Ancient maritime history

2287: 2167: 2244: 4103: 2278: 9729: 9595: 8754: 8687: 8556: 7939: 7541: 2296: 2756: 2668: 3571: 4528: 2269: 2748: 3753: 1835: 4618: 3486: 2992: 2806:, whose image was crowned best bronze noses. Carport and equipped outside rook over the waters, for many paddlers, having covered rowers deck not only from the side, but and top. and they were on board eighteen oars in two rows on the top and sat on two rowers, and the lower – one, a hundred and eight rowers were. And twelve rowers aft worked on three steering oars. And blocked Our Majesty ship inside three partitions ( 4002: 2840: 4604: 2260: 3379: 3637:. A reconstruction in 1996 proved that a crew between four and sixteen paddlers could have easily propelled the boat during Force 4 winds upwards of four knots but with a maximum of 5 knots (9 km/h). The boat could have easily carried a significant amount of cargo and with a strong crew may have been able to traverse near thirty nautical miles in a day. 2682: 2416:. This is estimated to have occurred around 1000 to 600 BC and onwards, and led to the development of India and Sri Lanka's own maritime trade networks. This may have possibly included limited colonization that have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, 2136:

rafts were used, possibly with a sail of some sort. Up until 58,000 BP, the winds during the Northern Australian wet season were particularly favourable for making this crossing. The reduction in favourable winds after that date fits well with the single colonisation phase of Australia during prehistory.

2917:

suggests that the Greeks at this time understood that anyone going south far enough and then turning west would have the Sun on their right but found it unbelievable that Africa reached so far south. He suggests that "It is extremely unlikely that an Egyptian king would, or could, have acted as Necho

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in the fifth finger (3.2mm), as well as a canopy roof and its rowers. and they have (carried) on the nose three assault heavy crossbow arrows so they lit resin or oil with a salt of Seth (probably nitrate) tore a special blend and punched (?) lead ball with a lot of holes (?), and one of the same at

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to provide waterproofing. Being so light, an operator can carry the light craft over the shoulder. They are capable of operating in mere inches of water due to the keel-less hull. The early people of Wales used these boats for fishing and light travel and updated models are still in use to this day

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Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna; McNeil, Jessica; Cox, Delyth; Arnold, Lee J.; Hua, Quan; Huntley, Jillian; Brand, Helen E. A.; Manne, Tiina; Fairbairn,

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peninsula occurred around 53,000 to 65,000 years ago. Even with the lower sea level of that time, this crossing would have involved travelling out of sight of land – the overall distances involved at the possible crossing points are all over 55 miles. It is likely that large bamboo

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on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy, perhaps as early as 6000 cal B.C. Also during Su Carroppu culture in Sardinia, already in its early stages (low strata into Su Coloru cave, c. 6000 BC) early examples of cardium pottery appear. Northward and westward all secure radiocarbon dates are

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identical to those for Iberia c. 5500 cal BC, which indicates a rapid spread of cardium and related cultures: 2,000 km from the gulf of Genoa to the estuary of the Mondego in probably no more than 100–200 years. This suggests a seafaring expansion by planting colonies along the coast.

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As noted by Gardiner V.1 p.196, other texts have "foreign-peoples"; both terms can refer to the concept of "foreigners" as well. Zangger in the external link below expresses a commonly held view that "sea peoples" does not translate this and other expressions but is an academic innovation. The

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Māori people of New Zealand are said to have Navigated following the zodiacal constellation of Scorpio, between Libra and Sagittarius in the southern sky positioned at about 16 hours 30 minutes right ascension and 30° south declination to find, Aotearoa, "The Land of the Long, White, Cloud".

2898:(with the southern part of Africa being thought connected to Asia). So fantastic an assertion is this of a typical example of some seafarers' story and Herodotus therefore may never have mentioned it, at all, had it not been based on facts and made with the according insistence. 5572:

interests, it is impossible for one to imagine what stimulus could have motivated Necho in such a scheme and if we cannot provide a reason which is sound within Egyptian terms of reference, then we have good reason to doubt the historicity of the entire episode."

2810:) so as not to drown it by ramming the wicked, and the sailors had time to repair the hole. And Our Majesty arranged four towers for archers – two behind, and two on the nose and one above the other small – on the mast with narrow loopholes. they are covered with 5470: 3539:. By the end of the third war, after the deaths of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and razed the city, becoming in the process the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean. With the end of the 6145:

Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole; Castillo, Cristina Cobo; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin G. (2015). "The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers". In Tripati, Sila (ed.).

2516:(220 BC–200 AD) as recorded by the Chinese historian Wan Chen (萬震) in his 3rd century AD book "Strange Things of the South" (Nánzhōu Yìwùzhì — 南州異物志). This led to the development of China's own maritime technologies later on, during the 6571:

Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".

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up to 360 tons and carried up to ten new heavy and light to seventeen catapults based bronze springs, called "siege crossbow" – more precisely, siege bows. Still appeared giant catamarans that are heavy warships and times of

2717:, thereby making the control of one route resulting in maritime monopoly difficult. Indian connections to various Southeast Asian states buffered it from blockages on other routes. By making use of the maritime trade routes, 5126:

Andrew; Shulmeister, James; Lyle, Lindsey; Salinas, Makiah; Page, Mara; Connell, Kate; Park, Gayoung; Norman, Kasih; Murphy, Tessa; Pardoe, Colin (20 July 2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".

3582:, a small single-passenger-sized float, has been used in Britain since before the first Roman invasion as noted by the invaders. Coracles are round or oval in shape, made of a wooden frame with a hide stretched over it then 3203:, were in awe of the seas and deified them, believing that man no longer belonged to himself when once he embarked on a sea voyage. They believed that he was liable to be sacrificed at any time to the anger of the great 3211:

were an early Mediterranean seagoing people that travelled far. Early writers do not give a good idea about the progress of navigation nor that of the man's seamanship. One of the early stories of seafaring was that of

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is to simply drive them ashore by placing a number of small boats between the whale and the open sea and attempting to frighten them with noise, activity, and perhaps small, non-lethal weapons such as arrows.

3558:, 188 BC) in the eastern sea, Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and the most powerful city in the classical world. This was a turning point that meant that the civilization of the ancient 4253:

by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market. It emerged through the conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included

3523:. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman sphere of influence. The Romans were initially interested in expansion via 3276:

was a manuscript document that listed in order the ports and coastal landmarks, with approximate distances between, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore. Several examples of

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Burney, David A.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Jungers, William L.; Goodman, Steven M.; Wright, Henry T.; Jull, A.J. Timothy (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".

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dates back thousands of years. In ancient maritime history, evidence of maritime trade between civilizations dates back at least two millennia. The first prehistoric boats are presumed to have been

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O'Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona; Reepmeyer, Christian; Samper Carro, Sofia C.; Shipton, Ceri (15 March 2022). "Terminal Pleistocene emergence of maritime interaction networks across Wallacea".

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Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).

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Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".

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by crossing an expanse of water at least 100 km (62 mi) wide, even during the low sea levels of the Pleistocene. Other evidence of early maritime transport are the appearance of

2050:, North Sulawesi, dated to 32,000–35,000 years ago, is possible evidence for the longest sea voyage by Paleolithic humans ever recorded. The island was previously uninhabited by humans or 5935:, relates that Leif discovered the American mainland while returning from Norway to Greenland in 1000 (or possibly 1001), but does not mention any attempts to settle there. However, the 8534: 6052:

Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde

4394:. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established 2790:, but the first mention and a detailed description of a large enough and heavily armed ship dates from 16th century BC. "And I ordered to build twelve warships with rams, dedicated to 4509:

as 'Kaliṅgodra' and historically the Bay of Bengal has been called 'Kaliṅga Sāgara' (both Kaliṅgodra and Kalinga Sagara mean Kalinga Sea), indicating the importance of Kalinga in the

5477:, Jakarta: Pusat Riset Wilayah Laut dan Sumber Daya Nonhayati, Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan; Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, pp. 53–124 4223:. Books written by Chinese monks like Wan Chen and Hui-Lin contain detailed accounts of the large trading vessels from Southeast Asia dating back to at least the 3rd century CE. 8235: 2815:

the stern. and long ship seventy five cubits (41m), and the breadth sixteen, and in battle can go three-quarters of iteru per hour (about 6.5 knots)..." The text of the tomb of

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Glover, Ian C.; Bellina, Bérénice (2011). "Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (eds.).

2608:". Basically, the navigators determine the bow of the ship to the islands that are recognized by using the position of rising and setting of certain stars above the horizon. 2408:

and outrigger boat technology by the non-Austronesian peoples in Sri Lanka and southern India is the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the

3819:. Raw jade was sourced from deposits in Taiwan and worked into ornaments in the Philippines (the most notable and most numerous of which are double-headed pendants known as 6281:

Mahdi, Waruno (2003). "Linguistic and philological data towards a chronology of Austronesian activity in India and Sri Lanka". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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Bellwood, Peter; Hung, H.; Lizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannot, P. (ed.).

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks".

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during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)". In Reid, Anthony (ed.).

2664:. Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan, travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentiates. 4195:. The Maldives was of particular importance as a major hub for Austronesian sailors venturing through the western routes. The Austronesian people also reached 365: 2600:

ethnicities used an advanced Navigation system: Orientation at sea is carried out using a variety of different natural signs, and by using a very distinctive

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Maritime trade began with safer coastal trade and evolved with the utilization of the monsoon winds, soon resulting in trade crossing boundaries such as the

4463:) is an important highlight of the traditions of Indian maritime history as it was influential in establishing trading links with Southeast Asia along the 8944: 8860: 2879:. Some Egyptologists dispute that an Egyptian Pharaoh would authorize such an expedition, except for the reason of trade in the ancient maritime routes. 5034:

O'Connor, Sue (2015). "Crossing the Wallace Line The Maritime Skills of the Earliest Colonists in the Wallacean Archipelago". In Kaifu, Yousuke (ed.).

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Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Santiago, Rey; Vosmer, Tom (1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines".

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de Saxcé, Ariane (2022). "Networks and Cultural Mapping of South Asian Maritime Trade". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).

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on August 27 to August 28 of the year 663 AD. This decisive victory expelled the Japanese force from Korea and allowed the Tang and Silla to conquer

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is an example of a very early voyage. A competent astronomer and geographer, Pytheas ventured from Greece to Western Europe and the British Isles.

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Carson, Mike T.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Summerhayes, Glenn; Bellwood, Peter (January 2013). "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania".

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by around 1500 to 600 BCE. These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia, including

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This early description of Necho's expedition as a whole is contentious, though; it is recommended that one keep an open mind on the subject; but

9087: 8949: 8262: 8210: 5084: 6723:"Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period" 1478: 660: 535: 4726: 5551:. «Tuthmosis III. First Emperor in the History of Mankind. His Regal companions and a Great assistants» Oxford UNV Publishing, 1921 p.127. 8954: 7015: 4919:

Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K. (May 2018).

4646: 865: 5780: 3974:. Prior to the 10th century, the eastern part of the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian Austronesian traders using distinctive 9497: 9477: 6429:

Chirikure, Shadreck (2022). "Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean World". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).

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By around the 2nd century BCE, the prehistoric Austronesian jade and spice trade networks in Southeast Asia fully connected with the

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as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right – to northward of them

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Pawley, A. (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood, Peter S.; Renfrew, Colin (eds.).

1364: 6122: 5914: 5710:, transliteration and English is given in the dissertation of Woodhuizen, 2006, who developed it from works of Kitchen cited there 9153: 8647: 4832:

Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

4091:, reconnecting with the main route through the northern Philippines and Taiwan. The secondary routes also continue onward to the 3478:, although they had taken part in the war, withdrew into isolation after it, allowing Athens to establish unchallenged naval and 6430: 6335: 3917:

which are still utilized in Sri Lanka and southern India. During this period, the distribution of Austronesian trade goods like

3839:, and other areas in Southeast Asia where these jade ornaments, along with other trade goods, were exchanged (also known as the 9487: 3446:, Xerxes advanced into Attica, where he captured and burned Athens. But the Athenians had evacuated the city by sea, and under 1986:

between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BC. The search for the source of spices in these maritime trade routes later led to the

4678:. Sea Routes of Commerce: An Outline of Maritime History in Ancient and Medieval Times, with Four Map. Stratford Company, 1925 3177:, developed before 1000 BC, and development of nautical technology supported the expansion of Mediterranean culture. The 9014: 8733: 6842: 6443: 6388: 6348: 6315: 6290: 6059: 5393: 5257: 5247: 5222: 5109: 5068: 5043: 4991: 4873: 4841: 3625:

reveals that the craft dating from approximately 1600 BC might be the oldest known sea-going boat. The hull was of half

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Li, Tana (2011). "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.).

9435: 2220:, Austronesians were the most widespread ethnolinguistic group, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern 9482: 9386: 8625: 3800: 3739: 1359: 1204: 180: 3866:

of northern Vietnam is also evidence of the antiquity and density of this prehistoric Southeast Asian maritime network.

3811:. It lasted for around 3,000 years, from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. It was initially established by the indigenous peoples of 3466:. In the course of doing so Athens enrolled all the island states and some mainland allies into an alliance, called the 3158:

and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a

3606:. Examples of these canoes have been found buried in marshes and mud banks of rivers at lengths of upward eight feet. 2286: 9492: 8882: 6986: 6971: 6655: 6413: 6238: 6211: 6184: 6157: 5799: 4697: 6956: 6230:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry

2166: 964: 9517: 9424: 8384: 370: 2243: 9244: 8595: 8220: 7362: 7008: 3462:. The Athenian fleet then turned to chasing the Persians out of the Aegean Sea, and in 478 BC they captured 3166:. There is still debate on the subject of whether the Canaanites and Phoenicians were different peoples or not. 1262: 959: 7283: 9234: 8641: 8620: 6111:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond" 5844:"Radiocarbon evidence for maritime pioneer colonization at the origins of farming in west Mediterranean Europe" 4920: 4568:

had a navy by at least the 6th century, with their invasions and involvement in political alliances during the

4270:, among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the 3320:

influence and remained a haven for Thracian pirates. By the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the

3196:, built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC) on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt. 2673: 987: 9535: 9578: 9560: 9208: 8240: 5900: 4501: 4301:(individually dated from 689 CE to 988 CE), were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from 3730:

tells that Leif set out around the year 1000 to follow Bjarni's route with 15 crew members, but going north.

2895: 1863: 1747: 245: 9502: 9099: 8718: 8657: 8487: 8297: 5534:

oversaw the preparations and funding of an expedition of five ships, each measuring seventy feet long, and

4456: 2143:, humans are believed to have begun whaling in Korea at least 6000 BC. The oldest known method of catching 380: 4102: 3434:. The burial mound of the Athenian dead can still be seen at Marathon. Ten years later Darius' successor, 9555: 8932: 8835: 8374: 8133: 5561: 4341: 3027:, had a steady trade link with the Ancient Egyptians and exported the precious natural resources such as 2950: 2718: 1224: 3655:

which established states and settlements Northern Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century.

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on the eastern Adriatic coast dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC. The earliest date in Italy comes from

969: 9411: 8674: 8517: 8389: 8279: 7037: 7001: 5999: 5815:(2008), pp.115–6; Staso Forenbaher and Preston Miracle, The spread of farming in the Eastern Adriatic, 4492: 4452: 4357: 3951: 3705: 2958: 2035: 1752: 1722: 9752: 9644: 9573: 9148: 9004: 8937: 8163: 8106: 5569: 3633:

lashings. Both the straight-grained oak and yew bindings are now extinct as a shipbuilding method in

2543: 1702: 1491: 1428: 994: 715: 9065: 4336:

These maritime routes persisted (with increasing participation of other maritime cultures) into the

263: 9685: 9405: 9190: 8897: 8424: 8419: 8225: 7506: 7159: 6913:. Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208 5931: 3726: 3193: 2966: 1856: 1838: 1322: 1274: 1239: 1029: 235: 9292: 3621:

boat which is about 9.5 meters long × 2.3 meters wide is believed to have been a seagoing vessel.

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tools with the same source on neighboring islands. These include the Philippine obsidian network (

1532: 9634: 9507: 9163: 9111: 8814: 8605: 8512: 8399: 8034: 7385: 6173:

Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).

4569: 4546: 4510: 4484: 4363: 4353: 3796: 3779: 3547: 3422:, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in 2996: 2986: 2783: 2027: 1512: 1269: 1122: 954: 853: 548: 405: 9550: 7974: 2046:

necessitated crossing bodies of water. Remains of stone tools and marine shells in Liang Sarru,

620: 9672: 9540: 9185: 8994: 8989: 8919: 8809: 8652: 8524: 8257: 7687: 7638: 7581: 7526: 7380: 5565: 4522: 4337: 3248: 3184:

was the most common ship of the ancient Mediterranean world, employing the propulsion power of

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explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" in his

2867:, which reputedly, at some point between 610 and before 594 BC, sailed in three years from the 2205: 2157: 1937: 1844: 1820: 1377: 879: 250: 6671:

Christie, Anthony (1957). "An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟΦΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"".

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Christie, Anthony (1957). "An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟΦΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"".

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controlled the flow of trade in the eastern regions of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the

2277: 9663: 9545: 9219: 9195: 9050: 8529: 8414: 8312: 8287: 7879: 7758: 7712: 7643: 7608: 6376: 5978: 5647: 5388:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. 4656: 4631: 4433: 4375: 4318: 3848: 3689: 3610: 3443: 3431: 3023:, which is believed by several Egyptologists to have been situated in the area of modern-day 2161: 1059: 695: 330: 7844: 7352: 6228: 5619: 5101:

Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".

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Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange

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traders also sailed the western parts of the routes. It allowed the exchange of goods from

3840: 3812: 3765: 2807: 2730: 2597: 2181: 2171: 1941: 1909: 1737: 1507: 1184: 1149: 947: 680: 600: 310: 305: 90: 8669: 3570: 2726: 8: 9701: 9629: 9457: 9447: 9418: 9286: 9119: 9060: 8630: 8539: 8439: 8429: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8349: 8344: 8329: 8324: 8245: 8101: 7979: 7924: 7849: 7273: 7237: 5548: 4651: 4410: 3455: 3293: 3107: 3040: 2828: 2725:

in the 2nd century BC. A Roman trading vessel could span the Mediterranean in a month at

2438: 2217: 1712: 1064: 673: 615: 270: 225: 6792: 6521: 5859: 5354: 5187: 5139: 4936: 4898: 2295: 9398: 9055: 8855: 8840: 8635: 8590: 8585: 8434: 7984: 7596: 6848: 6800: 6688: 6548: 6505: 6486: 6110: 5911: 5770: 5676: 5592: 5436: 5308: 5169: 5078: 4964: 4744: 4585: 4464: 4113: 3971: 3808: 3747: 3743: 3599: 3435: 3427: 3419: 3369: 3012: 2237: 2140: 1987: 1953: 1810: 1742: 1727: 1717: 1697: 1662: 1637: 1612: 1495: 1054: 1019: 929: 884: 840: 685: 345: 230: 6852: 6832: 5618:

Die umsegelung Asiens und Europas auf der Vega. Volume 2. By Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.

5488: 3251:. Thus, "Argonauts" literally means "Argo sailors". The voyage of the Greek navigator 9318: 8979: 8927: 8909: 8850: 8472: 8409: 8404: 8334: 8230: 8190: 8185: 8168: 8138: 7804: 7748: 7742: 7591: 7568: 7390: 7320: 7278: 6982: 6967: 6838: 6692: 6651: 6607:

Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".

6589: 6553: 6439: 6409: 6384: 6344: 6311: 6286: 6234: 6207: 6180: 6174: 6153: 6147: 6055: 5966: 5883: 5878: 5843: 5820: 5795: 5440: 5389: 5366: 5312: 5253: 5228: 5218: 5173: 5161: 5105: 5064: 5039: 4987: 4956: 4948: 4869: 4861: 4837: 4712: 4693: 4636: 4242: 4123:

The main route of the western regions of the Maritime Silk Road directly crosses the

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is depicted as doing" and that the story might have been triggered by the failure of

2755: 2571: 2484: 2445: 2413: 2108:). However, the method of crossing remains unknown and could have ranged from simple 1732: 1632: 1458: 1433: 1234: 1144: 1134: 1109: 650: 610: 470: 460: 315: 215: 190: 50: 38: 6490: 4968: 4748: 2491: 1279: 9624: 9359: 9075: 8819: 8728: 8449: 8444: 8252: 8195: 8178: 8148: 8079: 7854: 7633: 7511: 7438: 7258: 7134: 6875: 6796: 6734: 6680: 6624: 6616: 6581: 6543: 6533: 6525: 6476: 6468: 6263: 6085: 5958: 5873: 5863: 5668: 5584: 5426: 5418: 5358: 5300: 5151: 5143: 5016: 4940: 4734: 4675: 4072: 4013: 3863: 3709: 3555: 3551: 3535:, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was the rapidly ascending power in 3438:, sent a much more powerful force by land. After being delayed by the Spartan King 2923: 2579: 2555: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2431: 1883: 1672: 1423: 1408: 1388: 1329: 1214: 1174: 1074: 1042: 974: 909: 810: 790: 700: 555: 455: 400: 355: 340: 9311: 9180: 6377:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 6176:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

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Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000). "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan".

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The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times

5020: 4866:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

3418:

and some other Greek cities went to their aid. In 490 BC, the Persian Great King,

2667: 2308: 1438: 9040: 8394: 8354: 8292: 7395: 7330: 7184: 6952: 6932: 6910: 6901:

Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao. Lothal, a Harappan Port Town (1955–62). 1979. Page 44.

6754: 5918: 5765: 5422: 5362: 5099: 4294: 4267: 4184: 4048: 4028: 4010: 3979: 3660: 3544: 3540: 3528: 3336: 3220: 3052: 2927: 2896:

Herodotus' time it was not generally known that Africa was surrounded by an ocean

2605: 2505: 2477: 2424: 2361: 2248: 2059: 1979: 1975: 1891: 1815: 1707: 1602: 1557: 1473: 1448: 1304: 1284: 1244: 1189: 1079: 934: 830: 825: 820: 805: 530: 515: 450: 300: 240: 105: 21: 9092: 6506:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA" 6459:

Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".

6025: 5059:

O'Connor, Sue; Hiscock, Peter (2018). Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).

4213:

to South Asia booked passage with the Austronesian ships (which they called the

2387: 9346: 9280: 9035: 8794: 8662: 8467: 8462: 8173: 8126: 8044: 7989: 7717: 7623: 7586: 7433: 7295: 7129: 6739: 6721:

Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri; Masruroh, Noor Naelil; Rochwulaningsih, Yety (2018).

5761: 5721: 4609: 4414: 4271: 4255: 4215: 4092: 4040: 4006: 3983: 3914: 3882: 3852: 3614: 3403: 3356: 3317: 3200: 3178: 3162:, a man-powered sailing vessel. They were the first civilization to create the 3147: 2883: 2737: 2722: 2714: 2625: 2567: 2501: 2417: 2357: 2350: 2341: 2329: 2321: 2197: 2189: 1921: 1917: 1805: 1677: 1562: 1517: 1381: 1154: 1104: 835: 605: 418: 275: 205: 125: 6879: 6684: 6438:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 149–176. 6343:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 129–148. 5962: 5471:"Perahu-Perahu Tradisional Nusantara: Suatu Tinjauan Perkapalan dan Pelayaran" 5304: 4944: 4921:"Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago" 4739: 3935:, based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas, 2747: 2268: 1928:. This enabled the rapid spread of Austronesians into the islands of both the 9746: 9694: 9379: 9339: 9325: 8984: 8799: 8574: 8121: 8116: 8089: 8017: 7914: 7448: 7370: 7119: 7099: 7062: 5970: 5784:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704. 5775: 5707: 5232: 4952: 4623: 4506: 4496: 4476: 4472: 4172: 4071:), the endpoints. Secondary routes also passed through the coastlines of the 4044: 4021: 3967: 3924: 3792: 3776: 3757: 3685: 3622: 3559: 3467: 3411: 3399: 3240: 3170: 3143: 3139: 3064: 2942: 2938: 2779: 2768: 2706: 2629: 2587: 2221: 2209: 1971: 1959: 1933: 1903: 1899: 1887: 1770: 1607: 1527: 1522: 1349: 1294: 1289: 1049: 1024: 1014: 1004: 889: 800: 795: 765: 720: 690: 655: 465: 435: 55: 9332: 7655: 6673:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

6585: 5293:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

4715:. Fishing and sea-foods of the ancient Māori. J. Mackay, govt. printer, 1908 4340:, before declining and being replaced with European trade routes during the 3752: 3402:, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the 3114:

were active in the eastern Mediterranean by the 2nd millennium BC. The

1622: 1567: 1194: 1164: 9440: 9130: 9124: 9030: 9025: 8964: 8845: 8200: 8074: 8049: 8001: 7994: 7919: 7834: 7470: 7405: 7263: 7201: 7124: 7082: 6593: 6557: 6267: 5887: 5868: 5370: 5165: 4960: 4577: 4565: 4554: 4542: 4527: 4421: 4263: 4246: 4206: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4052: 3987: 3931:. There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with 3928: 3844: 3701: 3670: 3603: 3516: 3447: 3329: 3273: 3119: 3092: 3032: 3020: 3008: 3004: 2954: 2833: 2824: 2690: 2645: 2575: 2528: 2517: 2383: 2232:. They also established vast maritime trading networks, among which is the 2229: 2201: 2113: 2039: 1967: 1929: 1785: 1780: 1667: 1652: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1463: 1453: 1393: 1334: 1299: 1099: 1009: 999: 760: 755: 425: 335: 75: 9365: 6149:

Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities

4241:

in 682 CE, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits of

4055:; through which passed the main routes of the Austronesian trade ships to 9679: 9262: 9201: 9020: 8974: 8959: 8887: 8615: 8094: 7899: 7794: 7601: 7337: 7268: 7174: 7092: 7077: 6620: 6481: 6432:

The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities

6337:

The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities

4399: 4330: 4314: 4290: 4202: 4176: 4152: 4109: 4080: 4060: 3959: 3870: 3869:

Austronesians also established very early connections (part of the early

3816: 3769: 3652: 3297: 3265: 3204: 3036: 2934: 2864: 2816: 2787: 2702: 2591: 2551: 2513: 2326: 2213: 2120: 2098: 2023: 1949: 1592: 1547: 1502: 1443: 1413: 1403: 1309: 1229: 899: 815: 745: 705: 490: 360: 220: 70: 9717: 7774: 6629: 6529: 6283:

Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation

6227:

Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).

5147: 4984:

First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia

2208:

starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC, and ending with the colonization of

1974:, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon 1890:

which were developed independently by various Stone Age populations. In

9214: 9045: 8904: 8892: 8804: 8713: 8302: 8054: 7722: 7697: 7676: 7618: 7480: 7453: 7169: 7049: 6892:

Science and Technology in Ancient India. Vijnan Bharati, 2002. Page 18.

6538: 6472: 5680: 5596: 5531: 5156: 4488: 4480: 4367: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4144: 4096: 4017: 3975: 3955: 3944: 3894: 3874: 3820: 3761: 3618: 3512: 3506: 3485: 3439: 3228: 3189: 2710: 2653: 2641: 2547: 2532: 2378: 2374: 2225: 2193: 2128: 2012: 2004: 1945: 1925: 1895: 1790: 1597: 1418: 1094: 894: 710: 590: 560: 440: 295: 29: 8969: 5560:

For instance, the Egyptologist Alan Lloyd wrote "Given the context of

5431: 5006: 4617: 4580:(618–907 AD) heavily defeated the Japanese and their Korean allies of 4209:

dynasty Chinese records also indicate that the early Chinese Buddhist

3339:. Their earliest impressed ware sites, dating to 6400–6200 BC, are in 3335:

The earliest seagoing culture in the Mediterranean is associated with

3095:. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the 2886:, is primarily because he stated with disbelief that the Phoenicians " 2523:

At the furthest extents of the Austronesian expansion, colonists from

9224: 9137: 8153: 8111: 8084: 7894: 7839: 7823: 7681: 7521: 7475: 7400: 7375: 7342: 7196: 7139: 7114: 6026:"Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar" 5575:

Lloyd, Alan B. (1977). "Necho and the Red Sea: Some Considerations".

4641: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4136: 4084: 4064: 3991: 3902: 3878: 3832: 3804: 3773: 3713: 3543:– which ran concurrently with the Punic wars – and the defeat of the 3463: 3305: 3301: 3224: 3115: 3068: 2962: 2856: 2844: 2686: 2601: 2542:

In the east, the first true ocean voyage was the colonization of the

2405: 2390: 2370: 2347: 2317: 2313: 2233: 2185: 2132: 2124: 2031: 1913: 1795: 1692: 1682: 1179: 1159: 570: 565: 320: 290: 280: 165: 150: 115: 6993: 6815: 6722: 6645: 5672: 5659:

Lloyd, Alan B (1977). "Necho and the Red Sea: Some Considerations".

5588: 5036:

Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia

4836:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 3704:, like many Norse of that time. He also went to Norway to serve the 3651:, or 'people from the North', were people from southern and central 3527:, part of which lay under Carthaginian control. At the start of the 3192:

technology and built large fire-based lighthouses, most notably the

2991: 9372: 7874: 7869: 7737: 7692: 7613: 7501: 7496: 7465: 7222: 7179: 7144: 7109: 7057: 5038:(First ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 4589: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4310: 4306: 4286: 4234: 4180: 4148: 4088: 4076: 4032: 3890: 3836: 3828: 3677: 3664: 3647: 3588: 3520: 3479: 3352: 3325: 3321: 3260: 3213: 3088: 3084: 2919: 2906: 2860: 2621: 2554:. This was followed by more migrations southwards and eastwards to 2409: 2394: 2333: 2082: 2063: 2055: 2047: 1800: 1627: 1344: 1339: 914: 904: 750: 640: 635: 580: 575: 510: 505: 325: 185: 175: 170: 145: 80: 7819: 6720: 4424:

devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under

2472: 9657: 9104: 8600: 8492: 7889: 7859: 7814: 7799: 7784: 7779: 7732: 7702: 7425: 7232: 7227: 7164: 7104: 7067: 6817:

Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft

6570: 4918: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4322: 4210: 4168: 4128: 4056: 4036: 4001: 3940: 3919: 3824: 3674: 3634: 3579: 3493: 3395: 3348: 3289: 3252: 3236: 3208: 3181: 3151: 3127: 3080: 3024: 3000: 2910: 2868: 2803: 2657: 2633: 2536: 2509: 2504:

is through trade with Southeast Asian Austronesian ships (likely

2353: 2071: 2067: 2051: 2008: 1963: 1657: 1582: 1398: 1199: 1139: 1089: 1084: 1069: 919: 860: 785: 780: 775: 735: 625: 595: 585: 500: 485: 390: 385: 285: 210: 195: 140: 110: 100: 5646:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive, 1963.

5609:

M. J. Cary. The Ancient Explorers. Penguin Books, 1963. Page 114

3724:

of Greenland), which was, in fact, Newfoundland, in Canada. The

2636:(Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of today's 2500:

Similarly the first encounter with large sea-going ships by the

445: 9708: 9353: 9174: 8158: 8064: 7909: 7864: 7809: 7769: 7753: 7727: 7671: 7516: 7443: 7347: 7315: 7305: 7253: 7154: 7087: 6144: 4581: 4550: 4533: 4460: 4391: 4371: 4326: 3995: 3963: 3932: 3910: 3898: 3720:

and set out to explore the land that Bjarni had found (located

3697: 3693: 3681: 3656: 3524: 3475: 3423: 3415: 3407: 3391: 3340: 3313: 3309: 3284: 3269: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3135: 3123: 3076: 3044: 2974: 2970: 2941:

of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the

2902: 2872: 2852: 2839: 2811: 2649: 2583: 2524: 2449: 2175: 2144: 2090: 1687: 1617: 1577: 1572: 1468: 1354: 1249: 1219: 1129: 874: 870: 770: 725: 645: 520: 495: 200: 160: 155: 135: 130: 85: 6381:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

5912:

Canterbury Archaeological Trust: Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery

5769: 5652: 2693:

trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this

1894:, various vessels were used for coastal fishing and travel. A 8069: 8059: 7904: 7884: 7829: 7789: 7763: 7707: 7206: 6964:

World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change.

5832:

Showcase 3 in the Archeological Museum G. A. Sanna in Sassari

5633:: Sonst stünde die Welt still. Das große Ringen um das Neue. 5408: 5124: 4573: 4558: 4538: 4468: 4395: 4302: 4279: 4275: 4259: 4230: 4140: 4068: 3906: 3630: 3592: 3562:

would pass to the modern world via Europe instead of Africa.

3536: 3471: 3387: 3344: 3264:, literally "a sailing-around', in the ancient navigation of 3232: 3155: 3131: 3111: 3096: 3060: 3048: 3028: 2946: 2945:, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control 2795: 2760: 2563: 2559: 2337: 2259: 2094: 2086: 2043: 2016: 1983: 1642: 1587: 1169: 924: 730: 630: 525: 480: 475: 430: 395: 350: 120: 95: 45: 6647:

Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to the Medieval Times

4834:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

4690:

World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change

4171:). Secondary routes also pass through the coastlines of the 3913:. It also introduced Austronesian sailing technologies like 2558:

up to islands beyond the inter-island visibility range like

2216:

in the 10th to 13th centuries AD. Prior to the 16th century

7666: 7325: 7310: 7290: 7191: 7072: 5751:

Line 52. The inscription is shown in Manassa p.55 plate 12.

4727:"Ancient DNA reveals how wheat came to prehistoric Britain" 3936: 3721: 3244: 3063:

in Somalia engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting

2876: 2820: 2799: 2791: 2772: 2694: 2661: 2637: 2109: 1647: 740: 375: 65: 60: 5340: 5249:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

3667:

plundering made by Norsemen in Great Britain and Ireland.

3378: 3292:

committed at sea or sometimes on the shore, dates back to

2019:

in a time frame as early as 777,000 to 631,000 years ago.

2003:

There are indications as stone tools and traces left on a

7300: 6503: 5724:

as the first to use the term "peuples de la mer" in 1881.

3626: 3583: 3394:) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as 3185: 2713:

had multiple maritime trade routes which connected it to

6778: 6708:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

5456:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

2882:

The belief in Herodotus' account, handed down to him by

5246:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006).

3629:

logs and side panels also of oak were stitched on with

2681: 1952:

by around 1000 to 600 BC, which would later become the

5720:

Woudhuizen dissertation and the Morris paper identify

5693:

The Geographical system of Herodotus By James Rennel.

3847:

Interaction Sphere). The wide distribution throughout

3470:

because its treasury was kept on the sacred island of

2969:. Although some scholars believe that they "invaded" 1908:

The first true ocean-going boats were invented by the

7557: 6000:"Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south" 4175:, the Arabian Sea, and southwards along the coast of 2570:. After a gap of about two thousand years, the first 6408:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–44. 4599: 4009:

from the 8th century, they were depictions of large

3039:. This trade network continued all the way into the 2200:. This allowed them to colonize a large part of the 2034:

accessible via land bridges. However, the spread of

6253: 5951:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

5939:

is usually considered the more reliable of the two.

5458:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127–128. 5386:

Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis

5058: 3454:. A year later, the Greeks, under the Spartan 3227:were a band of heroes who, in the years before the 3126:, with its heartland along the coast of modern-day 6981:, Volume 4. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6220: 6049: 3609:In 1992 a notable archaeological find, named the " 2304:Typical Austronesian ship designs, left to right: 2184:used distinctive sailing technologies, namely the 6781:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 5547:Nelson Harold Hayden, Allen Thomas George and Dr 5104:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. 5052: 4862:"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road" 4199:in the early 1st millennium AD and colonized it. 3659:has been a common term for Norsemen in the early 3613:", was unearthed from beneath what is modern day 9744: 6233:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. 6104: 6102: 6043: 6017: 5245: 5212: 4151:. It branches from here into routes through the 6206:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 17–46. 5271: 5269: 2926:. Regardless, it was believed by Herodotus and 2763:-mounted steering rudder (c. 1420 BC) 2615: 2566:. This region was occupied by the Austronesian 2170:Map showing the migration and expansion of the 6837:. Cornell University Press. pp. 197–213. 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6226: 6108: 5760: 3994:and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to 3406:in the mid-6th century BC. In 499 BC the 3138:. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising 2444:, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like 2247:Succession of forms in the development of the 7009: 6934:The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13-15 6650:. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–293. 6199: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6099: 5983:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 5411:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 4975: 4553:against a naval alliance between the Chinese 3923:and cloves also reached beyond South Asia to 2620:Ancient maritime routes usually began in the 1864: 6937:. Orissa History Congress. 1995. p. 54. 6086:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 5500: 5498: 5496: 5266: 5239: 5033: 5000: 4986:(First ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 3430:by a Greek army led by the Athenian general 6859: 6807: 6714: 6458: 6357: 6166: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4793: 4791: 4771:"Austronesians were first to sail the seas" 4724: 4647:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories 4274:, as well as maritime trade-routes between 3515:were a series of three wars fought between 3199:Many in ancient western societies, such as 2437:, all meaning "ship", are all derived from 9551:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 9498:International Congress of Maritime Museums 9478:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 8770: 7016: 7002: 6452: 6193: 6129: 6023: 5991: 5706:A convenient table of sea peoples in 5453: 5402: 5377: 5334: 5180: 5083:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5061:The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania 4219:) that traded in the Chinese port city of 3733: 3663:, especially in connection with raids and 3296:and, in all likelihood, much further. The 3247:which in turn was named after its builder 1871: 1857: 9611: 9566:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 6738: 6628: 6564: 6547: 6537: 6480: 6428: 6422: 6179:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 5942: 5877: 5867: 5493: 5430: 5325: 5155: 4903: 4868:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 4855: 4853: 4738: 4444:for sailing to other lands by ships) and 3531:, Carthage was the dominant power of the 2922:' attempt to circumnavigate Africa under 2151: 6670: 6333: 6329: 6327: 5507: 5290: 5278:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration 5275: 5252:. Australian National University Press. 5091: 4981: 4814: 4788: 4687: 4526: 4101: 4000: 3823:). This network later included parts of 3751: 3569: 3484: 3377: 3243:. Their name comes from their ship, the 2990: 2838: 2754: 2746: 2680: 2666: 2242: 2165: 1978:through the sea around the rough inland 9536:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 6962:Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). 6957:Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History 6865: 6830: 6813: 6705: 6643: 6637: 6606: 6600: 6497: 6374: 6305: 6247: 6172: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 5468: 4859: 4768: 4467:. The people of this region of eastern 4329:, indicating they traded as far as the 3947:in Africa in the first millennium BCE. 3450:they defeated the Persian fleet at the 2574:continued spreading eastwards into the 9745: 9488:European Association of Archaeologists 6834:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era 6747: 6383:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 6152:. Delhi: Kaveri Books. pp. 1–23. 5997: 5841: 5383: 4850: 4762: 4572:. A joint alliance between the Korean 4448:(maritime travel) appear in the work. 4402:, where the Indus Valley was known as 4347: 2913:doubted the description. Egyptologist 2836:used even when the Ptolemaic dynasty. 1998: 1982:to its north. Navigation was known in 9610: 8769: 8744:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 8702: 8572: 8571: 7954: 7556: 7035: 7023: 6997: 6820:. National Museum of the Philippines. 6772: 6727:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 6664: 6324: 6280: 6274: 5948: 5901:57.—Ancient British Canoes. (500x225) 5819:, vol. 79, no. 305 (September 2005), 5754: 5658: 5574: 4831: 4804:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 4797: 3150:seems to have been the southernmost. 6824: 6083: 6068: 5475:Eksplorasi Sumberdaya Budaya Maritim 5284: 5097: 4386:coast. Other ports were probably at 4299:Austronesian boatbuilding traditions 3970:, becoming what is now known as the 3565: 3102: 2677:at the turn of the first millennium. 2054:and can only be reached from either 1993: 9483:Archaeological Institute of America 6699: 6299: 6125:from the original on 23 March 2019. 6024:Everington, K. (6 September 2017). 5794:Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, 5462: 5319: 5188:"Rock art hints at whaling origins" 4769:Meacham, Steve (11 December 2008). 3740:Austronesian maritime trade network 3363: 2671:Names, routes and locations of the 2236:precursor to what would become the 1940:. They laid the groundwork for the 1205:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition 13: 6868:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 6801:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x 6403: 6109:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). 4725:Schiermeier, Quirin (2015-02-26). 3640: 3188:. Mediterranean peoples developed 2980: 2953:, and especially during Year 8 of 2786:, and perhaps – at the end of the 2782:were constructed during the early 2174:which began at about 3000 BC from 2119:The sea crossing by humans to the 2011:crossed the sea and colonized the 1970:" and from Arabia. By the time of 14: 9769: 9493:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 8883:Coastal defence and fortification 8258:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 7558:Navigation, and ports and harbors 6406:The Tongking Gulf Through History 3998:and eastern Africa on the other. 3122:centered in the north of ancient 1898:boatyard has been found from the 9727: 9593: 9518:Society for American Archaeology 8752: 8685: 8554: 7937: 7539: 4616: 4602: 4016:. Shown with the characteristic 3312:in ancient times. The island of 2644:into two streams north into the 2520:in the 10th to 13th century AD. 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 1834: 1833: 606:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 9758:Ancient international relations 8950:Phoenician discovery of America 6925: 6916: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6574:Molecular Biology and Evolution 6397: 6285:. Routledge. pp. 160–240. 5923: 5905: 5894: 5835: 5826: 5805: 5788: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5661:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 5640: 5624: 5612: 5603: 5577:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 5554: 5541: 5525: 5516: 5481: 5447: 5206: 5118: 5027: 4912: 4891: 4237:Austronesian polity founded at 3458:, defeated the Persian army at 2977:, this hypothesis is disputed. 8642:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 6306:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). 5454:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 4882: 4718: 4706: 4681: 4669: 4116:maritime trade network in the 3173:was the source of the vessel, 2759:World's oldest depiction of a 2674:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2022:The lowered sea levels of the 1: 9561:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 8236:Phoenician maritime expansion 6945: 6375:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 5538:. Various others exist, also. 5021:10.1080/00438243.2023.2172072 4899:Trade_route of Maritime_trade 3856: 3783: 3700:, Leif Ericsson converted to 3500: 3347:. Settlements then appear in 2116:by the terminal Pleistocene. 2102: 2075: 1966:, importing spices from the " 1962:had trade routes through the 9503:Nautical Archaeology Society 6755:"Butuan Archeological Sites" 5423:10.1080/15564894.2012.726941 5363:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 5217:. London: Eland Publishing. 4497:people with whom they traded 3807:. The first of which is the 3548:Antiochus III the Great 3390:(the modern Aegean coast of 2997:Somali commercial enterprise 2616:Ancient routes and locations 2007:skeleton that suggest early 7: 9556:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 8933:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 8739:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 8596:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 7955: 7036: 6977:Hall, John Whitney (1991). 6461:Journal of World Prehistory 6379:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 6308:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim 6115:eJournal of Indian Medicine 5473:, in Edi, Sedyawati (ed.), 4982:Bellwood, Peter S. (2017). 4595: 3426:, but were defeated at the 10: 9774: 9412:Phoenician Ship Expedition 8703: 8253:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 8246:Circumnavigation of Africa 6979:Cambridge History of Japan 6740:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05 6510:Royal Society Open Science 6310:. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. 5998:Turton, M. (17 May 2021). 5469:Liebner, Horst H. (2005), 5343:Journal of Human Evolution 5326:Dick-Read, Robert (2005). 4860:Bellina, Bérénice (2014). 4692:. Routledge. p. 107. 4549:, the Japanese sided with 4520: 4358:Maritime history of Odisha 4351: 3737: 3504: 3367: 3099:to transport their cargo. 2984: 2949:territory during the late 2863:sent out an expedition of 2735: 2594:by around AD 700 to 1200. 2155: 2036:anatomically modern humans 1912:, using technologies like 9725: 9617: 9606: 9591: 9526: 9468: 9271: 9255: 9003: 8938:Samothrace temple complex 8873: 8828: 8787: 8780: 8776: 8765: 8750: 8709: 8698: 8683: 8581: 8567: 8552: 8505: 8458: 8311: 8278: 8271: 8209: 8010: 7967: 7963: 7950: 7935: 7654: 7567: 7563: 7552: 7537: 7489: 7424: 7361: 7246: 7215: 7048: 7044: 7031: 6880:10.1017/S002246340000446X 6685:10.1017/S0041977X00133105 5963:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 5813:Europe Between the Oceans 5305:10.1017/S0041977X00133105 5213:Grimble, Arthur. (2012). 5098:Jett, Stephen C. (2017). 4945:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 4798:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 4775:The Sydney Morning Herald 4740:10.1038/nature.2015.17010 4370:was built in phase II of 4127:from the northern tip of 4075:; as well as through the 3782:, starting from at least 3239:in his quest to find the 3207:. Before the Greeks, the 2544:Northern Marianas Islands 995:Indus Valley Civilisation 8226:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 6922:(e.g. Lal 1997: 182–188) 6814:Lacsina, Ligaya (2014). 6084:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 5937:Saga of the Greenlanders 5932:The Saga of Eric the Red 5766:Beazley, Charles Raymond 5489:Arabian Sea Trade routes 5276:Bellwood, Peter (2014). 4662: 4576:Kingdom and the Chinese 4516: 4249:and the South China Sea 3860: 600 BCE to 400 CE 3727:Saga of the Greenlanders 3716:, he bought the boat of 3194:Lighthouse of Alexandria 3140:maritime trading culture 2967:Great Karnak Inscription 2742: 2721:became possible for the 1776:Ancient Maritime History 9508:RPM Nautical Foundation 9245:Surviving ancient ships 9164:Marsala Punic shipwreck 5965:(inactive 2024-04-12). 5781:Encyclopædia Britannica 5762:Bunbury, Edward Herbert 4688:Denemark, John (2000). 4570:Three Kingdoms of Korea 4547:Three Kingdoms of Korea 4485:Maritime Southeast Asia 4475:sailed up and down the 4471:along the coast of the 4436:of ships) . The terms, 4364:Indian maritime history 4354:Indian maritime history 4293:, which feature eleven 4099:for a limited extent. 3801:maritime trade networks 3797:Maritime Southeast Asia 3734:Maritime Southeast Asia 3324:coast, threatening the 3142:that spread across the 2987:Somali maritime history 2961:. The Egyptian Pharaoh 2843:The world according to 2404:The acquisition of the 2356:with a forward-mounted 2079: 33,000-28,000 BP 9541:Giza Solar boat museum 8995:Underwater exploration 8990:Underwater archaeology 8955:Pre-Columbian theories 8810:John Sinclair Morrison 8771:Research and education 8221:Austronesian Expansion 6853:10.7591/j.ctv2n7gng.15 6644:McGrail, Seán (2001). 6268:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61 5869:10.1073/pnas.241522898 4888:Rawlinson 2001: 11–12. 4864:. In Guy, John (ed.). 4562: 4545:(250–538); during the 4537:model of a ship, from 4523:Naval history of Japan 4438:nāvā dvīpāntaragamanam 4120: 4024: 3789: 3780:maritime trade network 3772:and transported via a 3712:. When he returned to 3680:known to be the first 3575: 3497: 3383: 3016: 2848: 2778:The first warships of 2764: 2752: 2751:Egyptian ship, 1250 BC 2698: 2678: 2531:westward to settle in 2251: 2249:Austronesian boat 2206:Austronesian expansion 2178: 2158:Austronesian expansion 2152:Austronesian expansion 1938:Austronesian expansion 1845:Post-classical History 1821:Cradle of Civilization 880:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 581:Massylii Confederation 9612:Legend and literature 9570:Viking ship museums: 9546:Grand Egyptian Museum 9306:Austronesian replicas 9281:Heyerdahl expeditions 9191:Caligula's Giant Ship 9051:Dover Bronze Age Boat 7713:Berenice Troglodytica 6586:10.1093/molbev/msp120 4657:Ships of ancient Rome 4632:History of navigation 4530: 4378:near the present day 4376:Harappan civilisation 4344:in the 15th century. 4105: 4004: 3952:maritime trade routes 3849:Island Southeast Asia 3799:developed very early 3755: 3611:Dover Bronze Age Boat 3574:Ancient British canoe 3573: 3488: 3381: 3043:. The city states of 3019:In ancient times the 2994: 2842: 2758: 2750: 2727:one-sixtieth the cost 2684: 2670: 2246: 2169: 2162:Polynesian navigation 1942:maritime trade routes 591:Kingdom of Mauretania 9513:Sea Research Society 8915:Maritime archaeology 8724:Ameinias the Phocian 8719:Mediterranean piracy 6621:10.1353/ol.2012.0003 5917:May 9, 2008, at the 5215:A Pattern of Islands 4489:introducing elements 4366:, the world's first 3696:). During a stay in 2875:to the mouth of the 2719:bulk commodity trade 2648:and thence into the 2606:star path navigation 1910:Austronesian peoples 1429:Senegambia Megaliths 681:Proto-Indo-Europeans 621:Kingdom of the Aurès 601:Kingdom of Ouarsenis 8606:Maritime Jade Route 7759:Kaveri Poompattinam 6953:Hattendorf, John B. 6793:1993IJNAr..22..143C 6609:Oceanic Linguistics 6530:10.1098/rsos.160787 6522:2017RSOS....460787H 5860:2001PNAS...9814180Z 5854:(24): 14180–14185. 5733:Gardiner V.1 p.196. 5549:Raymond O. Faulkner 5504:Denemark 2000: 107. 5355:2004JHumE..47...25B 5148:10.1038/nature22968 5140:2017Natur.547..306C 4937:2018Natur.557..233I 4652:Pre-Columbian rafts 4531:A clay figure of a 4479:, and travelled to 4411:Chandragupta Maurya 4348:Indian subcontinent 4287:Butuan boat burials 4020:of Southeast Asian 3862:) sourced from the 3294:Classical Antiquity 3253:Pytheas of Massalia 2624:or down river from 2439:Proto-Hesperonesian 1999:Maritime prehistory 1065:Ancestral Puebloans 576:Kingdom of Blemmyes 271:Aegean Civilization 9154:Bajo de la Campana 8856:Peter Throckmorton 8841:Jean-Yves Empereur 8815:William L. Rodgers 8636:Maritime Silk Road 6695:– via JSTOR. 6473:10.1007/bf00997802 5536:with several sails 5513:Toutain 1979: 243. 5315:– via JSTOR. 4909:Denemark 2000: 208 4586:Battle of Baekgang 4563: 4499:. The 6th century 4465:Maritime Silk Road 4121: 4025: 3972:Maritime Silk Road 3875:Dravidian-speaking 3851:of the ceremonial 3809:Maritime Jade Road 3790: 3748:Maritime Silk Road 3744:Maritime Jade Road 3718:Bjarni Herjólfsson 3684:to have landed in 3576: 3498: 3428:Battle of Marathon 3384: 3370:Greco-Persian Wars 3017: 3013:straits of Malacca 2933:Much earlier, the 2849: 2827:achieved warships 2765: 2753: 2699: 2679: 2640:then split around 2604:technique called " 2539:by around 500 AD. 2252: 2238:Maritime Silk Road 2204:region during the 2179: 2141:history of whaling 2085:obsidian network ( 2028:modern-day islands 1988:Age of Exploration 1954:Maritime Silk Road 1811:Ancient Literature 1360:Indigenous Peoples 1020:Satavahana Dynasty 626:Kingdom of Makuria 596:Kingdom of Nobatia 586:Kingdom of Numidia 566:Nasamones Chiefdom 561:Garamantes Kingdom 346:Barbarian Kingdoms 9740: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9602: 9601: 9589: 9588: 9209:Madrague de Giens 8928:Temple of Isthmia 8924:Maritime temples 8910:Marine navigation 8869: 8868: 8861:Shelley Wachsmann 8851:J. Richard Steffy 8761: 8760: 8694: 8693: 8563: 8562: 8550: 8549: 8501: 8500: 8231:Ocean exploration 7946: 7945: 7933: 7932: 7592:Rutter (nautical) 7548: 7547: 7535: 7534: 7391:Mortise and tenon 7025:Ancient seafaring 6844:978-0-8014-8093-5 6445:978-90-4855-242-9 6390:978-3-319-33822-4 6350:978-90-4855-242-9 6317:978-602-9346-00-8 6292:978-1-134-81624-8 6093:NSC Working Paper 6061:978-971-94292-0-3 5821:additional tables 5637:, Düsseldorf 1957 5395:978-1-902937-20-5 5259:978-1-920942-85-4 5224:978-1-78060-026-0 5134:(7663): 306–310. 5111:978-0-8173-1939-7 5070:978-0-19-992507-0 5045:978-1-62349-277-9 5009:World Archaeology 4993:978-1-119-25155-2 4931:(7704): 233–237. 4875:978-1-58839-524-5 4843:978-0-415-10054-0 4713:Augustus Hamilton 4637:Maritime timeline 4502:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa 4014:outrigger vessels 3887:betel nut chewing 3587:on the rivers of 3566:Pre-Roman Britain 3496:), c. 400 BC 3452:Battle of Salamis 3374:Peloponnesian War 3103:The Mediterranean 2955:Ramesses III 2851:According to the 2771:had knowledge of 2769:Ancient Egyptians 2414:Laccadive Islands 2123:landmass (modern 2026:made some of the 1994:Ancient seafaring 1881: 1880: 1459:Sahelian Kingdoms 1434:Pre-Imperial Mali 1110:St. Johns culture 651:Kingdom of Altava 646:Kingdom of Alodia 616:Kingdom of Masuna 611:Kingdom of Capsus 461:Kingdom of Simien 216:Achaemenid Empire 9765: 9753:Maritime history 9731: 9730: 9625:Ark of bulrushes 9608: 9607: 9597: 9596: 9235:Oldest surviving 8945:Nusantao network 8820:Chester G. Starr 8785: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8729:Cilician pirates 8700: 8699: 8689: 8688: 8626:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 8621:Iron Age Britain 8569: 8568: 8558: 8557: 8276: 8275: 7965: 7964: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7940: 7855:Ptolemais Theron 7565: 7564: 7554: 7553: 7543: 7542: 7135:Single-outrigger 7046: 7045: 7033: 7032: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6939: 6938: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6914: 6911:Possehl, Gregory 6908: 6902: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6580:(9): 2109–2124. 6568: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6541: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6437: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6372: 6355: 6354: 6342: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6142: 6127: 6126: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6081: 6066: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5909: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5871: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5811:Barry Cunliffe, 5809: 5803: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5562:Egyptian thought 5558: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5159: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5063:. New York, NY. 5056: 5050: 5049: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4812: 4811: 4800:"Outrigger Ages" 4795: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4685: 4679: 4676:Walter Macarthur 4673: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4453:Maritime history 4325:, and as far as 4131:(or through the 4073:Gulf of Thailand 3982:ships, although 3864:Dong Son culture 3861: 3858: 3788: 3785: 3756:Distribution of 3556:Treaty of Apamea 3552:Roman-Syrian War 3545:Seleucid Emperor 3490:Athenian warship 3364:The Persian Wars 3118:were an ancient 2924:Xerxes the Great 2731:over-land routes 2652:, or south into 2590:, and Aotearoa, 2580:French Polynesia 2556:Island Melanesia 2351:single-outrigger 2330:double-outrigger 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2107: 2106: 22,000 BP 2104: 2080: 2077: 1980:terrain features 1884:Maritime history 1873: 1866: 1859: 1837: 1836: 1479:African Kingdoms 1330:Ortoiroid People 1043:Northern America 866:Bactria–Margiana 661:African Kingdoms 636:Nemencha Kingdom 631:Kingdom of Hodna 536:African Kingdoms 436:Kingdom of Kerma 341:Migration Period 181:Israel and Judah 18: 17: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9613: 9598: 9594: 9585: 9528: 9522: 9470: 9469:Institutes and 9464: 9419:Viking replicas 9360:Balangay Voyage 9273: 9267: 9251: 9006: 8999: 8875: 8865: 8824: 8772: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8705: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8577: 8559: 8555: 8546: 8497: 8454: 8307: 8267: 8212: 8205: 8006: 7959: 7942: 7938: 7929: 7805:Mueang Phra Rot 7659: 7650: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7531: 7485: 7459:Triangular sail 7420: 7357: 7331:Sail components 7242: 7211: 7185:Tessarakonteres 7040: 7027: 7022: 6992: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6864: 6860: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6812: 6808: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6719: 6715: 6704: 6700: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6642: 6638: 6605: 6601: 6569: 6565: 6502: 6498: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6373: 6358: 6351: 6340: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6279: 6275: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6143: 6130: 6107: 6100: 6088: 6082: 6069: 6062: 6054:. ArtPostAsia. 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5996: 5992: 5976: 5975: 5947: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5919:Wayback Machine 5910: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5842:Zilhão (2001). 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5810: 5806: 5793: 5789: 5771:"Pytheas" 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5673:10.2307/3856314 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5589:10.2307/3856314 5559: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5467: 5463: 5452: 5448: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5382: 5378: 5339: 5335: 5324: 5320: 5289: 5285: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5244: 5240: 5225: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5194:. 20 April 2004 5186: 5185: 5181: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5096: 5092: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5032: 5028: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4980: 4976: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4830: 4815: 4796: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4525: 4519: 4483:and throughout 4446:samudrasaṁyānam 4380:Mangrol harbour 4360: 4352:Main articles: 4350: 4297:remains of the 4295:lashed-lug boat 4049:Malay Peninsula 4029:thalassocracies 4007:Borobudur ships 3915:outrigger boats 3897:, domesticated 3873:networks) with 3859: 3787: 2000 BCE 3786: 3764:) sourced from 3750: 3738:Main articles: 3736: 3710:Olaf Tryggvason 3688:(presumably in 3661:medieval period 3643: 3641:Northern Europe 3568: 3541:Macedonian wars 3529:first Punic War 3509: 3503: 3440:Leonidas I 3376: 3368:Main articles: 3366: 3337:Cardium pottery 3280:have survived. 3221:Greek mythology 3105: 3081:Parthian Persia 3067:merchants with 3021:Kingdom of Punt 2989: 2983: 2981:Kingdom of Punt 2745: 2740: 2618: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2362:Solomon Islands 2322:crab claw sails 2301: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2228:in the western 2164: 2156:Main articles: 2154: 2105: 2078: 2060:Sangihe Islands 2048:Salibabu Island 2001: 1996: 1976:water transport 1936:, known as the 1922:crab claw sails 1892:ancient history 1877: 1826: 1825: 1816:Ancient Warfare 1766: 1758: 1757: 1498: 1484: 1483: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1265: 1255: 1254: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1045: 1035: 1034: 1030:Middle Kingdoms 990: 980: 979: 950: 940: 939: 856: 846: 845: 831:Eurasian Nomads 826:Five Barbarians 821:Four Barbarians 806:Pannonian Avars 676: 674:Eurasian Steppe 666: 665: 551: 541: 540: 531:Nilotic Peoples 456:Kingdom of Axum 451:Kingdom of Kush 446:Kingdom of Dʿmt 421: 411: 410: 266: 256: 255: 41: 22:Ancient history 12: 11: 5: 9771: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9627: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9438: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9402: 9394:Mediterranean 9392: 9391: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9350: 9347:Alingano Maisu 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9290: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9196:De Meern ships 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9127: 9122: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9066:Cape Gelidonya 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9011: 9009: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8829:Archaeologists 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8795:David Blackman 8791: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734:Jewish pirates 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8420:Lake Trasimene 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8321:Mediterranean: 8317: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7624:Maritime pilot 7621: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7589: 7587:Portolan chart 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7160:Oared warships 7157: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7042: 7041: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6991: 6990: 6975: 6960: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6924: 6915: 6903: 6894: 6885: 6874:(2): 266–276. 6858: 6843: 6823: 6806: 6787:(2): 143–159. 6771: 6746: 6713: 6698: 6663: 6656: 6636: 6615:(1): 123–159. 6599: 6563: 6496: 6467:(4): 417–466. 6451: 6444: 6421: 6414: 6396: 6389: 6356: 6349: 6323: 6316: 6298: 6291: 6273: 6246: 6239: 6219: 6212: 6192: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6128: 6098: 6067: 6060: 6042: 6016: 5990: 5941: 5929:Another saga, 5922: 5904: 5893: 5834: 5825: 5804: 5787: 5776:Chisholm, Hugh 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5722:Gaston Maspero 5712: 5699: 5686: 5651: 5639: 5631:Heinz Gartmann 5623: 5611: 5602: 5553: 5540: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5492: 5480: 5461: 5446: 5401: 5394: 5376: 5349:(1–2): 25–63. 5333: 5318: 5283: 5280:. p. 213. 5265: 5258: 5238: 5223: 5205: 5179: 5117: 5110: 5090: 5069: 5051: 5044: 5026: 5015:(2): 244–263. 4999: 4992: 4974: 4911: 4902: 4890: 4881: 4874: 4849: 4842: 4813: 4787: 4761: 4717: 4705: 4698: 4680: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4613: 4610:History portal 4597: 4594: 4521:Main article: 4518: 4515: 4511:maritime trade 4434:Superintendent 4415:Prime Minister 4349: 4346: 4110:proto-historic 4093:East China Sea 3883:Southern India 3735: 3732: 3706:King of Norway 3642: 3639: 3615:Dover, England 3602:also used the 3567: 3564: 3505:Main article: 3502: 3499: 3404:Persian Empire 3365: 3362: 3357:Coppa Nevigata 3316:long resisted 3308:were known as 3231:, accompanied 3201:Ancient Greece 3104: 3101: 3073:Ptolemic Egypt 2985:Main article: 2982: 2979: 2884:oral tradition 2784:Middle Kingdom 2775:construction. 2744: 2741: 2738:Ship transport 2715:Southeast Asia 2660:ports such as 2626:Madhya Pradesh 2617: 2614: 2568:Lapita culture 2398: 2397: 2381: 2364: 2358:crab claw sail 2344: 2342:crab claw sail 2324: 2303: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2198:crab claw sail 2190:outrigger ship 2153: 2150: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1934:Pacific Oceans 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806:Historiography 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1492:Southeast Asia 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1382:Central Africa 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 986: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 951: 946: 945: 942: 941: 938: 937: 932: 930:Fergana Valley 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 885:Yavana Kingdom 882: 877: 868: 863: 857: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 836:Nomadic Empire 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 677: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 552: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 422: 419:Horn of Africa 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 42: 37: 36: 33: 32: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9770: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9695:Metamorphoses 9692: 9690: 9688: 9687:The Histories 9684: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9665:The Histories 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9609: 9605: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9467: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9380:Marumaru Atua 9377: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9340:Samudra Raksa 9337: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9326:Te Au o Tonga 9323: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186:Blackfriars I 9184: 9182: 9181:Arles Rhône 3 9179: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8985:Thalassocracy 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8970:Shell middens 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8920:Naval warfare 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8800:Lionel Casson 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8764: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Incense trade 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8535:South America 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483:Sailing ships 8481: 8479: 8478:Oared vessels 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Cape Hermaeum 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8211:Migration and 8208: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8018:Ancient Egypt 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011:Civilizations 8009: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7551: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Clinker built 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7371:Boat building 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120:Navis lusoria 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6988: 6987:0-521-22355-5 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972:0-415-23276-7 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6657:9780199271863 6653: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516:(3): 160787. 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6482:2027.42/45256 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6415:9780812205022 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6240:9780521419994 6236: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6213:9789814311175 6209: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6186:9781588395245 6182: 6178: 6177: 6169: 6161: 6159:9788192624433 6155: 6151: 6150: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5800:0-631-19807-5 5797: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5742:Manassa p.55. 5739: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5708:hieroglyphics 5703: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5567: 5566:economic life 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4810:(2): 130–140. 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4699:0-415-23276-7 4695: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4624:Oceans portal 4619: 4614: 4611: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4507:Bay of Bengal 4505:mentions the 4504: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4493:their culture 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473:Bay of Bengal 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272:Spice Islands 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173:Bay of Bengal 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155:entering the 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027:Austronesian 4023: 4022:Austronesians 4019: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968:Mediterranean 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:ancient Egypt 3922: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793:Austronesians 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:nephrite jade 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686:North America 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623:Carbon dating 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3560:Mediterranean 3557: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533:Mediterranean 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468:Delian League 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Xerxes I 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3420:Darius I 3417: 3413: 3412:Ionian Revolt 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:Halicarnassus 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382:Greek Trireme 3380: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288:, which is a 3287: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Golden Fleece 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:Mediterranean 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:Mediterranean 3141: 3137: 3134:and northern 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110:traders from 3109: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:classical era 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943:Mediterranean 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2892:The Histories 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Necho II 2858: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:Ancient Egypt 2776: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2749: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Bay of Bengal 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632:via historic 2631: 2630:transshipment 2627: 2623: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588:Easter Island 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2512:) during the 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2396: 2393:propelled by 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2373:replica of a 2372: 2368: 2367:Nur al Marege 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:Pacific Ocean 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210:Easter Island 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Austronesians 2177: 2173: 2172:Austronesians 2168: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2114:dugout canoes 2111: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Julius Caesar 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1900:Isle of Wight 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:dugout canoes 1885: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Human History 1769: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663:Mueang Pahang 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:Gangga Negara 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508:Austronesians 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1439:Djenné-Djenno 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:Mississippian 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1025:Sangam Period 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1015:Maurya Empire 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005:Mahajanapadas 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 989: 984: 983: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 949: 944: 943: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Kushan Empire 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 855: 850: 849: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 766:Proto-Mongols 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 691:Indo-Iranians 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 550: 545: 544: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 466:Harla Kingdom 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 420: 415: 414: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381:British Isles 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 265: 260: 259: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 49: 47: 44: 43: 40: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 23: 20: 19: 16: 9716: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9678: 9673:On the Ocean 9671: 9664: 9656: 9653:Literature: 9441: 9423: 9404: 9397: 9387:Aotearoa One 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9272:Experimental 9240:Museum ships 9207: 9200: 9173: 9145:Phoenician: 9136: 9131:Leontophoros 9129: 9093:Butuan boats 9088:Pontian boat 9026:Dufuna canoe 8965:Shipbuilding 8876:and theories 8846:Boris Rankov 8640: 8573:Economy and 8473:Incendiaries 8320: 8107:Indus Valley 8075:Tarumanagara 8002:Ubaid period 7956: 7920:Wadi al-Jarf 7835:Ostia Antica 7439:Fore-and-aft 7406:Shipbuilding 7381:Carvel built 7363:Construction 7321:Steering oar 7202:Sailing ship 7125:Obelisk ship 7083:Dugout canoe 7024: 6978: 6963: 6933: 6927: 6918: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6833: 6826: 6816: 6809: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6762:. 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Retrieved 4730: 4720: 4708: 4689: 4683: 4671: 4578:Tang dynasty 4564: 4555:Tang dynasty 4543:Kofun period 4532: 4500: 4477:Indian coast 4450: 4445: 4437: 4425: 4422:Arthashastra 4408: 4361: 4342:colonial era 4338:medieval era 4335: 4284: 4264:Tarumanagara 4225: 4214: 4201: 4165:Gulf of Aden 4161:Persian Gulf 4157:Gulf of Oman 4133:Sunda Strait 4125:Indian Ocean 4122: 4118:Indian Ocean 4107:Austronesian 4053:Mekong Delta 4026: 3949: 3929:Roman Empire 3918: 3868: 3853:bronze drums 3791: 3777:Austronesian 3725: 3702:Christianity 3690:Newfoundland 3671:Leif Ericson 3669: 3646: 3644: 3608: 3604:dugout canoe 3597: 3577: 3510: 3448:Themistocles 3410:rose in the 3385: 3334: 3330:Roman Empire 3283: 3282: 3277: 3259: 3257: 3218: 3198: 3168: 3120:civilization 3106: 3093:Roman Empire 3033:frankincense 3018: 3009:Indian Ocean 3005:Persian Gulf 2959:20th Dynasty 2951:19th dynasty 2932: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2850: 2834:Ramesses III 2829:displacement 2825:Thutmose III 2777: 2766: 2700: 2691:Indian Ocean 2685:Much of the 2672: 2646:Gulf of Aden 2619: 2610: 2598:Austronesian 2596: 2576:Cook Islands 2541: 2529:Indian Ocean 2527:crossed the 2522: 2518:Song dynasty 2499: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2403: 2366: 2307: 2230:Indian Ocean 2218:Colonial Era 2202:Indo-Pacific 2180: 2138: 2131:) from the 2118: 2040:Wallace line 2021: 2002: 1968:Land of Punt 1958: 1907: 1882: 1843:Followed by 1781:Protohistory 1775: 1653:Tarumanagara 1543:Singhanavati 1538:Suvarnabhumi 1464:Ghana Empire 1394:Dhar Tichitt 1335:Guanahatabey 1275:Casma–Sechin 1100:Thule people 1010:Nanda Empire 1000:Vedic Period 854:Central Asia 761:Hephthalites 756:Iranian Huns 549:North Africa 426:Land of Punt 28:Preceded by 15: 9680:Argonautica 9667:(Herodotus) 9630:Flood myths 9527:Museums and 9471:conferences 9436:Vital Alsar 9274:archaeology 9083:Austronesia 9076:Hjortspring 9071:Rochelongue 9021:Pesse canoe 8975:Ship burial 8960:Sea Peoples 8893:Lighthouses 8888:Grave goods 8836:George Bass 8616:Spice trade 8213:exploration 8035:Philippines 8030:Austronesia 8023:Old Kingdom 7900:Trincomalee 7850:Prosphorion 7795:Myos Hormos 7639:Micronesian 7630:By region: 7602:Lighthouses 7410:By region: 7175:Quinquereme 7100:Kunlun ship 7093:Penteconter 7078:Dragon boat 6966:Routledge. 6679:: 345–353. 6539:2440/104470 6095:(23): 1–30. 6035:24 December 6030:Taiwan News 6009:24 December 5957:: 153–158. 5667:: 142–155. 5330:. Thurlton. 5299:: 345–353. 5198:25 November 5157:2440/107043 4557:and Korean 4426:nāvādhyakṣa 4400:Mesopotamia 4374:during the 4331:Middle East 4315:Haripunjaya 4291:Philippines 4216:k'un-lun po 4177:East Africa 4163:), and the 4153:Arabian Sea 4139:, southern 4081:Celebes Sea 4061:Tonkin Gulf 4035:around the 4005:One of the 3960:Middle East 3920:kapur barus 3877:regions in 3871:spice trade 3817:Philippines 3770:Philippines 3760:artifacts ( 3653:Scandinavia 3444:Thermopylae 3298:Tyrrhenians 3266:Phoenicians 3116:Phoenicians 2995:Historical 2939:confederacy 2935:Sea Peoples 2915:A. B. Lloyd 2894:4.42) – in 2865:Phoenicians 2817:Amenhotep I 2788:Old Kingdom 2703:Arabian Sea 2592:New Zealand 2572:Polynesians 2552:Philippines 2514:Han dynasty 2379:tanja sails 2214:New Zealand 2081:), and the 2038:across the 2024:Pleistocene 1950:Arabian Sea 1926:tanja sails 1748:Philippines 1593:Tambralinga 1548:Sungai Batu 1503:Melanesians 1444:Igodomigodo 1378:West Africa 1230:Teotihuacan 1123:Mesoamerica 935:Tarim Basin 900:Transoxiana 251:Mesopotamia 221:Sea Peoples 9747:Categories 9689:(Polybius) 9333:Hawaiʻiloa 9215:Nemi ships 9100:Black Sea‎ 9046:Khufu ship 9007:and relics 8905:Marine art 8898:Alexandria 8805:Fik Meijer 8788:Historians 8675:Indo-Roman 8488:Greek navy 8390:Salamis II 8380:Hellespont 8340:Artemisium 8330:Nile Delta 8293:Achaemenid 8186:Achaemenid 8055:Langkasuka 8050:Micronesia 7968:Prehistory 7895:Sounagoura 7723:Chittagong 7698:Barbarikon 7677:Alexandria 7619:Pilot boat 7569:Navigation 7401:Sewn-plank 7396:Lashed-lug 7274:Figurehead 7247:Components 7216:Propulsion 7170:Quadrireme 7151:Polyremes 7130:Outriggers 6946:References 6710:: 253–280. 6121:: 87–140. 5802:, page 185 5532:Hatshepsut 5432:1885/72437 4481:Indo China 4368:tidal dock 4197:Madagascar 4193:Seychelles 4191:, and the 4189:Madagascar 4167:(into the 4159:(into the 4147:, and the 4145:Bangladesh 4097:Yellow Sea 4087:, and the 4067:(southern 4051:, and the 4018:tanja sail 3980:lashed-lug 3976:sewn-plank 3966:, and the 3962:, eastern 3956:South Asia 3945:purple yam 3895:sandalwood 3821:lingling-o 3762:lingling-o 3619:Bronze Age 3513:Punic Wars 3507:Punic Wars 3501:Punic Wars 3480:commercial 3229:Trojan War 3190:lighthouse 3130:, Western 3011:, and the 2855:historian 2736:See also: 2711:South Asia 2687:Radhanites 2654:Alexandria 2642:Hadhramaut 2548:Micronesia 2533:Madagascar 2391:war canoes 2375:padewakang 2371:Indonesian 2348:Melanesian 2314:Polynesian 2226:Madagascar 2194:tanja sail 2129:New Guinea 2015:island of 2013:Philippine 2005:rhinoceros 1946:South Asia 1918:outriggers 1914:multihulls 1896:mesolithic 1791:Bronze Age 1786:Copper Age 1698:Shailendra 1613:Sri Ksetra 1598:Langkasuka 1518:Micronesia 1419:Senegambia 1270:Caral-Supe 1210:Teuchitlán 1195:Chupícuaro 1165:Gran Coclé 1095:Pre-Dorset 988:South Asia 895:Badakhshan 711:Tocharians 686:Afanasievo 296:Pelasgians 246:The Levant 30:prehistory 9702:Geography 9640:Gilgamesh 9529:memorials 9453:Viracocha 9366:Faʻafaite 9319:Sarimanok 9225:Yassi Ada 9138:Syracusia 9061:Canaanite 9036:Moor Sand 8506:By region 8468:Grappling 8440:Naulochus 8430:Myonessus 8385:Echinades 8370:Arginusae 8365:Cynossema 8350:Naupactus 8345:Eurymedon 8179:Classical 8154:Phoenicia 8149:Mycenaean 8112:Tamilakam 8095:Polynesia 8085:Srivijaya 7880:Satingpra 7840:Palembang 7824:Cattigara 7766:(Kadaram) 7749:Jambukola 7743:Guangzhou 7684:(Podouke) 7682:Arikamedu 7644:Polynesia 7577:Celestial 7490:Armaments 7476:Spritsail 7434:Crab claw 7376:Careening 7343:Sternpost 7197:Reed boat 7140:Catamaran 7115:Multihull 6693:162840685 5971:1835-1794 5817:Antiquity 5441:128641903 5313:162840685 5233:836405865 5174:205257212 5079:cite book 4953:0028-0836 4642:Naumachia 4319:Satingpra 4239:Palembang 4227:Srivijaya 4221:Guangzhou 4137:Sri Lanka 4085:Banda Sea 4065:Guangzhou 3903:sugarcane 3879:Sri Lanka 3833:Indonesia 3805:Neolithic 3774:Neolithic 3714:Greenland 3675:Icelandic 3464:Byzantium 3456:Pausanias 3432:Miltiades 3322:Anatolian 3306:Thracians 3302:Illyrians 3225:Argonauts 3069:Phoenicia 2963:Merneptah 2857:Herodotus 2845:Herodotus 2823:). When 2808:bulkheads 2602:astronomy 2550:from the 2406:catamaran 2386:, narrow 2360:from the 2318:catamaran 2316:voyaging 2234:Neolithic 2186:catamaran 2133:Sundaland 2125:Australia 2042:and into 2032:Sundaland 1960:Egyptians 1796:Axial Age 1753:Singapore 1738:Indonesia 1693:Srivijaya 1683:Dvaravati 1533:Hồng Bàng 1528:Polynesia 1523:Melanesia 1513:Australia 1365:Seafaring 1323:Caribbean 1180:Cuicuilco 1160:Xochipala 1135:Epi-Olmec 948:East Asia 356:Germanics 331:Etruscans 321:Tartessos 316:Talaiotic 291:Illyrians 281:Thracians 166:Phoenicia 151:Phrygians 116:Babylonia 39:Near East 9718:Tākitimu 9621:Legend: 9579:Roskilde 9458:Tangaroa 9399:Olympias 9373:Gaualofa 9312:Hōkūleʻa 9287:Kon-Tiki 9120:Ashkelon 9056:Uluburun 9015:Earliest 8781:Scholars 8663:shipping 8463:Boarding 8375:Mytilene 8360:Syracuse 8325:Alashiya 8288:Egyptian 8272:Military 8263:Timeline 8241:Sardinia 8164:Carthage 8080:Kalingga 8040:Sa Huỳnh 7975:Timeline 7925:Zanzibar 7875:Sarapion 7870:Rhacotis 7800:Martaban 7745:(Canton) 7738:Godavaya 7733:Giao Chỉ 7703:Barygaza 7693:Avalites 7614:Piloting 7502:Catapult 7497:Ballista 7471:Mast-aft 7284:Planking 7223:Paddling 7180:Hexareme 7145:Trimaran 7110:Longship 7058:Balangay 6955:(2007). 6594:19535740 6558:28405364 6491:21753825 6256:SciEnggJ 6123:Archived 5915:Archived 5888:11707599 5768:(1911). 5570:military 5371:15288523 5192:BBC News 5166:28726833 4969:13742336 4961:29720661 4780:28 April 4754:13 March 4749:87800214 4596:See also 4590:Goguryeo 4442:Sanskrit 4430:Sanskrit 4418:Kautilya 4409:Emperor 4311:Thailand 4307:Cambodia 4251:emporium 4235:Buddhist 4211:pilgrims 4181:Zanzibar 4149:Maldives 4114:historic 4095:and the 4089:Sulu Sea 4077:Java Sea 4059:(in the 4057:Giao Chỉ 4033:polities 4011:Javanese 3941:chickens 3927:and the 3891:coconuts 3841:Sa Huynh 3837:Thailand 3829:Malaysia 3815:and the 3768:and the 3682:European 3678:explorer 3665:monastic 3648:Norsemen 3589:Scotland 3521:Carthage 3476:Spartans 3353:Dalmatia 3326:commerce 3278:periploi 3261:periplus 3214:Odysseus 3154:between 3091:and the 3089:Nabataea 3045:Mossylon 2973:and the 2947:Egyptian 2920:Sataspes 2907:Polybius 2847:, 440 BC 2705:and the 2622:Far East 2535:and the 2510:Sumatran 2506:Javanese 2485:Hawaiian 2446:Javanese 2410:Maldives 2395:paddling 2334:trimaran 2327:Filipino 2309:Hōkūleʻa 2196:and the 2083:Wallacea 2064:obsidian 2056:Mindanao 2052:hominins 2009:hominids 1948:and the 1932:and the 1839:Category 1801:Iron Age 1765:See also 1723:Thailand 1713:Malaysia 1703:Cambodia 1673:Kalingga 1628:Quduqian 1389:Kintampo 1345:Kalinago 1340:Saladoid 1305:Tiwanaku 1240:Veracruz 1215:Veraguas 1175:Tlatilco 1075:Mogollon 1055:Hopewell 970:Mongolia 915:Margiana 910:Khorasan 905:Khwarazm 751:Xionites 701:Tungusic 641:Laguatan 556:Carthage 511:Sarapion 506:Avalites 471:Barbaria 441:Macrobia 406:Caucasus 326:Guanches 226:Anatolia 176:Arameans 171:Alashiya 146:Hittites 9658:Odyssey 9635:Genesis 9432:Others 9231:Lists: 9220:Marausa 9170:Roman: 9160:Punic: 9125:Kyrenia 9116:Greek: 9112:Marsala 9105:Sinop D 8980:Tacking 8714:History 8601:Meluhha 8591:Fishing 8586:Whaling 8493:Ramming 8415:Aegates 8410:Drepana 8405:Ecnomus 8335:Salamis 8323: 8313:Battles 8191:Nabatea 8174:Archaic 8144:Nuragic 8134:Somalia 7985:Oceania 7980:Britain 7957:History 7890:Socotra 7860:Qandala 7845:Piraeus 7815:Muziris 7785:Madurai 7780:Manthai 7718:Canopus 7688:Arsinoe 7660:harbors 7609:History 7597:Coastal 7527:Sambuca 7512:Dolphin 7426:Rigging 7238:Poling 7228:Sailing 7165:Trireme 7105:Liburna 7068:Coracle 7038:Vessels 6789:Bibcode 6764:16 June 6549:5383821 6518:Bibcode 5856:Bibcode 5778:(ed.). 5681:3856314 5597:3856314 5583:: 149. 5351:Bibcode 5136:Bibcode 4933:Bibcode 4584:in the 4495:to the 4457:Kalinga 4404:Meluhha 4388:Balakot 4384:Gujarat 4382:on the 4362:In the 4323:Vietnam 4289:of the 4268:Mataram 4243:Malacca 4185:Comoros 4169:Red Sea 4129:Sumatra 4041:Malacca 4037:straits 3984:Persian 3899:bananas 3845:Kalanay 3825:Vietnam 3803:in the 3673:was an 3657:Vikings 3635:England 3600:Britons 3580:Coracle 3550:in the 3494:Trireme 3482:power. 3460:Plataea 3396:Miletus 3349:Albania 3328:of the 3310:pirates 3290:robbery 3237:Colchis 3209:Carians 3205:Sea God 3186:oarsmen 3182:trireme 3152:Sarepta 3128:Lebanon 3025:Somalia 3001:Red Sea 2999:in the 2957:of the 2911:Ptolemy 2871:around 2869:Red Sea 2804:Sekhmet 2658:Red Sea 2634:Bharuch 2537:Comoros 2502:Chinese 2469:Cebuano 2462:Maranao 2455:Kadazan 2432:Kannada 2354:tepukei 2340:with a 2139:In the 2072:Palawan 2068:Mindoro 2058:or the 1964:Red Sea 1904:Britain 1728:Vietnam 1718:Myanmar 1658:Kantoli 1633:Pan Pan 1603:Tagaung 1583:Tun Sun 1496:Oceania 1474:Pygmies 1399:Oualata 1285:Paracas 1245:Totonac 1225:Cholula 1200:Quelepa 1190:Mezcala 1185:Zapotec 1150:Huastec 1140:Capacha 1090:Sinagua 1085:Patayan 1080:Fremont 1070:Hohokam 920:Parthia 861:Bactria 841:Siberia 786:Tuyuhun 781:Xianbei 776:Kumo Xi 736:Xiongnu 696:Scythia 501:Aromata 486:Mosylon 391:Thracia 386:Illyria 311:Nuragic 306:Torrean 301:Argaric 286:Dacians 211:Phrygia 196:Chaldea 141:Mitanni 111:Assyria 101:Berbers 9709:Aeneid 9425:Viking 9406:Regina 9175:Alkedo 9031:Abydos 9005:Wrecks 8874:Topics 8704:Piracy 8658:Greece 8518:Odisha 8450:Actium 8445:Mycale 8280:Navies 8169:Greece 8159:Olmecs 8127:Pandya 8102:Minoan 8065:Champa 8045:Lapita 7990:Remote 7910:Tyndis 7865:Quilon 7810:Muscat 7775:Lothal 7770:Korkai 7754:Jeddah 7728:Essina 7672:Adulis 7582:Charts 7517:Harpax 7507:Corvus 7481:Square 7449:Settee 7444:Lateen 7353:Tiller 7348:Strake 7316:Rudder 7306:Paddle 7254:Anchor 7233:Towing 7155:Bireme 7088:Galley 7063:Bangka 6985: 6970: 6851: 6841: 6759:UNESCO 6691: 6654: 6592: 6556: 6546: 6489: 6442: 6412: 6387: 6347: 6314: 6289: 6237: 6210: 6183: 6156: 6058: 5969: 5886: 5876: 5798: 5679: 5595: 5568:, and 5439: 5392: 5369: 5311: 5256: 5231: 5221: 5172: 5164: 5128:Nature 5108: 5067: 5042: 4990: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4925:Nature 4872: 4840: 4747: 4731:Nature 4696: 4582:Baekje 4551:Baekje 4534:haniwa 4461:Odisha 4392:Dwarka 4372:Lothal 4327:Persia 4266:, and 4256:Melayu 4183:, the 4063:) and 4047:, the 4045:Bangka 3996:Europe 3964:Africa 3958:, the 3943:, and 3933:Africa 3911:nutmeg 3909:, and 3907:cloves 3813:Taiwan 3766:Taiwan 3746:, and 3698:Norway 3694:Canada 3617:. The 3598:Early 3584:tarred 3525:Sicily 3474:. 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