747:; a relatively long and narrow face; a prominent brow ridge that protrudes forward from the forehead; a narrow, tear-shaped nasal cavity; a "silled" nasal aperture; tower-shaped nasal bones; a triangular-shaped palate; and an angular and sloping eye orbit shape. People with considerable African ancestry typically have a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial projection in the jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a rectangular-shaped palate; and a square or rectangular eye orbit shape. A relatively small prognathism often characterizes people with considerable East Asian ancestry; no nasal sill or dam; an oval-shaped nasal cavity; tent-shaped nasal bones; a horseshoe-shaped palate; and a rounded and non-sloping eye orbit shape. Many of these characteristics are only a matter of frequency among those of particular ancestries: their presence or absence of one or more does not automatically classify an individual into an ancestral group.
601:
SizeThailand, the latter still ongoing. SizeUK showed that the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected. Since 1951, when the last women's survey had taken place, the average weight for women had gone up from 62 to 65 kg. However, recent research has shown that posture of the participant significantly influences the measurements taken, the precision of 3D body scanner may or may not be high enough for industry tolerances, and measurements taken may or may not be relevant to all applications (e.g. garment construction). Despite these current limitations, 3D Body
Scanning has been suggested as a replacement for body measurement prediction technologies which (despite the great appeal) have yet to be as reliable as real human data.
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27:
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876:(CAD) or Manufacturing (CAM) tools. The resulting scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to standardize. Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to extract anatomical landmarks from the 3D body scans automatically. Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject. More than 100 univariate measures were provided, over 60 from the scan and approximately 40 using traditional measurements.
786:
596:. A global collaborative study to examine the uses of three-dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007. The Body Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether the
867:
The project collected and organized data on 2,400 U.S. & Canadian and 2,000 European civilians and a database was developed. This database records the anthropometric variability of men and women, aged 18–65, of various weights, ethnic groups, gender, geographic regions, and socio-economic status.
871:
Data collection methods were standardized and documented so that the database can be consistently expanded and updated. High-resolution measurements of body surfaces were made using 3D Surface
Anthropometry. This technology can capture hundreds of thousands of points in three dimensions on the human
142:
and in various attempts to correlate physical with racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape. Since commonly used methods and approaches in analysing living
547:
On a microevolutionary level, anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale population history. For instance, John
Relethford's studies of early 20th-century anthropometric data from Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of
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of approximately 500 sensors (for a typical adult human foot with surface area of approximately 100 cm). For a stance phase duration of approximately 0.6 seconds during normal walking, approximately 150,000 pressure values, depending on the hardware specifications, are recorded for each step.
455:
varies from 974.9 cm (59.49 cu in) to 1,498.1 cm (91.42 cu in) in females and 1,052.9 cm (64.25 cu in) to 1,498.5 cm (91.44 cu in) in males, with the average being 1,130 cm (69 cu in) and 1,260 cm (77 cu in),
535:
Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate the evolutionary significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments. Human populations exhibit climatic variation patterns similar to those of other large-bodied mammals,
600:
has the potential to be used as a long-term computer-based anthropometric measurement for health care. In 2001 the UK conducted the largest sizing survey to date using scanners. Since then several national surveys have followed in the UK's pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and
872:
body surface in a few seconds. It has many advantages over the old measurement system using tape measures, anthropometers, and other similar instruments. It provides detail about the surface shape as well as 3D locations of measurements relative to each other and enables easy transfer to
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The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including the 1988 Army
Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures. Statistical data from these surveys encompasses over 75,000 individuals.
158:
and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (e.g. the
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789:
773:, mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork,
735:
Forensic anthropologists study the human skeleton in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of a decedent through various skeletal analyses that produce a biological profile. Forensic anthropologists utilize the
339:
varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in
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The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to 10 mm and 25 to 500 Hz, respectively. Sensor technology limits finer resolution. Such resolutions yield a
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Scientists working for private companies and government agencies conduct anthropometric studies to determine a range of sizes for clothing and other items. For just one instance, measurements of the foot are used in the manufacture and sale of
777:, community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others.
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827:. Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics. Subclasses include
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varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from 520 cm (32 cu in) to 1,536 cm (93.7 cu in) and weights ranging from 77 grams (2.7 oz) to 453 grams (16.0 oz).
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697:, for example in helping to determine the relationship between various body measurements (height, weight, percentage body fat, etc.) and medical outcomes. Anthropometric measurements are frequently used to diagnose
90:
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abnormalities. It is important to note that a great degree of variation occurs between even the most 'common' bodies (66% of the population), and as such no person can be considered 'average'.
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Ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includes
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is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to
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681:. Brain volume data and other craniometric data are used in mainstream science to compare modern-day animal species and to analyze the evolution of the human species in archeology.
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Blanc Y, Balmer C, Landis T, Vingerhoets F 1999. Temporal parameters and patterns of the foot roll during walking: normative data for healthy adults. Gait & Posture 10 97–108.
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Biometrics refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits. Biometrics is used in computer science as a form of identification and
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One part of a biological profile is a person's ancestral affinity. People with significant
European or Middle Eastern ancestry generally have little to no
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Demographic data such as age, ethnic group, gender, geographic region, education level, and present occupation, family income and more were also captured.
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The study was conducted from April 1998 to early 2000 and included three scans per person in a standing pose, full-coverage pose and relaxed seating pose.
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Robinette, Kathleen M, Daanen, Hein A M, Precision of the CAESAR scan-extracted measurements, Applied
Ergonomics, vol 37, issue 3, May 2007, pp. 259–265.
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624:
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1995:
Rosenbaum D, Becker HP 1997. Plantar pressure distribution measurements: technical background and clinical applications. J Foot Ankle Surg 3 1–14.
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Baten, Joerg; Komlos, John (2004). "Looking
Backward and Looking Forward: Anthropometric Research and the Development of Social Science History".
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standards were not helpful enough, the anthropometric history became very useful for historians in answering questions that interested them.
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1378:"Investigations on Skeletal Growth Zones via Bone Scans as Base of Determination of Optimal Time for Surgery in Mandibular Asymmetry"
104:
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1986:
Cobb J, Claremont DJ 1995. Transducers for foot pressure measurement: survey of recent developments. Med Biol Eng Comput 33 525–32.
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ISO 15537: Principles for selecting and using test persons for testing anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs,
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The age range where most females stop growing is 15–18 years and the age range where most males stop growing is 18–21 years.
2013:
Birtane M, Tuna H 2004. The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults. Clin
Biomech 19 1055–9.
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1626:; Lue, T. F.; McAninch, J. W. (1996). "Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: Guidelines for penile augmentation".
186:
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20:
544:, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates.
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is 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in), an average difference of 43.4 cm (1 ft 5.1 in). Similarly, the
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varies extensively both individually and across populations, with the most extreme documented examples of adults being
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of the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. From these data other variables may be calculated (see
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who weighed 640 kg (1,400 lb), and with population extremes ranging from 49.6 kg (109.3 lb) in
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Direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or more recently, imaging techniques such as
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3419:
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639:, but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D image
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The field of ergonomics employs anthropometry to optimize human interaction with equipment and workplaces.
1126:
The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of
Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner
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program to help in the interpretation of craniofacial measurements in regards to ancestry determination.
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709:
319:
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CIVILIAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SURFACE ANTHROPOMETRY RESOURCE (CAESAR) FINAL REPORT, VOLUME I: SUMMARY
540:, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, and
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Goonetilleke, R. S., Ho, Edmond Cheuk Fan, and So, R. H. Y. (1997). "Foot
Anthropometry in Hong Kong".
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567:, which used to be higher in the more developed countries. The research was based on the datasets for
138:, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation, in
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499:
2188:
1951:
1898:
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1761:"Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning"
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864:) to collect and organize the most extensive sampling of consumer body measurements for comparison.
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3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction
977:, also known as DNA profiling – Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
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1977:
loading under bony prominences: technological concepts and clinical utilization. Wounds 19 350–62.
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405:, have ranged from 53–272 cm (1 ft 9 in – 8 ft 11 in), respectively.
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Prepared for the US Access Board: Anthropometry of Wheeled Mobility Project Report Free Full Text
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have been preoccupations throughout history which often intersect with anthropometric standards.
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Anthropometry data at faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology
2034:"Metric Methods for the Biological Profile in Forensic Anthropology: Sex, Ancestry, and Stature"
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ISO 20685: 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases,
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1178:"Shortest man world record: It's official! Chandra Bahadur Dangi is smallest adult of all time"
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245:, and cranio-facial description, as well as correlations between various anthropometrics and
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892:: measurement devices may be used either to determine a retail shoe size directly (e.g. the
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Online Virtual Fit Is Not Yet Fit For Purpose: An Analysis Of Fashion e-Commerce Interfaces
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913: – Study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior
8:
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995: – Set of eigenvectors used in the computer vision problem of human face recognition
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Januszkiewicz, Monika; Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven G.; Gill, Simeon (2017).
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Lord M 1981. Foot pressure measurement: a review of methodology. J Biomed Eng 3 91–9.
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Quilty-Harper, Conrad; Blenkinsop, Andrew; Kinross, David; Palmer, Dan (2012-06-21).
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1043: – Assessment of a person's character or personality from their outer appearance
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At various times in history, applications of anthropometry have ranged from accurate
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134: 'measure') refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of
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Baten, Jörg (November 2008). "Anthropometric Trends in Southern China, 1830-1864".
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896:) or to determine the detailed dimensions of the foot for custom manufacture (e.g.
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are three such examples where measurements are commonly thought to be fundamental.
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1492:"Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function and Chemistry"
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Not All Body Scanning Measurements are Valid: Perspectives from Pattern Practice
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in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics;
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Gill, Simeon; Ahmed, Maryam; Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven G. (2017).
1541:"Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: An MRI-volumetric study"
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ISO 8559: Garment construction and anthropometric surveys — Body dimensions,
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CAESAR began in 1997 as a partnership between government (represented by the
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Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project—CAESAR
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Anthropometric Survey of Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics 1988
2004:
Orlin MN, McPoil TG 2000. Plantar pressure assessment. Phys Ther 80 399–409.
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1049: – Alternative medical practice involving pressure to parts of the body
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ISO 15535: General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases,
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1432:"Human extremes: the tallest, shortest, heaviest and lightest people ever"
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was used to illustrate anthropometric trends. This study was conducted by
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in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including
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The history of anthropometry includes and spans various concepts, both
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1218:"2 to 20 years: Girls Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles"
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Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project
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In the most extreme population comparisons, for example, the average
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1246:"2 to 20 years: Boys Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles"
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Chen, J.; Gefen, A.; Greenstein, A.; Matzkin, H.; Elad, D. (2000).
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823:. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under
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ISO 7250: Basic human body measurements for technological design,
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Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums
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and Sandew Hira and was based on the anthropological founds that
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Manual for Obtaining Anthropometric Measurements Free Full Text
1806:
Parker, Christopher J.; Gill, Simeon; Hayes, Steven G. (2017).
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Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects of
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1031: – Foretelling the future through the study of the palm
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Similarly, anthropometric indices, namely comparison of the
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Baropodographic devices fall into two main categories: (i)
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is 142.2 cm (4 ft 8.0 in) while the average
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55:
2145:. Biometrics.cse.msu.edu. 6 September 2007. Archived from
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19:"Anthropometrics" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Gefen A 2007. Pressure-sensing devices for assessment of
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Example insole (in-shoe) foot pressure measurement device
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Bodyspace : anthropometry, ergonomics, and design
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the invasions by the English and Norse centuries ago.
347:
The average height in genetically and environmentally
1055: – American physician and naturalist (1799–1851)
631:. The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from
46:
1858:
1462:"The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?"
76:
73:
61:
52:
1622:
983: – Medieval mnemonic device for choral singers
67:
58:
2383:
1274:"Growing Taller –At What Age do Men Stop Growing?"
838:
971: – Scientific study of finger- and toeprints
163:) and require regular updating of anthropometric
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925: – Metrics related to human characteristics
482:exhibit considerable individual variation, with
146:Today, anthropometry plays an important role in
2122:"Home Page of Environmental Ergonomics Society"
1805:
460:is typically larger than the left, whereas the
2390:. London; Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
2376:International Organization for Standardization
2369:International Organization for Standardization
2362:International Organization for Standardization
2355:International Organization for Standardization
2348:International Organization for Standardization
1695:
1100:: 191–210 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
943: – Criteria used in formal figurative art
689:Anthropometric measurements also have uses in
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2491:
1989:
1759:Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2017).
1453:
1423:
1352:"Physical changes in puberty: girls and boys"
1124:Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2014).
1025: – Study and measurement of the skeleton
1013: – Study of human growth and performance
937: – Proportions of the human body in art
919: – Medical practice to correct deformity
2955:
1301:"Does Your Height Increase After You're 21?"
1019: – Quantitative study of size and shape
704:
2007:
1667:International Journal of Impotence Research
1539:Allen, JS; Damasio H; Grabowski TJ (2002).
1490:Cosgrove, KP; Mazure CM; Staley JK (2007).
1483:
1375:
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490:differing significantly in healthy adults.
431:who weighed 2.1 kg (4.7 lb), and
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2436:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2321:, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1997. pp. 81–88.
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1123:
1073: – International not-for-profit group
1061: – Crease across the palm of the hand
592:Today anthropometry can be performed with
2187:
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2016:
1998:
1967:
1678:
1599:
1584:"Variations in size of the human stomach"
1515:
1192:
1110:Ganong, William F. (Lange Medical, 2001)
953: – Study and measurement of the head
287:. One of its misuses was the discredited
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2232:
2031:
1980:
1958:
1663:"Predicting penile size during erection"
1575:
1532:
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1071:World Engineering Anthropometry Resource
1067: – Analysis of geometric properties
965: – Measurement of the human cranium
800:
784:
708:
614:
582:
180:
25:
2410:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2402:(A classic review of human body sizes.)
2092:
1429:
959: – Art of hand gesturing in speech
530:
298:
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2405:
2319:Proceedings of the ASEAN 97 Conference
2237:. In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.).
2167:Jain A.; Hong L.; Pankanti S. (2000).
2098:International Ergonomics Association.
1701:
931: – General shape of a human body
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2479:
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2111:. Website. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
1731:
685:Epidemiology and medical anthropology
701:in resource-poor clinical settings.
464:are typically of more similar size.
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1325:Georgoff, Victoria (31 July 2015).
1298:
989: – Ratio of lengths of fingers
941:Artistic canons of body proportions
587:
571:contract migrants who were sent to
439:to 87.4 kg (192.7 lb) in
21:Anthropometric units of measurement
16:Measurement of the human individual
13:
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2233:Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008).
1734:Australian Economic History Review
805:2009 photo showing a man having a
604:
14:
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882:
719:Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet
579:and included 13,000 individuals.
2081:Forensic Anthropology – Ancestry
1746:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2008.00238.x
1382:Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine
1188:from the original on 2012-02-28.
797:system based on pattern matching
39:
2311:
2302:
2284:
2273:
2255:
2135:
2114:
2074:
2025:
1905:
1852:
1799:
1752:
1725:
1654:
1616:
1588:California and Western Medicine
1369:
1344:
1318:
1059:Single transverse palmar crease
1007: – Person's mass or weight
860:) and industry (represented by
839:United States military research
662:
362:, which are caused by specific
2441:Anthropometry and Biomechanics
2124:. Environmental-ergonomics.org
1508:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001
1376:Reuland, P.; Werz, R. (2000).
1292:
1266:
1238:
1210:
1117:
1104:
1085:
1001: – Aspect of human growth
1:
1777:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621
1640:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9
1327:"When do girls stop growing?"
1078:
780:
750:
679:neuroscience and intelligence
2235:"Introduction to Biometrics"
1702:Morber, Jenny (2013-04-01).
1112:Review of Medical Physiology
809:taken by a U.S. Army soldier
493:
486:differing substantially and
303:
7:
2241:. Springer. pp. 1–22.
2038:Academic Forensic Pathology
1430:Chivers, Tom (2009-09-24).
903:
731:anthropological criminology
10:
3832:
2382:Pheasant, Stephen (1986).
2169:"Biometric Identification"
2032:Spradley, M. Kate (2016).
1704:"The average human vagina"
1065:Statistical shape analysis
917:Anthropometric cosmetology
812:
771:human–computer interaction
754:
724:
666:
608:
594:three-dimensional scanners
497:
417:
329:
307:
174:
170:
120:
117: 'human' and
103:
18:
3705:
3628:
3590:
3467:
3410:
3369:
3334:
3275:
3212:
3172:
3163:
3131:
3103:
2976:
2967:
2849:
2769:
2760:
2665:
2637:
2527:
2513:
2267:October 16, 2004, at the
2176:Communications of the ACM
705:Forensics and criminology
500:Human physical appearance
446:
413:
325:
565:quality of the nutrition
563:is predetermined by the
456:respectively. The right
274:epidemiological analysis
177:History of anthropometry
3766:Biological anthropology
2406:Redman, Samuel (2016).
2262:U.S. Military personnel
1680:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627
513:physical attractiveness
504:physical attractiveness
219:biological anthropology
3400:Lymphoid immune system
2969:Musculoskeletal system
2507:Human regional anatomy
2239:Handbook of Biometrics
2143:"Biometrics: Overview"
1628:The Journal of Urology
1582:Cox, Alvin J. (1945).
1394:10.1055/s-0038-1632257
1356:raisingchildren.net.au
1204:Guinness World Records
1182:Guinness World Records
1094:Social Science History
975:Genetic fingerprinting
810:
798:
722:
715:finger- and handprints
620:
462:cerebellar hemispheres
270:scientific description
198:
31:
3388:Myeloid immune system
3174:Cardiovascular system
2198:10.1145/328236.328110
2107:May 20, 2013, at the
874:Computer-Aided Design
804:
793:
727:Forensic anthropology
725:Further information:
712:
618:
583:Measuring instruments
399:Chandra Bahadur Dangi
265:, and other factors.
197:'s laboratory in 1893
184:
136:physical anthropology
29:
3781:Forensic disciplines
3740:Islets of Langerhans
3600:Genitourinary system
3336:Integumentary system
1916:. pp. 210–217.
1810:. pp. 298–305.
1184:. 26 February 2012.
1053:Samuel George Morton
767:cognitive ergonomics
695:medical anthropology
633:piezoelectric sensor
531:Evolutionary science
342:statistical sampling
299:Individual variation
3630:Reproductive system
3349:Subcutaneous tissue
3118:Cartilaginous joint
2292:"CAESAR Fact Sheet"
1545:Am J Phys Anthropol
763:physical ergonomics
458:cerebral hemisphere
3412:Respiratory system
3165:Circulatory system
2340:2022-06-21 at the
2101:What is Ergonomics
2086:2012-02-06 at the
1863:. pp. 43–52.
1557:10.1002/ajpa.10092
1200:"Tallest Man Ever"
1128:. pp. 55–65.
811:
799:
723:
621:
467:Size of the human
433:Jon Brower Minnoch
276:to rationales for
199:
193:, from a visit to
32:
3748:
3747:
3271:
3270:
3261:Glymphatic system
3159:
3158:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2471:SAE International
2397:978-0-85066-352-5
2248:978-0-387-71040-2
2050:10.23907/2016.040
1388:(5). NIH: 121–6.
1005:Human body weight
862:SAE International
791:
598:Body Volume Index
247:personal identity
215:paleoanthropology
148:industrial design
140:paleoanthropology
3823:
3707:Endocrine system
3469:Digestive system
3214:Lymphatic system
3197:Lymphatic vessel
3170:
3169:
2974:
2973:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2767:
2766:
2698:Vertebral column
2500:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2421:
2401:
2389:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2208:. Archived from
2191:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2096:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1771:(8): 1123–1136.
1756:
1750:
1749:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1708:Double X Science
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:. Archived from
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1438:. Archived from
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1011:Kinanthropometry
935:Body proportions
795:Iris recognition
792:
713:An early set of
637:light refraction
588:3D body scanners
569:Southern Chinese
480:female genitalia
397:of individuals,
285:social movements
207:pseudoscientific
187:Bertillon record
165:data collections
131:
124:
114:
107:
95:
94:
93:
92:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3801:Medical imaging
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3701:
3663:Seminal vesicle
3624:
3586:
3536:Small intestine
3463:
3406:
3365:
3330:
3267:
3208:
3155:
3133:Muscular system
3127:
3099:
2978:Skeletal system
2963:
2954:
2924:
2915:
2845:
2756:
2661:
2633:
2523:
2509:
2504:
2428:
2418:
2398:
2342:Wayback Machine
2331:
2329:Further reading
2326:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2269:Wayback Machine
2260:
2256:
2249:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2189:10.1.1.216.7386
2171:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2109:Wayback Machine
2097:
2093:
2088:Wayback Machine
2079:
2075:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:10.15221/17.210
1910:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:10.15221/17.043
1857:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:10.15221/17.298
1804:
1800:
1757:
1753:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1621:
1617:
1580:
1576:
1537:
1533:
1496:Biol Psychiatry
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1299:Aronson, Anna.
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1206:. 27 June 1940.
1198:
1197:
1193:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:10.15221/14.055
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
969:Dermatoglyphics
906:
894:Brannock Device
885:
850:
841:
833:soft biometrics
829:dermatoglyphics
817:
785:
783:
759:
753:
733:
707:
687:
671:
665:
613:
607:
605:Baropodographic
590:
585:
538:Bergmann's rule
533:
525:waist–hip ratio
521:facial symmetry
506:
498:Main articles:
496:
449:
422:
416:
334:
328:
312:
306:
301:
251:mental typology
179:
173:
161:rise in obesity
88:
87:
42:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3592:Urinary system
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:Laryngopharynx
3511:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Salivary gland
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3379:
3377:
3375:immune systems
3371:Haematopoietic
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:Somatic system
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3304:Sensory system
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:Nervous system
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3256:CNS equivalent
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3123:Synovial joint
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2438:
2427:
2426:External links
2424:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2396:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2283:
2272:
2254:
2247:
2225:
2159:
2134:
2113:
2091:
2073:
2044:(3): 391–399.
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1948:|journal=
1930:
1904:
1895:|journal=
1877:
1851:
1842:|journal=
1824:
1798:
1751:
1740:(3): 209–226.
1724:
1694:
1673:(6): 328–333.
1653:
1634:(3): 995–997.
1615:
1594:(6): 267–268.
1574:
1571:on 2011-04-26.
1531:
1482:
1452:
1422:
1368:
1343:
1317:
1291:
1280:. 20 July 2017
1265:
1237:
1209:
1191:
1169:
1160:|journal=
1142:
1116:
1103:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
981:Guidonian hand
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
926:
920:
914:
907:
905:
902:
884:
883:Fashion design
881:
849:
846:
840:
837:
821:access control
813:Main article:
782:
779:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
706:
703:
686:
683:
664:
661:
611:Baropodography
609:Main article:
606:
603:
589:
586:
584:
581:
532:
529:
495:
492:
448:
445:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
385:height in the
330:Main article:
327:
324:
308:Main article:
305:
302:
300:
297:
239:phylogeography
191:Francis Galton
175:Main article:
172:
169:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3828:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Human anatomy
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Anthropometry
3759:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Biliary tract
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3359:Mammary gland
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
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3113:Fibrous joint
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2958:
2957:Human systems
2951:
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2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:Anthropometry
2430:
2429:
2419:
2417:9780674660410
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2387:
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2240:
2236:
2229:
2215:on 2012-03-30
2211:
2207:
2203:
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2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2149:on 2012-01-07
2148:
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2117:
2110:
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2039:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1931:9783033064362
1927:
1923:
1919:
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1900:
1888:
1880:
1878:9783033064362
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1835:
1827:
1825:9783033064362
1821:
1817:
1813:
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1802:
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1790:
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1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
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1714:on 2018-11-04
1713:
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1602:
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1589:
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1550:
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1502:(8): 847–55.
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1472:on 2012-06-21
1471:
1467:
1466:The Telegraph
1463:
1456:
1442:on 2009-09-28
1441:
1437:
1436:The Telegraph
1433:
1426:
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1183:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1153:
1145:
1143:9783033047631
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1114:(pp. 392–397)
1113:
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1072:
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1060:
1057:
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1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:Morphometrics
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
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855:
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816:
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775:participation
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716:
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702:
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670:
660:
657:
651:
649:
647:
646:data analysis
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
612:
602:
599:
595:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:human stature
549:
545:
543:
539:
528:
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522:
518:
514:
510:
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501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
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444:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:Robert Wadlow
400:
396:
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388:
384:
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376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
345:
343:
338:
333:
323:
321:
317:
311:
296:
294:
290:
289:pseudoscience
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:cranial vault
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:human origins
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
192:
188:
183:
178:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
123:
119:
116:
113:
106:
102:
99:
98:Ancient Greek
91:
84:
36:
35:Anthropometry
28:
22:
3562:
3530:
3503:
3255:
3238:
3221:
3181:
2647:Adam's apple
2444:
2407:
2385:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2275:
2257:
2238:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2182:(2): 91–98.
2179:
2175:
2162:
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2147:the original
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2100:
2094:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1969:
1960:
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1807:
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1768:
1764:
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1737:
1733:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1707:
1697:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1631:
1627:
1624:Wessells, H.
1618:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1569:the original
1548:
1544:
1534:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1465:
1455:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1435:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1385:
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1277:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1087:
999:Human height
951:Cephalometry
886:
878:
870:
866:
854:US Air Force
851:
842:
825:surveillance
818:
807:retinal scan
760:
742:
734:
699:malnutrition
691:epidemiology
688:
672:
669:Neuroimaging
663:Neuroimaging
656:contact area
652:
644:
622:
591:
561:human height
550:
546:
542:Allen's rule
534:
509:Human beauty
507:
488:vaginal size
474:
466:
450:
429:Lucia Zarate
425:Human weight
423:
420:Human weight
409:
406:
387:Dinaric Alps
372:
346:
337:Human height
335:
332:Human height
313:
280:and overtly
267:
200:
145:
128:
125:
118:
111:
108:
101:
34:
33:
3806:Physiognomy
3796:Measurement
3730:Parathyroid
3430:Nasopharynx
3292:Spinal cord
3227:Bone marrow
2996:Collar bone
2296:www.sae.org
1975:soft tissue
1047:Reflexology
1041:Physiognomy
987:Digit ratio
963:Craniometry
745:prognathism
721:(1833–1917)
641:time series
627:, and (ii)
625:floor-based
517:Cosmetology
352:populations
349:homogeneous
255:personality
235:criminology
227:physiognomy
211:craniometry
96:, from
3811:Physiology
3791:Human body
3776:Ergonomics
3771:Biometrics
3755:Categories
3509:Oropharynx
3249:Lymph node
3182:peripheral
3028:Metatarsus
3023:Metacarpus
3002:Thigh bone
2998:(clavicle)
2814:Fingernail
2219:2013-05-25
2153:2012-06-10
2128:2012-04-06
1765:Ergonomics
1718:2013-05-26
1476:2013-05-26
1446:2013-05-26
1305:Livestrong
1079:References
1035:Phrenology
1023:Osteometry
957:Chironomia
929:Body shape
923:Biometrics
815:Biometrics
781:Biometrics
757:Ergonomics
751:Ergonomics
667:See also:
635:arrays to
557:Jörg Baten
536:following
484:penis size
453:brain size
441:Micronesia
437:Bangladesh
377:height in
293:phrenology
263:brain size
223:phrenology
209:, such as
203:scientific
156:ergonomics
3715:Pituitary
3564:accessory
3519:Esophagus
3239:secondary
3151:Diaphragm
3095:Cartilage
3043:Phalanges
2730:Genitalia
2184:CiteSeerX
1950:ignored (
1940:cite book
1897:ignored (
1887:cite book
1844:ignored (
1834:cite book
1162:ignored (
1152:cite book
1029:Palmistry
993:Eigenface
911:Allometry
577:Indonesia
494:Aesthetic
368:endocrine
356:gigantism
318:physical
304:Auxologic
231:forensics
195:Bertillon
112:ánthrōpos
3695:Placenta
3658:Testicle
3653:Prostate
3580:Pancreas
3541:Appendix
3531:lower GI
3504:upper GI
3452:Bronchus
3395:Lymphoid
3078:Vertebra
3033:Ossicles
3018:Mandible
2859:Buttocks
2779:Shoulder
2614:Mandible
2547:Forehead
2338:Archived
2265:Archived
2105:Archived
2084:Archived
2068:31239914
1793:23758581
1785:27764997
1689:11416836
1610:18747178
1565:12124914
1526:17544382
1410:43341029
1402:10984887
1331:Care.com
1186:Archived
904:See also
890:footwear
573:Suriname
391:shortest
360:dwarfism
310:Auxology
278:eugenics
154:design,
152:clothing
105:ἄνθρωπος
3735:Adrenal
3725:Thyroid
3643:Scrotum
3620:Urethra
3615:Bladder
3524:Stomach
3447:Trachea
3383:Myeloid
3222:primary
3088:Sternum
3038:Patella
3013:Humerus
3004:(femur)
2904:Toenail
2794:Forearm
2740:Scrotum
2686:Midriff
2676:Abdomen
2669:(Trunk)
2619:Occiput
2562:Eyebrow
2434:at the
2378:, 2005.
2371:, 2003.
2364:, 2000.
2357:, 1989.
2350:, 1998.
2206:9321766
2059:6474557
1648:8709382
1601:1473711
1517:2711771
1415:26 June
1278:Upsmash
738:Fordisc
629:in-shoe
469:stomach
395:tallest
379:Bolivia
171:History
3816:Racism
3720:Pineal
3680:Vagina
3675:Uterus
3670:Female
3610:Ureter
3605:Kidney
3551:Rectum
3487:Tongue
3435:Larynx
3354:Breast
3326:Tissue
3244:Spleen
3232:Thymus
3187:Artery
3146:Tendon
3141:Muscle
3105:Joints
3083:Pelvis
3058:Tarsus
3048:Radius
3008:Fibula
2991:Carpus
2961:organs
2839:Little
2829:Middle
2809:Finger
2784:Axilla
2725:Pelvis
2718:Nipple
2713:Breast
2708:Thorax
2652:Throat
2629:Temple
2592:Tongue
2572:Eyelid
2414:
2394:
2245:
2204:
2186:
2066:
2056:
1928:
1875:
1822:
1791:
1783:
1687:
1646:
1608:
1598:
1563:
1524:
1514:
1408:
1400:
1361:3 June
1336:2 June
1310:2 June
1284:2 June
1258:2 June
1230:2 June
1140:
898:ALINEr
523:, and
451:Adult
447:Organs
414:Weight
375:female
326:Height
320:growth
282:racist
129:métron
122:μέτρον
3690:Ovary
3685:Vulva
3648:Penis
3570:Liver
3546:Colon
3497:Tooth
3477:Mouth
3442:Lower
3420:Upper
3297:Nerve
3287:Brain
3204:Heart
3063:Tibia
3053:Skull
2889:Ankle
2869:Thigh
2824:Index
2819:Thumb
2799:Wrist
2789:Elbow
2762:Limbs
2745:Vulva
2735:Penis
2691:Navel
2681:Waist
2667:Torso
2624:Scalp
2597:Tooth
2582:Mouth
2552:Cheek
2213:(PDF)
2202:S2CID
2172:(PDF)
1789:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1249:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
364:genes
316:human
100:
86:
3638:Male
3556:Anus
3457:Lung
3425:Nose
3373:and
3344:Skin
3192:Vein
3068:Ulna
2986:Bone
2959:and
2909:Sole
2894:Heel
2884:Foot
2879:Calf
2874:Knee
2834:Ring
2804:Hand
2752:Anus
2703:Back
2657:Nape
2639:Neck
2577:Nose
2557:Chin
2542:Face
2537:Hair
2529:Head
2521:Skin
2515:Body
2446:NASA
2412:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2064:PMID
1952:help
1926:ISBN
1899:help
1873:ISBN
1846:help
1820:ISBN
1781:PMID
1685:PMID
1644:PMID
1606:PMID
1561:PMID
1522:PMID
1417:2020
1398:PMID
1363:2020
1338:2020
1312:2020
1286:2020
1260:2020
1232:2020
1164:help
1138:ISBN
858:NATO
856:and
831:and
729:and
693:and
575:and
511:and
502:and
478:and
476:Male
401:and
393:and
383:male
272:and
261:and
205:and
189:for
3492:Lip
3314:Eye
3309:Ear
3073:Rib
2899:Toe
2864:Hip
2851:Leg
2771:Arm
2609:Jaw
2604:Ear
2587:Lip
2567:Eye
2469:at
2443:at
2194:doi
2054:PMC
2046:doi
1918:doi
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1812:doi
1773:doi
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1675:doi
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1553:doi
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1504:doi
1390:doi
1253:CDC
1225:CDC
1130:doi
900:).
717:by
675:MRI
366:or
358:or
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