Civilization - Knowledge

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which are not ready to fall any time soon. Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it. One of Koneczny's claims in his study on civilizations is that "a person cannot be civilized in two or more ways" without falling into what he calls an "abcivilized state" (as in abnormal). He also stated that when two or more civilizations exist next to one another and as long as they are vital, they will be in an existential combat imposing its own "method of organizing social life" upon the other. Absorbing alien "method of organizing social life" that is civilization and giving it equal rights yields a process of decay and decomposition.

1006: 6375:, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 94–99. "Is life likely to exist elsewhere in the galaxy? Almost certainly yes, given the speed with which it appeared on Earth. Is another technological civilization likely to exist today? Almost certainly no, given the chain of circumstances that led to our existence. These considerations suggest that we are unique not just on our planet but in the whole Milky Way. And if our planet is so special, it becomes all the more important to preserve this unique world for ourselves, our descendants and the many creatures that call Earth home." (p. 99.) 936: 1962:

to and emerges from the growth of cities", with "cities" defined as "people living more or less permanently in one place in densities high enough to require the routine importation of food and other necessities of life". This need for civilizations to import ever more resources, he argues, stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources. Therefore, civilizations inherently adopt imperialist and expansionist policies and, to maintain these, highly militarized, hierarchically structured, and coercion-based cultures and lifestyles.

51: 1586: 260: 1879: 472: 764: 752:, is considered a hallmark of civilization and "appears to accompany the rise of complex administrative bureaucracies or the conquest state". Traders and bureaucrats relied on writing to keep accurate records. Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other. However, writing is not always necessary for civilization, as shown by the 978:, "culture", for what many call a "civilization". Spengler believed a civilization's coherence is based on a single primary cultural symbol. Cultures experience cycles of birth, life, decline, and death, often supplanted by a potent new culture, formed around a compelling new cultural symbol. Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as "the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable". 7702: 67: 1946:

associated with over-reach, and as a result of the environmental exhaustion and polarization of wealth between rich and poor, he concludes the current system is fast arriving at a situation where continuation of the existing system saddled with huge deficits and a hollowed-out economy is physically, socially, economically and politically impossible. Although developed in much more depth, Berman's thesis is similar in some ways to that of Urban Planner,

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horseshoes, the blacksmith may need a new coat and the tanner may need a new pot. These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time. A monetary system is a way of organizing these obligations to ensure that they are fulfilled. From the days of the earliest monetarized civilizations, monopolistic controls of monetary systems have benefited the social and political elites.

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experiencing considerable fiscal problems. During the final pre-collapse phases the overpopulation leads to further decrease of per capita production, the surplus production further decreases, state revenues shrink, but the state needs more and more resources to control the growing (though with lower and lower rates) population. Eventually this leads to famines, epidemics, state breakdown, and demographic and civilization collapse.

967:, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is often the opponent's cultural identity, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to destroy the particularly sensitive cultural memory (museums, archives, monuments, etc.), the grown cultural diversity, and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or community. 7726: 7714: 1807:, argues from mostly archaeological evidence that the collapse of Roman civilization in western Europe had deleterious impacts on the living standards of the population, unlike some historians who downplay this. The collapse of complex society meant that even basic plumbing for the elite disappeared from the continent for 1,000 years. Similar impacts have been postulated for the 1839:, and epigraphy, that no one explanation is sufficient but that a series of erratic, complex events, including loss of soil fertility, drought and rising levels of internal and external violence led to the disintegration of the courts of Mayan kingdoms, which began a spiral of decline and decay. He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today. 863:, and by the introduction of new technologies to cultures that did not previously have them. Though aspects of culture associated with civilization can be freely adopted through contact between cultures, since early modern times Eurocentric ideals of "civilization" have been widely imposed upon cultures through coercion and dominance. These ideals complemented a 1088:. Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways. There is debate over when this integration began, and what sort of integration – cultural, technological, economic, political, or military-diplomatic – is the key indicator in determining the extent of a civilization. 406:, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole. This is still the case in French. The use of "civilizations" as a countable noun was in occasional use in the 19th century, but has become much more common in the later 20th century, sometimes just meaning culture (itself in origin an uncountable noun, made countable in the context of 1856:. The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations. The degree of social complexity is associated strongly, he suggests, with the amount of disposable energy environmental, economic and technological systems allow. When this amount decreases civilizations either have to access new energy sources or collapse. 1101:

the nineteenth century. According to Wilkinson, civilizations can be culturally heterogeneous, like the Central Civilization, or homogeneous, like the Japanese civilization. What Huntington calls the "clash of civilizations" might be characterized by Wilkinson as a clash of cultural spheres within a single global civilization. Others point to the

991:, which traced the rise and, in most cases, the decline of 21 civilizations and five "arrested civilizations". Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes. 410:). Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron. Using the terms "civilization" and "culture" as equivalents are controversial and generally rejected so that for example some types of culture are not normally described as civilizations. 1037:, i.e., a framework by which a group of objects can be analysed that work in concert to produce some result. Civilizations can be seen as networks of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultures and are defined by the economic, political, military, diplomatic, social and cultural interactions among them. Any organization is a complex 443:. This sees cultures as natural organisms, not defined by "conscious, rational, deliberative acts", but a kind of pre-rational "folk spirit". Civilization, in contrast, though more rational and more successful in material progress, is unnatural and leads to "vices of social life" such as guile, hypocrisy, envy and avarice. In 843:, British settlers justified the displacement of Indigenous Australians by observing that the land appeared uncultivated and wild, which to them reflected that the inhabitants were not civilized enough to "improve" it. The behaviors and modes of subsistence that characterize civilization have been spread by 368:. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress". 1771:

leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state. As a result, during this phase the state starts

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is the site of the earliest civilizations developing from 7,400 years ago. This area has been evaluated by Beverley Milton-Edwards as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the building of the earliest cities and the development

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civilizations resulted in the creation of what he calls the "Central Civilization" around 1500 BCE. Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by

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and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labour and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous

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who argues that the five pillars of United States culture are in serious decay: community and family; higher education; the effective practice of science; taxation and government; and the self-regulation of the learned professions. The corrosion of these pillars, Jacobs argues, is linked to societal

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Civilizations are traditionally understood as ending in one of two ways; either through incorporation into another expanding civilization (e.g. as Ancient Egypt was incorporated into Hellenistic Greek, and subsequently Roman civilizations), or by collapsing and reverting to a simpler form of living,

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classifies civilizations based on their level of technological advancement, specifically measured by the amount of energy a civilization is able to harness. The scale is only hypothetical, but it puts energy consumption in a cosmic perspective. The Kardashev scale makes provisions for civilizations

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argues that modern civilization is directed towards the domination of the environment and humanity itself in an intrinsically harmful, unsustainable, and self-destructive fashion. Defending his definition both linguistically and historically, he defines civilization as "a culture... that both leads

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in his work "On the Plurality of Civilizations" calls his study the science on civilizations. He asserts that civilizations fall not because they must or there exist some cyclical or a "biological" life span and that there stil exist two ancient civilizations – Brahmin-Hindu and Chinese –

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of yearly harvest. Rural populations that could only grow cereals could be taxed allowing for a taxing elite and urban development. This also had a negative effect on rural population, increasing relative agricultural output per farmer. Farming efficiency created food surplus and sustained the food

885:"Civilization" can also refer to the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a specific set of ideas and customs, and a certain set of manufactures and arts that make it unique. Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a 2901:

Greece is a picturesque country on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula straddling the always-blue Agean, Ionian and Adriatic Seas. Considered by many to be the cradle of Western Civilization and the birthplace of democracy, her ancient past has long been the source and inspiration of Western

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The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace. For example, although the Middle Ages is often portrayed as an era of decline from the Roman Empire, studies have shown that the average stature of males in the

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that in the corporate consumerist United States, the very factors that once propelled it to greatness―extreme individualism, territorial and economic expansion, and the pursuit of material wealth―have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable. Politically

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rates, but also to relatively high rates of surplus production. As a result, during this phase the population can afford to pay taxes without great problems, the taxes are quite easily collectible, and the population growth is accompanied by the growth of state revenues. During the intermediate

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Because of this, societies regarding themselves as "civilized" have sometimes sought to dominate and assimilate "uncivilized" cultures into a "civilized" way of living. In the 19th century, the idea of European culture as "civilized" and superior to "uncivilized" non-European cultures was fully

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that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and

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Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either

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in 1453 CE. For Gibbon, "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the cause of the destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the

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as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions. In a village, the potter makes a pot for the brewer and the brewer compensates the potter by giving him a certain amount of beer. In a city, the potter may need a new roof, the roofer may need new shoes, the cobbler may need new

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Explicit theories of the origin of the state are relatively modern the age of exploration, by making Europeans aware that many peoples throughout the world lived, not in states, but in independent villages or tribes, made the state seem less natural, and thus more in need of

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The idea of civilization implies a progression or development from a previous "uncivilized" state. Traditionally, cultures that defined themselves as "civilized" often did so in contrast to other societies or human groupings viewed as less civilized, calling the latter

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Archaeologists in Bulgaria believe they have discovered Europe's oldest prehistoric town, a settlement that was founded nearly 5,000 years before the birth of Christ The "town", known as Provadia-Solnitsata, was small by modern standards and would have had around 350

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suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen. The cause of the fall of a civilization occurred when a cultural

1651:'s chronological division, and suggested that there had been only eight "mature civilizations". Growing cultures, he argued, tend to develop into imperialistic civilizations, which expand and ultimately collapse, with democratic forms of government ushering in 741:

of North America in the 19th century were taller than their "civilized" American and European counterparts. The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food, and its freedom from disease.

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and the West is caused by the Muslim rejection of the West's more liberal sexual values, rather than a difference in political ideology, although they note that this lack of tolerance is likely to lead to an eventual rejection of (true) democracy. In

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A narrative of the loss of the Winterton East Indiaman wrecked on the coast of Madagascar in 1792; and of the sufferings connected with that event. To which is subjoined a short account of the natives of Madagascar, with suggestions as to their

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Assessments of what level of civilization a polity has reached are based on comparisons of the relative importance of agricultural as opposed to trading or manufacturing capacities, the territorial extensions of its power, the complexity of its

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attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's

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Sen questions if people should be divided along the lines of a supposed "civilization", defined by religion and culture only. He argues that this ignores the many others identities that make up people and leads to a focus on differences.

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re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the

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surplus through decreasing rural population growth in favour of urban growth. Suitability of highly productive roots and tubers was in fact a curse of plenty, which prevented the emergence of states and impeded economic development.

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The fertile land between the Tigris and the Euphrates has inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive

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stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. The story of the ruin is simple and obvious; and instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it has subsisted for so long".

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suggest a number of mathematical models describing collapse of agrarian civilizations. For example, the basic logic of Turchin's "fiscal-demographic" model can be outlined as follows: during the initial phase of a sociodemographic

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stage of the cultures of many of the peoples they encountered. Nonetheless, developments in the Neolithic stage, such as agriculture and sedentary settlement, were critical to the development of modern conceptions of civilization.

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shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, seen by some as a characteristic of early civilizations.

3136: 1704:, due to which, as states achieved a maximum permissible complexity, they would decline when further increases actually produced a negative return. Tainter suggested that Rome achieved this figure in the 2nd century CE. 839:

developed, and civilization became a core part of European identity. The idea of civilization can also be used as a justification for dominating another culture and dispossessing a people of their land. For example, in

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Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century. The abstract noun "civilization", meaning "civilized condition", came in the 1760s, again from French. The first known use in French is in 1757, by

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Ancient Greek Athenai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of classical civilization's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western

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According to the criteria, accepted for the period, the prehistoric settlement of Provadia-Solnitsata could be defined as a prehistoric city that existed in the middle and the second half of the 5th millennium

545:. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilizations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare. Grain surpluses have been especially important because 3738: 835:, has now been largely condemned by anthropologists because of its derogatory connotations and because it implies that the cultures it refers to are relics of a past time that do not change or progress. 386:

wrote, "Not only the individual advances from infancy to manhood but the species itself from rudeness to civilisation". The word was therefore opposed to barbarism or rudeness, in the active pursuit of

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The traditional "surplus model" postulates that cereal farming results in accumulated storage and a surplus of food, particularly when people use intensive agricultural techniques such as artificial

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Haider, Hans (29 June 2012). "Interview mit Karl Habsburg: 'Missbrauch von Kulturgütern ist strafbar'" [Interview with Karl Habsburg: 'Misuse of cultural assets is a punishable offence'].

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Bondarenko, Dmitri; Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey V. (2004). "Alternatives of Social Evolution". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.).

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The current scientific consensus is that human beings are the only animal species with the cognitive ability to create civilizations that has emerged on Earth. A recent thought experiment, the

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Watts, Joseph; Sheehan, Oliver; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Bulbulia, Joseph; Gray, Russell D. (4 April 2016). "Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies".

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Friedrich Schipper (6 March 2015). "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" [The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply].

2005:" is concerned with the study of artifact remains of non-human civilizations to reconstruct and interpret past lives of alien societies if such get discovered and confirmed scientifically. 1583:

influenced theories of the analysis, growth, and decline of the Islamic civilization. He suggested repeated invasions from nomadic peoples limited development and led to social collapse.

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Vietnam Many civilizations are actually large cultural spheres containing many nations and regions. The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.

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The intricate culture associated with civilization has a tendency to spread to and influence other cultures, sometimes assimilating them into the civilization, a classic example being

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defines civilization as "the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species".

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We find strong support for models in which human sacrifice stabilizes social stratification once stratification has arisen, and promotes a shift to strictly inherited class systems.

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contradicts the surplus model. It postulates that horticultural gardening was more productive than cereal farming. However, only cereal farming produced civilization because of the

1982:, however, considers whether it would "be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record" given the paucity of geological information about eras before the 173:, in implied contrast to smaller, supposedly less advanced cultures. In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of 4936:, 2nd ed., vol. 4, ed. by J. B. Bury (London, 1909), pp. 173–174. Chapter XXXVIII: Reign Of Clovis. Part VI. General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West. 4365: 3255:

Grinin, Leonid (2004). "The Early State and Its Analogues: A Comparative Analysis". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.).

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Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (27 July 2016). "New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates".

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Already in the 18th century, civilization was not always seen as an improvement. One historically important distinction between culture and civilization is from the writings of

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civilization of the Andes, which did not use writing at all but except for a complex recording system consisting of knotted strings of different lengths and colors: the "

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have named a number of traits that distinguish a civilization from other kinds of society. Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of

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Economically, civilizations display more complex patterns of ownership and exchange than less organized societies. Living in one place allows people to accumulate more

7323: 185:; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Civilizations are organized densely-populated settlements divided into 3846: 2440: 947:

It is precisely the protection of this cultural identity that is becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally. According to international law, the

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was followed by the Iron Age around 1200 BCE, during which a number of new civilizations emerged, culminating in a period from the 8th to the 3rd century BCE which

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and a civilization is a large organization. Systems theory helps guard against superficial and misleading analogies in the study and description of civilizations.

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The influence of commerce on civilization: the Joseph Fisher lecture on commerce delivered at the University of Adelaide by J. Currie Elles esq., April 23rd, 1908

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for needed resources; increasing levels of internal and external violence, such as war or invasion; and societal responses to internal and environmental problems.

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Socas-Navarro, Hector; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Wright, Jason T.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Benford, James; Davis, Ross; TechnoClimes 2020 workshop participants (1 May 2021).

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Schmidt, Gavin A.; Frank, Adam (10 April 2018). "The Silurian Hypothesis: Would it be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record?".

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Aided by their division of labour and central government planning, civilizations have developed many other diverse cultural traits. These include organized

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Astronomers speculate about the existence of communicating intelligent civilizations within and beyond the Milky Way galaxy, usually using variants of the

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Smithers, Gregory D. (2009). "The 'Pursuits of the Civilized Man': Race and the Meaning of Civilization in the United States and Australia, 1790s–1850s".

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argues that "civilizations relied on shackled human muscle. It took the energy of slaves to plant crops, clothe emperors, and build cities" and considers

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Many historians have focused on these broad cultural spheres and have treated civilizations as discrete units. Early twentieth-century philosopher

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There have been many explanations put forward for the collapse of civilization. Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory.

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cultures European settlers encountered during the European colonization of the Americas and Australia. The term "primitive," though once used in

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is a well-known and detailed analysis of the fall of Roman civilization. Gibbon suggested the final act of the collapse of Rome was the fall of

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McGee, Ben W. (1 November 2010). "A call for proactive xenoarchaeological guidelines – Scientific, policy and socio-political considerations".

5203: 2595: 1752: 5554:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 3869: 5523: 4683: 3619: 1328:, while still disputed, seems to be associated with the development of state structures, in which power was further monopolized by an elite 7737: 5709: 605:, normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a government or 4274:

Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru".

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their forests, and that such abuse of important resources has been a significant factor in the decline of the over-exploiting society".

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and ideologies that were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, this viewpoint been strongly challenged by others such as

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Man the Hunter: The First Intensive Survey of a Single, Crucial Stage of Human Development ― Man's Once Universal Hunting Way of Life

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Portugali, Juval (6 December 2012) . "Self-Organization and Urban Revolutions: From the Urban Revolution to La Revolution Urbaine".

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Frye, David (27 August 2019) . "Midwife to Civilization: Wall Builders at the Dawn of History: The Ancient Near East, 2500–500 BC".

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of written cursive script". Similar pre-civilized "neolithic revolutions" also began independently from 7,000 BCE in northwestern

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for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.

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Jeremy Norman's 'From Cave Paintings to the Internet': Chronological and Thematic Studies on the History of Information and Media

2656: 1273:"—a term introduced by Childe in the 1930s—from the 4th millennium BCE, marked the beginning of the accumulation of transferable 1105:

as the first step in globalization. The more conventional viewpoint is that networks of societies have expanded and shrunk since

4186: 1073:, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan. Resin found later in the 373: 5160: 2186: 6345: 6318: 6299: 6264: 6241: 6217: 6192: 6173: 6154: 6135: 6108: 6042: 6023: 5995: 5947: 5920: 5894: 5811: 5790: 5767: 5741: 5697: 5672: 5650: 5625: 5606: 5587: 5559: 5250: 5138: 5075: 5043: 5002: 4804: 4560: 4521: 4472: 4341: 4034: 4021: 3779: 3732: 3701: 3540: 3404: 3375: 3348: 3311: 3266: 3203: 3067: 3042: 3017: 2969: 2628: 2537: 2498: 2471: 2434: 2395: 2360: 2320: 2278: 2239: 2196: 1842:

Jeffrey A. McNeely has recently suggested that "a review of historical evidence shows that past civilizations have tended to

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Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2005). "The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia".

3223: 2424: 688:, or private ownership of the land. Because a percentage of people in civilizations do not grow their own food, they must 4069: 3667: 2113:

It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably,

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Velkley, Richard (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy".

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in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".

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Middle Ages (c. 500 to 1500 CE) was greater than it was for males during the preceding Roman Empire and the succeeding

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A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides producing food for a living: early civilizations included

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we observe relatively high levels of per capita production and consumption, which leads not only to relatively high

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11,000 BCE. The earliest neolithic technology and lifestyle were established first in Western Asia (for example at

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made up of cities.'" The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally connected with the final stages of the

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of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict. According to

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World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

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The notion of human history as a succession of "civilizations" is an entirely modern one. In the European

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Watts, Joseph; Sheehan, Oliver; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Bulbulia, Joseph; Gray, Russell D. (4 April 2016).

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Jeremy Norman's History of Information: Exploring the History of Information and Media through Timelines

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Stearns, Peter N. (2004). "Chapter 13 - The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam".

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is sometimes defined as "living in cities". Non-farmers tend to gather in cities to work and to trade.

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provides the earliest case of a Neolithic Revolution, with the planting of cereal crops attested from

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The Athenian furies: Observations on the major factors effecting politics in modern Greece, 1973–1974

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Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness

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in Mexico was one of the largest cities in the world in 350 CE, with a population of about 125,000.

7784: 7718: 7627: 7617: 7520: 7318: 7019: 6127: 5195: 2830: 2583: 1873: 1716:

suggests five major reasons for the collapse of 41 studied cultures: environmental damage, such as

1548:

and law spread rapidly around the world, incorporating earlier cultures into the technological and

86: 7438: 6698: 6668: 6602: 6587: 6287: 5987: 5503: 4639: 3613: 1407: 1208: 597:

Compared with other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely the

432: 419: 6090: 267: 7759: 7373: 7120: 6989: 6837: 6830: 6795: 6582: 6510: 4187:"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC" 3644:

Heraclides, Alexis; Dialla, Ada (2015). "3 Eurocentrism, 'civilization' and the 'barbarians'".

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McNeely, Jeffrey A. (1994) "Lessons of the past: Forests and Biodiversity" (Vol 3, No 1 1994.

4248: 3241: 1277:, which helped economies and cities develop. Urban revolutions were associated with the state 7642: 7560: 7433: 7257: 7135: 7080: 7070: 7060: 6934: 6790: 6742: 6632: 6597: 6474: 6454: 6410: 5979: 5439: 4911: 3769: 2618: 2125: 1313: 712:

from the food producing segment of the population. Early human cultures functioned through a

508: 193: 104: 6385: 4151:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles" 3391:

Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999).

3365: 3337: 2773:"Some Distinctions between Culture and Civilization as Displayed in Sociological Literature" 2717: 7637: 7607: 7515: 7505: 7443: 7423: 7352: 7145: 7130: 7090: 6984: 6617: 6612: 5759: 5515: 5468: 5391: 5332: 4733: 4651: 4283: 4081: 2022: 1897: 1889: 1632: 1364: 1278: 1110: 1074: 994: 852: 590:

Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word

423:. Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with 392: 236: 4462:"Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500–4200 BC) (Abstract)" 2847: 2163: 985:

in the mid-twentieth century. Toynbee explored civilization processes in his multi-volume

935: 867:

that assumed there were innate differences between "civilized" and "uncivilized" peoples.

559: 8: 7498: 7488: 7483: 7413: 7303: 7288: 7175: 7165: 7140: 7075: 7050: 7004: 6944: 6852: 6752: 6732: 6648: 6627: 6567: 6371: 6209: 6015: 4429: 4002:. Translated by Atkinson, Charles Francis (Revised ed.). London: George Allen Unwin. 2231: 2063: 2031: 1979: 1812: 1759: 1729: 1697: 1643: 1505: 1471: 1368: 1320:

and accumulation of surplus production by particular social sectors. The transition from

1081: 981:

This "unified culture" concept of civilization also influenced the theories of historian

734: 673: 621:, an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and 504: 476: 349: 174: 38: 7065: 5519: 5472: 5395: 5336: 4861:

The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View

4737: 4655: 4287: 4085: 2701: 1080:

Many theorists argue that the entire world has already become integrated into a single "

7647: 7580: 7428: 7388: 7308: 7170: 7150: 7105: 7095: 7085: 7045: 6974: 6949: 6919: 6899: 6894: 6862: 6764: 6562: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6469: 6459: 6440: 6231: 6120: 6063: 6059: 5939: 5912: 5833: 5415: 5381: 5350: 5322: 5292: 4842: 4799:. Mexico City, Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA). p. 26 4757: 4675: 4620: 4315: 4113: 3659: 3576: 3482: 3437: 3128: 2958: 2800: 2083: 2046: 2041: 1849: 1800: 1667: 1549: 1457: 1415: 1317: 1239: 1235: 1171: 1102: 987: 828: 787: 693: 451:, having fled Germany, argued in New York that this opinion of civilization was behind 403: 388: 169:

Historically, a civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced"

163: 50: 42: 5932: 4608: 3595:"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups" 2882: 2666: 1951:

ills such as environmental crisis, racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.

7730: 7575: 7468: 7458: 7293: 7230: 7225: 7125: 7115: 7110: 6929: 6924: 6909: 6904: 6889: 6884: 6867: 6857: 6842: 6815: 6805: 6717: 6710: 6693: 6367:"Alone in the Milky Way: Why We Are Probably the Only Intelligent Life in the Galaxy" 6341: 6314: 6295: 6260: 6253: 6237: 6213: 6188: 6169: 6150: 6131: 6104: 6098: 6086: 6067: 6038: 6019: 5991: 5943: 5916: 5890: 5872: 5858: 5844: 5826: 5807: 5801: 5786: 5782: 5763: 5737: 5727: 5693: 5668: 5646: 5640: 5621: 5602: 5583: 5573: 5555: 5504:"Archaeology and Planetary Science: Entering a New Era of Interdisciplinary Research" 5484: 5419: 5407: 5354: 5246: 5071: 5039: 5032: 4998: 4891: 4834: 4800: 4779: 4749: 4667: 4640:"Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies" 4612: 4556: 4517: 4360: 4337: 4307: 4299: 4105: 4097: 4017: 3947:"The ICRC and the Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Understanding, 26 February 2020" 3775: 3728: 3707: 3697: 3580: 3536: 3441: 3400: 3393: 3371: 3344: 3317: 3307: 3272: 3262: 3209: 3199: 3132: 3120: 3038: 3013: 2965: 2792: 2624: 2533: 2494: 2467: 2430: 2391: 2366: 2356: 2316: 2274: 2235: 2192: 1816: 1794: 1768: 1763: 1692: 1662: 1561: 1376: 1191: 982: 960: 956: 864: 824: 791: 622: 580: 399: 357: 5403: 4624: 4117: 2939: 7706: 7592: 7545: 7493: 7473: 7448: 7383: 7340: 7298: 7262: 7245: 7235: 7210: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7024: 6979: 6969: 6825: 6810: 6747: 6688: 6653: 6592: 6557: 6552: 6479: 6464: 6403: 6333: 6051: 5959: 5904: 5714: 5480: 5476: 5399: 5340: 5172: 4826: 4761: 4741: 4709:

The Evolution of Society: Selections from Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology

4679: 4659: 4604: 4319: 4291: 4162: 4089: 4014:

The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization

3919:[Protecting Cultural Property: Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon]. 3651: 3568: 3472: 3464: 3429: 3110: 3102: 2934: 2914: 2784: 2114: 2093: 1917: 1745: 1589: 1513: 1509: 1309: 1290: 1274: 1270: 1167: 1128: 669: 584: 516: 500: 492: 244: 120: 4830: 4461: 3059: 1585: 7682: 7677: 7602: 7463: 7418: 7408: 7335: 7330: 7267: 7240: 7215: 7185: 7180: 7160: 7155: 6939: 6914: 6847: 6705: 5689: 4992: 4920: 4550: 4511: 4093: 2527: 2310: 2225: 2002: 1998: 1966: 1954: 1859: 1826: 1808: 1638: 1622: 1356: 1294: 1286: 1106: 1066: 1062: 971: 921: 890: 827:. Indeed, the modern Western idea of civilization developed as a contrast to the 782:, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology. 685: 630: 614: 484: 248: 192:

with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in

182: 96: 4817:

Sanders, William T.; Webster, David (1988). "The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition".

4555:(reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 306. 3696:(Third ed.). Lanham, Maryland, U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. 3390: 1179: 802:-based legal systems, art, architecture, mathematics, scientific understanding, 259: 7478: 7403: 7398: 7368: 7347: 7272: 7205: 7029: 7009: 6572: 6489: 6147:

The Measure of Civilization: how Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations

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Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006

4873: 4166: 3901: 3647:

Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent

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The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations

1990: 1958: 1878: 1687: 1611: 1541: 1527: 1449: 1380: 1247: 1224: 1034: 1030: 948: 886: 771: 738: 636: 598: 311: 279: 251:, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. 143: 124: 100: 6203: 5665:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C

4122: 3711: 3663: 3645: 3468: 3433: 3035:

The dynamics of neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt

662:, with several inherited social classes: king, noble, freemen, serf and slave. 652:

in which there are generally two inherited social classes: chief and commoner.

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The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D

6227: 5821: 5636: 5579: 5569: 5488: 5411: 4838: 4616: 4303: 4101: 3124: 2796: 2370: 2078: 1938: 1835:, using a holistic perspective to the most recent evidence from archaeology, 1820: 1775: 1735: 1717: 1707: 1615: 1601: 1305: 1300:

The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of

1204: 1122: 1109:, and that the current globalized economy and culture is a product of recent 1097: 1085: 1045:

cultural spheres or political spheres. Extensive trade routes, including the

1038: 943:

mission in Libya during the war in 2011 to protect the cultural assets there.

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The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past

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The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization

3321: 3276: 3213: 763: 431:). From this, a new approach was developed, especially in Germany, first by 7652: 7597: 7585: 7570: 7540: 7453: 6999: 6683: 6663: 6658: 6607: 6362: 5660: 4753: 4671: 4311: 4109: 3974: 3655: 3191: 2691:, translated by C. T. Campion (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1987), p. 91. 2665:(in German). Vol. 2002, no. 40. 30 September 2002. Archived from 2057: 1925: 1921: 1905: 1843: 1836: 1790: 1754:

Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Secular Cycles, and Millennial Trends

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Inter-pluvial saw the drying out of semiarid regions and a major spread of

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Hadjikoumis, Angelos; Robinson, Erick; Viner-Daniels, Sarah, eds. (2011).

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A world map of major civilizations according to the political hypothesis

1786: 1681: 1656: 1574: 1501: 1419: 1344: 1263: 1259: 1212: 1199: 1195: 1093: 1070: 856: 848: 647: 606: 527: 448: 436: 407: 361: 135: 128: 59: 4745: 4663: 4396: 4295: 3486: 6727: 6505: 5142: 3870:"Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones Presents Big Challenges" 3598: 3572: 3477: 3115: 2804: 2772: 1983: 1701: 1652: 1579: 1220: 1157: 1140: 1022: 894: 816: 803: 538: 496: 456: 159: 147: 108: 74: 66: 5367: 4994:

The Fall Of The Roman Empire: A New History Of Rome And The Barbarians

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has proposed that economic and military-diplomatic integration of the

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far more technologically advanced than any currently known to exist.

1677: 1537: 1495: 1479: 1431: 1301: 1289:(a state of continual or frequent warfare), the rapid development of 1216: 1153: 1136: 1132: 1046: 955:

try to set up and enforce relevant rules. The aim is to preserve the

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has explained it: "This is why the most basic definition of the word

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were the oldest civilization in the world, beginning about 4000 BCE.

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Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature

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The urban revolution of 5500 years ago is at the very same time

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From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo

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have argued that the "true clash of civilizations" between the

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area served as a cradle of European civilization. The site of

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is traditionally seen as the cradle of a distinct European or

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Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization

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Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization

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in coastal Peru began about 3500 BCE. In North America, the

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civilization and its influence on nearby civilizations such

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by J. Hatchard, L.B. Seeley and T. Hamilton, London, 1820.

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A concise history of Korea: From antiquity to the present

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Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist

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city, located in Guatemala, dates to about 750 BCE. and

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The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

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cultures), and from these cores spread across Eurasia.

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26, no. 3 edited by David Janssens and Daniel Tanguay.

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civilization emerged about 1200 BCE; the oldest known

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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

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Inglehart, Ronald; Pippa Norris (March–April 2003).

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elite, leading to the rise of internal and external

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is suggested was traded northwards from Mozambique.

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to be a common feature of pre-modern civilizations.

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Global communication without universal civilization

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Simon and Schuster. p. 43. 3615:Oxford Handbook Topics in Politics 3512:from the original on 20 April 2021 3500:Leutwyler, Kristen (30 May 2001). 3139:from the original on 17 April 2022 3070:from the original on 18 April 2022 2840: 2713:Problèmes de linguistique générale 2681: 2610: 2558: 2519: 2355:. New York: Routledge. p. 8. 2224:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2001). 2156: 1793:dynasties of China, to the Muslim 1000: 810:As a contrast with other societies 583:and perhaps during the Mesolithic 466: 435:and later by philosophers such as 360:outlines two opinions: one purely 25: 7796: 6379: 5196:"The True Clash of Civilizations" 5135:On the Plurality of Civilizations 5011:from the original on 19 June 2013 4609:10.3828/tpr.21.1.k853061t614q42qh 4423:Squires, Nick (31 October 2012). 3818:from the original on 19 July 2023 3670:from the original on 29 July 2023 3622:from the original on 29 July 2023 2945:. New York: New American Library. 2887:(Thesis). Ball State University. 2623:. SAGE Publications. p. 73. 2248:from the original on 1 April 2021 2205:from the original on 13 July 2019 2191:. Cengage Learning. p. 250. 1896:According to political scientist 1693:The Collapse of Complex Societies 1355:in the course of the Bronze Age ( 1190:basins in China (for example the 402:, "civilization" was used in the 7724: 7712: 7701: 7700: 6435: 5601:. London: British Museum Press. 5502:McGee, B. W. (1 December 2007). 5495: 5452: 5285: 5272: 5259: 4247:. United Kingdom. Archived from 4193:from the original on 12 May 2021 4045:. Vol. 17. pp. 31–59. 4043:Comparative Civilizations Review 3927:from the original on 26 May 2020 3808:"Key Components of Civilization" 2891:from the original on 22 May 2022 2598:from the original on 29 May 2023 2423:Adams, Robert McCormick (1966). 2404:from the original on 29 May 2023 2267:Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). 2015: 1227:) stone settlement (prehistoric 737:(c. 1500 to 1800 CE). Also, the 7526:Culture and positive psychology 6436: 6311:The Early Civilization of China 6085:, Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108. 5806:. New York: American Heritage. 5542: 5404:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.029 5231: 5218: 5187: 5152: 5127: 5097: 5084: 5059: 5023: 4984: 4956: 4939: 4926: 4904: 4884: 4866: 4853: 4797:The Mayas of the Classic Period 4789: 4768: 4701: 4631: 4588: 4542: 4530:from the original on 6 May 2023 4503: 4494: 4453: 4380: 4368:from the original on 4 May 2019 4326: 4267: 4218: 4205: 4179: 4061: 4027: 4006: 3965: 3939: 3909: 3892: 3861: 3830: 3800: 3682: 3605: 3587: 3524: 3448: 3413: 3384: 3357: 3328: 3295: 3248: 3151: 3051: 3026: 2927: 2907: 2874: 2764: 2722:Problems in general linguistics 2649: 2576: 2464:A Short History anthropological 2131: 2107: 1995:searches for such intelligences 1540:began approximately 1500 CE in 1332:who practiced human sacrifice. 1033:, looks at a civilization as a 748:, developed first by people in 6965:High- and low-context cultures 6294:(rev. ed.). London: Pan. 6082:Social Evolution & History 5481:10.1016/j.spacepol.2010.08.003 5070:. Cambridge University Press. 4778:. 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Stanford University Press. 2529:Barbarism and Its Discontents 2490:An Invitation to Anthropology 2309:Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). 2149: 1347:, expanding into large-scale 1175: 672:and organized, institutional 32:Civilization (disambiguation) 7531:Culture and social cognition 6516:Cross-cultural communication 6236:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. 5974:. New York: Time-Life Books. 5965:. New York: Time-Life Books. 5803:The Horizon History of China 5161:"A Critique of Huntington's 4094:10.1126/science.169.3947.733 3923:(in German). 28 April 2019. 3845:. Vol. 23, no. 1. 3339:The Origins of Human Society 3095:Journal of Political Economy 2771:Lottick, Kenneth V. (1950). 2657:"Denker: Entlarvende Briefe" 2273:. UNSW Press. pp. 7–8. 1854:energy return on investments 1489: 1425: 656:Highly stratified structures 555:Journal of Political Economy 340:(1939), which traces social 90: 7: 7613:Intercultural communication 6425: 6391:Top 10 oldest civilizations 6255:A History of Japan: To 1334 6183:Oliphant, Margaret (1992). 6097:Lansing, Elizabeth (1971). 5645:. New York: Facts on File. 5038:. Oxford University Press. 5030:Bryan Ward-Perkins (2006). 4997:. Oxford University Press. 4923:, Polimetrica s.a.s., p. 75 4215:.(Oxford University Press). 2617:Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). 2592:National Geographic Society 2570:The Sources of Social Power 2270:The Biology of Civilisation 2008: 1223:– a prehistoric fortified ( 515:and other cultural traits. 364:and the other material and 225:National Geographic Society 10: 7801: 7056:Cross cultural sensitivity 6723:Resistance through culture 6328:Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2003). 5682:Edey, Maitland A. 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Menlo Park: Cummings. 2920:What Happened In History 2100: 1874:Global catastrophic risk 1285:, or soldier, class and 716:supplemented by limited 346:medieval courtly society 164:specialization of labour 7439:Cultural homogenization 6669:Individualistic culture 6603:Popular culture studies 6588:Intercultural relations 6251:Sansom, George (1958). 6202:Rogerson, John (1985). 5988:Weidenfeld and Nicolson 5642:Cultural Atlas of Japan 5597:Casson, Lionel (1994). 5224:Berman, Morris (2007), 4819:American Anthropologist 3995:The Decline Of The West 3335:Bogucki, Peter (1999). 2852:Encyclopedia Britannica 2759:Encyclopædia Britannica 2754:Encyclopædia Britannica 2751:"Civilization" (1974), 2526:Bolesti, Maria (2013). 2487:Llobera, Josep (2003). 2462:Wright, Ronald (2004). 1974:Non-human civilizations 1408:Caral-Supe civilization 1236:8.2 Kiloyear Arid Event 1209:Caral-Supe civilization 1057:sea routes linking the 974:, uses the German word 909:and complex customs of 433:Johann Gottfried Herder 7374:Archaeological culture 7121:Cultural globalization 6990:Organizational culture 6838:Cultural communication 6796:Cultural appropriation 6583:Intercultural learning 6511:Cross-cultural studies 6122:A New History of Korea 5934:The Atlas of Early Man 5887:Ascent to Civilization 5885:Gowlett, John (1984). 5572:; et al. 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By the early 635:, which are generally 488: 485:"Western" civilization 391:characteristic of the 337:The Civilizing Process 326: 320: 318:('civil'), related to 315: 306: 304:comes from the French 297: 293:The Civilizing Process 255:History of the concept 213: 78: 63: 7770:Cultural anthropology 7643:Participatory culture 7434:Cultural evolutionism 7258:Multiracial democracy 7136:Cultural intelligence 7081:Cultural conservatism 7071:Cultural backwardness 7061:Cultural assimilation 6935:Cultural reproduction 6791:Cultural appreciation 6743:Far-right subcultures 6633:Transcultural nursing 6598:Philosophy of culture 6475:Cultural neuroscience 6455:Cultural anthropology 6338:10.1057/9781403938404 6118:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). 5984:A History of the Jews 5550:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 4155:American Psychologist 2710:, 1954, published in 2126:political correctness 1931:Identity and Violence 1912:, Muhammed Asadi and 1881: 1588: 1556:Fall of civilizations 1500:Further information: 1436:Further information: 1257: 1008: 938: 875:Further information: 766: 509:social stratification 474: 262: 211:relates to the Latin 194:intensive agriculture 105:social stratification 69: 53: 18:Ancient civilizations 7638:Oppositional culture 7608:Emotions and culture 7516:Cultural sensibility 7506:Cultural translation 7444:Cultural institution 7424:Cultural determinism 7146:Cultural nationalism 7131:Cultural imperialism 7091:Cultural deprivation 6985:Non-material culture 6618:Sociology of culture 6613:Semiotics of culture 6313:. New York: Putnam. 6145:Morris, Ian (2013). 5832:. 3 vols. New York: 4245:History & Policy 3949:. 26 February 2020. 3601:on 14 November 2011. 2991:In the Hall of Ma'at 2384:Morris, Ian (2013). 2232:Simon & Schuster 2023:Civilizations portal 1898:Samuel P. Huntington 1890:Samuel P. Huntington 1633:Western Roman Empire 1365:Old Kingdom of Egypt 1279:monopoly of violence 1111:European colonialism 1075:Royal Cemetery at Ur 1009:Depiction of united 995:Samuel P. Huntington 857:bureaucratic control 853:religious conversion 682:personal possessions 511:, economic systems, 393:Age of Enlightenment 310:('civilized'), from 268:Jules-Alexandre Grün 237:Neolithic Revolution 175:nomadic pastoralists 30:For other uses, see 7489:Culture speculation 7484:Cultural relativism 7414:Cultural competence 7304:Cultural Christians 7176:Cultural Revolution 7166:Cultural radicalism 7141:Cultural liberalism 7076:Cultural Bolshevism 7051:Consumer capitalism 7005:Relational mobility 6945:Cultural technology 6853:Cultural dissonance 6770:Culture by location 6733:Alternative culture 6649:Constructed culture 6628:Theology of culture 6568:Cultural psychology 6548:Cultural entomology 6386:BBC on civilization 6372:Scientific American 6210:Infobase Publishing 6016:Seven Stories Press 5970:Hicks, Jim (1975). 5961:The Empire Builders 5957:Hicks, Jim (1974). 5913:Chatto & Windus 5889:. London: Collins. 5834:Funk & Wagnalls 5520:2007AGUFM.P41A0203M 5473:2010SpPol..26..209M 5396:2021AcAau.182..446S 5337:2020ApJ...896...58W 5200:Global Policy Forum 4947:Historical Dynamics 4746:10.1038/nature17159 4738:2016Natur.532..228W 4664:10.1038/nature17159 4656:2016Natur.532..228W 4430:The Daily Telegraph 4409:. . Previously at: 4296:10.1038/nature03146 4288:2004Natur.432.1020H 4282:(7020): 1020–1023. 4086:1970Sci...169..733C 4012:Algaze, Guillermo, 3618:. Oxford Academic. 3506:Scientific American 3172:on 27 February 2018 3165:National Geographic 2687:Albert Schweitzer. 2669:on 28 February 2019 2064:Intermediate Region 2032:Anarcho-primitivism 1980:silurian hypothesis 1937:Cultural Historian 1813:Bronze Age collapse 1778:argues in his book 1741:Historical Dynamics 1730:long-distance trade 1698:diminishing returns 1644:Decline of the West 1590:Barbarian invasions 1506:Early modern period 1472:Bronze Age collapse 1369:Neo-Sumerian Empire 1312:and development of 855:, the extension of 735:Early Modern Period 674:forms of government 547:grain can be stored 505:forms of government 477:Acropolis of Athens 350:early modern period 274:and other forms of 39:Uncivilised (novel) 7775:Cultural geography 7648:Permission culture 7581:Disability culture 7561:Children's culture 7429:Cultural diversity 7389:Circuit of culture 7171:Cultural retention 7151:Cultural pessimism 7106:Cultural exception 7096:Cultural diplomacy 7086:Cultural contracts 7046:Colonial mentality 6975:Manuscript culture 6950:Cultural universal 6920:Cultural pluralism 6900:Cultural landscape 6895:Cultural invention 6863:Cultural framework 6765:Vernacular culture 6563:Cultural mediation 6543:Cultural economics 6538:Cultural analytics 6470:Cultural geography 6460:Cultural astronomy 6205:Atlas of the Bible 6064:Edwin Mellen Press 6060:Lewiston, New York 5940:Dorling Kindersley 5635:Collcutt, Martin; 5618:Early Civilization 4897:A Study Of History 4863:(Ballantine Books) 4251:on 8 December 2010 4228:. 11 (4): 383–393. 4175:on 17 August 2000. 3573:10.1353/jwh.0.0047 2935:Childe, V. Gordon 2831:On German Nihilism 2757:15th ed. Vol. II, 2718:Éditions Gallimard 2084:Outline of culture 2047:Civilization state 2042:Civilizing mission 1894: 1850:Thomas Homer-Dixon 1801:Bryan Ward-Perkins 1728:; dependence upon 1668:A Study of History 1598: 1550:industrial society 1458:Spread of Buddhism 1318:economies of scale 1275:economic surpluses 1267: 1172:Levantine corridor 1103:Crusading movement 1027: 988:A Study of History 945: 788:division of labour 776: 670:social hierarchies 552:Research from the 489: 380:, who in his 1767 298: 79: 64: 43:Uncivilised (film) 7747: 7746: 7576:Death and culture 7469:Cultural movement 7459:Cultural literacy 7319:Eastern Orthodoxy 7231:Dominator culture 7226:Deculturalization 7126:Cultural hegemony 7116:Cultural genocide 7111:Cultural feminism 6930:Cultural property 6925:Cultural practice 6910:Cultural leveling 6905:Cultural learning 6890:Cultural industry 6885:Cultural identity 6868:Cultural heritage 6858:Cultural emphasis 6843:Cultural conflict 6816:Cultural behavior 6806:Cultural artifact 6718:Primitive culture 6694:Political culture 6347:978-1-349-40304-2 6320:978-0-399-11595-0 6301:978-0-330-26458-7 6266:978-0-8047-0523-3 6243:978-0-8133-3863-7 6219:978-0-8160-1206-0 6194:978-0-09-177040-2 6187:. London: Ebury. 6175:978-0-930878-23-8 6156:978-0-691-15568-5 6137:978-0-674-61575-5 6110:978-0-07-036357-1 6052:Korotayev, Andrey 6044:978-0-389-20447-3 6025:978-1-58322-730-5 5997:978-0-297-79091-4 5949:978-0-312-09746-2 5922:978-0-7011-1332-2 5905:Hawkes, Jacquetta 5896:978-0-00-217090-1 5813:978-0-8281-0005-2 5792:978-0-500-25093-8 5783:Thames and Hudson 5769:978-0-333-90171-7 5743:978-0-684-12775-0 5699:978-0-7054-0060-2 5674:978-0-691-04811-6 5652:978-0-8160-1927-4 5627:978-1-58086-022-2 5608:978-0-7141-1735-5 5589:978-0-13-389866-8 5561:978-2-88155-004-1 5374:Acta Astronautica 5252:978-1-4000-7670-3 5169:Selves and Others 5077:978-0-521-53390-4 5045:978-0-19-280728-1 5004:978-0-19-515954-7 4805:978-970-18-3005-5 4732:(7598): 228–231. 4650:(7598): 228–231. 4562:978-3-662-04099-7 4523:978-1-5011-7271-7 4460:Nikolov, Vassil. 4361:Los Angeles Times 4342:978-0-520-24647-8 4080:(3947): 733–738. 4022:978-0-226-01382-4 3781:978-1-4165-6124-8 3734:978-0-321-18281-4 3703:978-1-5381-2897-8 3542:978-0-521-52066-9 3406:978-0-395-87274-1 3377:978-0-202-33032-7 3350:978-1-55786-349-2 3313:978-5-7057-0547-4 3268:978-5-7057-0547-4 3205:978-0-8027-1447-3 3058:Kiggins, Sheila. 3044:978-1-84217-999-4 3019:978-0-8465-4800-3 2971:978-1-55365-978-5 2941:Man makes himself 2724:, 2 vols., 1971). 2630:978-1-4129-5143-2 2539:978-0-8047-8537-2 2500:978-1-57181-597-2 2473:978-0-88784-706-6 2436:978-0-202-36594-7 2397:978-0-691-15568-5 2362:978-0-415-66110-2 2322:978-3-11-018109-8 2280:978-0-86840-766-1 2241:978-0-7432-1650-0 2198:978-1-285-67530-5 1795:Abbasid Caliphate 1769:population growth 1764:population growth 1710:in his 2005 book 1663:Arnold J. Toynbee 1562:Societal collapse 1377:Babylonian Empire 1316:that facilitated 1293:, and the use of 983:Arnold J. Toynbee 961:Karl von Habsburg 957:cultural heritage 871:Cultural identity 792:carrying capacity 700:, redistributive 623:social inequality 615:conflict theorist 581:Pacific Northwest 549:for a long time. 400:French Revolution 358:Albert Schweitzer 300:The English word 264:The End of Dinner 16:(Redirected from 7792: 7780:Cultural history 7728: 7727: 7716: 7715: 7704: 7703: 7593:Drinking culture 7546:Culture industry 7494:Cultural tourism 7474:Cultural mulatto 7449:Cultural jet lag 7384:Cannabis culture 7341:Cultural Muslims 7263:Pluriculturalism 7246:Multiculturalism 7236:Interculturalism 7211:Culture minister 7201:Cultural Zionism 7196:Cultural subsidy 7191:Cultural silence 7066:Cultural attaché 7025:Transculturation 6980:Material culture 6970:Interculturality 6826:Cultural capital 6811:Cultural baggage 6748:Youth subculture 6689:Official culture 6654:Dominant culture 6593:Internet culture 6558:Cultural mapping 6553:Cultural history 6480:Cultural studies 6465:Cultural ecology 6439: 6438: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6351: 6324: 6305: 6283: 6270: 6258: 6247: 6223: 6198: 6179: 6160: 6141: 6125: 6114: 6048: 6029: 6001: 5975: 5966: 5964: 5953: 5937: 5926: 5909:Dawn of the Gods 5900: 5837: 5831: 5817: 5796: 5773: 5747: 5722: 5703: 5678: 5656: 5631: 5612: 5593: 5565: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5389: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5330: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5175:on 26 April 2009 5171:. 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Vol. II: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3765: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3726: 3715: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3398: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3252: 3246: 3235: 3217: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168:. Archived from 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3118: 3101:(4): 1091–1144. 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2997:on 5 April 2023. 2993:. Archived from 2982: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2844: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2768: 2762: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2702:Émile Benveniste 2698: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2160: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2115:Hans Peter Duerr 2111: 2094:World population 2025: 2020: 2019: 2018: 1999:technosignatures 1918:Ronald Inglehart 1746:Andrey Korotayev 1552:of the present. 1514:Age of Discovery 1510:Great Divergence 1322:complex cultures 1271:urban revolution 1177: 1168:Natufian culture 1148:Urban Revolution 1129:Age of Discovery 585:Natufian culture 517:Andrew Nikiforuk 493:V. Gordon Childe 329: 324:('citizen') and 323: 309: 245:urban revolution 218: 183:hunter-gatherers 94: 21: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7785:Linear theories 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7692: 7683:Western culture 7678:Welfare culture 7603:Eastern culture 7464:Cultural mosaic 7419:Cultural critic 7409:Cultural center 7357: 7331:Cultural Hindus 7277: 7268:Polyculturalism 7241:Monoculturalism 7216:Culture of fear 7186:Cultural safety 7181:Cultural rights 7161:Cultural racism 7156:Cultural policy 7034: 6940:Cultural system 6915:Cultural memory 6848:Cultural cringe 6774: 6706:Popular culture 6637: 6573:Cultural values 6494: 6443: 6429: 6424: 6382: 6359: 6357:Further reading 6354: 6348: 6321: 6302: 6267: 6244: 6220: 6195: 6176: 6157: 6138: 6111: 6077:Kradin, Nikolay 6045: 6026: 6006:Jensen, Derrick 5998: 5950: 5923: 5897: 5879:(1987 reprint). 5865:(1987 reprint). 5851:(1987 reprint). 5814: 5793: 5770: 5744: 5700: 5690:Time-Life Books 5685:The Sea Traders 5675: 5653: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5562: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5500: 5496: 5457: 5453: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5366: 5362: 5307: 5303: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5157: 5153: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4945:Peter Turchin. 4944: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4921:Wayback Machine 4909: 4905: 4892:Toynbee, Arnold 4889: 4885: 4874:Ferguson, Niall 4871: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4815: 4811: 4794: 4790: 4773: 4769: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4687: 4636: 4632: 4593: 4589: 4572: 4570: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4440: 4438: 4421: 4417: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4331: 4327: 4272: 4268: 4254: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4147: 4143: 4129: 4127: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4032: 4028: 4011: 4007: 3990: 3983: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3782: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3704: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3642: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3494: 3453: 3449: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3333: 3329: 3314: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3206: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3006: 3002: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2954: 2950: 2932: 2928: 2912: 2908: 2894: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2789:10.2307/2572007 2769: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2728: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2594:. 20 May 2022. 2584:"Civilizations" 2582: 2581: 2577: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2437: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2363: 2349: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2323: 2307: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2242: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2179: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2003:xenoarchaeology 1993:. They conduct 1976: 1967:Kardashev scale 1955:Cultural critic 1876: 1870: 1860:Feliks Koneczny 1827:Arthur Demarest 1811:after the Late 1655:and ultimately 1639:Oswald Spengler 1628:History of Rome 1623:Theodor Mommsen 1564: 1558: 1534: 1516: 1498: 1492: 1468: 1434: 1428: 1357:Akkadian Empire 1295:human sacrifice 1287:endemic warfare 1164: 1152:Main articles: 1150: 1125: 1119: 1090:David Wilkinson 1003: 1001:Complex systems 972:Oswald Spengler 963:, President of 897:, professional 891:decision-making 883: 873: 812: 686:landed property 668:, with complex 631:Hunter-gatherer 579:peoples of the 560:appropriability 469: 467:Characteristics 257: 249:state formation 125:writing systems 97:complex society 87:British English 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7798: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7479:Cultural probe 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Cross-cultural 7401: 7399:Coffee culture 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7369:Animal culture 7365: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7273:Transculturism 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206:Culture change 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7030:Visual culture 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7010:Safety culture 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6831:Cross-cultural 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6490:Culture theory 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6380:External links 6378: 6377: 6376: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6346: 6325: 6319: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6271: 6265: 6248: 6242: 6228:Sandall, Roger 6224: 6218: 6199: 6193: 6180: 6174: 6161: 6155: 6142: 6136: 6115: 6109: 6094: 6074: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6002: 5996: 5976: 5967: 5954: 5948: 5927: 5921: 5901: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5866: 5852: 5822:Fuller, J.F.C. 5818: 5812: 5797: 5791: 5774: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5723: 5704: 5698: 5679: 5673: 5657: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5613: 5607: 5594: 5588: 5570:Brinton, Crane 5566: 5560: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5494: 5467:(4): 209–213. 5451: 5360: 5301: 5284: 5271: 5258: 5251: 5243:Dark Age Ahead 5230: 5217: 5186: 5151: 5126: 5096: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5044: 5022: 5003: 4983: 4955: 4953:, 2003:121–127 4938: 4925: 4903: 4883: 4865: 4852: 4825:(3): 521–546. 4809: 4788: 4767: 4713: 4700: 4630: 4587: 4561: 4541: 4522: 4502: 4493: 4452: 4415: 4399:on 2 July 2012 4379: 4346: 4325: 4266: 4230: 4217: 4204: 4178: 4161:(6): 408–423. 4141: 4126:on 30 May 2014 4060: 4026: 4005: 3981: 3964: 3938: 3908: 3902:Wiener Zeitung 3891: 3860: 3829: 3799: 3780: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3733: 3716: 3702: 3688: 3681: 3664:j.ctt1mf71b8.7 3633: 3604: 3586: 3567:(2): 245–272. 3548: 3541: 3523: 3492: 3447: 3428:(2): 211–229. 3412: 3405: 3383: 3376: 3356: 3349: 3327: 3312: 3294: 3267: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3204: 3183: 3160:"Göbekli Tepe" 3150: 3107:10.1086/718372 3081: 3050: 3043: 3025: 3018: 3000: 2977: 2970: 2948: 2926: 2915:Childe, Gordon 2906: 2873: 2839: 2835:Interpretation 2822: 2783:(3): 240–250. 2763: 2744: 2726: 2693: 2680: 2648: 2629: 2609: 2575: 2557: 2538: 2518: 2499: 2479: 2472: 2454: 2435: 2415: 2396: 2376: 2361: 2340: 2321: 2298: 2279: 2259: 2240: 2216: 2197: 2177: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2130: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2010: 2007: 1991:Drake equation 1975: 1972: 1959:Derrick Jensen 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1847: 1840: 1824: 1823:and elsewhere. 1803:, in his book 1798: 1773: 1733: 1726:climate change 1705: 1688:Joseph Tainter 1685: 1660: 1636: 1620: 1612:Constantinople 1599: 1560:Main article: 1557: 1554: 1542:Western Europe 1528:World language 1494:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1450:Zoroastrianism 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1381:Hittite Empire 1248:climate change 1149: 1146: 1118: 1115: 1063:Persian Empire 1035:complex system 1031:systems theory 1002: 999: 949:United Nations 872: 869: 811: 808: 739:Plains Indians 678: 677: 663: 653: 640: 468: 465: 280:self-restraint 256: 253: 190:social classes 181:societies, or 144:infrastructure 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7797: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7760:Civilizations 7758: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7688:Youth culture 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:Urban culture 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:Remix culture 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Media culture 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7623:Languaculture 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551:Culture shock 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Cultural turn 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Bennett scale 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7309:Protestantism 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7251:Biculturalism 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015:Technoculture 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995:Print culture 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960:Enculturation 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6880:Cultural icon 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:Cultural bias 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Cultural area 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786:Acculturation 6784: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Super culture 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Legal culture 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623:Sound culture 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6363:Gribbin, John 6361: 6360: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:0-7734-6310-0 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:Johnson, Paul 5977: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5877:0-306-80306-2 5874: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5863:0-306-80305-4 5860: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5849:0-306-80304-6 5846: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5824:(1954–1957). 5823: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756:Civilizations 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661:Drews, Robert 5658: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5637:Marius Jansen 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5580:Prentice Hall 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5228:(W.W. Norton) 5227: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5047: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4784:1-4000-3205-9 4781: 4777: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 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3346: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3238:The Economist 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Standage, Tom 3187: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:Social Forces 2774: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2566:Mann, Michael 2561: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2442: 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1756: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736:Peter Turchin 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:deforestation 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708:Jared Diamond 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616:Ottoman Turks 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1602:Edward Gibbon 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326:civilizations 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:domestication 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1258:The ruins of 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:South America 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1123:Human history 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107:ancient times 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:globalization 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1069:. During the 1068: 1067:ancient world 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1039:social system 1036: 1032: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 998: 996: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 942: 937: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 893:apparatus, a 892: 888: 882: 878: 877:Cultural area 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796:urban centres 793: 789: 783: 781: 773: 772:Ancient Greek 769: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 736: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 671: 667: 666:Civilizations 664: 661: 657: 654: 651: 649: 645: 644:Horticultural 641: 638: 634: 632: 628: 627: 626: 624: 620: 619:Elman Service 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 588: 586: 582: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 557: 556: 550: 548: 544: 543:crop rotation 540: 536: 535:fertilization 531: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 486: 482: 478: 473: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 385: 384: 379: 378:Adam Ferguson 375: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 333: 332:Norbert Elias 328: 322: 317: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 289: 288:Norbert Elias 285: 281: 277: 273: 272:table manners 269: 265: 261: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 216: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 117:communication 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 88: 84: 77:civilization. 76: 75:early culture 72: 71:Ancient Egypt 68: 61: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7736: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7653:Rape culture 7598:Drug culture 7586:Deaf culture 7571:Cyberculture 7541:Culture hero 7454:Cultural lag 7394:Civilization 7393: 7294:Christianity 7000:Protoculture 6684:Microculture 6664:High culture 6659:Folk culture 6608:Postcritique 6370: 6329: 6310: 6291: 6288:Thomas, Hugh 6278:. New York: 6275: 6254: 6232: 6208:. New York: 6204: 6184: 6165: 6146: 6121: 6099: 6080: 6055: 6034: 6014:. New York: 6010: 5983: 5972:The Persians 5971: 5960: 5933: 5908: 5886: 5868: 5854: 5840: 5827: 5802: 5781:. New York: 5778: 5755: 5732:. New York: 5728: 5708: 5688:. New York: 5684: 5664: 5641: 5617: 5598: 5574: 5551: 5543:Bibliography 5528:. Retrieved 5514:: 41A–0203. 5511: 5507: 5497: 5464: 5461:Space Policy 5460: 5454: 5440:cite journal 5428:. Retrieved 5377: 5373: 5363: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5287: 5279: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5242: 5239:Jacobs, Jane 5233: 5225: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5199: 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5168: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5134: 5129: 5117:. Retrieved 5106: 5099: 5091: 5086: 5067: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5033: 5025: 5013:. Retrieved 4993: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4964: 4958: 4946: 4941: 4933: 4928: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4878:Civilization 4877: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4796: 4791: 4775: 4770: 4729: 4725: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4688:. Retrieved 4647: 4643: 4633: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4571:. Retrieved 4551: 4544: 4532:. Retrieved 4512: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4480:. Retrieved 4455: 4448:inhabitants. 4446: 4439:. Retrieved 4428: 4418: 4410: 4403:19 September 4401:. Retrieved 4397:the original 4392: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4359: 4349: 4333: 4328: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4253:. Retrieved 4249:the original 4244: 4233: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4181: 4172:the original 4158: 4154: 4144: 4137:explanation. 4135: 4128:. Retrieved 4123:the original 4077: 4073: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4042: 4029: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3994: 3978:(in German). 3975:Der Standard 3973: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3920: 3911: 3905:(in German). 3900: 3894: 3884:19 September 3882:. Retrieved 3873: 3863: 3853:19 September 3851:. Retrieved 3842: 3832: 3822:19 September 3820:. Retrieved 3811: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3770: 3745:19 September 3743:. Retrieved 3722: 3693: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3646: 3624:. 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Retrieved 2226: 2219: 2207:. Retrieved 2187: 2180: 2167: 2164:"Chronology" 2158: 2138: 2133: 2109: 2058:Future Shock 2056: 1988: 1977: 1964: 1953: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1926:Muslim world 1922:Pippa Norris 1895: 1883: 1844:over-exploit 1837:paleoecology 1830: 1804: 1779: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1722:soil erosion 1711: 1691: 1682:proletariats 1666: 1642: 1626: 1605: 1594:Roman Empire 1578: 1569: 1565: 1535: 1476:Karl Jaspers 1469: 1462:Confucianism 1401: 1337:Chalcolithic 1334: 1330:ruling class 1325: 1321: 1299: 1268: 1260:Mesoamerican 1240:5.9 Kiloyear 1233: 1184:Yellow River 1180:Göbekli Tepe 1165: 1126: 1094:Mesopotamian 1082:world system 1079: 1059:Roman Empire 1055:Indian Ocean 1051:Central Asia 1043: 1028: 993: 986: 980: 975: 969: 946: 919: 905:, organized 903:architecture 884: 845:colonization 837: 833:anthropology 813: 784: 777: 744: 731: 714:gift economy 679: 665: 655: 642: 629: 611:Morton Fried 603:ruling class 596: 592:civilization 591: 589: 565: 553: 551: 532: 525: 490: 445:World War II 429:noble savage 425:human nature 418: 412: 397: 381: 370: 353: 335: 302:civilization 301: 299: 291: 290:in his book 283: 263: 229:civilization 228: 209:civilization 208: 206: 187:hierarchical 168: 140:architecture 133: 129:graphic arts 109:urbanization 92:civilisation 91: 83:civilization 82: 80: 54:The ancient 47: 7731:WikiProject 7663:Tea culture 7566:Culturalism 7536:Culture gap 7499:Pop-culture 7299:Catholicism 7221:Culture war 6679:Low culture 6578:Culturomics 6485:Culturology 5530:11 November 5380:: 446–453. 4603:(1): 3–17. 3957:18 December 3931:18 December 3478:10419/47594 3232:WILL-AM 580 3116:10230/57736 2862:31 December 2662:Der Spiegel 2074:Manichaeism 2069:Law of Life 2037:Christendom 1957:and author 1948:Jane Jacobs 1914:Amartya Sen 1910:Edward Said 1797:and others. 1657:imperialism 1575:Ibn Khaldun 1502:Middle Ages 1478:termed the 1420:Teotihuacan 1345:Mesopotamia 1310:settlements 1291:hierarchies 1264:Teotihuacan 1213:Mesoamerica 1200:Mesopotamia 1196:Pengtoushan 1131:, emerging 1071:Uruk period 648:pastoralist 637:egalitarian 607:bureaucracy 528:agriculture 455:and German 449:Leo Strauss 437:Kierkegaard 408:ethnography 286:society by 136:agriculture 115:systems of 60:Mesopotamia 7754:Categories 6728:Subculture 6506:Bioculture 5986:. London: 5938:. London: 5911:. London: 5758:. London: 5719:Q106369892 5387:2103.01536 5328:2004.03968 5297:1804.03748 5210:23 January 5179:23 January 5143:B0000CLABJ 4482:1 November 4441:1 November 4372:1 November 4255:9 December 3712:1104409379 3220:See also: 2673:16 October 2150:References 1984:quaternary 1941:argues in 1872:See also: 1829:argues in 1702:complexity 1653:plutocracy 1580:Muqaddimah 1518:See also: 1314:lifestyles 1221:Solnitsata 1158:Bronze Age 1141:Mesolithic 1121:See also: 1023:Persepolis 895:literature 865:philosophy 829:indigenous 825:primitives 817:barbarians 804:metallurgy 790:, and the 539:irrigation 503:patterns, 501:settlement 497:livelihood 457:militarism 223:'. As the 160:regulation 7556:Culturgen 7324:Mormonism 7282:Religions 6955:Cultureme 6873:Destroyed 6499:Subfields 6091:1681-4363 5760:Macmillan 5489:0265-9646 5420:232092198 5412:0094-5765 5355:215415788 5321:(1): 58. 4976:6 January 4839:0002-7294 4617:0041-0020 4304:0028-0836 4237:Compare: 4102:0036-8075 4053:28 August 3581:143956999 3442:143128051 3228:Focus 580 3133:244818703 3125:0022-3808 2937:(1951) . 2917:(1950) . 2895:14 August 2797:0037-7732 2371:897810261 1751:in their 1678:parasitic 1676:became a 1647:rejected 1641:, in his 1538:modernity 1496:Modernity 1490:Modernity 1480:Axial Age 1432:Axial Age 1426:Axial Age 1341:"cradles" 1302:sedentism 1217:Black Sea 1211:) and in 1192:Peiligang 1154:Neolithic 1137:Neolithic 1133:Modernity 1047:Silk Road 930:Japan and 911:education 841:Australia 768:Aristotle 660:chiefdoms 650:societies 441:Nietzsche 284:civilized 276:etiquette 241:West Asia 207:The word 179:Neolithic 123:(namely, 101:the state 95:) is any 56:Sumerians 7707:Category 7289:Buddhism 7039:Politics 6448:Sciences 6290:(1981). 6230:(2001). 6066:, 2004. 6008:(2006). 5982:(1987). 5907:(1968). 5754:(2000). 5734:Scribner 5715:Wikidata 5663:(1993). 5524:Archived 5430:17 April 5424:Archived 5241:(2005). 5204:Archived 5119:17 April 5113:Archived 5009:Archived 4970:Archived 4932:Gibbon, 4917:Archived 4894:(1946). 4876:(2011). 4754:27042932 4690:15 April 4684:Archived 4672:27042932 4625:39517784 4573:15 April 4567:Archived 4534:15 April 4528:Archived 4473:Archived 4435:Archived 4366:Archived 4312:15616561 4226:Holocene 4191:Archived 4130:5 August 4118:11536431 4110:17820299 4047:Archived 3951:Archived 3925:Archived 3878:Archived 3847:Archived 3816:Archived 3786:Archived 3739:Archived 3668:Archived 3620:Archived 3516:20 April 3510:Archived 3487:41378413 3322:56596768 3281:Archived 3277:56596768 3214:57009997 3194:(2005). 3143:17 April 3137:Archived 3068:Archived 3064:Phys.org 2902:thought. 2889:Archived 2856:Archived 2848:"Athens" 2809:Archived 2635:Archived 2596:Archived 2568:(1986). 2544:Archived 2505:Archived 2441:Archived 2402:Archived 2327:Archived 2285:Archived 2246:Archived 2203:Archived 2172:Archived 2009:See also 1809:Dark Age 1649:Petrarch 1604:'s work 1454:Hinduism 1442:Stoicism 1438:Iron Age 1393:Amorites 1389:Hurrians 1385:Elamites 1349:kingdoms 1238:and the 1098:Egyptian 1049:through 1015:Persians 926:as Korea 915:coercion 907:religion 849:invasion 780:religion 722:Iron Age 702:taxation 572:artisans 568:soldiers 513:literacy 461:nihilism 415:Rousseau 404:singular 389:progress 362:material 356:(1923), 307:civilisé 156:taxation 152:currency 113:symbolic 7738:Changes 7719:Commons 7362:Related 7353:Sikhism 7348:Judaism 6779:Aspects 6441:Outline 6427:Culture 6011:Endgame 5516:Bibcode 5469:Bibcode 5392:Bibcode 5333:Bibcode 5051:22 June 5015:22 June 4762:4450246 4734:Bibcode 4680:4450246 4652:Bibcode 4320:4426545 4284:Bibcode 4262:script. 4197:21 July 4082:Bibcode 4074:Science 3792:20 June 3674:29 July 3626:29 July 2805:2572007 2641:20 June 2550:20 June 2511:20 June 2447:20 June 2333:20 June 2291:20 June 2252:20 June 2209:20 June 1738:in his 1665:in his 1625:in his 1614:to the 1546:science 1520:Culture 1446:Judaism 1353:empires 1283:warrior 1246:. 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