2147:
2109:
2171:
2121:
2159:
400:
In
October 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian law retained an offense of "public appeals to alter the constitutional order by force or to seize power, as well as the largescale distribution of material with such content", punishable by detention for a period of up to three
338:
human rights group were imprisoned. Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, and writing books, were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g., violation of
Articles 70 or 190–1), a symptom
491:. Law in Eastern Europe. F. J. M. Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons (2nd rev. ed.). Dordrecht ; Boston : Hingham, MA, US: M. Nijhoff Publishers ; Distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1985. p. 627ff.
333:
in his memoirs wrote that any critique of the Soviet government or events in the Soviet Union was easily classified as ASA. Dissemination of any information which was not officially recognized was classified as "anti-Soviet slander". In this way, nearly all members of the
100:'s rule, the phrase in practice could mean virtually anything that a State security interrogator or informant wanted it to mean; consequently, the charge became an exceedingly potent weapon in political or personal quarrels and intrigues.
206:'You are a Soviet man,' says the KGB detective, 'and therefore obliged to help us.' And what can you say in reply? If you're not Soviet, what are you: anti-Soviet? That alone is worth seven years in the labor camp and five in exile.
404:
In the new
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, effective from 1 January 1997, the offence of "anti-Soviet propaganda" has no parallel. More recently, a retrogressive trend in amendments to existing laws led attorney
343:"). The 70th and 190th Articles of the Criminal Code concerning "slanderous fabrications that discredited the Soviet system" and "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" served as the formal basis to sentence
322:(1966), which was a weaker version of Article 70. It basically repeated the Article 70, with the omitted provision of the "anti-Soviet purpose". The penalty was lower: up to three years of imprisonment.
460:
In 1984, the phrasing was expanded to include "materials in written, printed or other form", which could accommodate art works, video cassettes and any other new form of technology that appeared in the
377:
In 1990, a year before the very end of the Soviet regime, "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" was excluded from the
Russian SFSR Criminal Code after the three decades of its application.
389:. It was more strictly formulated and became explicitly related to violent actions. The terms "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" were replaced by "public appeals", "subversion" (
1028:
1432:
1415:
1462:
1405:
2196:
1925:
1425:
1451:
1420:
177:
The offence was significantly revised in the post-Stalin
Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR, introduced in 1958. Article 58.10 was replaced by Article 70,
1410:
1362:
2191:
1659:
229:
201:
The new definition, despite being less draconian than its predecessor, had few if any parallels in the criminal codes of democratic countries.
1357:
970:
1023:
298:
253:
161:
116:
58:
615:
1542:
1512:
1799:
1759:
1669:
1480:
996:
1787:
1682:
1554:
1340:
191:
or with the purpose of committing or incitement to commit particularly grave crimes against the Soviet state (as defined in the law);
1692:
1609:
1502:
845:[Lawyer Henry REZNIK: "In this provision, only one adjective is actually changed - from "anti-Soviet" to "anti-Russian""].
2206:
1632:
1439:
1306:
2216:
1330:
1175:
228:, the other being Article 190 of the Russian SFSR Criminal Code. Other means of control were extrajudicial, such as the use of
17:
809:
Dutch contributions to the
Twelfth International Congress of Slavists: Kraków, August 26 - September 3, 1998 ; literature
1817:
1318:
1284:
1272:
1267:
1158:
816:
669:
644:
583:
496:
1744:
843:"Адвокат Генри РЕЗНИК: "В этой норме фактически меняется только одно прилагательное — с «антисоветская" на "антироссийская""
1854:
1622:
1734:
1400:
1347:
1335:
448:
447:
In the new
Criminal Code of the other 14 Union republics this offence had a different numeration, e.g. Article 62 in the
1782:
1777:
1497:
1445:
598:
Ferdinand Joseph Maria
Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons (1985) "Encyclopedia of Soviet Law",
427:
2034:
1985:
1918:
1729:
1457:
1059:
963:
693:
635:
Shelley, Louise (1988). "Criminal law and justice since
Brezhnev". In Dietrich André Loeber; Donald D. Barry (eds.).
561:
2211:
2064:
2052:
1876:
1866:
1822:
1637:
1313:
1262:
1145:
194:
the spreading with the same purposes of slanderous fabrications that target the Soviet political and social system;
705:
2201:
2069:
2057:
1913:
1898:
1812:
1714:
1296:
1116:
57:
of 1917. The offence was codified in criminal law in the 1920s, and revised in the 1950s in two articles of the
2010:
1990:
1687:
1301:
1126:
1054:
788:
2081:
1908:
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1279:
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1136:
422:
78:
1677:
1352:
1247:
1048:
956:
188:
1958:
1940:
1706:
1564:
1525:
1492:
1182:
1170:
1086:
988:
367:
363:
and many dissidents to months and sometimes years of indefinite confinement in psychiatric institutions.
233:
639:. Law in Eastern Europe. Dordrecht ; Boston : Norwell, MA: M. Nijhoff. pp. 183–204, 187.
2137:
1953:
1930:
1903:
512:
1995:
1968:
1871:
220:
from 2 to 5 years. Article 70 was considered by critics of the Soviet regime as a grave violation of
1963:
197:
production, dissemination or storage, for the same purposes, of literature with anti-Soviet content.
2221:
2076:
549:
81:. The article was put in force on 25 February 1927 and remained in force throughout the period of
1325:
772:
2005:
1597:
1535:
713:
410:
385:
In April 1989, Article 70 was reformulated as part of a series of statutory changes made under
374:
wrote, "application by courts of
Articles 70 and 190-1 is pronounced persecution for beliefs."
340:
315:
2124:
1096:
807:
Artz, Martine (1999). "The Charge Against Andrej Sinjavskij". In Willem G. Weststeijn (ed.).
352:
274:
Circulation of Fabrications Known to be False Which Defame the Soviet State and Social System
751:
320:
Dissemination of knowingly false fabrications that defame the Soviet state and social system
1886:
1749:
1569:
1367:
1081:
1973:
8:
2151:
2113:
1842:
1647:
1576:
1384:
1233:
1111:
1033:
1006:
866:
2226:
1980:
1891:
1208:
1121:
1011:
1001:
924:
506:
54:
907:
Ciuciura, Theodore (January 1979). "Dissent, law and psychiatry in the Soviet Union".
2088:
2028:
1807:
1593:
1289:
1091:
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895:
812:
784:
732:
689:
665:
640:
579:
557:
492:
371:
344:
225:
221:
216:
The penalty was from six months to 7 years of imprisonment, with possible subsequent
62:
554:
The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future
87:
propaganda and agitation that called to overturn or undermining of the Soviet regime
2163:
920:
916:
878:
756:
722:
600:
531:
348:
330:
42:
34:
943:
842:
727:
89:", was punishable with at least 6 months of imprisonment, up to and including the
77:
as one of the many forms of counter-revolutionary activity grouped together under
2000:
1213:
1165:
1071:
890:
Yeo, Clayton (June 1975). "Psychiatry, the law and dissent in the Soviet Union".
620:
545:
526:
356:
2020:
1948:
1228:
1218:
360:
335:
90:
2185:
1881:
847:
706:"Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry"
97:
187:
propaganda or agitation with the purpose of undermining or weakening of the
1764:
1585:
979:
936:
899:
882:
811:. Studies in Slavic literature and poetics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 28.
783:] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Права человека. pp. 557–562.
406:
46:
736:
1627:
1589:
1581:
1203:
1187:
1101:
1043:
386:
928:
2175:
1617:
616:"Can the Soviet Union be reformed? An interview with Vladimir Bukovsky"
264:
127:
948:
224:. It was one of the two main legal instruments for the prosecution of
1837:
1832:
1654:
1547:
1377:
1038:
82:
2170:
1827:
1372:
1106:
1066:
637:
Law and the Gorbachev Era: Essays in Honor of Dietrich André Loeber
238:
864:
1719:
1223:
2158:
73:
The new Criminal Codes of the 1920s introduced the offence of
1642:
1520:
451:, and to avoid confusion was usually expressed as Article 70.
217:
27:
Criminal offense against the Marxist-Leninist Eurasian state
1754:
1530:
318:, the Soviet Penal Code was augmented with Article 190–1,
1739:
1559:
339:(e.g., "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g., "
409:
to raise the alarm about the appearance of the phrase "
236:". In particular, the clause about literature targeted
664:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard U.P. p. 181.
578:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard U.P. p. 154.
2135:
366:
On 19 February 1986, nuclear physicist and dissident
49:. Initially, the term was interchangeably used with
61:Criminal Code. The offence was widely used against
53:. The latter term was in use immediately after the
906:
662:Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes
576:Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes
892:Review of the International Commission of Jurists
749:
401:years or a fine of twenty monthly minimum wages.
2183:
1828:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
867:"Law and political dissent in the Soviet Union"
770:
752:"A backward tradition of manipulating history"
535:. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 28–29.
2197:Persecution of dissidents in the Soviet Union
964:
944:Articles 70 and 72 of the RSFSR Criminal Code
613:
889:
688:W W Norton & Co Inc; 1st edition (1982)
299:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
254:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
162:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
117:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
39:антисове́тская агита́ция и пропага́нда (АСА)
865:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1973).
840:
971:
957:
79:Article 58 of the Russian RSFSR Penal Code
726:
2192:Political repression in the Soviet Union
525:
978:
634:
483:
481:
479:
477:
14:
2184:
997:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
698:
659:
573:
952:
802:
800:
430:law in the People's Republic of China
380:
179:Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda.
806:
775:[Letter to M.S. Gorbachev].
539:
474:
413:" in certain legislative proposals.
137:Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda
75:anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda
31:Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda
24:
858:
797:
428:Inciting subversion of state power
25:
2238:
750:Ryzhkov, Vladimir (28 May 2009).
2169:
2157:
2145:
2120:
2119:
2107:
614:Urban, George (1 October 1987).
245:
834:
825:
764:
743:
678:
653:
232:or the generalised offence of "
51:counter-revolutionary agitation
2207:Censorship in the Soviet Union
921:10.1080/00085006.1979.11091571
628:
607:
592:
567:
519:
454:
441:
325:
103:
13:
1:
2217:Political and cultural purges
1660:Political abuse of psychiatry
1452:Congress of People's Deputies
831:Ved.RF 1992 nr. 44, Art. 2470
686:Memoirs: Pietro G. Grigorenko
468:
423:Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
108:
93:in periods of war or unrest.
68:
841:Елена Масюк (27 July 2015).
7:
1823:Academy of Medical Sciences
728:10.1093/schbul/15.suppl_1.1
416:
393:, подрыв) and "overthrow" (
368:Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
316:Sinyavsky-Daniel show trial
10:
2243:
851:(in Russian). No. 79.
489:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
2101:
2045:
2019:
1939:
1862:
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1668:
1608:
1511:
1473:
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1255:
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1135:
987:
660:Berman, Harold J (1972).
574:Berman, Harold J (1972).
304:
294:
283:
259:
252:
167:
157:
146:
122:
115:
38:
909:Canadian Slavonic Papers
771:Сахаров, Андрей (1996).
550:Catherine A. Fitzpatrick
434:
96:As applied under during
2212:Law of the Soviet Union
2114:Soviet Union portal
777:Воспоминания. В 2 томах
773:"Письмо М.С. Горбачеву"
2202:Suppression of dissent
2006:Stalinist architecture
1760:Science and technology
1670:Ideological repression
1598:Soviet Airborne Forces
1536:Destruction battalions
871:Current Legal Problems
714:Schizophrenia Bulletin
511:: CS1 maint: others (
341:sluggish schizophrenia
208:
18:Anti-Soviet propaganda
1788:List of metro systems
1341:Collective leadership
781:Memoirs. In 2 volumes
721:(4 Suppl): 26. 1989.
353:Valeria Novodvorskaya
290:1966 No. 38 item 1038
204:
1750:Net material product
1693:Censorship of images
1610:Political repression
1570:Soviet Border Troops
1503:First Deputy Premier
1087:1965 economic reform
1082:Soviet space program
883:10.1093/clp/26.1.241
604:, ISBN 90-247-3075-9
183:It was defined as:
153:1962 No. 29 item 449
1818:Academy of Sciences
1633:Population transfer
1577:Soviet Armed Forces
1440:Congress of Soviets
1421:Presidium/Politburo
1385:Soviet anti-Zionism
1234:West Siberian Plain
1112:Revolutions of 1989
1049:Great Patriotic War
1034:New Economic Policy
230:punitive psychiatry
211:– Vladimir Bukovsky
1463:Military Collegium
1331:Capital punishment
1209:Caucasus Mountains
1122:Post-Soviet states
1002:Russian Revolution
381:Post-Soviet Russia
314:Shortly after the
85:. Article 58:10, "
55:October Revolution
2133:
2132:
2097:
2096:
2089:Hammer and sickle
2031:and their groups
2029:Soviet dissidents
1808:Communist Academy
1725:Economic planning
1701:
1700:
1594:Soviet Air Forces
1513:Security services
1433:General Secretary
1416:Central Committee
1358:Political parties
1290:Brezhnev Doctrine
1285:Foreign relations
1242:
1241:
1183:Autonomous okrugs
1097:Soviet–Afghan War
1077:Sino-Soviet split
1019:Russian Civil War
818:978-90-420-0715-4
684:Petro Grigorenko
671:978-0-674-82636-6
646:978-90-247-3678-2
585:978-0-674-82636-6
498:978-90-247-3075-9
372:Mikhail Gorbachev
370:in his letter to
345:Vladimir Bukovsky
312:
311:
308:16 September 1966
234:social parasitism
226:Soviet dissidents
222:freedom of speech
175:
174:
63:Soviet dissidents
16:(Redirected from
2234:
2174:
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2162:
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2149:
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2112:
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2110:
1860:
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1768:
1623:Collectivization
1368:Marxism–Leninism
1253:
1252:
1142:
1141:
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757:The Moscow Times
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527:Conquest, Robert
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349:Pyotr Grigorenko
331:Petro Grigorenko
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43:criminal offence
40:
21:
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2222:Totalitarianism
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2015:
1935:
1849:
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1740:Internet domain
1735:Five-year plans
1697:
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1604:
1507:
1469:
1401:Communist Party
1389:
1348:Passport system
1238:
1214:European Russia
1192:
1131:
1072:Khrushchev Thaw
1051:(World War II)
1029:Creation treaty
983:
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859:Further reading
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1966:
1961:
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1495:
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1481:Heads of state
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1470:
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1363:State ideology
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336:Helsinki Watch
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309:
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302:
301:
296:
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218:internal exile
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91:death sentence
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26:
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2:
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2018:
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1989:
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1986:Printed media
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1919:Cyrillisation
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1911:
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1907:
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1887:Working class
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1882:Soviet people
1880:
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1060:The Holocaust
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926:
922:
918:
915:(1): 98–108.
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
894:(14): 34–41.
893:
888:
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872:
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848:Novaya Gazeta
844:
837:
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729:
724:
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695:
694:0-393-01570-X
691:
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673:
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631:
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562:0-374-52738-5
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528:
522:
514:
508:
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494:
490:
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482:
480:
478:
473:
457:
450:
449:Ukrainian SSR
444:
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429:
426:
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408:
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258:
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246:Article 190-1
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99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
2152:Soviet Union
2105:
1877:Demographics
1867:Antisemitism
1720:Central Bank
1638:Forced labor
1586:Spetsnaz GRU
1406:organisation
1314:Human rights
1263:Constitution
1146:Subdivisions
1024:Russian SFSR
980:Soviet Union
912:
908:
891:
874:
870:
846:
836:
827:
808:
780:
776:
766:
755:
745:
718:
712:
700:
685:
680:
661:
655:
636:
630:
619:
609:
599:
594:
575:
569:
553:
541:
530:
521:
488:
456:
443:
411:anti-Russian
407:Henri Reznik
403:
399:
394:
390:
384:
376:
365:
329:
319:
313:
287:
273:
263:
237:
215:
209:
205:
200:
189:Soviet power
182:
178:
176:
171:25 July 1962
150:
136:
126:
95:
86:
74:
72:
59:Russian SFSR
50:
47:Soviet Union
30:
29:
1981:Phraseology
1926:Prohibition
1914:Linguistics
1899:Drug policy
1892:1989 census
1813:Cybernetics
1715:Agriculture
1628:Great Purge
1590:Soviet Navy
1582:Soviet Army
1454:(1989–1991)
1448:(1938–1991)
1442:(1922–1936)
1426:Secretariat
1297:Gun control
1204:Caspian Sea
1188:Closed city
1117:Dissolution
1102:Perestroika
1044:Great Purge
395:sverzheniye
387:perestroika
326:Application
104:1960s–1980s
2186:Categories
2021:Opposition
2011:Television
1991:Propaganda
1964:Literature
1838:Naukograds
1833:Sharashkas
1767:(currency)
1745:Inventions
1688:Censorship
1618:Red Terror
1302:Government
1176:Autonomous
1159:Autonomous
1092:Stagnation
1055:Evacuation
790:5771200263
469:References
265:Long title
128:Long title
109:Article 70
69:Stalin era
2227:Stalinism
2164:Socialism
2082:Republics
2070:Republics
2058:Republics
1909:Languages
1773:Transport
1655:Holodomor
1548:Militsiya
1486:President
1378:Stalinism
1280:Elections
1154:Republics
1137:Geography
1127:Nostalgia
1039:Stalinism
507:cite book
83:Stalinism
2125:Category
1678:Religion
1565:Chairmen
1411:Congress
1373:Leninism
1353:Propiska
1248:Politics
1107:Glasnost
1067:Cold War
1007:February
937:11614322
929:40867419
900:11662196
556:, 1994.
529:(2007).
417:See also
284:Citation
239:samizdat
147:Citation
41:) was a
2138:Portals
2046:Symbols
1959:Fashion
1941:Culture
1855:Society
1800:Science
1765:Rouble
1707:Economy
1683:Science
1493:Premier
1474:Offices
1336:Leaders
1256:General
1224:Siberia
1197:Regions
1171:Oblasts
1012:October
989:History
737:2638045
305:Enacted
168:Enacted
45:in the
35:Russian
33:(ASA) (
2065:Emblem
2053:Anthem
2001:Sports
1954:Cinema
1949:Ballet
1931:Racism
1904:Family
1394:Bodies
982:topics
935:
927:
898:
815:
787:
735:
692:
668:
643:
582:
560:
495:
391:podryv
98:Stalin
1996:Radio
1974:Opera
1969:Music
1872:Crime
1643:Gulag
1521:Cheka
1166:Krais
925:JSTOR
779:[
709:(PDF)
601:BRILL
461:USSR.
435:Notes
2077:Flag
2035:List
1843:List
1755:OGAS
1648:List
1531:NKVD
1319:LGBT
1307:List
1273:1977
1268:1936
933:PMID
896:PMID
813:ISBN
785:ISBN
733:PMID
690:ISBN
666:ISBN
641:ISBN
580:ISBN
558:ISBN
548:and
513:link
493:ISBN
288:Ved.
151:Ved.
2176:Law
1560:KGB
1555:MGB
1543:MVD
1526:GPU
1326:Law
917:doi
879:doi
723:doi
2188::
1592:•
1588:•
931:.
923:.
913:21
911:.
875:26
873:.
869:.
799:^
754:.
731:.
719:15
717:.
711:.
618:.
552:.
509:}}
505:{{
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902:.
885:.
881::
821:.
793:.
760:.
739:.
725::
674:.
649:.
624:.
588:.
564:.
515:)
501:.
20:)
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