789:
303:
788:
1010:
936:
1181:
138:
412:
20:
4530:
4540:
4550:
1167:
692:
1195:
1153:
Three bowls do I mix for the temperate: one to health, which they empty first; the second to love and pleasure; the third to sleep. When this bowl is drunk up, wise guests go home. The fourth bowl is ours no longer, but belongs to violence; the fifth to uproar; the sixth to drunken revel; the seventh
310:
As the Greek city-states established colonies throughout the
Mediterranean, the settlers brought grapevines with them and were active in cultivating the wild vines they encountered. Sicily and southern Italy formed some of the earliest colonies, as they were areas already home to an abundance of
493:
for more intense concentration of flavors and quality, rather than increased quantity. The economics of the time favored high yields for most crops, and intentionally limiting agricultural output was exceedingly uncommon in the ancient world. Theophrastus also detailed the practice of using
1137:) were the ideal amount of wine to consume. The quantity of three bowls to represent moderation is a recurring theme throughout Greek writing (today, the standard 750 ml bottle contains roughly three to six glasses of wine, depending on serving size). In his c. 375 BC play
618:," drawn from grape clusters expressing their contents under their own weight. Other Greek innovations include the harvest of deliberately unripe grapes in producing a more acidic wine for blending. The boiling of grape
804:
The reputation of a wine depends on the region the wine came from rather than an individual producer or vineyard. In the 4th century BC, the most expensive wine sold in the local agora in Athens was that from
824:
Like early wine critics, Greek poets would extol the virtues of certain wines and review less favorably those not up to their standards. The wines most frequently cited as being of good quality were those of
673:
in 691 AD, exactly three centuries after
Theodosius closed the temples, a canon was issued expressly forbidding the cries of "Dionysus!" from the wine treaders, who still were masked; it was recommended that
1001:
was recorded as having committed suicide by drinking wine full-strength. Greeks asserted that the dilution of wine with water was a mark of civilized behavior, whose contrast was embodied in the myth of the
469:
describes that part of its wrought decoration illustrating the grape harvest from a vineyard protectively surrounded by a trench and a fence; the vines stand in rows supported on stakes. He also wrote that
323:
soon followed, with the expectation that not only would colonial wine production supply domestic needs, but also create trading opportunities to meet the demand of the nearby city-states.
379:
discovered off the coast of southern France included nearly 10,000 amphoras containing nearly 300,000 litres (79,000 US gal) of Greek wine, presumably destined for trade up the
554:
in two, each then carrying one half around the perimeter of the vineyard in an opposite direction from the other. Where they met again, the carcass would be buried next to the vineyard.
57:
helped ancient Greece trade with neighboring countries and regions. Many mannerisms and cultural aspects were associated with wine. It led to great change in
Ancient Greece as well.
399:
included several artifacts demonstrating the strong ties between Greek wine traders and local Celtic villagers. The most notable of these was a large Greek-made
1062:
marked the opening of the wine jars from the previous autumn harvest, featuring wine-drinking contests and a procession through Athens carrying wine jars. The
571:
vats with a rope or plank above. Vineyard workers grasped the rope for balance to crush the grapes with their feet, occasionally to the accompaniment of a
1507:,: "they were indeed the wine-treaders in disguise," Kerenyi observes; in medieval images peasants tread the grapes, their shifts tucked into their belts.
1579:
947:
The most common style of wine in ancient Greece was sweet and aromatic, though drier wines were also produced. Color ranged from dark, inky black to
861:. Among individual wines lauded were two with unknown origins: Bibline and Pramnian. Bibline is believed to have been made in a style similar to the
1557:
1677:
435:(Greek: ἡμερίς), after their adjective for "tame" (Greek: ἥμερος), differentiating it from its wild form. A massive rootstock was carved into a
391:. It is estimated that the Greeks shipped nearly 10 million liters of wine into Gaul each year through Massalia. In 1929, the discovery of the
302:
997:
was once driven insane after drinking wine this way. They also believed that undiluted wine could even kill the drinker: the Gallic chieftain
546:)—have distinct Greek heritage. Not all Greek viticulture techniques were widely adopted by other wine regions. Some Greek vineyards used
3277:
1123:, especially those arising from the consumption of wine beyond moderation. Athenaeus made frequent mention of wine's ability to induce
1154:
to black eyes; the eighth is the policeman's; the ninth belongs to biliousness; and the tenth to madness and the hurling of furniture.
756:
1635:
1120:
364:
and beyond, the Greeks traded their knowledge of viticulture and winemaking, as well the fruits of their own production. Millions of
356:
from classical times bear witness to the importance of wine to the ancient Greek economy. With every major trading partner, from the
728:
709:
1066:
included theatrical performances of both comedies and tragedies in honor of the God of wine. Wine was a frequent component at the
735:
797:
2665:
247:
In the
Mycenaean period, wine took on greater cultural, religious and economic importance. Records inscribed on tablets in
1641:
1048:
celebrating the "month of the new wine." The cult of
Dionysus was very active, if not mysterious, and was immortalized in
1670:
742:
41:
1329:
4584:
3287:
2977:
2670:
2604:
814:
2675:
2650:
1534:
1445:
1305:
1264:
775:
1023:, ca 530 BC, depicting Dionysus aboard the vine-entangled ship among his would-be abductors transformed to dolphins.
724:
4484:
3233:
2660:
2655:
670:
173:
had their associated vineyards, as
Spyridon Marinatos demonstrated in excavations just south of the palace site at
3127:
2987:
2982:
2259:
877:
from a grape variety known as
Bibline. Pramnian wine was found in several regions, most notably Lesbos but also
259:
of wine. Greeks embedded the arrival of winemaking culture in the mythologies of
Dionysus and the cultural hero
4574:
4511:
3152:
2566:
1663:
713:
485:
left a detailed record of some Greek influences and innovations in viticulture, one of which was the study of
4506:
4063:
3556:
3072:
2992:
2690:
2400:
4479:
3008:
2462:
1574:
471:
337:
to help satisfy demand. Wine historians have theorized that the Greeks may have introduced viticulture to
3534:
3142:
3018:
2680:
2634:
2589:
2365:
2054:
1346:
4073:
1554:
1009:
329:
itself provided a large and lucrative market for wine, with significant vineyard estates forming in the
4195:
4068:
3201:
3196:
3172:
3082:
2599:
1697:
1341:
4604:
4579:
4553:
4496:
3452:
3255:
3240:
3162:
3097:
2417:
2312:
1786:
1720:
749:
106:
3064:
3044:
2242:
1900:
240:
in Crete, from which island the
Mycenaeans are believed to have spread viticulture to others in the
4599:
3250:
3213:
3147:
2813:
2700:
998:
4533:
3657:
3457:
3442:
3245:
3228:
3208:
3077:
3013:
2629:
2614:
2584:
2545:
2422:
2274:
1776:
702:
523:
368:
pieces bearing the unique seals of various city-states and Aegean islands have been uncovered by
233:
37:
31:
1646:
4491:
3494:
3265:
3223:
3157:
3122:
2574:
2558:
2254:
2195:
2044:
2039:
1037:
1033:
889:
that
Pramnian was a generic name referring to a dark wine of good quality and aging potential.
550:
to ward off disease and bad weather. For example, two vineyard workers would tear a live white
486:
226:
1600:
4589:
4543:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3737:
3427:
3167:
3137:
3092:
3087:
2718:
2685:
2487:
2392:
2378:
2034:
1905:
1869:
1468:, who taught the civilized technique of mixing wine and water, the lack of which aroused the
1228:
1213:
1208:
353:
118:
110:
4015:
4009:
3995:
3479:
3437:
3409:
3294:
3107:
2337:
2133:
1223:
1133:
1019:
940:
862:
1058:. Several festivals were held throughout the year in honor of the God of wine. February's
489:
and their proper match to specific grapevines. Another innovation was the minimization of
113:. Along the way, they markedly influenced the ancient European winemaking cultures of the
8:
4594:
4146:
4116:
3504:
3399:
3394:
2831:
2146:
2059:
2029:
1983:
1746:
1077:
582:
158:
4363:
4260:
4166:
3810:
3727:
3615:
3117:
2941:
2457:
2437:
2294:
2165:
2049:
1844:
1771:
935:
920:
as a speciality of the island of Limnos, which was probably the same as the modern-day
466:
283:
251:
include details of wine, vineyards and wine merchants, as well as an early allusion to
4539:
4438:
4025:
3574:
3422:
3374:
3218:
3187:
3132:
3049:
2926:
2798:
2619:
2452:
2405:
2345:
2219:
2201:
2177:
2159:
2114:
2069:
2064:
1715:
1530:
1441:
1301:
1260:
1112:
623:
396:
357:
312:
896:(7th century BC), who praises "Dénthis," a wine from the western foothills of Mount
165:
was introduced to Egyptian winemaking methods, an influence most likely imparted to
4368:
3900:
3865:
3682:
3539:
3417:
3304:
3299:
2624:
2579:
2410:
2317:
1933:
1766:
1751:
1741:
1045:
976:
166:
4383:
4141:
3929:
3742:
3484:
3350:
3282:
2609:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2097:
2074:
1948:
1859:
1819:
1756:
1583:
1561:
1364:
1351:
1072:
1032:
In addition to its significance as a trade commodity, wine also served important
991:
909:
810:
499:
495:
342:
256:
4408:
4121:
4265:
4205:
4200:
4156:
3937:
3885:
3875:
3855:
3845:
3589:
3584:
3579:
2432:
2231:
2225:
2213:
2013:
1988:
1761:
1686:
1611:
1200:
1142:
1128:
846:
615:
519:
507:
187:
170:
137:
54:
4568:
4501:
4418:
4393:
4083:
4005:
3687:
3630:
3529:
3519:
3489:
3471:
3345:
2497:
2279:
2171:
2127:
2089:
1928:
1849:
1473:
1337:
1180:
1172:
1092:
1003:
968:
514:
503:
461:
recounts the primitive invention of wine-pressing, credited to Dionysus, and
369:
271:
179:
154:
98:
62:
948:
575:
played in a festive manner. After crushing, the grapes were placed in large
411:
4318:
4270:
4136:
3990:
3860:
3499:
3335:
2841:
2803:
2502:
932:. If so, this makes Lemnió the oldest known varietal still in cultivation.
870:
850:
607:
490:
482:
338:
126:
102:
94:
1083:
The medicinal use of wine was frequently studied by the Greeks, including
1006:, inflamed to rape and mayhem because of wine drunk undiluted with water.
478:, had over 50 grape varieties planted in different parts of his vineyard.
4338:
4230:
4210:
4038:
3546:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3432:
3389:
2936:
2846:
2836:
2723:
2713:
2477:
1854:
1829:
1486:
1186:
1100:
1084:
1059:
1054:
1013:
Wine in Greece was never far from its mystical connection to the cult of
994:
818:
659:
602:
production: laying out freshly harvested grapes on mats to dry nearly to
568:
416:
346:
219:
191:
90:
82:
19:
4043:
979:." Comedic poets noted that Greek women liked "old wine but young men."
4275:
4245:
4240:
4225:
4111:
4078:
3747:
3717:
3384:
3112:
2946:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2733:
2708:
2084:
1839:
1794:
1465:
1218:
1103:. Various types of wine were prescribed by Greek doctors for use as an
1096:
956:
826:
806:
716: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
626:
to the wine. The Greeks believed wine could also be improved by adding
599:
510:, rather than let the grapevines grow untrained in bushes or up trees.
453:
436:
241:
237:
150:
86:
1087:, who did extensive research on the topic. He used wine as a cure for
4250:
4176:
4161:
4131:
4126:
4058:
3982:
3967:
3952:
3895:
3795:
3447:
3379:
2951:
2931:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2856:
2851:
2821:
2768:
2728:
2507:
2373:
2327:
2307:
1938:
1809:
1116:
1104:
1067:
1049:
987:
964:
952:
917:
886:
547:
539:
535:
527:
448:
440:
403:, designed to hold over 1,000 litres (260 US gal) of wine.
392:
376:
320:
316:
260:
146:
122:
66:
986:
when the wine was to be served cold). The Greeks believed that only
963:. However, wines that were stored well and aged were highly prized:
921:
691:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4255:
4033:
4000:
3962:
3905:
3820:
3805:
3662:
3652:
3569:
3564:
2961:
2956:
2916:
2911:
2886:
2866:
2793:
2748:
2738:
2594:
2492:
2427:
2355:
1963:
1461:
1146:
1124:
1108:
1063:
1014:
959:
that meant many wines did not retain their quality beyond the next
901:
897:
869:, highly regarded for its perfumed fragrance by Greek writers like
854:
663:
639:
475:
252:
248:
207:
174:
149:
period, with domestic cultivation becoming widespread by the early
89:
that they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now
4053:
1499:
In representations of Antiquity, the wine-treaders are invariably
384:
380:
4443:
4433:
4378:
4373:
4358:
4348:
4333:
4328:
4215:
4103:
4093:
3972:
3947:
3942:
3915:
3910:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3767:
3757:
3732:
3697:
3692:
3667:
3320:
3102:
2763:
2753:
2512:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2447:
2442:
2322:
2269:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1655:
1504:
1469:
1457:
1388:
960:
925:
873:. The Greek version of the wine is thought to have originated in
830:
793:
655:
651:
594:
559:
551:
444:
365:
361:
267:
211:
183:
devoted to wine production was unearthed at Kato Zakros in 1961.
4388:
3702:
892:
The earliest reference to a named wine is from the lyrical poet
817:
worth—about 3 liters, or the equivalent of four standard 750 ml
423:
expressing the juice from trodden grapes in wicker mats in the
194:
were linked in the form of the horn-shaped drinking cups called
4413:
4343:
4323:
4285:
4151:
3957:
3850:
3787:
3777:
3722:
3340:
3325:
2921:
2906:
2881:
2876:
2861:
2522:
2517:
2284:
2264:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1864:
1824:
1814:
1799:
1555:
Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture
893:
882:
878:
874:
866:
858:
842:
603:
589:
577:
564:
517:
have been unable to identify the exact ancestry of any current
458:
420:
400:
334:
330:
326:
287:
275:
196:
796:, satyrs and maenads participating in the wine grape harvest,
4423:
4398:
4295:
4235:
4220:
4088:
4048:
3800:
3712:
3707:
3677:
3672:
3647:
3330:
2871:
2826:
2778:
2350:
2302:
2003:
1973:
1920:
1895:
1834:
1804:
1500:
1330:
1088:
929:
834:
643:
635:
627:
572:
462:
291:
279:
270:
show that the Mycenaeans actively traded wine throughout the
215:
201:
162:
70:
4428:
4403:
4353:
3840:
3830:
983:
972:
631:
619:
388:
222:
114:
74:
50:
838:
647:
1300:
Third Edition pp. 326–329 Oxford University Press 2006
967:
described the best mature wines as having a bouquet of "
567:
baskets filled with grapes were placed inside wooden or
406:
982:
Wine was almost always diluted, usually with water (or
614:
was among the first known to be made exclusively from "
311:
grapevines. The Greeks called the southern part of the
1099:. He also studied the effect of wine on his patients'
526:
among those grown by the ancient Greeks, several—e.g.
1378:
1368:
1292:
502:
for new vineyard plantings. The Greeks also employed
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1162:
1040:
purposes in Greek society. The "feast of the wine" (
908:" ("smelling of flowers"). According to wine expert
214:
and repeated twice in Homer. Along with olives and
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
352:The grape clusters, vines and wine cups that adorn
225:vital to sustenance and community development; the
1599:, American School of Classical Studies, 2004, on
1423:
1318:Dionysos: Archetypal image of indestructible life
1269:
145:Viticulture has existed in Greece since the late
4566:
1240:
1127:and suggested various remedies for it. The poet
1891:
1519:
1456:Wine also plays a leading role in the myths of
506:with stacked plants for easier cultivation and
319:in southern France and along the shores of the
372:, demonstrating the scope of Greek influence.
190:of the mid-second millennium BC, wine and the
1671:
990:drank unmixed or undiluted wine and that the
885:(in present-day Turkey). It was suggested by
792:3rd-century Roman sarcophagus with Dionysus,
666:are some modern examples of these practices.
1464:, who welcomed the god and his gift, and of
81:The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of
315:Oenotria ("land of vines"). Settlements in
229:followed the course of the vintner's year.
2557:
1678:
1664:
943:drinking cup was used to serve Greek wine.
622:was discovered as another means of adding
431:Ancient Greeks called the cultivated vine
345:, but competing theories suggest that the
141:A golden goblet from the Mycenaean period.
776:Learn how and when to remove this message
598:include some of the earliest mentions of
297:
1545:Pausanias, Guide for Greece 10.19.4-23.9
1119:aid. The Greeks were also aware of some
1027:
1008:
934:
809:, which sold for between a quarter of a
787:
410:
301:
136:
18:
1420:XIII.32 ("his brace of wine-dark oxen")
1070:, which sometimes included the game of
924:varietal, a red wine with a bouquet of
244:and quite possibly to mainland Greece.
206:, "wine-colored") is twice attested in
42:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4567:
3611:
557:The Greeks practiced an early form of
4468:
3610:
3039:
2543:
1890:
1710:
1659:
798:Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
563:when grapes were ready for crushing.
407:Viticulture and winemaking influences
23:Greek influence in the 6th century BC
4079:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1711:
1259:, pp. 35–46 Simon and Schuster 1989
714:adding citations to reliable sources
685:
349:probably reached those areas first.
1516:Noted in Kerenyi 1976:67 and notes.
1400:Michael Ventris and John Chadwick,
1004:battle of Lapiths with the Centaurs
955:was difficult to control, a common
69:when they learned to cultivate the
13:
3040:
1685:
1618:, fr. 93. preserved in Athenaeus,
1080:from a wine cup towards a target.
912:, Limnio was almost certainly the
14:
4616:
1628:
177:, and the Minoan equivalent of a
4548:
4538:
4529:
4528:
1474:conflict of Lapiths and centaurs
1440:, pp. 29–34 Harper Collins 2000
1193:
1179:
1165:
690:
671:Second Council of Constantinople
481:The 4th-century BC Greek writer
4549:
1605:
1589:
1567:
1548:
1539:
1510:
1493:
1479:
1367:Linear B forms of the word are
701:needs additional citations for
1450:
1407:
1394:
1391:Ch 1015 and KN Ch 897 tablets.
1357:
1323:
1310:
1298:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1:
2150:
2137:
2118:
2101:
1576:The Last days of Pylos Polity
1529:pg 225 Mitchell Beazley 1986
1387:, found respectively, on the
1234:
681:
200:; the name of Oinops (Greek:
105:, as well as others, through
3278:Funeral and burial practices
2463:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1402:Documents in Mycenaean Greek
333:region and on the island of
7:
1560:September 15, 2008, at the
1158:
443:and set up on the coast of
218:, grapes were an important
10:
4621:
3202:Greek Revival architecture
2544:
1379:
1369:
1331:
1257:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1076:, which involved flinging
853:, Peparethos (present-day
232:One of the earliest known
202:
132:
4585:Culture of ancient Greece
4524:
4475:
4469:
4464:
4309:
4186:
4175:
4102:
4024:
3981:
3928:
3786:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3606:
3555:
3470:
3408:
3370:
3363:
3313:
3273:
3264:
3186:
3063:
3059:
3035:
3001:
2970:
2812:
2699:
2643:
2610:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2565:
2556:
2552:
2539:
2418:Antigonid Macedonian army
2391:
2364:
2336:
2293:
2250:
2241:
2083:
2022:
1919:
1915:
1886:
1785:
1734:
1730:
1706:
1693:
1527:Vines, Grapes & Wines
725:"Ancient Greece and wine"
1649:It was nice retsina wine
1131:noted that three bowls (
1438:A Short History of Wine
1347:A Greek–English Lexicon
1316:Noted in Karl Kerenyi,
1121:negative health effects
2644:Artists & scholars
2559:List of ancient Greeks
2196:Second Athenian League
2045:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1870:Ancient Greek colonies
1156:
1024:
944:
801:
428:
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298:Colonization and trade
227:ancient Greek calendar
142:
79:
30:This article contains
24:
16:Wine in Ancient Greece
4575:Ancient Greek cuisine
3763:Sybaris on the Traeis
2488:Sacred Band of Thebes
2228:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1742:Cycladic civilization
1640:All about Greek wine
1586:, Université de Liège
1338:Liddell, Henry George
1320:1976:56 notes 15, 16.
1229:Wine-dark sea (Homer)
1214:Ancient Rome and wine
1209:Ancient Greek cuisine
1151:
1028:Wine in Greek culture
1017:: Attic black-figure
1012:
938:
791:
592:writings and Homer's
414:
305:
153:. Through trade with
140:
65:began to emerge from
59:
22:
3288:mythological figures
3009:Ancient Greek tribes
2134:Peloponnesian League
1564:, Dartmouth College
1472:and resulted in the
1224:Phoenicians and wine
1044:) was a festival in
813:and 2 drachma for a
710:improve this article
3400:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3395:Theatre of Dionysus
3019:Ancient Macedonians
2635:Tyrants of Syracuse
2147:Amphictyonic League
1747:Minoan civilization
1647:Evangelos Andreou,
1634:Greek wine history
1597:The Mycenaean feast
916:grape described by
608:wine made on Lesbos
606:before pressing. A
465:description of the
159:Minoan civilization
125:and ultimately the
61:The peoples of the
4074:Menestheus's Limin
3728:Pandosia (Lucania)
3616:Greek colonisation
2978:Athenian statesmen
2739:Diogenes of Sinope
2600:Kings of Macedonia
2590:Kings of Commagene
2458:Macedonian phalanx
2438:Hellenistic armies
2186:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2050:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1772:Hellenistic Greece
1616:Semele or Dionysus
1582:2011-05-16 at the
1139:Semele or Dionysus
1025:
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467:Shield of Achilles
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360:, Egypt, Scythia,
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274:in places such as
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236:was discovered in
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2202:Thessalian League
2178:Chalcidian League
2160:Acarnanian League
2070:Ptolemaic Kingdom
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1595:James C. Wright,
1296:J. Robinson (ed)
951:to nearly clear.
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49:The influence of
38:rendering support
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4605:Cult of Dionysus
4580:Historical foods
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306:The Vix Krater
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188:Minoan culture
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3631:Magna Graecia
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3458:Zeus, Olympia
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3443:Hera, Olympia
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3346:Mount Olympus
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3314:Sacred places
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3138:Olympic Games
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3128:Homosexuality
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2188:
2185:
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2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:Delian League
2170:
2167:
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2161:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:Ionian League
2126:
2116:
2113:
2109: 560 BC
2099:
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2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1982:
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1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Magna Graecia
1848:
1846:
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1838:
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1833:
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1828:
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1823:
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1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1535:1-85732-999-6
1532:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:0-06-621282-0
1443:
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1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1363:The attested
1360:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:Scott, Robert
1339:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:0-19-860990-6
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1265:0-671-68702-6
1262:
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1215:
1212:
1210:
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1206:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:Greece portal
1163:
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1148:
1144:
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1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:convalescence
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:, social and
1035:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
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978:
974:
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808:
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769:
758:
755:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
727: –
726:
722:
721:Find sources:
715:
711:
705:
704:
699:This section
697:
693:
688:
687:
679:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
584:
581:, jars where
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:grape variety
522:
521:
516:
511:
509:
505:
504:vine training
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
441:Great Goddess
438:
434:
426:
422:
418:
413:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
304:
295:
293:
290:and southern
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:ancient world
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
198:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:
180:villa rustica
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:ancient Egypt
152:
148:
139:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:Mediterranean
58:
56:
52:
43:
39:
35:
33:
21:
4590:Ancient wine
4349:Dionysopolis
4319:Abonoteichos
4271:Pantikapaion
3861:Hybla Heraea
3197:Architecture
3177:
3153:Prostitution
2842:Aristophanes
2701:Philosophers
2671:Philosophers
2503:Spartan army
2234:(280–146 BC)
2222:(338–322 BC)
2216:(370–168 BC)
2204:(374–196 BC)
2198:(378–355 BC)
2180:(430–348 BC)
2174:(478–404 BC)
2168:(499–449 BC)
1855:Peloponnesus
1777:Roman Greece
1648:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1601:Google books
1596:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1550:
1541:
1526:
1525:J. Robinson
1521:
1512:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1452:
1437:
1436:R. Phillips
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1384:
1374:
1359:
1345:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1297:
1256:
1152:
1138:
1132:
1082:
1071:
1053:
1041:
1031:
1018:
992:Spartan king
981:
946:
913:
905:
891:
871:Archestratus
823:
819:wine bottles
803:
772:
763:
753:
746:
739:
732:
720:
708:Please help
703:verification
700:
675:
668:
611:
593:
587:
585:took place.
583:fermentation
576:
558:
556:
543:
531:
518:
512:
483:Theophrastus
480:
474:, father of
452:
432:
430:
424:
387:rivers into
374:
351:
325:
309:
265:
246:
234:wine presses
231:
220:agricultural
195:
185:
178:
144:
111:colonization
80:
60:
48:
29:
4497:Place names
4409:Salmydessus
4231:Kalos Limen
4211:Chersonesus
4201:Borysthenes
3906:Tauromenion
3718:Metapontion
3480:Proto-Greek
3433:Erechtheion
3428:Athena Nike
3390:Philippeion
3219:Mathematics
3190:and science
3073:Agriculture
2937:Stesichorus
2847:Bacchylides
2837:Archilochus
2724:Antisthenes
2714:Anaximander
2686:Seven Sages
2676:Playwrights
2656:Geographers
2651:Astronomers
2478:Pezhetairos
2105: 1100
2085:Federations
1984:Megalopolis
1921:City states
1896:City states
1487:Argonautica
1375:wo-no-qo-so
1255:H. Johnson
1187:Wine portal
1085:Hippocrates
1060:Anthesteria
1055:The Bacchae
1050:Euripides's
995:Cleomenes I
766:August 2021
660:mulled wine
569:earthenware
451:. The late
417:terra cotta
354:Greek coins
347:Phoenicians
210:tablets at
192:sacred bull
83:viticulture
4595:Greek wine
4569:Categories
4399:Polemonion
4276:Phanagoria
4246:Kimmerikon
4241:Kerkinitis
4226:Hermonassa
4216:Dioscurias
4112:Aspalathos
4059:Kalathousa
4034:Akra Leuke
3963:Phoenicusa
3748:Scylletium
3733:Poseidonia
3653:Brentesion
3540:Pamphylian
3535:Macedonian
3453:Samothrace
3438:Hephaestus
3385:Long Walls
3364:Structures
3305:Underworld
3251:Technology
3214:Literature
3148:Philosophy
3113:Euergetism
3002:By culture
2947:Thucydides
2789:Pythagoras
2784:Protagoras
2774:Parmenides
2759:Heraclitus
2744:Empedocles
2734:Democritus
2719:Anaximenes
2709:Anaxagoras
2661:Historians
2154: 595
2141: 550
2122: 800
2107: – c.
2035:Cappadocia
1840:Ionian Sea
1830:Hellespont
1795:Aegean Sea
1490:I.1116-39.
1466:Amphitryon
1416:XIII.703;
1380:𐀺𐀜𐀦𐀰𐀤
1235:References
1219:Greek wine
1097:antiseptic
1095:and as an
1091:, to ease
988:barbarians
957:wine fault
906:anthosmías
827:Chalkidike
736:newspapers
682:Greek wine
600:straw wine
508:harvesting
498:and plant
454:Dionysiaca
437:cult image
242:Aegean Sea
238:Palekastro
151:Bronze Age
4485:in Epirus
4434:Trapezous
4379:Mesambria
4364:Eupatoria
4334:Apollonia
4329:Anchialos
4291:Theodosia
4261:Nymphaion
4251:Myrmekion
4221:Gorgippia
4177:Black Sea
4162:Tragurion
4147:Nymphaion
4132:Epidauros
4127:Epidamnos
4117:Apollonia
4094:Zacynthos
4016:Ptolemais
4010:Apollonia
3983:Cyrenaica
3973:Therassía
3968:Strongyle
3948:Ereikousa
3871:Leontinoi
3811:Apollonia
3688:Hipponion
3485:Mycenaean
3448:Parthenon
3380:Lion Gate
3283:Mythology
3246:Sculpture
3209:Astronomy
3143:Pederasty
3118:Festivals
3103:Education
2983:Lawgivers
2952:Timocreon
2932:Sophocles
2927:Simonides
2902:Philocles
2897:Panyassis
2892:Mimnermus
2857:Herodotus
2852:Euripides
2822:Aeschylus
2769:Leucippus
2729:Aristotle
2508:Strategos
2374:Synedrion
2328:Ostracism
2308:Areopagus
2260:Free city
2055:Macedonia
1939:Byzantion
1845:Macedonia
1810:Cyrenaica
1787:Geography
1721:Geography
1117:digestive
1105:analgesic
1068:symposium
1034:religious
965:Hermippus
953:Oxidation
918:Aristotle
887:Athenaeus
624:sweetness
612:protropon
610:known as
548:mysticism
540:Trebbiano
536:Grechetto
532:Helleniko
528:Aglianico
496:suckering
449:Argonauts
393:Vix Grave
377:shipwreck
321:Black Sea
284:Palestine
261:Aristaeus
257:Greek god
147:Neolithic
123:Scythians
119:Etruscans
67:barbarism
4534:Category
4512:Theatres
4439:Tripolis
4374:Kerasous
4369:Heraclea
4301:Tyritake
4256:Nikonion
4167:Thronion
4089:Salauris
4044:Emporion
4001:Berenice
3991:Balagrae
3943:Euonymos
3916:Tyndaris
3901:Syracuse
3896:Selinous
3866:Kamarina
3821:Casmenae
3806:Akrillai
3723:Neápolis
3658:Caulonia
3639:Mainland
3570:Linear B
3565:Linear A
3495:Dialects
3472:Language
3266:Religion
3224:Medicine
3158:Religion
3123:Folklore
3108:Emporium
3083:Clothing
3078:Calendar
2962:Xenophon
2957:Tyrtaeus
2942:Theognis
2917:Polybius
2912:Plutarch
2887:Menander
2867:Hipponax
2794:Socrates
2749:Epicurus
2595:Diadochi
2493:Sciritae
2453:Hetairoi
2428:Ballista
2393:Military
2356:Gerousia
2346:Ekklesia
2313:Ecclesia
2295:Athenian
2243:Politics
2156:–279 BC)
2143:–366 BC)
2124:–389 BC)
2060:Pergamon
2030:Bithynia
2023:Kingdoms
1964:Pergamon
1906:Military
1901:Politics
1698:Timeline
1580:Archived
1558:Archived
1470:centaurs
1462:Semachos
1404:1959:130
1370:𐀺𐀜𐀦𐀰
1159:See also
1147:Dionysus
1125:hangover
1109:diuretic
1073:kottabos
1064:Dionysia
1015:Dionysus
977:hyacinth
902:Messenia
898:Taygetus
855:Skopelos
664:vermouth
640:seawater
590:Hesiod's
500:cuttings
476:Odysseus
425:tropeion
397:Burgundy
343:Portugal
317:Massalia
268:amphoras
253:Dionysus
249:Linear B
208:Linear B
175:Archanes
73:and the
4554:Outline
4507:Temples
4444:Zaliche
4424:Thèrmae
4414:Sesamus
4384:Odessos
4359:Cytorus
4354:Cotyora
4104:Illyria
4069:Mainake
4064:Kypsela
3953:Hycesia
3911:Thermae
3891:Segesta
3881:Messana
3836:Helorus
3816:Calacte
3796:Akragas
3758:Sybaris
3743:Rhegion
3698:Krimisa
3648:Alision
3557:Writing
3530:Locrian
3520:Epirote
3490:Homeric
3423:Artemis
3410:Temples
3351:Olympia
3321:Eleusis
3256:Theatre
3241:Pottery
3168:Warfare
3163:Slavery
3098:Economy
3093:Cuisine
3088:Coinage
3065:Society
3050:Culture
3045:Society
2993:Tyrants
2832:Alcaeus
2814:Authors
2764:Hypatia
2754:Gorgias
2691:Writers
2513:Toxotai
2483:Sarissa
2473:Peltast
2468:Phalanx
2448:Hoplite
2443:Hippeis
2366:Macedon
2338:Spartan
2323:Heliaia
2270:Proxeny
1979:Larissa
1974:Kerkyra
1969:Eretria
1959:Miletus
1954:Ephesus
1949:Corinth
1944:Chalcis
1865:Taurica
1735:Periods
1716:History
1642:History
1612:Eubulus
1458:Ikarios
1418:Odyssey
1350:at the
1143:Eubulus
1134:kylikes
1129:Eubulus
1038:medical
999:Brennus
969:violets
961:vintage
926:oregano
831:Ismaros
821:today.
811:drachma
794:Ariadne
750:scholar
656:Retsina
652:perfume
604:raisins
595:Odyssey
560:pigeage
552:rooster
472:Laertes
463:Homer's
447:by the
445:Phrygia
439:of the
433:hemeris
366:amphora
362:Etruria
331:Attican
212:Knossos
133:Origins
99:Austria
4544:Portal
4492:People
4480:Cities
4419:Sinope
4404:Rhizos
4394:Phasis
4344:Bathus
4339:Athina
4324:Amisos
4286:Tanais
4281:Pityus
4206:Charax
4157:Pharos
4152:Orikon
4049:Helike
4039:Alonis
4006:Cyrene
3938:Didyme
3851:Himera
3826:Catana
3788:Sicily
3778:Thurii
3773:Terina
3738:Pixous
3693:Hydrus
3668:Croton
3500:Aeolic
3418:Aphaea
3341:Dodona
3326:Delphi
3295:Temple
2971:Others
2922:Sappho
2907:Pindar
2882:Lucian
2877:Ibycus
2862:Hesiod
2799:Thales
2567:Rulers
2546:People
2523:Xyston
2518:Xiphos
2379:Koinon
2285:Tyrant
2275:Stasis
2265:Koinon
2065:Pontus
2040:Epirus
2009:Sparta
1999:Rhodes
1994:Megara
1989:Thebes
1934:Athens
1860:Pontus
1825:Epirus
1815:Cyprus
1800:Aeolis
1533:
1505:sileni
1501:satyrs
1444:
1377:, and
1304:
1263:
1089:fevers
922:Lemnió
914:Lemnia
904:, as "
894:Alkman
883:Smyrna
879:Icaria
875:Thrace
867:Byblos
859:Thasos
857:) and
843:Lesbos
752:
745:
738:
731:
723:
578:pithoi
565:Wicker
538:, and
513:While
491:yields
459:Nonnus
421:Satyrs
401:krater
358:Crimea
335:Thasos
327:Athens
288:Sicily
276:Cyprus
255:, the
169:. The
157:, the
127:Romans
103:Russia
91:France
4502:Stoae
4470:Lists
4389:Oinòe
4312:coast
4310:South
4296:Tyras
4266:Olbia
4236:Kepoi
4189:coast
4187:North
4180:basin
4122:Aulon
4084:Rhode
3996:Barca
3886:Naxos
3841:Henna
3801:Akrai
3768:Taras
3753:Siris
3713:Medma
3708:Locri
3673:Cumae
3663:Chone
3641:Italy
3547:Koine
3525:Ionic
3515:Doric
3510:Attic
3331:Delos
3229:Music
2872:Homer
2827:Aesop
2779:Plato
2681:Poets
2351:Ephor
2303:Agora
2280:Tagus
2255:Boule
2004:Samos
1929:Argos
1835:Ionia
1820:Doris
1805:Crete
1622:2.37c
1414:Iliad
1332:οἶνοψ
1149:say:
1113:tonic
1101:stool
1052:play
1020:kylix
973:roses
949:tawny
941:kylix
930:thyme
865:from
851:Naxos
847:Mende
835:Khios
815:chous
807:Chios
757:JSTOR
743:books
644:brine
636:spice
632:herbs
628:resin
588:Both
573:flute
544:Greco
385:Saône
381:Rhône
339:Spain
292:Italy
280:Egypt
216:grain
203:οἶνοψ
197:rhyta
163:Crete
115:Celts
107:trade
95:Italy
71:olive
4429:Tium
4196:Akra
4137:Issa
3831:Gela
3703:Laüs
3678:Elea
3336:Dion
3188:Arts
3178:Wine
2804:Zeno
2401:Wars
1531:ISBN
1503:and
1442:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1145:has
1115:and
1078:lees
984:snow
975:and
928:and
881:and
729:news
662:and
650:and
620:must
389:Gaul
383:and
341:and
223:crop
109:and
101:and
85:and
75:vine
51:wine
3133:Law
900:in
839:Kos
712:by
648:oil
534:),
457:of
395:in
186:In
161:on
53:in
4571::
2151:c.
2138:c.
2119:c.
2102:c.
1614:.
1425:^
1389:KN
1383:,
1373:,
1344:;
1340:;
1336:.
1271:^
1242:^
1141:,
1111:,
1107:,
971:,
939:A
849:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
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658:,
654:.
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
415:A
375:A
294:.
286:,
282:,
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740:·
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427:.
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