007:
1957:
1589:
1584:
1569:
1363:
1229:
244:
239:
Notable personalities and groups that are associated with Arab nationalism include
2169:
in Palestine. The AIP along with Palestinian notables selected popular leader and
7838:
7808:
7333:
6742:
6648:
6485:
6001:
5970:
5965:
5810:
5750:
5697:
5627:
5607:
5582:
5572:
5473:
5351:
4053:
3233:. Beirut: Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. pp. 20, 21, 42.
3005:
2985:
2950:
2876:
2868:
2717:
concepts which might have "resuscitated" the ideology in its moment of weakness.
2698:
2655:
2525:
2450:
2309:
2272:
2221:
2205:
1949:
1867:
1656:
1594:
1574:
1412:
1324:
736:
697:
567:
562:
487:
276:
264:
260:
217:
92:
45:
7888:
3905:
LâAlgĂ©rie des OulĂ©mas : Une histoire de lâAlgĂ©rie contemporaine (1931-1991)
2189:
was declared and a political, economic, and social boycott of Jews soon ensued.
1663:, and who feel they belong to the same nation, ideologies which originated from
7793:
7773:
7341:
6490:
6006:
5845:
5740:
5735:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5652:
5577:
5567:
5448:
5376:
5271:
5058:
4045:
3900:
3113:
3085:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3045:
3030:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2916:
2905:
2883:. The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of the unity of the
2836:
2832:
2620:
2529:
2509:
2454:
2445:
2263:
2091:
1928:
1878:
1712:
1676:
1648:
1345:
652:
482:
450:
268:
144:
73:
41:
4564:
2099:
association also attracted Algerian public attention to what was happening in
1911:
In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed
84:. The Aqaba Flagpole is the sixth tallest free standing flagpole in the world.
56:
7987:
7436:
7431:
7386:
7381:
7361:
6684:
6360:
6011:
5637:
5617:
5552:
5504:
5418:
5200:
4669:
4572:
4049:
3541:
3384:
3339:
3300:
3261:
3020:
3015:
2995:
2761:
2674:
2364:
2251:
1995:
1871:
1860:
1817:
1801:
1716:
1559:
1503:
1368:
1316:
1131:
456:
252:
167:
152:
4335:
Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring
1855:
calling for a rebellion against the Ottomans. Meanwhile, other Lebanese and
7965:
7853:
7703:
7466:
7451:
7421:
7391:
7351:
6046:
5687:
5547:
5542:
5398:
5324:
5276:
5131:
5112:
4059:
3933:
3118:
3090:
3080:
2940:
2757:
2685:'s "Iraq first" policy, suspicion of Arab unity by minority groups such as
2608:
2552:
2501:
2368:
Lebanon, Transjordan, Yemen and the Palestinian Arab community convened in
2321:
2316:
messages tailored to Arabic-speaking Muslims in the Middle East via radio.
2313:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2268:
2154:
2137:" and promoting the growth of an industry, the LNA sought to undermine the
2112:
2104:
2057:
1406:
1301:
1201:
713:
657:
256:
228:
120:
2192:
7924:
7893:
7873:
7753:
7708:
7662:
7491:
7476:
7471:
7406:
7346:
6823:
6696:
5662:
5519:
5366:
5361:
5307:
5286:
4712:
Ghoussoub, "Feminism âor the Eternal Masculineâ in the Arab World", p. 11
4033:
The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict
3108:
3040:
2725:
2694:
2632:
2577:
2537:
2477:
2458:
2429:
2409:
2290:
2079:
1953:
1940:
1813:
1779:
1700:
1529:
1463:
1306:
963:
681:
623:
585:
505:
349:
322:
233:
175:
148:
136:
4963:
4752:
Arab nationalism in the twentieth century : from triumph to despair
4580:
4548:
3549:
3525:
3308:
3284:
3269:
3245:
174:. This form of the ideology is rooted in the undesirable outcome of the
7939:
7783:
7713:
6209:
6171:
5597:
5514:
5509:
5438:
5081:
2690:
2573:
2532:, the founder of the earliest and largest revivalist organization, the
2397:
2369:
2305:
1836:
1660:
1244:
726:
295:
227:
Its influence began to wane in the following decades, with the rise of
198:
posed an existential threat to the territorial integrity and political
140:
3368:
3323:
2440:
and Pan-Arabism in an essay titled 'Algeria 1958'. Algerian president
2267:
pan-Arab dimension in Iraqi politics. The prime minister at the time,
2090:
founded in 1931 was a major Islamist and Arab nationalist movement in
7843:
7828:
7818:
7813:
7758:
7743:
7032:
6156:
6090:
5281:
4281:
Enhancing Regional Governance and Multilateral Cooperation in Maghreb
3143:
2811:
continued to be used in Egypt until 1971, after the death of Nasser.
2714:
2647:
2437:
2413:
2259:
2213:
2150:
2134:
2070:
1970:
1771:
1704:
1696:
1432:
1417:
641:
190:
grew as Arab nationalists centralized themselves around the newfound
61:
44:, and remains a prominent symbol of Arab nationalism. The design and
32:
1824:
7803:
7728:
7602:
7486:
6021:
5730:
5226:
3771:"L'Association des Oulémas, défenseur de la personnalité nationale"
2867:, however, both projects failed in 1966 and 1967. In 1971 and 1972
2816:
2736:
2666:
2582:
2541:
2158:
1912:
1856:
1684:
676:
171:
7868:
5020:
Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair
2524:
Another example of the occasional mingled of Arab nationalism and
2461:
to reverse French colonization, especially between 1970 and 1977.
1982:
heritage, and the tendency to give precedence to local ambitions.
7878:
7848:
7798:
7788:
7693:
7446:
7396:
6415:
6324:
4654:"Mujeres Y Revueltas En El Mundo Ărabe: Historia Y Orientalismos"
4093:
3369:"Pan-Arab Nationalism: The Ideological Dream as Compelling Force"
2884:
2852:
2662:
2631:
After the defeat of the Arab coalition by Israel during the 1967
2496:
2468:
2129:
2074:
1978:
1844:
1809:
1692:
1524:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1427:
1422:
1224:
439:
432:
195:
4973:
Arab Nationalism â A History: Nation and State in the Arab World
3818:
Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements In North Africa
7748:
7733:
7698:
7688:
4227:
To the Mountains: My Life in Jihad, from Algeria to Afghanistan
3609:
A History of the Modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues
2820:
2740:
President Gamal Abdel Nasser signing unity pact with President
2347:
2255:
2182:
1974:
1852:
1770:
of Egypt, who used both military and political power to spread
1688:
1680:
1551:
1296:
477:
128:
116:
3588:
The Arabic Language and National Identity: a Study in Ideology
2635:âwhich the reigning Arab nationalist leader Nasser had dubbed
7898:
5825:
2879:
attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the
2871:
attempted to unite Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Syria to form the
2784:
2780:
2686:
2489:
2393:
2162:
2041:
2032:
1962:
1936:
1882:
1840:
1708:
1474:
1459:
303:
112:
77:
5095:
Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age
2275:, did not harbor the pan-Arabist sympathies Ghazi espoused.
216:
championed Arab nationalism, and political parties like the
4642:
Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 206.
4633:
Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 205.
4621:
Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 203.
2792:
2073:
which highlighted Muslim fears of the increasing growth of
1136:
445:
4806:
4804:
4730:
Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab nationalism", p. 212
4685:
Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 210
4374:
Arab nationalism : between Islam and the nation-state
4106:"History Shows That True Peace Is Not Possible With Arabs"
4055:
Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam
3724:
Kramer, "Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity", p. 184-185.
3324:"The Formation of Pan-Arab Ideology in the Interwar Years"
2693:
Arabs in Iraq who feared Arab nationalism was actually "a
2246:
the development of "solidarity" between Arab governments.
2145:
Following the killing of the Syrian Arab guerrilla leader
1923:
5117:
Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest
4995:
Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation
3611:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 119â120.
2161:. After Jews retaliated by killing two Arab farmers near
5138:. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 151â155
4509:
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
3845:
Algeria: Nation, Culture and Transnationalism, 1988-2015
3643:
Major Issues in Islam :The Challenges Within and Without
2544:' caliphs as the true reason for the decline of Islam."
139:. It bases itself on the premise that the people of the
68:
5136:
The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East
4801:
4703:
Campos, "Mujeres y Revueltas en el Mundo Ărabe", p. 538
4694:
Campos, "Mujeres y Revueltas en el Mundo Ărabe", p. 537
4479:"Feminism âor the Eternal Masculineâ in the Arab World"
2476:
strengthened the Arabs' resolve to unite in favor of a
3416:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 161â177.
2153:, Arab-Jewish tensions in Palestine reached a climax.
208:
was directly linked to Western imperialism due to the
5088:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. pp. 24â25.
3938:
Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa
119:. As a traditional nationalist ideology, it promotes
4739:
Al-Ali, "Women's Movements in the Middle East", p. 8
4721:
Al-Ali, "Women's Movements in the Middle East", p. 4
4502:"Women's Movements in the Middle East: Case Studies"
2536:. While in theory Islamic revivalists (for example
106:
4681:
4679:
4629:
4627:
2776:weakened the political feasibility of these ideas.
2331:
2044:, resentment of British hegemony led to wide-scale
5836:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
4992:
4254:Out of Africa: Post-Structuralism's Colonial Roots
4162:
4160:
1906:
178:; in successfully achieving their primary goal of
4813:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
2379:
184:partitioning of their would-be unified Arab state
7985:
4815:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 445.
4676:
4624:
4376:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 205.
4090:Israelis not welcome to derelict Jerusalem hotel
3791:Arabic Sociolinguistics: Issues and Perspectives
2863:in order to prepare the gradual merger in a new
5165:. University of Queensland Press. p. 128.
4599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 33.
4157:
2053:, rather than an Arab nationalist alternative.
1738:(meaning "homeland, native country"). The term
4035:by Walter Laqueur, Barry M. Rubin 2001, p. 51.
3702:
3700:
3664:
3662:
3285:"Arab Nationalism: A Retrospective Evaluation"
2859:In 1964, Egypt, Iraq and North Yemen formed a
2241:, was instrumental in organizing the pan-Arab
1655:led to the foundation of the Arab nationalist
6106:
5866:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
5313:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
5242:
5223:by Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, Codex Online S.A.
5040:The International Politics of the Middle East
4891:Charles Smith. "The Arab-Israeli Conflict". (
4150:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4044:
4010:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3201:Charles Smith, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, in
2580:established the first Arab women's magazine,
1624:
204:of the entire region, and that the resulting
182:, the Arab rebels simultaneously enabled the
4911:, University of California Press, 1989, p.83
4096:, 26 March 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
3328:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2923:
2791:. It was accompanied by attempts to include
2697:project" to establish "Sunni hegemony", the
2396:after announcing the nationalization of the
1753:In the post-World War years, the concept of
5221:"The Rise of Arab Nationalism in the Sudan"
4435:
4223:
3697:
3659:
3570:
3568:
2480:nationalist ideal. With the revival of the
1742:means attachment to the Arab nation, while
1730:(meaning "tribe, ethnic nationality"), and
199:
7964:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
7608:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
6113:
6099:
5249:
5235:
5128:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
5036:
4928:
4926:
4893:International Relations of the Middle East
4277:
4196:
4145:
4133:
4005:
3991:
3982:
3966:
3964:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3203:International Relations in the Middle East
3177:
3175:
3173:
2107:. In 1955, it joined the Arab nationalist
2056:The relative independence of Egypt, Iraq,
2035:of southern Syria under the leadership of
1866:As early as 1870, Syrian Christian writer
1631:
1617:
302:
5144:Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking
5141:
5091:
4880:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century
4867:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century
4546:
4476:
4250:
4114:, 9 May 1994. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
2021:
155:: ethnicity, language, culture, history,
151:âconstitute one nation bound together by
111:) is a political ideology asserting that
5946:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
5876:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
5841:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
5160:
5146:. Oxford University Press. p. 153.
4969:
4903:
4901:
4810:
4449:. Oxford University Press. p. 318.
4278:Ranelletti, Andrea (28 September 2018).
3898:
3871:
3848:. Oxford University Press. p. 246.
3787:
3606:
3583:
3565:
3508:
3197:
3195:
2927:
2826:
2735:
2654:and fell apart soon after. In 1966, the
2558:
2383:
2191:
1922:
1823:
67:
55:
31:
5821:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
5806:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
5057:
5017:
4990:
4923:
4837:"What is the point of the Arab League?"
4775:
4748:
4652:Campos, Camila Pastor de Maria (2014).
4442:
4396:
4284:. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 120.
4230:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
4197:Vatikiotis, P. J. (30 September 2022).
3961:
3841:
3815:Shahin, Emad Eldin (23 February 2018).
3640:
3485:
3467:
3445:
3170:
14:
7986:
7568:Galician independence movement (Spain)
6120:
5816:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
5187:"Islamic critique of Arab Nationalism"
4999:. Princeton University Press. p.
4909:Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East
4651:
4499:
4331:
4308:Interpreting Islamic Political Parties
4192:
4190:
3814:
3592:. Edinburgh University Press. p.
3243:
3223:
3208:
1746:means loyalty to a single Arab state.
7618:Patani United Liberation Organisation
7588:Inner Mongolian independence movement
6094:
5230:
5197:"Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity"
4898:
4304:
4224:Anas, Abdullah; Hussein, Tam (2019).
4125:"Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World."
3867:
3865:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3366:
3246:"Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity"
3192:
2216:, Alfred Roke, Abdul Latif Es-Salah,
1030:Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
7613:National Liberation Front of Corsica
7538:East Turkestan independence movement
5256:
4371:
4117:
4038:
3899:Courreye, Charlotte (29 June 2022),
3788:Suleiman, Yasir (16 December 2013).
3523:
3411:
3321:
3282:
2887:states. This would later become the
2731:
2111:'s insurgency against France in the
2088:Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama
1054:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)
5856:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
4523:A History of the Modern Middle East
4187:
3414:Arab Nationalism A Critical Enquiry
2843:(right), and Syrian vice president
2835:(centre) with Iraqi vice president
2724:In the 21st century, following the
96:
24:
5796:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
5318:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
5098:. University of California Press.
4847:from the original on 8 August 2017
3927:
3862:
3400:
3360:
2839:(left), Algerian foreign minister
1653:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
25:
8010:
5861:Palestine Liberation Organization
5180:
4610:Women and the Egyptian Revolution
4400:Milestones (Ma'alim 'ala Al-Tariq
3760:Gershoni and Jankowski, pp.40â41.
3526:"The Origins of Arab Nationalism"
2847:(far right, half-covered) at the
2787:temporarily joined to create the
1774:throughout the Arab world. While
1240:Arab International Media Services
273:Palestine Liberation Organization
6075:
6074:
5801:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
5484:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
5207:, Summer 1993, pp. 171â206.
4944:
4935:
3875:Palestine and Modern Arab Poetry
2764:while as-Said's dream was for a
2482:Palestinian nationalist movement
2332:Establishment of the Arab League
1772:his version of pan-Arab ideology
1175:Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing
1087:Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ)
64:associated with Arab nationalism
40:was originally used against the
7719:Basque Country (greater region)
7578:Guangdong Independence Movement
5444:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
5119:. New York: Grove Press, 2003.
5064:The Origins of Arab Nationalism
5043:. Manchester University Press.
4956:
4914:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4829:
4769:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4645:
4636:
4615:
4602:
4587:
4540:
4528:
4515:
4493:
4470:
4422:
4390:
4365:
4352:
4325:
4305:Salih, M. (28 September 2009).
4298:
4271:
4251:Ahluwalia, Pal (5 April 2010).
4244:
4217:
4178:
4169:
4099:
4083:
4026:
4017:
3973:
3952:
3943:
3892:
3835:
3808:
3781:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3684:
3671:
3634:
3625:
3600:
3577:
3556:
3517:
3499:
3458:
3439:
3430:
3391:
3373:Journal of Contemporary History
2711:freedom of political expression
2426:Algerian provisional government
1907:Rise of modern Arab nationalism
1079:Federation of Arab Trade Unions
7523:Assyrian independence movement
5886:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
5648:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
5217:, Winter 2003, pp. 25â41.
5211:"Requiem for Arab Nationalism"
5125:Islamic Imperialism: A History
5092:Humphreys, R. Stephen (2005).
5022:. Princeton University Press.
4778:"Requiem for Arab Nationalism"
4776:Dawisha, Adeed (Winter 2003).
4430:The Society of Muslim Brothers
4332:Ennaji, Moha (16 April 2014).
3346:
3315:
3276:
3237:
3227:Palestine and Arab Nationalism
3217:
2946:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
2689:in Iraq who were non-Arab, or
2392:returns to cheering crowds in
2380:Peak under Egyptian leadership
1703:) who migrated throughout the
1070:International Confederation of
13:
1:
7658:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
7653:Tibetan independence movement
7583:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
7543:Faroese independence movement
7528:Catalan independence movement
5086:Dictionary of the Middle East
5067:. Columbia University Press.
4966:. Cambridge University Press.
3164:
2752:In the 1940s, rulers such as
2661:into rival factions based in
1734:ÙŰ·ÙÙŰ©, derived from the word
1726:ÙÙÙ
ÙŰ©, derived from the word
793:Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
180:dissolving the Ottoman Empire
121:Arab culture and civilization
48:are the basis of many modern
7739:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
7648:Taiwan independence movement
7623:Ryukyu independence movement
7533:Champa independence movement
7513:Alsace independence movement
5831:Federation of Arab Republics
5791:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
5781:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
5382:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
5330:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
5037:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2003).
3872:Sulaiman, Khalid A. (1984).
3183:Requiem for Arab Nationalism
2873:Federation of Arab Republics
2609:Algerian War of Independence
2495:Pan-Arabism was initially a
2404:After the Second World War,
2126:League of Nationalist Action
1081:and Labor Societies (FATULS)
747:Federation of Arab Republics
413:Middle East and North Africa
7:
7603:Mapuche separatist movement
5956:Flag of the Arab Federation
5786:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
5776:Arab Socialist Action Party
5161:McDonald, Michelle (2009).
4895:by Louise Fawcett), p. 220.
3641:Sindima, Harvey J. (2017).
3607:Anderson, Betty S. (2016).
3102:
2901:began working closely with
2766:Fertile Crescent Federation
2656:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2432:. Albert Camus argued that
2354:The Egyptian government of
1049:Union for the Mediterranean
1025:Economic and Social Council
791:Cooperation Council for the
727:Attempts at political union
359:Weapons of mass destruction
282:
277:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
137:unification of Arab society
107:
10:
8015:
7638:Silesian Autonomy Movement
7518:Assam separatist movements
6673:Northern & Middle Asia
5927:On the Way of Resurrection
5920:The Battle for One Destiny
5851:Lebanese National Movement
5292:Third International Theory
4970:Choueiri, Youssef (2000).
4547:Pepicelli, Renata (2017).
3205:by Louise Fawcett, p. 220.
2626:
2177:to lead the uprising. The
2046:revolts across the country
1863:still under Ottoman rule.
1794:
1789:
1235:Arabian Television Network
1043:Social Development (AFESD)
1041:Arab Fund for Economic and
666:Third International Theory
194:, promoting the view that
135:. It often also calls for
7955:
7907:
7681:
7643:Székely autonomy movement
7505:
7332:
7297:
7252:
7182:
7141:
7123:
7116:
7071:
7028:
7021:
6996:
6960:
6932:
6925:
6852:
6762:
6755:
6720:
6672:
6626:
6541:
6468:
6380:
6373:
6338:
6317:
6276:
6269:
6249:
6228:
6192:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6070:
5979:
5936:
5904:
5881:Unified Political Command
5771:Arab Nationalist Movement
5716:
5668:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
5528:
5497:
5464:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
5335:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
5300:
5264:
4565:10.1163/22138617-12340145
4500:Al-Ali, Nadje S. (2002).
4443:Ruthven, Malise (2006) .
4200:Nasser and His Generation
3878:. Zed Books. p. 44.
3842:Crowley, Patrick (2017).
3794:. Routledge. p. 35.
3051:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
2924:Notable Arab nationalists
2861:Unified Political Command
2770:assassination of Abdullah
2644:Arab Nationalist Movement
2486:Arab Nationalist Movement
2465:The question of Palestine
2422:National Liberation Front
2109:National Liberation Front
1897:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
1072:Arab Trade Unions (ICATU)
752:Unified Political Command
222:Arab Nationalist Movement
7573:Greenlandic independence
5389:1952 Egyptian revolution
5134:. "Arab Nationalism."
4962:Abu-'Uksa, Wael (2016).
4203:. Taylor & Francis.
3940:, Greenwood Press, pp4â5
3584:Suleiman, Yasir (2003).
3322:Dawn, C. Ernest (1988).
2797:North Yemen in the union
2613:gendering of nationalism
2171:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
6042:Palestinian nationalism
5961:Flag of the Arab Revolt
5454:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
5434:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
5414:1961 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
5193:, Vol III, No. 2, 1986.
5084:. "Arab nationalism."
5018:Dawisha, Adeed (2016).
4991:Dawisha, Adeed (2009).
4749:Dawisha, A. I. (2003).
4477:Ghoussoub, Mai (1987).
4432:, (London, 1969), p.210
3244:Kramer, Martin (1993).
3149:Palestinian nationalism
2849:1978 Arab League summit
2570:Egyptian Feminist Union
2500:An example of this was
2346:Lebanon. Afterward the
2298:increasingly acquainted
2239:Palestinian nationalism
2121:Arab Independence Party
1992:Arab Independence Party
1933:flag of the Arab Revolt
1887:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
1675:as the homeland of the
1260:Arab Capital of Culture
1000:Industrialization (AOI)
757:Union of Arab Republics
340:Western Sahara conflict
290:Part of a series on the
82:flag of the Arab Revolt
38:flag of the Arab Revolt
7598:MÄori protest movement
5469:1969 Libyan revolution
5347:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
3775:Algérie Presse Service
3448:Middle Eastern Studies
3289:Arab Studies Quarterly
2935:
2856:
2749:
2637:al-Maâraka al-Masiriya
2549:Faisal of Saudi Arabia
2401:
2339:Fertile Crescent Union
2229:
2067:World Islamic Congress
2022:Growth of the movement
1944:
1832:
1165:QatarâBahrain Causeway
693:Anti-Iranian sentiment
200:
188:Anti-Western sentiment
108:al-qawmÄ«ya al-ÊżarabÄ«ya
85:
65:
53:
7628:Scottish independence
7593:Kashubian Association
7315:Indigenous Australian
6027:Jordanian nationalism
5761:Arab Islamic Republic
5756:Arab Higher Committee
5633:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
5613:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
5424:North Yemen civil war
5357:ArabâIsraeli conflict
5215:Middle East Quarterly
5142:Ma'oz, Moshe (1995).
4783:Middle East Quarterly
4372:Tibi, Bassam (1997).
3751:Cavandish, p.126-127.
3715:Choueiri, pp.175â176.
3706:Choueiri, pp.171â173.
3668:Choueiri, pp.166â168.
3412:Tibi, Bassam (1990).
3367:Rubin, Barry (1991).
3224:Sayegh, Anis (1970).
3187:Middle East Quarterly
3129:Jordanian nationalism
3011:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
2991:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2931:
2881:Arab Islamic Republic
2830:
2739:
2646:, publicly abandoned
2559:Women and nationalism
2506:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2504:, founder along with
2474:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
2400:Company, August 1956.
2387:
2361:Abdul Rahman al-Azzam
2279:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
2198:Arab Higher Committee
2195:
2179:Arab Higher Committee
2149:by British forces in
2128:(LNA) was founded in
2012:SykesâPicot Agreement
1926:
1917:Arab Congress of 1913
1827:
1757:"gradually assumed a
1711:and North Africa and
1352:Arab Champions League
998:Arab Organization for
982:Joint Defence Council
781:Organizational unions
742:Arab Islamic Republic
345:ArabâIsraeli conflict
206:ArabâIsraeli conflict
80:, Jordan bearing the
71:
59:
35:
7834:Marathi Abhimaangeet
7633:Siberian regionalism
6062:Tunisian nationalism
6032:Lebanese nationalism
5992:Egyptian nationalism
5987:Algerian nationalism
5891:United Arab Republic
5766:Arab Liberation Army
5746:Arab Ba'ath Movement
5603:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
4108:, Joshua P. Feiler,
4092:, Douglas Hamilton,
4023:Choueiri, pp. 95â96.
3524:Aziz, M. A. (2009).
3283:Omar, Saleh (1992).
3185:" by Adeed Dawisha,
3159:Tunisian nationalism
3134:Lebanese nationalism
2976:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2914:Iraqi Vice President
2899:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2865:United Arab Republic
2841:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2809:United Arab Republic
2789:United Arab Republic
2754:Abdullah I of Jordan
2746:United Arab Republic
2707:separation of powers
2528:sentiment was from
2436:was closely tied to
2434:Algerian nationalism
2271:and the regent king
2226:Raghib al-Nashashibi
2147:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
2096:Abdelhamid ibn Badis
2051:Egyptian nationalism
1988:Rida Pasha al-Rikabi
1958:Faysal ibn al-Husayn
1885:Muslim scholar, and
1839:among some Arabs in
1180:SaudiâEgypt Causeway
1059:Chambers of Commerce
767:United Arab Republic
522:Human Rights Charter
115:constitute a single
7925:American Indigenous
7558:Free Papua Movement
6968:Balkar and Karachay
6763:Southeastern Europe
6294:Indigenous Canadian
6052:Sahrawi nationalism
5409:1959 Mosul uprising
5342:Great Syrian Revolt
5189:by Muhammad Yahya,
4976:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4111:The Palm Beach Post
3692:Islamic Imperialism
3679:Islamic Imperialism
2845:Abdul Halim Khaddam
2388:Egyptian president
2374:Alexandria Protocol
2200:, 1936; clockwise,
2101:Mandatory Palestine
1715:, into an evolving
1185:Bridge of the Horns
987:United Arab Command
762:United Arab Kingdom
210:Balfour Declaration
186:by Western powers.
7970:ethnic nationalism
7673:Welsh independence
7553:Free Aceh Movement
6785:in North Macedonia
6627:South-eastern Asia
6122:Ethnic nationalism
6057:Syrian nationalism
6037:Libyan nationalism
5997:Greater Mauritania
5913:The Arab Awakening
5896:United Arab States
5871:Rejectionist Front
5678:Gamal Abdel Nasser
5489:Yemeni unification
5479:Lebanese Civil War
5459:17 July Revolution
5429:Ramadan Revolution
5404:14 July Revolution
5213:by Adeed Dawisha,
5163:The Kiss of Saddam
4658:Foro Internacional
4534:Hoh, Anchi (2017),
4446:Islam in the World
4428:Richard Mitchell,
4130:. 30 January 2013.
3970:Nafi, pp. 192â193.
3645:. Hamilton Books.
3354:"ARAB NATIONALISM"
3154:Syrian nationalism
3139:Libyan nationalism
3056:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2936:
2933:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2910:Camp David Accords
2889:Arab Maghreb Union
2857:
2804:14 July Revolution
2774:14 July Revolution
2750:
2683:Abd al-Karim Qasim
2534:Muslim Brotherhood
2526:Islamic revivalist
2467:and opposition to
2406:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2402:
2390:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2365:Saudi royal family
2337:1943, dubbed the "
2296:Al-Husayni became
2243:Bloudan Conference
2230:
2183:Jewish immigration
2165:, this sparked an
2139:absentee landlords
1945:
1892:al-'Urwa al-Wuthqa
1833:
1768:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1170:King Fahd Causeway
1064:Arab Customs Union
1035:Arab Monetary Fund
799:Arab Maghreb Union
772:United Arab States
249:Gamal Abdel Nasser
214:Gamal Abdel Nasser
86:
66:
54:
50:Arab states' flags
27:Political ideology
7981:
7980:
7724:Catalan Countries
7328:
7327:
7293:
7292:
7248:
7247:
7112:
7111:
7017:
7016:
6751:
6750:
6369:
6368:
6265:
6264:
6088:
6087:
6017:Iraqi nationalism
5708:Constantin Zureiq
5558:Abdul Rahman Arif
5538:Butrus al-Bustani
5172:978-0-7022-4359-2
5153:978-0-19-159086-3
5105:978-0-520-93258-6
5074:978-0-231-07435-3
5050:978-0-7190-5346-7
5029:978-0-691-16915-6
5010:978-0-691-13957-9
4983:978-0-631-21729-9
4843:. 29 April 2016.
4822:978-0-19-876820-3
4788:Middle East Forum
4762:978-0-691-10273-3
4456:978-0-19-530503-6
4383:978-0-230-37654-0
4345:978-1-317-81362-0
4318:978-0-230-10077-0
4291:978-88-3365-076-0
4264:978-1-135-16179-8
4237:978-1-78738-011-0
4210:978-1-000-72639-8
4069:978-1-4000-6653-7
4050:Rothmann, John F.
3914:979-10-351-0682-9
3885:978-0-86232-238-0
3855:978-1-78694-021-6
3828:978-0-429-97788-6
3801:978-1-136-77937-4
3618:978-0-8047-9875-4
3423:978-1-349-20804-3
3124:Iraqi nationalism
3096:Constantin Zureiq
3076:Shukri al-Quwatli
2956:Abdul Rahman Arif
2894:In October 1978,
2831:Syrian president
2742:Shukri al-Quwatli
2732:Attempts at unity
2542:Rightfully Guided
2442:Houari BoumédiÚne
2000:Shukri al-Quwatli
1849:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
1829:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
1802:Western countries
1673:Arabian Peninsula
1641:
1640:
1606:
1605:
1376:
1375:
1192:
1191:
1008:
1007:
938:
937:
816:Foreign relations
806:
805:
576:
575:
534:Ahmed Aboul Gheit
528:Secretary General
496:
495:
392:
391:
153:a common identity
133:Arabic literature
105:
16:(Redirected from
8006:
7994:Arab nationalism
7974:
7859:Republika Srpska
7668:Walloon Movement
7548:Flemish Movement
7121:
7120:
7026:
7025:
6930:
6929:
6760:
6759:
6378:
6377:
6274:
6273:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6078:
6077:
5951:Eagle of Saladin
5658:Amin al-Husseini
5623:Faisal I of Iraq
5593:Sultan al-Atrash
5588:Mansur al-Atrash
5563:Abdul Salam Arif
5372:War of Attrition
5258:Arab nationalism
5251:
5244:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5176:
5157:
5109:
5078:
5054:
5033:
5014:
4998:
4987:
4951:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4921:
4918:
4912:
4907:Seale, Patrick,
4905:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4870:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4439:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4185:
4184:Dawisha, p. 123.
4182:
4176:
4175:Dawisha, p. 122.
4173:
4167:
4166:Dawisha, p. 119.
4164:
4155:
4154:Dawisha, p. 118.
4152:
4143:
4140:
4131:
4121:
4115:
4103:
4097:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4014:Dawisha, p. 117.
4012:
4003:
4002:Choueiri, p. 98.
4000:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3959:
3958:Choueiri, p. 94.
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3777:. 17 April 2021.
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3530:Pakistan Horizon
3521:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3409:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3379:(3/4): 535â551.
3364:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3179:
3036:Amin al-Husseini
3001:Faisal I of Iraq
2961:Abdul Salam Arif
2903:Syrian President
2669:, respectively.
2652:MarxismâLeninism
2596:Djamila Bouhired
2547:Meanwhile, King
2424:, and based the
2343:Fertile Crescent
2326:Mostafa El-Nahas
2210:Yaqub al-Ghusayn
2202:Jamal al-Husayni
2175:Amin al-Husseini
2037:Sultan al-Atrash
2008:Fertile Crescent
1927:Soldiers of the
1812:(the Levant and
1665:Sati' al-Hursi's
1633:
1626:
1619:
1391:
1390:
1364:Arabian Gulf Cup
1357:Cup Winners' Cup
1321:
1275:Jerusalem (2008)
1230:Arab Media Group
1207:
1206:
1103:
1102:
992:Peninsula Shield
953:
952:
821:
820:
637:Arab nationalism
591:
590:
537:
517:Founding Charter
511:
510:
407:
406:
335:Somali Civil War
328:Syrian Civil War
317:
316:
313:Political Issues
306:
287:
286:
245:Faisal I of Iraq
203:
172:Western hegemony
110:
100:
98:
89:Arab nationalism
46:pan-Arab colours
21:
18:Arab Nationalism
8014:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7959:
7951:
7903:
7839:Northern Epirus
7809:Ketuanan Melayu
7677:
7563:Future of Ă
land
7501:
7437:Native American
7334:Pan-nationalism
7324:
7289:
7253:Northern Europe
7244:
7178:
7137:
7117:Southern Europe
7108:
7067:
7013:
6992:
6956:
6921:
6848:
6747:
6716:
6668:
6622:
6537:
6464:
6365:
6334:
6313:
6304:Native American
6261:
6250:Southern Africa
6245:
6224:
6188:
6130:
6124:
6119:
6089:
6084:
6066:
6002:Greater Morocco
5975:
5971:Pan-Arab colors
5966:Hawk of Quraish
5932:
5900:
5751:Arab Federation
5712:
5698:Abdullah Rimawi
5673:Mostéfa Merarda
5628:Muammar Gaddafi
5608:Ahmed Ben Bella
5583:Jamal al-Atassi
5573:Bashar al-Assad
5524:
5493:
5474:Black September
5352:Anglo-Iraqi War
5296:
5260:
5255:
5183:
5173:
5154:
5122:Karsh, Efraim.
5106:
5075:
5059:Khalidi, Rashid
5051:
5030:
5011:
4984:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4906:
4899:
4890:
4886:
4877:
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4864:
4860:
4850:
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4835:
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4830:
4823:
4809:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4774:
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4734:
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4725:
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4716:
4711:
4707:
4702:
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4693:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4592:
4588:
4553:Oriente Moderno
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4483:New Left Review
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4142:Choueiri, p.99.
4141:
4134:
4123:Herf, Jeffrey.
4122:
4118:
4104:
4100:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4046:Dalin, David G.
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4006:
4001:
3992:
3988:Choueiri, p.97.
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:Choueiri, p.93.
3948:
3944:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:Dodge, pp.8â10.
3741:
3737:
3733:Choueiri, p.92.
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3605:
3601:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3486:
3481:
3468:
3464:Choueiri, p.26.
3463:
3459:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3410:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3320:
3316:
3281:
3277:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3105:
3100:
3006:Muammar Gaddafi
2986:Ahmed Ben Bella
2951:George Antonius
2926:
2896:Iraqi President
2877:Habib Bourguiba
2869:Muammar Gaddafi
2748:, February 1958
2734:
2699:Islamic revival
2629:
2561:
2451:Ahmed Ben Bella
2382:
2334:
2222:Amin al-Husayni
2206:Hussein Khalidi
2196:Members of the
2024:
2016:British Mandate
1986:represented by
1950:Sharif of Mecca
1909:
1868:Francis Marrash
1797:
1792:
1677:Semitic peoples
1637:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1534:
1494:
1442:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1360:
1354:
1329:
1314:
1297:Arabic language
1280:Damascus (2009)
1204:
1194:
1193:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1045:
1042:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
950:
940:
939:
934:
854:
818:
808:
807:
795:
792:
737:Arab Federation
718:
702:
686:
670:
662:
646:
588:
578:
577:
572:
538:
531:
530:
508:
498:
497:
492:
462:
404:
394:
393:
388:
314:
285:
265:Muammar Gaddafi
261:Ahmed Ben Bella
241:Hussein bin Ali
192:Palestine cause
129:Arabic language
97:ۧÙÙÙÙ
ÙŰ© ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ©
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8012:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7794:Karakalpakstan
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7774:East Turkestan
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7072:United Kingdom
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7022:Western Europe
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6961:North Caucasus
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6926:Eastern Europe
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6853:Central Europe
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6834:Romani (Gypsy)
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6766:
6764:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6721:South Caucasus
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6690:South Mongolia
6682:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5980:Related topics
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5846:Islamic Legion
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Al-Mourabitoun
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5703:Hamdeen Sabahi
5700:
5695:
5693:Fuad al-Rikabi
5690:
5685:
5683:Adnan Pachachi
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5653:Saddam Hussein
5650:
5645:
5643:Sati' al-Husri
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5578:Hafez al-Assad
5575:
5570:
5568:Zaki al-Arsuzi
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:Aden Emergency
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Iraqi Intifada
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5377:Yom Kippur War
5374:
5369:
5364:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5272:Arab socialism
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5208:
5194:
5182:
5181:External links
5179:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5158:
5152:
5139:
5129:
5120:
5110:
5104:
5089:
5079:
5073:
5055:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5015:
5009:
4988:
4982:
4967:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4922:
4913:
4897:
4884:
4871:
4858:
4828:
4821:
4800:
4768:
4761:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4675:
4644:
4635:
4623:
4614:
4601:
4593:Allam Nermin.
4586:
4539:
4527:
4514:
4492:
4469:
4455:
4434:
4421:
4389:
4382:
4364:
4351:
4344:
4324:
4317:
4297:
4290:
4270:
4263:
4243:
4236:
4216:
4209:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4116:
4098:
4082:
4068:
4037:
4025:
4016:
4004:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3926:
3913:
3891:
3884:
3861:
3854:
3834:
3827:
3807:
3800:
3780:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3658:
3651:
3633:
3624:
3617:
3599:
3576:
3574:Khalidi, p. 8.
3564:
3562:Khalidi, p. 7.
3555:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3484:
3466:
3457:
3438:
3436:Choueri, p.25.
3429:
3422:
3399:
3397:Choueri, p.23.
3390:
3359:
3345:
3314:
3275:
3236:
3216:
3207:
3191:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Arab socialism
3111:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Hamdeen Sabahi
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Samih al-Qasim
3068:
3066:Adnan Pachachi
3063:
3061:Jaafar Nimeiry
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Kamal Jumblatt
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Saddam Hussein
3028:
3026:Sati' al-Husri
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Allal al-Fassi
2978:
2973:
2971:Hafez al-Assad
2968:
2966:Zaki al-Arsuzi
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2925:
2922:
2917:Saddam Hussein
2906:Hafez al-Assad
2837:Saddam Hussein
2833:Hafiz al-Assad
2744:, forming the
2733:
2730:
2628:
2625:
2621:state-feminism
2560:
2557:
2530:Hasan al-Banna
2510:Zaki al-Arsuzi
2455:Arab socialism
2446:Arab socialist
2444:, who pursued
2381:
2378:
2333:
2330:
2310:Jewish problem
2187:general strike
2092:French Algeria
2023:
2020:
1952:to launch the
1929:Sharifian Army
1908:
1905:
1879:Muhammad Abduh
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1713:Horn of Africa
1649:pan-Arab unity
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1346:Pan Arab Games
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Algiers (2007)
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:BerlinâBaghdad
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1099:Transportation
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
994:
989:
984:
976:
975:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
951:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
845:European Union
842:
837:
831:
828:
827:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
796:
789:
784:
783:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
731:
730:
722:
721:
720:
719:
717:
716:
711:
705:
703:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
685:
684:
679:
673:
669:
668:
663:
661:
660:
655:
653:Arab socialism
649:
647:
645:
644:
639:
633:
628:
627:
619:
618:
617:
616:
614:Fattah el-Sisi
611:
606:
598:
597:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
573:
571:
570:
565:
560:
554:
551:
550:
542:
541:
540:
539:
526:
524:
519:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
453:
451:Eastern Arabia
448:
443:
436:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
416:
415:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
331:
330:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
281:
269:Saddam Hussein
145:Atlantic Ocean
74:Aqaba Flagpole
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8011:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7966:ethnic groups
7963:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7915:Local (China)
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7779:Herzeg-Bosnia
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6559:in Bangladesh
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:Southern Asia
6540:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:South America
6337:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:North America
6275:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Greater Yemen
6010:
6008:
6007:Greater Syria
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5718:Organizations
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:George Habash
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Izzat Darwaza
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Yasser Arafat
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:Personalities
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Arab identity
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:Arab Cold War
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:Martin Kramer
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5132:Sela, Avraham
5130:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5113:Karsh, Efraim
5111:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4950:McDonald, 128
4947:
4938:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4868:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4841:The Economist
4838:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4438:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4397:Sayyid Qutb.
4393:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4338:. Routledge.
4337:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4260:
4257:. Routledge.
4256:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4062:. p. 4.
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3979:Nafi, p. 194.
3976:
3967:
3965:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3821:. Routledge.
3820:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3652:9780761870173
3648:
3644:
3637:
3631:Khalidi, p.9.
3628:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3514:Khalidi, p.6.
3511:
3505:Sela, 154â155
3502:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3189:, Winter 2003
3188:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:George Habash
3019:
3017:
3016:Ghazi of Iraq
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Izzat Darwaza
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Greater Syria
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2675:Fred Halliday
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:Hoda Sha'rawi
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:raison d'etre
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:, he imposed
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Ghazi of Iraq
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:, the secret
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:Izzat Darwaza
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:Nonetheless,
1966:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1939:, during the
1938:
1934:
1931:carrying the
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1872:Greater Syria
1869:
1864:
1862:
1861:Greater Syria
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:Ottoman Turks
1815:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1717:Arab identity
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:Arab diaspora
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
974:
973:Joint defence
971:
970:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
943:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:United States
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:Latin America
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:African Union
833:
832:
830:
829:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
811:
800:
797:
794:
788:
787:
786:
785:
782:
779:
778:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
671:
667:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
631:
630:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
615:
612:
610:
609:King Abdullah
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
581:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
535:
529:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
501:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
459:
458:
457:Bab-el-Mandeb
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
403:
398:
397:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
310:
309:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:George Habash
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Western world
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:, celebrates
122:
118:
114:
109:
103:
94:
90:
83:
79:
75:
70:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
42:Ottoman Turks
39:
34:
30:
19:
7961:
7960:
7889:Székely Land
7854:Pashtunistan
7704:Balawaristan
7477:South Slavic
7467:Scandinavian
6997:Volga Region
6611:in Sri Lanka
6469:Eastern Asia
6387:
6330:Puerto Rican
6151:
6145:North Africa
6129:Nationalisms
6047:Pan-Islamism
5925:
5918:
5911:
5811:Ba'ath Party
5688:Ameen Rihani
5548:Jassem Alwan
5543:Michel Aflaq
5399:Algerian War
5325:Iraqi Revolt
5257:
5214:
5204:
5190:
5162:
5143:
5135:
5123:
5116:
5094:
5085:
5063:
5039:
5019:
4994:
4972:
4957:Bibliography
4946:
4941:Dawisha, 214
4937:
4916:
4908:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4866:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4840:
4831:
4812:
4791:. Retrieved
4781:
4771:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4638:
4617:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4589:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4508:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4445:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4415:
4408:. Retrieved
4406:. p. 61
4399:
4392:
4373:
4367:
4360:Arafat's War
4359:
4354:
4334:
4327:
4311:. Springer.
4307:
4300:
4280:
4273:
4253:
4246:
4226:
4219:
4199:
4180:
4171:
4128:Google Books
4127:
4119:
4109:
4101:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4060:Random House
4058:. New York:
4054:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4019:
3984:
3975:
3954:
3945:
3937:
3934:Frank Tachau
3929:
3918:, retrieved
3904:
3894:
3874:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3810:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3642:
3636:
3627:
3608:
3602:
3587:
3579:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3413:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3348:
3334:(1): 67â91.
3331:
3327:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3202:
3186:
3091:Jurji Zaydan
3081:Ameen Rihani
2941:Michel Aflaq
2908:to foil the
2893:
2864:
2858:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2778:
2758:Nuri al-Said
2751:
2723:
2719:
2680:
2671:
2650:in favor of
2641:
2636:
2630:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2562:
2553:pan-Islamism
2546:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2502:Michel Aflaq
2494:
2463:
2418:
2403:
2353:
2335:
2322:Anthony Eden
2318:
2302:Adolf Hitler
2295:
2287:Vichy France
2283:World War II
2277:
2273:'Abd al-Ilah
2269:Nuri al-Said
2248:
2231:
2155:Anti-Zionist
2144:
2117:
2113:Algerian War
2105:Palestinians
2085:
2058:Saudi Arabia
2055:
2028:Iraqi revolt
2025:
2004:
1984:
1967:
1946:
1935:in southern
1910:
1901:early Muslim
1891:
1876:
1865:
1834:
1806:
1798:
1783:
1775:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1670:
1657:Ba'ath Party
1646:
1642:
1599:
1539:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1447:
1394:
1386:Demographics
1334:
1315:
1258:
1210:
1150:
1117:
972:
859:
825:Multilateral
824:
780:
725:
714:Anti-Zionism
709:Antisemitism
698:Anti-Shi'ism
636:
622:
595:Arab leaders
594:
547:Institutions
545:
467:
455:
438:
431:
421:
358:
257:Michel Aflaq
238:
229:nation-state
226:
218:Ba'ath Party
165:
125:Arab history
88:
87:
29:
7999:Arab League
7894:Tamil Eelam
7874:Saraikistan
7754:Hatay State
7709:Balochistan
7663:Wallmapuwen
7357:Bangladeshi
6829:Montenegrin
6733:Azerbaijani
6697:Pan-Turkism
6438:Palestinian
6381:Middle East
6289:Greenlandic
6193:East Africa
5741:Arab Ba'ath
5663:Salah Jadid
5520:Arabization
5367:Six-Day War
5362:Suez Crisis
5308:Arab Revolt
5287:Pan-Arabism
5082:Hiro, Dilip
4851:5 September
3920:26 December
3109:Pan-Arabism
3041:Salah Jadid
2726:Arab Spring
2633:Six-Day War
2578:Hind Nawfal
2574:Qasim Amine
2538:Sayyid Qutb
2459:Arabization
2430:Suez Crisis
2410:Arab League
2356:Nahas Pasha
2314:antisemitic
2291:Axis powers
2235:Constantine
2218:Ahmed Hilmi
2167:Arab revolt
2080:pan-Arabist
2062:North Yemen
1954:Arab Revolt
1941:Arab Revolt
1903:community.
1831:(1847â1906)
1814:Mesopotamia
1780:Six-Day War
1701:Mesopotamia
1697:Babylonians
1530:Marsh Arabs
1464:Arabization
1449:Ethnicities
1285:Doha (2010)
1160:Dubai Smile
964:Arab Revolt
959:Expenditure
682:Sunni Islam
604:King Salman
446:Nile Valley
350:Pan-Arabism
323:Arab Winter
234:Six-Day War
176:Arab Revolt
149:Arabian Sea
7988:Categories
7940:Indigenous
7884:Sindhudesh
7864:Santa Cruz
7784:Hutu Power
7714:Bangsamoro
7305:Australian
7280:Lithuanian
7195:Andalusian
6973:Circassian
6937:Belarusian
6885:in Austria
6819:Macedonian
6775:in Albania
6664:Vietnamese
6498:Hongkonger
6491:chauvinist
6172:Pharaonism
5905:Literature
5598:Tariq Aziz
5515:Arab world
5510:Arab Union
5439:Dhofar War
4932:Ma'oz, 153
4664:(3): 537.
4559:(1): 204.
4521:Anderson,
4441:quoted in
3256:(3): 177.
3165:References
2772:, and the
2715:democratic
2713:and other
2398:Suez Canal
2370:Alexandria
2031:1925, the
1837:Ottomanism
1681:Canaanites
1661:Arab world
1554:(majority)
1515:Lifestyles
1413:Christians
1409:(majority)
1317:Mu'allaqat
1312:Literature
1250:Al Jazeera
1245:Al Arabiya
925:Uzbekistan
568:Parliament
506:Governance
296:Arab world
275:, and the
201:status quo
143:âfrom the
141:Arab world
7844:Occitania
7829:Manchukuo
7819:Lezgistan
7814:Kurdistan
7759:Hazarajat
7744:Circassia
7506:Movements
7457:Pakistani
7432:Mongolian
7372:Congolese
7285:Norwegian
7275:Icelandic
7240:Valencian
7235:Navarrese
7220:Castilian
7200:Aragonese
7164:Sardinian
6947:Ukrainian
6917:Slovenian
6897:Hungarian
6812:in Cyprus
6792:Aromanian
6780:in Kosovo
6685:Mongolian
6601:Sinhalese
6571:Dravidian
6528:Taiwanese
6476:Cantonese
6453:in Cyprus
6423:Jordanian
6346:Argentine
6318:Caribbean
6309:Québécois
6257:Afrikaner
5938:Symbolism
5282:Nasserism
5277:Ba'athism
5191:Al-Tawhid
4920:Sela, 155
4878:Dawisha,
4865:Dawisha,
4670:0185-013X
4573:0030-5472
4489:(161): 8.
3542:0030-980X
3536:(1): 60.
3496:Sela, 154
3482:Sela, 153
3385:0022-0094
3340:0020-7438
3301:0271-3519
3295:(4): 24.
3262:0011-5266
3214:Sela, 151
3144:Nasserism
3119:Ba'athism
2802:With the
2703:pluralism
2648:Nasserism
2438:Nasserism
2414:communism
2348:Levantine
2260:sheikhdom
2214:Fuad Saba
2135:feudalism
2071:Jerusalem
1971:Jerusalem
1784:wataniyya
1748:Wataniyya
1744:wataniyya
1732:wataniyya
1705:Near East
1693:Assyrians
1433:Mandaeans
1142:Palestine
930:Venezuela
860:Bilateral
658:Ba'athism
642:Nasserism
402:Geography
157:geography
102:romanized
62:Nasserism
7804:Katarism
7729:Chameria
7682:Projects
7487:Turanian
7482:Tunisian
7452:Oceanian
7442:Nigerian
7392:Hispanic
7387:Germanic
7377:European
7310:Hawaiian
7260:Estonian
7230:Galician
7215:Canarian
7205:Asturian
7174:Venetian
7169:Sicilian
7159:Padanian
7133:Corsican
7094:Scottish
6988:Ossetian
6907:Silesian
6890:Völkisch
6865:Bavarian
6860:Austrian
6839:Romanian
6824:Moldovan
6802:Croatian
6770:Albanian
6738:Georgian
6728:Armenian
6707:Siberian
6634:Filipino
6549:Assamese
6518:Okinawan
6503:Japanese
6433:Lebanese
6411:Diaspora
6393:Assyrian
6361:Peruvian
6270:Americas
6220:Tigrayan
6167:Egyptian
6080:Category
6022:Islamism
5731:Al-Fatat
5498:Concepts
5265:Ideology
5205:Daedalus
5061:(1993).
4845:Archived
4612:, p. 34.
4581:48572297
4525:, p.118.
4462:23 April
4410:29 March
4075:18 March
4052:(2008).
3550:24711051
3309:41858027
3270:20027188
3250:Daedalus
3103:See also
2817:Damascus
2667:Damascus
2583:Al-Fatat
2478:pan-Arab
2264:Al Sabah
1913:al-Fatat
1883:Egyptian
1857:Damascus
1776:qawmiyya
1764:qawmiyya
1755:qawmiyya
1740:qawmiyya
1724:qawmiyya
1691:and the
1685:Arameans
1565:Armenian
1541:Language
1438:Hinduism
1396:Religion
1369:Arab Cup
1225:Nile-SAT
1220:Arab-SAT
1118:Railways
1109:Aviation
948:Military
910:Pakistan
677:Islamism
624:Ideology
488:ad-Dahna
283:Ideology
220:and the
161:politics
60:Flag of
7879:Silesia
7849:Ossetia
7824:Luhansk
7799:Karelia
7789:Ilirida
7769:Donetsk
7694:Assyria
7497:Ugandan
7462:Russian
7407:Iranian
7397:Iberian
7367:Chinese
7342:African
7298:Oceania
7270:Finnish
7265:Faroese
7225:Catalan
7190:Spanish
7154:Lombard
7149:Italian
7089:English
7084:Cornish
7079:British
7063:Walloon
7058:Occitan
7043:Flemish
7033:Arpitan
7004:Chuvash
6952:Yiddish
6942:Russian
6875:Frisian
6844:Serbian
6797:Bosniak
6702:Pashtun
6618:Tripuri
6591:Punjabi
6554:Bengali
6533:Tibetan
6481:Chinese
6448:Turkish
6428:Kurdish
6416:Zionism
6407:Jewish
6398:Iranian
6356:Mapuche
6351:Criollo
6325:Haitian
6284:Chicano
6229:Nigeria
6184:Sahrawi
5726:Al-Awda
5301:History
4882:, p.330
4869:, p.317
4793:23 July
4608:Allam,
4362:, 35â36
4358:Karsh,
4094:Reuters
3936:(1994)
3690:Karsh,
3677:Karsh,
2885:Maghreb
2853:Baghdad
2663:Baghdad
2627:Decline
2497:secular
2469:Zionism
2130:Lebanon
2075:Zionism
1979:Baghdad
1845:Lebanon
1810:Mashriq
1795:Origins
1790:History
1759:leftist
1687:of the
1590:Persian
1580:Kurdish
1525:Bedouin
1485:Somalis
1480:Nubians
1470:Berbers
1428:Shabaks
1423:Yazidis
1407:Muslims
1302:Cuisine
1202:Culture
1151:Bridges
1018:Economy
895:Eritrea
880:Eritrea
563:Summits
558:Council
483:Arabian
468:Deserts
440:Mashriq
433:Maghreb
422:Regions
196:Zionism
147:to the
104::
7935:German
7920:Racial
7764:Danzig
7749:Crimea
7734:Champa
7699:Azawad
7689:Arakan
7492:Turkic
7472:Slavic
7447:Nordic
7427:Libyan
7417:Korean
7402:Indian
7382:Finnic
7362:Celtic
7210:Basque
7128:Basque
7099:Ulster
7048:French
7038:Breton
6983:Lezgin
6978:Ingush
6912:Slovak
6902:Polish
6880:German
6756:Europe
6712:Uyghur
6680:Baloch
6596:Sindhi
6581:Meitei
6576:Hazara
6523:Ryukyu
6513:Manchu
6508:Korean
6443:Syrian
6299:Lakota
6215:Somali
6205:Amhara
6200:Acholi
6179:Kabyle
6162:Coptic
6157:Berber
6138:Africa
5169:
5150:
5102:
5071:
5047:
5026:
5007:
4980:
4819:
4759:
4668:
4579:
4571:
4453:
4380:
4342:
4315:
4288:
4261:
4234:
4207:
4066:
4048:&
3911:
3882:
3852:
3825:
3798:
3649:
3615:
3548:
3540:
3420:
3383:
3338:
3307:
3299:
3268:
3260:
2821:Aleppo
2515:ba'ath
2304:, the
2262:, the
2256:Kuwait
2224:, and
2151:Ya'bad
1977:, and
1975:Beirut
1881:, the
1853:Beirut
1689:Levant
1651:. The
1595:Somali
1585:Nubian
1575:Hebrew
1570:Berber
1552:Arabic
915:Turkey
905:Israel
885:France
870:Brazil
478:Sahara
271:, the
159:, and
127:, the
117:nation
93:Arabic
7945:White
7930:Black
7908:Other
7899:Tibet
7869:SĂĄpmi
7422:Latin
7412:Iraqi
7352:Asian
7320:MÄori
7183:Spain
7142:Italy
7104:Welsh
7053:Irish
7009:Tatar
6870:Czech
6807:Greek
6644:Malay
6639:Khmer
6606:Tamil
6403:Iraqi
6241:Ogoni
5826:Fatah
4577:JSTOR
4505:(PDF)
4404:(PDF)
3694:, 8â9
3681:, 229
3546:JSTOR
3305:JSTOR
3266:JSTOR
3231:(PDF)
2785:Syria
2781:Egypt
2695:Sunni
2687:Kurds
2659:split
2490:Fatah
2394:Cairo
2300:with
2163:Jaffa
2159:Bal'a
2042:Egypt
2033:Druze
1963:Hejaz
1937:Yanbu
1841:Syria
1736:watan
1709:Egypt
1679:(the
1490:other
1475:Kurds
1460:Arabs
1336:Sport
1325:Dress
1211:Media
1132:Hejaz
890:India
875:China
840:ASEAN
586:Unity
384:Syria
379:Libya
369:Egypt
113:Arabs
78:Aqaba
7962:Note
7347:Arab
6659:Thai
6654:Shan
6586:Naga
6566:Bodo
6460:Zaza
6388:Arab
6374:Asia
6236:Igbo
6210:Hutu
6152:Arab
5167:ISBN
5148:ISBN
5100:ISBN
5069:ISBN
5045:ISBN
5024:ISBN
5005:ISBN
4978:ISBN
4853:2017
4817:ISBN
4795:2011
4757:ISBN
4666:ISSN
4569:ISSN
4511:: 4.
4464:2015
4451:ISBN
4412:2023
4378:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4259:ISBN
4232:ISBN
4205:ISBN
4077:2011
4064:ISBN
3922:2023
3909:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3796:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3538:ISSN
3454:(1).
3418:ISBN
3381:ISSN
3336:ISSN
3297:ISSN
3258:ISSN
2819:and
2795:and
2793:Iraq
2783:and
2756:and
2691:Shia
2665:and
2508:and
2306:Nazi
2185:, a
2086:The
2060:and
1998:and
1843:and
1766:was
1728:qawm
1695:and
1683:and
1560:Afar
1418:Jews
1137:ONCF
900:Iran
374:Iraq
131:and
72:The
36:The
6743:Laz
6649:Mon
6486:Han
5199:by
5115:.
5001:214
4662:LIV
4561:doi
3594:114
3254:122
2851:in
2521:."
2492:).
2376:."
2069:in
1699:of
1307:Art
76:in
7990::
6131:in
5203:,
5003:.
4925:^
4900:^
4839:.
4803:^
4786:.
4780:.
4678:^
4660:.
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4575:.
4567:.
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4555:.
4551:.
4507:.
4485:.
4481:.
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4135:^
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3993:^
3963:^
3903:,
3864:^
3773:.
3699:^
3661:^
3567:^
3544:.
3534:62
3532:.
3528:.
3487:^
3469:^
3452:29
3450:.
3402:^
3377:26
3375:.
3371:.
3332:20
3330:.
3326:.
3303:.
3293:14
3291:.
3287:.
3264:.
3252:.
3248:.
3194:^
3172:^
2891:.
2709:,
2705:,
2416:.
2220:,
2212:,
2208:,
2204:,
2173:,
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1973:,
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1847:.
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1719:.
536:)
279:.
267:,
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255:,
251:,
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243:,
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