737:
Qawuqji would "sell" himself to the
English, and added that, "if Qawuqji accepted partition, will kill him with own hands." The Mufti insisted that Palestine did not need the volunteer army and that all money should be given directly to him. King Abdullah, in an effort to dismiss the Mufti, claimed he could save Palestine on his own. "Why don't the Arab countries send their armies directly to ?" he inquired. Meanwhile, Abdullah was arming his own supporters in Palestine who rejected both the Mufti and Qawuqji. As for King Faruq of Egypt, he wanted nothing to do with any of them. He said, "The Arabs ought to get rid of all three of them: the Mufti, Abdullah, and Qawuqji." The question of who would take command of the Arab and Palestinian military campaign and what their objectives would be was never resolved.
200:
925:
678:
British troops, who still bore responsibility for security in
Palestine. Furthermore, if the Arab countries failed to commit their armies to fight in Palestine – a possibility which seemed likely as Egypt agreed to participate only four days before the war began on 15 May 1948 – the Syrian government would still be active. It would retain leverage in Palestine and be able to tell the Syrian public that it had done more than the other Arab countries to help the Palestinians. Most importantly, however, the ALA was to be used as an instrument to nip Abdullah's Greater Syria plan in the bud and to keep him from expanding his state over half of Palestine.
227:
241:
157:
185:
43:
674:
Lebanon 23%, Saudi Arabia 20%, and Iraq the remaining 15%. Just as important as the financial reasons for building an Arab League force was the need to protect the Syrian army itself. By sending the volunteer army into battle, Quwatli hope to spare Syria from exposing its own troops to defeat, which could leave the country exposed to attack from
Abdullah and possibly Jewish forces. If the volunteer army were defeated, the loss and embarrassment would be borne by the Arab League in general and the Palestinians in particular, not by Syria alone.
327:
255:
93:
141:
977:
703:, swore to the Minister of Defense in May 1947, that the Syrian army was "the best of all the Arab armies, the best army in the Middle East," the brigade commanders scoffed at this ridiculous assessment and cabled the President to warn, that "the army is not worth a red cent." Quwatli was fully aware of the problems in his military. "The real problem is to reform the Syrian army and to solve the problem of its leadership," he confided to Taha al-Hashimi in September 1947.
2373:
214:
315:
171:
580:
273:
1513:
752:
733:
the problem of its leadership." Because of these concerns, he said, "it is imperative that we restrict our efforts to the popular movement in
Palestine. We must strengthen it and organize its affairs as quickly as possible. The trouble is that the Mufti will not permit Fawzi al-Qawuqji to take the leadership in Palestine."
732:
When
Hashimi spoke to the President a few days later about Mardam's plan, President Quwatli reiterated Mardam's concern that the government could not withstand the Syrian army's defeat in Palestine. As he had explained to Hashimi before, "the real problem is with reforming the Syrian army and solving
693:
The
Greater Syria plan will start from the Arab part of Palestine. Because of this I have ordered the Syrian army to move to the Syrian–Palestinian border. The force which has taken up position there is 2,500 men. Also Lebanon will send 1000 men to its border. As soon as the forces of Iraq and Jordan
681:
The evolution of
President Quwatli's military objectives in Palestine is recorded in the diaries of Taha al-Hashimi. Hashimi was an Iraqi pan-Arab nationalist and long-time intimate of Quwatli, whom the Syrian president wanted to head the Liberation Army rather than General Safwat, Egypt's candidate.
677:
Another advantage to an irregular army was that it could be sent into
Palestine well before the British officially withdrew from their mandate on 15 May 1948. None of the Arab states were willing to declare war openly on the British. Thus, Syria would not officially be opening hostilities against the
723:
The best thing is to leave the work to the
Palestinians and to supply them with the help of the Arab governments. Ensuring an effective leadership in Palestine is of paramount importance and needs to be done with the greatest of haste. If the movement is destined to failure, God forbid, then it will
698:
Quwatli's strategy in
Palestine was designed from the outset to prevent Abdullah's possible advance north to Damascus. In the best case, Quwatli hoped to acquire some of northern Palestine for Syria. A second reason for Quwatli's hesitation to commit Syrian military troops was that he had failed in
848:
or accrue criticism from other Arab countries against the United Kingdom. According to Levenberg, this disposition of forces, away from the main warfare areas and close to the Syrian border, where it could create a buffer between Syria and Transjordanian forces, indicates their real objectives and
673:
knew that the Syrian Army was undependable and useless as an instrument of war; therefore, it was much safer for Syria to influence the situation in Palestine by building up a force that was to be paid for and armed by all the Arab League countries. Egypt was to pay for 42% of the costs, Syria and
736:
The next several weeks of intense negotiations between Quwatli, the Mufti, Qawuqji and other Arab leaders over the question of who would direct the popular resistance in Palestine were a complete failure; agreement was impossible. The Mufti refused to hand control over to Qawuqji. He claimed that
715:
Because , I have decided... on the necessity of strengthening Palestine with arms and men and organizing their affairs and appointing a leader to take charge of their matters. The popular movement in Palestine is responsible for saving the situation, with the help of the Arab governments. This is
477:
The target figure for recruitment was 10,000, but by mid-March 1948, the number of volunteers having joined the Army had reached around 6,000 and did not increase much beyond that figure. The actual number deployed might have been as low as 3,500, according to General Safwat. Its ranks included
728:
As Mardam makes clear, he knew the Syrian army could not withstand an attack by the Haganah; he knew his Arab allies were undependable; and he did not want to risk the "loss of reputation" that would inevitably ensue. That is why he and Quwatli were determined to limit their own involvement in
706:
Until the army could be strengthened, he hoped to keep it out of the fighting. In its stead he built the Arab Liberation Army. "It is imperative that we restrict our efforts to the popular movement in Palestine," Quwatli concluded. "We must strengthen it and organize its affairs as quickly as
1410:
Landis, Joshua, (2001). "Syria in the 1948 Palestine War: Fighting King Abdullah’s Greater Syria Plan,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Eds.), "Rewriting the Palestine War: 1948 and the History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict," pp. 178–205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
682:
Hashimi was ultimately appointed Inspector General of the ALA and placed in charge of recruitment and training of the troops at the Qatana headquarters. His office was in the Syrian Ministry of Defense and he met daily with Syria's political and military leaders.
867:. Following the fierce battle that inflicted many casualties on both sides, the battalion commanders reached an agreement with the Haganah to withdraw. Some members of the battalion, led by Ismail Qabalan, later fled from Syria and volunteered to the
719:
If the Arab armies, not least of all the Syrian army, are hit with an overwhelming surprise attack by the Jewish Haganah, it would lead to such a loss of reputation that the Arab governments would never be able to recover.
839:
to sow discord between the units of the ALA were unsuccessful. Paradoxically, Samaria remained one of the quieter areas in Palestine during this period thanks to the ALA. The move was made in coordination with
364:
852:
Qawuqji returned to Syria to organize further forces and in March 1948 re-entered Palestine from Syria with the "Al Hussein," and "Al Qadsia" battalions, numbering 360 soldiers each. A final "
724:
be the people of Palestine who fail and not the Arab governments and their armies. So long as the position of the Kings and Amirs is one of caution and plots, this is the only sound policy.
965:
to rout the ALA from its strongholds in the Galilee. The operation began as the ALA's headquarters at Tarshiha's was attacked and captured by IDF forces, including the newly established
791:
would take action. On January 20, 1948, a second ALA Battalion, a 630-soldier-strong First Yarmuk battalion, led by the Syrian officer Mohammed Safa, entered Palestine. It crossed the
689:- Hashimi records that in October 1947, and after Syria had failed to win either Saudi Arabia or Egypt over to the idea of an anti-Hashemite military alliance, Quwatli explained:
2437:
2432:
844:
who approved of Abdullah's plan to deploy the ALA through Samaria without the knowledge of the High Commissioner, provided it does not provoke intervention by the
534:
The Arab League Military Committee, with headquarters in Damascus, was responsible for the movements and servicing of the Army. The Committee consisted of General
551:
2427:
547:
2132:
543:
2402:
2412:
535:
699:
his early efforts to reform the army and questioned the loyalty and effectiveness of its leadership. Although the head of the military, General
348:
894:. The campaign lasted for ten days and ended in defeat for the ALA. In Parallel, the battalion led be Sishakli was defeated in the battle for
2162:
1609:
823:
Battalion, led by the Iraqi Madlul Abbas, crossed the Jordan River on the Damia bridge on 29 January 1948 and dispersed in the mountains of
711:
gave a lengthier explanation for why the Syrian army could not be sent into Palestine in November 1947, and why a volunteer army was needed.
2417:
2117:
1545:
2407:
2112:
2242:
2172:
2137:
686:
685:
After the United Nations General Assembly voted in support of partitioning mandate Palestine between Arab and Jewish populations -
648:
886:. He also set up a radio station broadcasting propaganda in Hebrew, Arabic and English. On April 4, 1948, the ALA forces attacked
2102:
969:. Kaukji, though, managed to escape with most of his army. Although the ALA suffered hundreds of casualties it left Palestine to
620:
590:
1614:
1517:
1453:
1404:
1357:
1206:
1062:
1740:
627:
1780:
949:
was occupied by the IDF. During the second truce the ALA remained active taking, for example, several outposts near Moshav
763:
were breached by a battalion of the ALA – "the Second Yarmuk Battalion" which was 330-soldiers strong and was commanded by
2152:
2097:
787:
asked his government to pressure Syria to stop the invasion of the mandate territory by the ALA by threatening that the
2422:
2397:
2092:
42:
634:
2234:
2157:
1498:
1482:
1467:
1432:
1416:
1386:
1335:
799:
in a long convoy. An attempt by the British police to prevent their entry failed because of the intervention of the
2022:
2014:
1678:
1137:
Lebanon had decided to not participate in the war and only took part in the battle of al-Malikiya on 5–6 June 1948.
831:
split into smaller units and deployed throughout Samaria. Their task was to maintain order in the area and allow
616:
1760:
2182:
1944:
1538:
981:
605:
1750:
1730:
1710:
924:
2127:
2087:
2077:
1626:
105:
1643:
1089:
In the early summer of 1948 some Druze fighters, mainly from Syria, along with Druze from the villages of
2252:
2082:
2072:
903:
354:
2223:
2216:
2147:
1826:
1588:
918:
and Tel Arish. Regardless, on May 27, 1948, Qawuqji led his northern forces back to Syria to regroup.
2376:
2177:
2067:
1964:
1653:
1631:
1531:
1378:
1118:
372:
1473:
Parsons, Laila (2001). The Druze and the birth of Israel. In Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shalim (Eds.).
1685:
887:
359:
941:, on June 5. During the "ten days battles" ALA forces based in Tarshiha attacked Jewish forces in
641:
2338:
2257:
2042:
1286:
864:
973:
largely intact. The ALA never returned to Palestine and was dismantled in the following months.
1765:
1106:
495:
205:
1439:
1192:
601:
451:, but in fact, the League and Arab governments prevented thousands from joining either force.
2323:
2057:
2052:
1929:
1909:
1720:
1690:
1445:
1396:
1367:
1198:
1102:
868:
836:
330:
80:
2358:
2328:
2288:
2283:
2187:
1899:
832:
555:
259:
8:
2348:
1705:
1638:
845:
760:
444:
98:
914:. In some places these forces showed firm opposition to Jewish militias, such as at the
716:
because I doubt in the unity of the Arab armies and their ability to fight together....
2353:
2333:
2293:
2209:
2192:
2167:
1974:
1785:
1775:
1755:
1725:
1700:
746:
499:
459:
432:
1969:
2313:
2004:
1939:
1854:
1834:
1494:
1491:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
1478:
1463:
1449:
1428:
1412:
1400:
1382:
1353:
1331:
1256:
1202:
1090:
966:
899:
670:
326:
669:
Syria's reasons for building the Army of Liberation were several. Syria's President
2247:
1954:
1919:
1889:
1884:
1859:
1668:
1554:
820:
808:
803:, and so the invasion was not stopped by the British in spite of protests from the
708:
428:
246:
162:
110:
56:
597:
2298:
2267:
2262:
2107:
2047:
1994:
1924:
1904:
1879:
1869:
1770:
1648:
962:
958:
784:
539:
405:
383:
378:
190:
1393:
Palestine 1948. War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
566:) had been supported by the British Empire throughout the thirties and forties.
2303:
2142:
2037:
2032:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1949:
1874:
1864:
1745:
1673:
1568:
954:
907:
764:
700:
559:
523:
1245:"British Army and Palestine Police Deserters and the Arab–Israeli War of 1948"
874:
On 5 March 1948 Qawuqji returned to Palestine and set his headquarters in the
2391:
2308:
1934:
1914:
1849:
1801:
1715:
1364:
Israeli-Jordanian Dialogue, 1948–1953: Cooperation, Conspiracy, or Collusion?
1260:
902:. In addition to these battles, ALA units fought in other areas, such as the
853:
804:
448:
2343:
1984:
1844:
1839:
1695:
1621:
1573:
1098:
953:. In October 1948 the ALA succeeded in taking the post of Sheikh Abed near
841:
812:
796:
792:
788:
487:
299:
232:
118:
1244:
976:
1959:
1816:
1663:
1658:
1604:
1583:
1341:
938:
915:
875:
800:
507:
440:
146:
114:
1894:
1811:
1806:
1735:
937:
In June 1948 the ALA returned to the Galilee and took part in retaking
1578:
1349:
1032:
816:
463:
1105:. These formed the core of the IDF's only Arabic-speaking unit, the
579:
458:
on 5 February 1948 to organize Palestinian Field Commands, Northern
16:
Army of multinational Arab volunteers in the 1947–1949 Palestine war
2318:
2027:
1523:
1425:
Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948
946:
772:
511:
455:
76:
1346:
Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: Alliance of Bars Sinister
1012:
1002:
985:
970:
824:
776:
515:
483:
289:
284:
219:
694:
enter Palestine, we will enter and take al-Nasira and the North.
272:
1512:
1094:
942:
879:
828:
780:
519:
471:
320:
276:
176:
2122:
1051:
1022:
950:
911:
895:
891:
883:
857:
768:
503:
479:
436:
294:
1462:, Random House Ballantine Publishing Group, (New York 2003,
860:
soldiers and commanded by Shakib Wahab settled in Shfar'am.
988:
from the ALA (Arab Liberation Army- Kaukji's army) in 1948.
554:(Transjordan). All of the countries represented related to
491:
424:
569:
910:, and urban fighting in mixed-population cities such as
751:
815:. On February 15, 1948, the battalion attacked Kibbutz
779:. On January 20, 1948, this battalion attacked Kibbutz
435:
also known as the Israeli War of Independence and the
996:
Disposition of Arab Liberation Army Forces, March 1948
890:
in order to take it and join forces with the Arabs of
1287:
Joshua Landis, "Syria and the 1948 War in Palestine."
2438:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1948
1477:(pp. 60–78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1328:
Jordan: A Study in Political Development (1923–1965)
529:
1185:
1017:1,000, in groups of 50–100 under a central command
2133:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
835:to annex the area to his kingdom. Attempts by the
237:
2433:Military units and formations established in 1947
2389:
1101:, defected from the Arab Liberation Army to the
462:was allocated to Qawuqji's forces although the
2163:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1610:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1539:
1084:
932:
137:
1291:
1242:
811:joined this regiment, which was parked near
606:introducing citations to additional sources
25:
1224:
2428:Organizations based in Mandatory Palestine
1546:
1532:
783:and failed. The British High Commissioner
771:, the battalion set its headquarters near
1303:
2403:Expatriate military units and formations
2243:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
2173:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
2138:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
1071:
994:
975:
827:. The two battalions that had come from
750:
596:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2413:Arab nationalism in Mandatory Palestine
2118:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
2103:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
1212:
961:failed. In response, the IDF initiated
871:to form the basis of its Druze forces.
740:
196:
153:
2390:
2113:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
1267:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
570:Syria's reasons for developing the ALA
423:(ARA), was an army of volunteers from
181:
1527:
1553:
573:
538:(Iraq, Commander-in-Chief), General
431:. It fought on the Arab side in the
2418:Anti-Zionism in Mandatory Palestine
2153:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
1493:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1151:
759:On January 8, 1948, the borders of
409:
26:
13:
2093:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
1615:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
863:The Druze forces took part in the
558:'s long-held plans to re-form the
47:Emblem of the Arab Liberation Army
14:
2449:
2158:Palestine Liberation Organization
1505:
1422:
1297:
1230:
1074:
530:Disposition and control of forces
2408:Arab nationalist militant groups
2372:
2371:
2098:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
1781:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
1511:
1441:1948: The First Arab-Israeli War
1194:1948: The First Arab-Israeli War
923:
906:and the road leading to it, the
589:relies largely or entirely on a
578:
349:Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
325:
313:
271:
253:
239:
225:
212:
198:
183:
169:
155:
139:
91:
41:
1741:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
1472:
1319:
1309:
1279:
1243:Caden, C.; Arielli, N. (2021).
819:but failed to overtake it. The
2183:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
1945:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
1488:
1409:
1236:
1218:
1176:
1167:
1131:
1:
1325:
1285:This section is sourced from
1273:
1144:
470:already under the control of
2128:Federation of Arab Republics
2088:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
2078:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
1679:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1627:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
1326:Aruri, Naseer Hasan (1972).
984:armored car captured by the
7:
2253:Flag of the Arab Federation
2083:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
2073:Arab Socialist Action Party
1112:
957:and a counterattack by the
562:. This Greater Syria Plan (
10:
2454:
2224:On the Way of Resurrection
2217:The Battle for One Destiny
2148:Lebanese National Movement
1589:Third International Theory
1085:The Unit of the Minorities
933:The last stages of the war
856:" battalion manned by 500
744:
707:possible." Prime Minister
34:Jayš al-ʾInqāḏ al-ʿArabiyy
2423:Pan-Arabist organizations
2367:
2276:
2233:
2201:
2178:Unified Political Command
2068:Arab Nationalist Movement
2013:
1965:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
1825:
1794:
1761:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
1632:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
1597:
1561:
1379:Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir
1375:Independence Versus Nakba
1119:Palestine Liberation Army
340:
265:
132:
124:
104:
86:
72:
62:
52:
40:
21:
1686:1952 Egyptian revolution
1423:Levenberg, Haim (1993).
1182:Gelber, pp. 55, 200, 239
1124:
945:but had to retreat when
514:. There were also a few
413:Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi
360:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
307:After 26 May 1948 :
2339:Palestinian nationalism
2258:Flag of the Arab Revolt
1751:1966 Syrian coup d'état
1731:1963 Syrian coup d'état
1711:1961 Syrian coup d'état
865:battle of Ramat Yohanan
439:. It was set up by the
365:Battle of Ramat Yohanan
1766:1969 Libyan revolution
1644:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
1489:Sayigh, Yezid (2000).
1438:Morris, Benny (2008),
1191:Morris, Benny (2008),
1173:Morris (2008), p. 260.
1107:Unit of the Minorities
1067:perhaps 100 Egyptians
989:
888:Kibbutz Mishmar Haemek
761:British-held Palestine
756:
729:Palestine to the ALA.
726:
696:
617:"Arab Liberation Army"
564:Mashru Suriya al-Kubra
490:and a few hundreds of
415:), also translated as
373:First Arab-Israeli War
2398:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2324:Jordanian nationalism
2058:Arab Islamic Republic
2053:Arab Higher Committee
1930:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
1910:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1721:North Yemen civil war
1654:Arab–Israeli conflict
1475:The War for Palestine
1446:Yale University Press
1427:. London: Routledge.
1397:Sussex Academic Press
1391:Gelber, Yoav (2006).
1373:Gelber, Yoav (2004) "
1368:Sussex Academic Press
1362:Gelber, Yoav (2004).
1199:Yale University Press
1103:Israel Defense Forces
979:
916:battle of Nabi Samuel
837:Arab Higher Committee
754:
745:Further information:
713:
691:
552:Abd al-Qadir al-Jundi
2359:Tunisian nationalism
2329:Lebanese nationalism
2289:Egyptian nationalism
2284:Algerian nationalism
2188:United Arab Republic
2063:Arab Liberation Army
2043:Arab Ba'ath Movement
1900:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1520:at Wikimedia Commons
1518:Arab Liberation Army
1201:, p.205, New Haven,
833:Abdullah I of Jordan
741:Entry into Palestine
602:improve this article
550:(Syria) and Colonel
443:as a counter to the
398:Arab Liberation Army
355:Battle for Jerusalem
269:Before 26 May 1948:
22:Arab Liberation Army
2349:Sahrawi nationalism
1706:1959 Mosul uprising
1639:Great Syrian Revolt
1043:Jerusalem district
904:battle of Jerusalem
846:UN Security Council
755:ALA on parade, 1948
546:(Lebanon), Colonel
445:Arab High Committee
417:Arab Salvation Army
99:Mandatory Palestine
87:Active regions
2354:Syrian nationalism
2334:Libyan nationalism
2294:Greater Mauritania
2210:The Arab Awakening
2193:United Arab States
2168:Rejectionist Front
1975:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1786:Yemeni unification
1776:Lebanese Civil War
1756:17 July Revolution
1726:Ramadan Revolution
1701:14 July Revolution
990:
757:
747:1948 Palestine War
500:Muslim Brotherhood
454:At the meeting in
433:1948 Palestine war
410:جيش الإنقاذ العربي
64:Dates of operation
27:جيش الإنقاذ العربي
2385:
2384:
2314:Iraqi nationalism
2005:Constantin Zureiq
1855:Abdul Rahman Arif
1835:Butrus al-Bustani
1516:Media related to
1454:978-0-300-12696-9
1405:978-1-84519-075-0
1358:978-0-7146-4675-6
1207:978-0-300-12696-9
1091:Daliyat al-Karmil
1082:
1081:
1078:
967:Israeli Air Force
900:Operation Yiftach
671:Shukri al-Quwatli
667:
666:
652:
548:Muhammed al-Hindi
427:countries led by
394:
393:
2445:
2375:
2374:
2248:Eagle of Saladin
1955:Amin al-Husseini
1920:Faisal I of Iraq
1890:Sultan al-Atrash
1885:Mansur al-Atrash
1860:Abdul Salam Arif
1669:War of Attrition
1555:Arab nationalism
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1501:
1485:
1435:
1419:
1338:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1298:Levinberg (1993)
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1231:Levinberg (1993)
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:Oren 2003, p. 5.
1162:
1138:
1135:
1075:Levenberg (1993)
1072:
1063:Gaza Subdistrict
992:
991:
927:
878:village between
809:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
767:. Entering from
709:Jamil Mardam Bey
662:
659:
653:
651:
610:
582:
574:
544:Colonel Shuqayri
429:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
421:Arab Rescue Army
411:
341:Battles and wars
329:
319:
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111:Arab nationalism
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65:
57:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
45:
36:
30:
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19:
18:
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2363:
2299:Greater Morocco
2272:
2268:Pan-Arab colors
2263:Hawk of Quraish
2229:
2197:
2048:Arab Federation
2009:
1995:Abdullah Rimawi
1970:Mostéfa Merarda
1925:Muammar Gaddafi
1905:Ahmed Ben Bella
1880:Jamal al-Atassi
1870:Bashar al-Assad
1821:
1790:
1771:Black September
1649:Anglo-Iraqi War
1593:
1557:
1552:
1508:
1460:Six Days of War
1458:Oren, Michael,
1322:
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1127:
1115:
1087:
1038:a few hundreds
963:Operation Hiram
959:Carmeli Brigade
935:
928:
785:Alan Cunningham
749:
743:
663:
657:
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611:
609:
595:
583:
572:
560:region of Syria
540:Taha al-Hashimi
532:
390:
384:Operation Hiram
379:Operation Kedem
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2035:
2033:Al-Mourabitoun
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:Hamdeen Sabahi
1997:
1992:
1990:Fuad al-Rikabi
1987:
1982:
1980:Adnan Pachachi
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Saddam Hussein
1947:
1942:
1940:Sati' al-Husri
1937:
1932:
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1882:
1877:
1875:Hafez al-Assad
1872:
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1865:Zaki al-Arsuzi
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1746:Aden Emergency
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1691:Iraqi Intifada
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1674:Yom Kippur War
1671:
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1569:Arab socialism
1565:
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1550:
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1536:
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1507:
1506:External links
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1310:Parsons (2001)
1302:
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1255:(1): 200–222.
1249:War in History
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765:Adib Shishakli
742:
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701:Abdullah Atfeh
665:
664:
600:. Please help
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2016:
2015:Organizations
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
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1983:
1981:
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1935:George Habash
1933:
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1915:Izzat Darwaza
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1850:Yasser Arafat
1848:
1846:
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1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1827:Personalities
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Arab identity
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
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1737:
1734:
1732:
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1724:
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1716:Arab Cold War
1714:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
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1699:
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1544:
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1537:
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1526:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1499:0-19-829643-6
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:0-521-79476-5
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:0-345-46192-4
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:, New Haven,
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1433:0-7146-3439-5
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1417:0-521-79476-5
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:965-517-190-6
1384:
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1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
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1359:
1355:
1351:
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1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:90-247-1217-3
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1311:
1306:
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1232:
1227:
1220:
1219:Sayigh (2000)
1215:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
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1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1077:, p. 200
1076:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
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1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
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1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
987:
983:
978:
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972:
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948:
944:
940:
926:
921:
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919:
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905:
901:
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893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
854:Jabal al-Arab
850:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Jewish Agency
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
748:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
704:
702:
695:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
672:
661:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
619: –
618:
614:
613:Find sources:
607:
603:
599:
593:
592:
591:single source
587:This section
585:
581:
576:
575:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:King Abdullah
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Ismail Safwat
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:Holy War Army
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
403:
399:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
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310:
309:
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296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
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268:
264:
261:
260:Holy War Army
248:
236:
234:
223:
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195:
192:
180:
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167:
164:
152:
151:
150:
148:
135:
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127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
35:
20:
2344:Pan-Islamism
2222:
2215:
2208:
2108:Ba'ath Party
2062:
1985:Ameen Rihani
1845:Jassem Alwan
1840:Michel Aflaq
1696:Algerian War
1622:Iraqi Revolt
1490:
1474:
1459:
1440:
1424:
1392:
1381:Publishing,
1374:
1363:
1345:
1342:Gelber, Yoav
1330:. Springer.
1327:
1320:Bibliography
1305:
1293:
1281:
1274:Aruri (1972)
1269:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1133:
1099:Mount Carmel
1088:
1057:200 or more
1046:perhaps 500
1007:3,000–4,000
995:
936:
873:
862:
851:
842:Ernest Bevin
797:Jordan River
793:Damia Bridge
789:British Army
758:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
705:
697:
692:
684:
680:
676:
668:
658:October 2023
655:
645:
638:
631:
624:
612:
588:
563:
533:
488:Palestinians
476:
467:
453:
420:
416:
412:
401:
397:
395:
371:
347:
306:
270:
233:Saudi Arabia
136:
119:Anti-Zionism
73:Headquarters
33:
2038:Arab Ba'ath
1960:Salah Jadid
1817:Arabization
1664:Six-Day War
1659:Suez Crisis
1605:Arab Revolt
1584:Pan-Arabism
829:Transjordan
801:Arab Legion
526:deserters.
508:Circassians
472:Transjordan
441:Arab League
177:Transjordan
147:Arab League
115:Pan-Arabism
2392:Categories
2202:Literature
1895:Tariq Aziz
1812:Arab world
1807:Arab Union
1736:Dhofar War
1348:. London:
1145:References
849:missions.
628:newspapers
496:Jordanians
2235:Symbolism
1579:Nasserism
1574:Ba'athism
1350:Routledge
1261:0968-3445
1033:Jerusalem
817:Tirat Zvi
795:over the
598:talk page
464:West Bank
460:Palestine
266:Opponents
68:1947–1949
2377:Category
2319:Islamism
2028:Al-Fatat
1795:Concepts
1562:Ideology
1344:(1997).
1300:, p. 200
1233:, p. 198
1113:See also
1073:Source:
1027:200–300
947:Nazareth
773:Tarshiha
542:(Iraq),
512:Bosniaks
484:Lebanese
468:de facto
456:Damascus
106:Ideology
77:Damascus
2023:Al-Awda
1598:History
1312:, p. 63
1276:, p. 23
1221:, p. 14
1013:Galilee
1003:Samaria
986:Haganah
971:Lebanon
939:Malkiya
898:during
825:Samaria
777:Galilee
775:in the
642:scholar
524:British
520:Turkish
480:Syrians
478:mainly
290:Palmach
285:Haganah
220:Lebanon
53:Leaders
1497:
1481:
1466:
1452:
1431:
1415:
1403:
1385:
1356:
1334:
1259:
1205:
1095:Isfiya
955:Manara
943:Sejera
908:Sharon
880:Nablus
821:Hittin
781:Yehiam
687:UN 181
644:
637:
630:
623:
615:
516:German
510:, and
492:Iraqis
406:Arabic
321:Israel
318:
277:Yishuv
244:
230:
217:
203:
188:
174:
160:
144:
133:Allies
96:
2123:Fatah
1125:Notes
1054:town
1052:Jaffa
1035:city
1023:Haifa
982:Otter
951:Manof
912:Jaffa
896:Safed
892:Haifa
884:Jenin
858:Druze
813:Tubas
769:Syria
649:JSTOR
635:books
504:Egypt
502:from
437:Nakba
295:Irgun
247:Yemen
206:Syria
163:Egypt
128:6,000
81:Syria
1495:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1257:ISSN
1203:ISBN
1093:and
882:and
876:Jaba
621:news
522:and
466:was
425:Arab
396:The
300:Lehi
191:Iraq
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