7000:
6866:
6025:
5958:
5827:
5210:
4812:
121:
759:
292:
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24:
693:, who organized and financed choruses for a drama festival. In other instances, like the burden of outfitting and commanding a trireme, the liturgy functioned more like a mandatory donation (what we would today call a one-time tax), with the prestige of such a position and other elites' social pressure reducing noncompliance. In some cities, like
565:, resorted to borrowing to finance all or part of their expeditions. A typical loan for a large venture in 4th century BC Athens, was generally a large sum of cash (usually less than 2,000 drachmas), lent for a short time (the length of the voyage, a matter of several weeks or months), at a high rate of
587:
One of the main drivers of trade in
Ancient Greece was colonization. As larger city states set up colonies, there would be trade between the founding city and its colony. Furthermore, differing climates between cities and their respective colonies created comparative advantages in goods. For example,
591:
The number of shipwrecks found in the
Mediterranean Sea provides valuable evidence of the development of trade in the ancient world. Only two shipwrecks were found that dated from the 8th century BC. However, archaeologists have found forty-six shipwrecks dated from the 4th century BC, which would
420:
The potter's work consisted of selecting the clay, fashioning the vase, drying and painting and baking it, and then applying varnish. Part of the production went to domestic usage (dishes, containers, oil lamps) or for commercial purposes, and the rest served religious or artistic functions.
832:
favourable to the State. They served as a mobile form of metal resources, which explains discoveries of
Athenian coins with high levels of silver at great distances from their home city. Finally, the minting of coins lent an air of undeniable prestige to any Greek city or city-state.
849:
was the best-known example. Early in Greek history (18th century–8th century BC), free-born citizens would gather in the agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council. Every city had its agora where merchants could sell their products. There was
592:
appear to indicate that there occurred a very large increase in the volume of trade between these centuries. Considering that the average ship tonnage also increased in the same period, the total volume of trade increased probably by a factor of 30.
440:
potters was most likely derived from the Syrian style of metalworking. The heights to which the Greeks brought the art of ceramics is, therefore, due entirely to their artistic sensibilities and not to technical ingenuity.
708:, as it was applied to only the wealthiest. The citizens had the ability to reject the taxation, if they believed there was someone else who was wealthier not being taxed. The wealthier would have to pay the liturgy.
711:
On the other hand, indirect taxes were quite important. Taxes were levied on houses, slaves, herds and flocks, wines, and hay, among other things. The right to collect many of these taxes was often transferred to
1176:
588:
colonies in Sicily would often have better weather and be able to export grain to more populous cities. Larger city states often exported more value added goods, such as olive oil, back out to colonies.
629:
Parallel to the "professional" merchants were those who sold the surplus of their household products such as vegetables, olive oil, or bread. This was the case for many of the small-scale farmers of
573:). The lender bore all the risks of the journey, in exchange for which the borrower committed his cargo and his entire fleet, which were precautionarily seized upon their arrival at the port of
5805:
5506:
813:
to mint a large number of coins. Laurium's silver mines provided the raw materials for the "Athenian owls", the most famous coins of the ancient Greek world. Less-valuable
689:. In some cases, the prestige of the undertaking attracted volunteers (analogous in modern terminology to endowment, sponsorship, or donation). Such was the case for the
845:. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the centre of the athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city. The
805:(an alloy of gold and silver), followed by pure silver, the most commonly found valuable metal in the region. The mines of the Pangaeon hills allowed the cities of
140:, agricultural trade was of particular importance. The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece's paramount location, as its position in the
4729:
398:
Non-slave workers were paid by assignment since the workshops could not guarantee regular work. In Athens, those who worked on state projects were paid one
6215:
6131:
6009:
569:(often 12% but reaching levels as high as 100%). The terms of the contract were always laid out in writing, differing from loans between friends (
312:. However, the situation gradually changed between the 8th and 4th centuries BC, with the increased commercialization of the Greek economy. Thus,
1377:
626:
labelled their activities as: "a kind of exchange which is justly censured, for it is unnatural, and a mode by which men gain from one another."
6358:
6220:
5533:
5481:
669:) was a tax on the wealth of the very rich, but it was levied only when needed — usually in times of war. Large fortunes were also subject to
239:
Up to 80% of the Greek population was employed in the agricultural industry. Agricultural work followed the rhythm of the seasons: harvesting
1101:
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88:
6768:
6748:
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41:
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60:
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Trade in ancient Greece was free: the state controlled only the supply of grain. In Athens, following the first meeting of the new
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and compensate citizens. They were also a source of revenue as foreigners had to change their money into the local currency at an
622:. Merchants were required to pay a fee for their space in the marketplace. They were viewed poorly by the general population, and
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67:
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144:
gave its provinces control over some of Egypt's most crucial seaports and trade routes. Beginning in the 6th century BC, trade
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of Athens), this tax was set initially at 1% or higher. By the end of the 5th century, the tax had been raised to 33
107:
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1180:. Expanded and updated English edition. Translated by Steven Rendall. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.
6515:
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4633:
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2827:
2687:
2682:
1959:
1282:
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584:, trade regulations were reviewed, with a specialized committee overseeing the trade in wheat, flour, and bread.
444:
Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of slaves. Many of the potters of Athens assembled between the
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6505:
5912:
5891:
4211:
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The creation of artistically decorated vases in Greece had strong foreign influences. For instance, the famed
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and Athens' taxes on business allowed them to eliminate these indirect taxes. Subjugated groups such as the
185:
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6370:
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5758:
5568:
4179:
2708:
2162:
452:. They most often operated as small workshops, consisting of a master, several paid artisans, and slaves.
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6203:
6106:
5645:
5404:
3234:
2842:
2718:
2380:
2334:
2289:
2065:
1754:
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1201:, edited by Elio Lo Cascio and Dominic Rathbone, 37-43. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 2000.
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and protected the peasantry. Nonetheless, a Greek aristocrat's domains remained small compared with the
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in 429 BC, a new class emerged: that of the wealthy owners and managers of workshops. Examples include
81:
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which was the support of public works. Liturgies could consist of, for instance, the maintenance of a
6915:
6844:
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2012:
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was defined largely by the region's dependence on imported goods. As a result of the poor quality of
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1942:
1600:
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2908:
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2314:
2284:
2245:
2122:
1974:
1476:
846:
34:
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1034:
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is a very ancient invention. The ancient Greeks did not add any innovations to these processes.
6943:
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2857:
2822:
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1954:
1895:
1744:
1739:
600:
While peasants and artisans often sold their wares, there were also retail merchants known as
6934:
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6466:
6321:
5800:
5685:
5583:
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2418:
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1734:
1605:
1569:
1177:
The Making of the
Ancient Greek Economy: Institutions, Markets, and Growth In the City-States
388:
5115:
4623:
1337:
1204:
Adam
Izdebski, Tymon Sloczyński, Anton Bonnier, Grzegorz Koloch, and Katerina Kouli. 2020. "
913:
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303:
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economy, were done only by women before the 6th century BC. After the growth of commerce,
8:
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and trimming grapevines at the beginning of autumn and the end of winter; setting aside
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6126:
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5906:
5861:
5856:
5705:
5255:
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3960:
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3315:
2817:
2641:
2157:
2137:
1994:
1865:
1749:
1544:
1471:
1197:
Foraboschi, Daniele. "The
Hellenistic economy: indirect intervention by the state." In
1124:
1016:
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4549:
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4138:
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3074:
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2749:
2626:
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1919:
1901:
1877:
1859:
1814:
1769:
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1415:
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1062:
1008:
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arrived in mainland Greece around 550 BC, beginning with coastal trading cities like
782:
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2999:
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2279:
2110:
2017:
1633:
1466:
1451:
1441:
1151:
1116:
1102:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion"
1000:
940:
519:
497:
493:
309:
120:
6582:
6451:
1220:
The economy of the Greek cities: From the
Archaic period to the early Roman Empire
801:
quickly secured a monopoly on their creation. The very first coins were made from
6311:
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5563:
4666:
4601:
4455:
4083:
3841:
3629:
3442:
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1907:
1889:
1883:
1797:
1774:
1648:
1559:
1519:
1456:
1350:
1341:
1194:. 2d ed. Sather Classical Lectures 48. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1985.
790:
705:
531:
399:
6363:
4108:
3821:
758:
6617:
6551:
6306:
6065:
5933:
5738:
5733:
5444:
5397:
5315:
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4988:
4894:
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4704:
4566:
4400:
3965:
3905:
3900:
3856:
3637:
3585:
3575:
3555:
3545:
3289:
3284:
3279:
2132:
1931:
1925:
1913:
1713:
1688:
1461:
1386:
1205:
1187:, edited by Ian Morris and Barry B. Powell, 649-67. New York: E.J. Brill, 1997.
944:
929:""When I Squeeze You with Eisphorai": Taxes and Tax Policy in Classical Athens"
647:
7017:
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4201:
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per day, no matter what craft they practised. The workday generally began at
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321:
275:
171:
141:
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in the summer; cutting wood, sowing seeds, and harvesting grapes in autumn.
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6235:
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3035:
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933:
Hesperia: The
Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
874:, and more. Prices were rarely fixed, so bargaining was a common practice.
678:
642:
508:
The main participants in Greek commerce were the class of traders known as
469:
337:
325:
291:
271:
258:. During the 7th century BC, demographic expansion and the distribution of
6636:
550:, VII, 28, 4) in the hope of increasing revenues. These duties were never
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6230:
6158:
5886:
5365:
5170:
5065:
4872:
4608:
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4363:
4348:
4038:
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3910:
3738:
3246:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3132:
3089:
2636:
2546:
2536:
2423:
2413:
2177:
1554:
1529:
1144:"Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece"
364:
345:
259:
255:
228:
were the most common types of livestock, while bees were kept to produce
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1020:
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2483:
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2433:
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1206:
Landscape Change and Trade in
Ancient Greece: Evidence from Pollen Data
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547:
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279:
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2428:
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2073:
2027:
2007:
1638:
1509:
1120:
825:
731:
634:
623:
581:
535:
352:
was a specialized activity that was looked down upon by most Greeks.
217:
213:
4264:
633:. Among townsfolk, this task often fell to the women. For instance,
23:
6643:
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5140:
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4884:
4772:
4767:
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4493:
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4415:
4380:
4328:
4000:
3990:
3980:
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3269:
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2616:
2611:
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2493:
2448:
2438:
2294:
2192:
2127:
2055:
1663:
1311:
802:
778:
774:
739:
735:
713:
690:
566:
554:, but were merely intended to raise money for the public treasury.
372:
189:
149:
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5871:
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5130:
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5070:
5055:
5050:
5003:
4973:
4696:
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4498:
4435:
4375:
4338:
4143:
4133:
4078:
4073:
4058:
4048:
4033:
4028:
3915:
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3793:
3672:
3647:
3642:
3615:
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3515:
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3457:
3432:
3397:
3392:
3367:
3020:
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2212:
2182:
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2167:
2147:
2142:
2022:
1969:
1678:
1668:
1658:
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1355:
810:
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638:
615:
574:
558:
539:
523:
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403:
349:
341:
313:
248:
145:
124:
Men weighing merchandise, side B of an Attic black-figure amphora
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2222:
2217:
1984:
1964:
1708:
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Coins played several roles in the Greek world. They provided a
814:
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619:
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created tensions between these landowners and the peasants. In
244:
240:
208:, as well as orchards, were complemented by the cultivation of
133:
659:
Direct taxation was not well-developed in ancient Greece. The
5340:
5330:
5175:
5155:
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5060:
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2002:
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1504:
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267:
233:
229:
225:
221:
205:
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197:
179:
308:
Much of the craftsmanship of ancient Greece was part of the
170:
Greek soil has been likened to "stinginess" or "tightness" (
4937:
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4581:
4561:
4462:
4343:
4128:
4103:
4053:
3540:
3530:
698:
527:
477:
461:
421:
Techniques for working with clay have been known since the
209:
137:
1302:
Scheidel, Walter, Ian Morris, and
Richard P. Saller, eds.
4571:
686:
329:
153:
614:, they sold fish, olive oil, and vegetables. Women sold
557:
The growth of trade in Greece led to the development of
1304:
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
1249:
The Cambridge economic history of the Greco-Roman world
1247:
Scheidel, Walter, Ian Morris, and Richard Saller, eds.
1225:
Morris, Ian. "The Athenian economy twenty years after
546:
and imposed a 5% duty on all the ports of her empire (
538:, I, 133-134). In 413, Athens ended the collection of
4828:
750:
were taxed by the city-states in which they resided.
220:
was badly developed due to a lack of available land.
1314:
Principles and Practice in Classical World's Economy
561:
techniques. Most merchants, lacking sufficient cash
1199:
Production and Public Powers In Classical Antiquity
841:The shopping centres in Ancient Greece were called
156:, became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output.
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
993:Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
328:started to be used widely in workshops. Only fine
7015:
336:, were created in workshops. On the other hand,
254:In the ancient era, most lands were held by the
1591:
817:coins appeared at the end of the 5th century.
355:The basic workshop was often family-operated.
4280:
1371:
1251:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007.
726:). However, this was not true of all cities.
1347:Wage and Price Controls in the Ancient World
1222:. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2009.
1099:
6822:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
6769:International Congress of Maritime Museums
6749:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
6041:
4287:
4273:
2257:
1378:
1364:
1183:Donlan, Walter. "The Homeric economy." In
701:, heavy taxation was imposed on citizens.
6882:
6837:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1327:(45 pp., a concise overview for students)
1155:
1100:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021).
320:, activities so important to the Western
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:
297:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
290:
119:
6807:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1309:
1254:Scheidel, Walter, and Sitta von Reden.
926:
7016:
6759:European Association of Archaeologists
3311:
1059:The Origins of International Economics
986:
460:Greece's main exports were olive oil,
6881:
6040:
6015:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
5973:
5843:
5842:
5225:
4827:
4306:
4294:
4268:
4168:
3310:
2739:
2243:
1590:
1410:
1359:
824:, mostly used by city-states to hire
797:and Athens. Their use spread and the
295:Woman working with wool, 480-470 BC,
3779:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1411:
1258:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2012.
1242:: A social and historical commentary
1141:
982:
980:
978:
503:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
6754:Archaeological Institute of America
989:"Economic Growth in Ancient Greece"
13:
2740:
1385:
1338:Economic Thought in Ancient Greece
14:
7045:
6764:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
6154:Coastal defence and fortification
5529:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
4829:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1331:
975:
363:manufacture employed 350 slaves;
6998:
6864:
6789:Society for American Archaeology
6023:
5956:
5825:
5208:
4810:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4228:
1039:The Oxford Roman Economy Project
22:
6221:Phoenician discovery of America
4249:
1262:
914:"The Economy of Ancient Greece"
247:land in the spring; harvesting
33:needs additional citations for
5913:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1135:
1093:
1081:
1072:
1051:
1027:
920:
906:
371:, used 32. After the death of
332:tissues, like those made with
159:
1:
6832:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
5507:Phoenician maritime expansion
1850:
1837:
1818:
1801:
781:coins have been found at the
270:'s reforms, which eliminated
236:known to the ancient Greeks.
196:in controlling the supply of
166:Agriculture in ancient Greece
6774:Nautical Archaeology Society
2978:Funeral and burial practices
2163:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1310:Sideris, Athanasios (2015).
1293:Resources in other libraries
1213:Aristotle's economic thought
406:and ended in the afternoon.
216:, and oil-producing plants.
7:
6827:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
6204:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
6010:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
5867:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
5226:
4307:
1088:Oxford Classical Dictionary
877:
836:
753:
654:
57:"Economy of ancient Greece"
10:
7050:
7034:Economic history of Greece
6683:Phoenician Ship Expedition
5974:
5928:
5524:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
5517:Circumnavigation of Africa
2902:Greek Revival architecture
2244:
1244:. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
1215:. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
1168:
961:10.2972/hesperia.85.1.0153
945:10.2972/hesperia.85.1.0153
769:Coinage probably began in
722:
665:
606:
514:
413:
409:
301:
188:and the importance of the
180:
163:
7024:Economy of ancient Greece
6996:
6888:
6877:
6862:
6797:
6739:
6542:
6526:
6274:
6209:Samothrace temple complex
6144:
6099:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6036:
6021:
5980:
5969:
5954:
5852:
5838:
5823:
5776:
5729:
5582:
5549:
5542:
5480:
5281:
5238:
5234:
5221:
5206:
4925:
4838:
4834:
4823:
4808:
4760:
4695:
4632:
4517:
4486:
4319:
4315:
4302:
4224:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4009:
3886:
3875:
3802:
3724:
3681:
3628:
3486:
3338:
3329:
3325:
3306:
3255:
3170:
3108:
3070:
3063:
3013:
2973:
2964:
2886:
2763:
2759:
2735:
2701:
2670:
2512:
2399:
2343:
2310:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2265:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2118:Antigonid Macedonian army
2091:
2064:
2036:
1993:
1950:
1941:
1783:
1722:
1619:
1615:
1586:
1485:
1434:
1430:
1406:
1393:
1288:Resources in your library
1274:Economy of ancient Greece
1233:89, no. 4 (1994): 351–66.
884:Slavery in Ancient Greece
777:under its control. Early
595:
518:). The state collected a
416:Pottery of ancient Greece
391:, whose factory produced
286:
130:economy of ancient Greece
5497:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1208:." The Economic Journal.
1185:A new companion to Homer
1005:10.1628/0932456042776050
899:
455:
448:and the Dipylon, in the
6779:RPM Nautical Foundation
6516:Surviving ancient ships
6435:Marsala Punic shipwreck
927:Fawcett, Peter (2016).
847:Ancient Agora of Athens
6812:Giza Solar boat museum
6266:Underwater exploration
6261:Underwater archaeology
6226:Pre-Columbian theories
6081:John Sinclair Morrison
6042:Research and education
5492:Austronesian Expansion
2344:Artists & scholars
2259:List of ancient Greeks
1896:Second Athenian League
1745:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1570:Ancient Greek colonies
1312:"Sideris, Athanasios,
766:
299:
266:, this was changed by
184:) which helps explain
125:
6883:Legend and literature
6841:Viking ship museums:
6817:Grand Egyptian Museum
6577:Austronesian replicas
6552:Heyerdahl expeditions
6462:Caligula's Giant Ship
6322:Dover Bronze Age Boat
4984:Berenice Troglodytica
3463:Sybaris on the Traeis
2188:Sacred Band of Thebes
1928:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1442:Cycladic civilization
773:around the cities of
764:Athenian Agora Museum
761:
641:from her garden (cf.
367:' father, a maker of
294:
232:, the only source of
123:
6784:Sea Research Society
6186:Maritime archaeology
5995:Ameinias the Phocian
5990:Mediterranean piracy
2988:mythological figures
2709:Ancient Greek tribes
1834:Peloponnesian League
1318:. Masaryk University
1109:Internet Archaeology
987:Morris, Ian (2004).
304:Ancient Greek crafts
42:improve this article
5877:Maritime Jade Route
5030:Kaveri Poompattinam
3100:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3095:Theatre of Dionysus
2719:Ancient Macedonians
2335:Tyrants of Syracuse
1847:Amphictyonic League
1447:Minoan civilization
1256:The Ancient Economy
1231:Classical Philology
1227:The ancient economy
1218:Migeotte, Léopold.
1192:The ancient economy
1142:Wood, J.R. (2022).
1061:. Routledge, 2004.
789:. The technique of
704:The eisphora was a
522:on their cargo. At
472:. Imports included
6425:Bajo de la Campana
6127:Peter Throckmorton
6112:Jean-Yves Empereur
6086:William L. Rodgers
5907:Maritime Silk Road
3774:Menestheus's Limin
3428:Pandosia (Lucania)
3316:Greek colonisation
2678:Athenian statesmen
2439:Diogenes of Sinope
2300:Kings of Macedonia
2290:Kings of Commagene
2158:Macedonian phalanx
2138:Hellenistic armies
1886:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1750:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1472:Hellenistic Greece
1236:Pomeroy, Sarah B.
1157:10.1111/arcm.12839
822:medium of exchange
767:
434:black-figure style
338:working with metal
300:
126:
7029:Ancient economies
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
6873:
6872:
6860:
6859:
6480:Madrague de Giens
6199:Temple of Isthmia
6195:Maritime temples
6181:Marine navigation
6140:
6139:
6132:Shelley Wachsmann
6122:J. Richard Steffy
6032:
6031:
5965:
5964:
5834:
5833:
5821:
5820:
5772:
5771:
5502:Ocean exploration
5217:
5216:
5204:
5203:
4863:Rutter (nautical)
4819:
4818:
4806:
4805:
4662:Mortise and tenon
4296:Ancient seafaring
4262:
4261:
4220:
4219:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
3726:Iberian Peninsula
3658:Lipara/Meligounis
3624:
3623:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3275:Cypriot syllabary
3166:
3165:
3075:Athenian Treasury
3059:
3058:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2320:Ptolemaic dynasty
2280:Archons of Athens
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2106:Athenian military
2087:
2086:
1920:League of Corinth
1902:Thessalian League
1878:Chalcidian League
1860:Acarnanian League
1770:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1269:Library resources
1190:Finley, Moses I.
894:Economy of Greece
504:Maritime commerce
186:Greek colonialism
118:
117:
110:
92:
7041:
7002:
7001:
6896:Ark of bulrushes
6879:
6878:
6868:
6867:
6506:Oldest surviving
6216:Nusantao network
6091:Chester G. Starr
6056:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6000:Cilician pirates
5971:
5970:
5960:
5959:
5897:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
5892:Iron Age Britain
5840:
5839:
5829:
5828:
5547:
5546:
5236:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5212:
5211:
5126:Ptolemais Theron
4836:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4406:Single-outrigger
4317:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4166:
4165:
3884:
3883:
3383:Heraclea Lucania
3336:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3308:
3307:
3068:
3067:
3000:Twelve Olympians
2971:
2970:
2761:
2760:
2737:
2736:
2325:Seleucid dynasty
2305:Kings of Paionia
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2111:Scythian archers
2018:Graphe paranomon
1948:
1947:
1855:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1823:
1820:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1617:
1616:
1588:
1587:
1467:Classical Greece
1452:Mycenaean Greece
1432:
1431:
1408:
1407:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1174:Bresson, Alain.
1162:
1161:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1121:10.11141/ia.56.9
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1024:
984:
973:
972:
924:
918:
917:
910:
725:
724:
668:
667:
610:). Grouped into
609:
608:
517:
516:
498:Bosporan Kingdom
494:Ancient Carthage
183:
182:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6884:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6799:
6793:
6741:
6740:Institutes and
6735:
6690:Viking replicas
6631:Balangay Voyage
6544:
6538:
6522:
6277:
6270:
6146:
6136:
6095:
6043:
6028:
6024:
6019:
5976:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5848:
5830:
5826:
5817:
5768:
5725:
5578:
5538:
5483:
5476:
5277:
5230:
5213:
5209:
5200:
5076:Mueang Phra Rot
4930:
4921:
4830:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4756:
4730:Triangular sail
4691:
4628:
4602:Sail components
4513:
4482:
4456:Tessarakonteres
4311:
4298:
4293:
4263:
4258:
4216:
4171:
4148:
4011:
4005:
3888:
3879:
3871:
3842:Melaina Korkyra
3798:
3720:
3677:
3630:Aeolian Islands
3620:
3482:
3340:
3321:
3320:
3294:
3251:
3162:
3104:
3055:
3009:
2960:
2882:
2873:Wedding customs
2755:
2754:
2723:
2714:Thracian Greeks
2697:
2688:Olympic victors
2666:
2508:
2395:
2339:
2330:Kings of Sparta
2315:Kings of Pontus
2285:Kings of Athens
2261:
2248:
2227:
2123:Army of Macedon
2083:
2060:
2032:
1989:
1937:
1910:(370–c. 230 BC)
1908:Arcadian League
1892:(c. 400–188 BC)
1890:Aetolian League
1884:Boeotian League
1866:Hellenic League
1853:
1840:
1830:(c. 650–404 BC)
1821:
1815:Italiote League
1808:
1804:
1798:Doric Hexapolis
1788:
1779:
1775:Seleucid Empire
1718:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1481:
1457:Greek Dark Ages
1426:
1425:
1402:
1389:
1384:
1351:Mises Institute
1342:Mises Institute
1334:
1321:
1319:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1211:Meikle, Scott.
1171:
1166:
1165:
1140:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
985:
976:
925:
921:
912:
911:
907:
902:
880:
839:
783:Temple of Diana
762:Athenian coin,
756:
706:progressive tax
685:festival, or a
657:
651:, v. 477-478).
598:
506:
458:
418:
412:
310:domestic sphere
306:
289:
168:
162:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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7036:
7031:
7026:
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7005:
7004:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6947:
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6932:
6922:
6921:
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6918:
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6908:
6898:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6875:
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6870:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
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6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6673:
6665:Mediterranean
6663:
6662:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6618:Alingano Maisu
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6561:
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
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6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6467:De Meern ships
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6393:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6337:Cape Gelidonya
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6282:
6280:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
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6223:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
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6150:
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6142:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6100:Archaeologists
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6066:David Blackman
6062:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Jewish pirates
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5926:
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5884:
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5869:
5864:
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5836:
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5832:
5831:
5824:
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5813:
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5798:
5793:
5792:
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5780:
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5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5691:Lake Trasimene
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:Mediterranean:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
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5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
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5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
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5173:
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5163:
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5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4895:Maritime pilot
4892:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4858:Portolan chart
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Oared warships
4428:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Megara Hyblaea
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Hybla Gereatis
3553:
3548:
3546:Heraclea Minoa
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3290:Attic numerals
3287:
3285:Greek numerals
3282:
3280:Greek alphabet
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:Musical system
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Mathematicians
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Kings of Argos
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Cretan archers
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1932:Achaean League
1929:
1926:Euboean League
1923:
1917:
1914:Epirote League
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:(c. 500–31 BC)
1857:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1812:
1794:
1792:
1790:Confederations
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1714:Lissus (Crete)
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Archaic Greece
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:Ancient Greece
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1332:External links
1330:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1234:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1134:
1092:
1080:
1071:
1057:R. W. Demand.
1050:
1026:
999:(4): 709–742.
974:
939:(1): 153–199.
919:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
879:
876:
838:
835:
755:
752:
656:
653:
648:The Acharnians
637:' mother sold
597:
594:
505:
502:
457:
454:
427:potter's wheel
414:Main article:
411:
408:
302:Main article:
288:
285:
164:Main article:
161:
158:
152:, principally
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7046:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6966:Metamorphoses
6963:
6961:
6959:
6958:The Histories
6955:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6936:The Histories
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6880:
6876:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6738:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6651:Marumaru Atua
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:Samudra Raksa
6608:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6597:Te Au o Tonga
6594:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Blackfriars I
6455:
6453:
6452:Arles Rhône 3
6450:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6256:Thalassocracy
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:Shell middens
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6191:Naval warfare
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Lionel Casson
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5972:
5968:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:Incense trade
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5806:South America
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Sailing ships
5752:
5750:
5749:Oared vessels
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Cape Hermaeum
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5482:Migration and
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5289:Ancient Egypt
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:Civilizations
5280:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Clinker built
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:Boat building
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Navis lusoria
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Hemeroscopion
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Magna Graecia
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Arcadocypriot
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3158:Zeus, Olympia
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Hera, Olympia
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Mount Olympus
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:Sacred places
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Olympic Games
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Homosexuality
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Seleucid army
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:Delian League
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:Ionian League
1826:
1816:
1813:
1809: 560 BC
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Magna Graecia
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1067:0-415-31555-7
1064:
1060:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
979:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
915:
909:
905:
895:
892:
890:
889:Roman economy
887:
885:
882:
881:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
834:
831:
830:exchange rate
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:minting coins
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
760:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
719:
715:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
652:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
593:
589:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
552:protectionist
549:
545:
544:Delian League
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
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390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Tyrian purple
331:
327:
323:
322:late medieval
319:
315:
311:
305:
298:
293:
284:
282:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
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231:
227:
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219:
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211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
173:
172:Ancient Greek
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
146:craftsmanship
143:
142:Mediterranean
139:
135:
131:
122:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
6987:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6944:On the Ocean
6942:
6935:
6927:
6924:Literature:
6712:
6694:
6675:
6668:
6658:Aotearoa One
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6543:Experimental
6511:Museum ships
6478:
6471:
6444:
6416:Phoenician:
6407:
6402:Leontophoros
6400:
6364:Butuan boats
6359:Pontian boat
6297:Dufuna canoe
6236:Shipbuilding
6147:and theories
6117:Boris Rankov
5911:
5844:Economy and
5744:Incendiaries
5591:
5378:Indus Valley
5346:Tarumanagara
5273:Ubaid period
5191:Wadi al-Jarf
5106:Ostia Antica
4710:Fore-and-aft
4677:Shipbuilding
4652:Carvel built
4634:Construction
4592:Steering oar
4473:Sailing ship
4396:Obelisk ship
4354:Dugout canoe
4049:Dionysopolis
4019:Abonoteichos
3971:Pantikapaion
3561:Hybla Heraea
2897:Architecture
2853:Prostitution
2797:
2542:Aristophanes
2401:Philosophers
2371:Philosophers
2203:Spartan army
1934:(280–146 BC)
1922:(338–322 BC)
1916:(370–168 BC)
1904:(374–196 BC)
1898:(378–355 BC)
1880:(430–348 BC)
1874:(478–404 BC)
1868:(499–449 BC)
1555:Peloponnesus
1477:Roman Greece
1320:. Retrieved
1313:
1306:(2008) 958pp
1303:
1283:Online books
1273:
1263:Bibliography
1255:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1148:Archaeometry
1147:
1137:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1058:
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
996:
992:
936:
932:
922:
908:
840:
819:
768:
717:
710:
703:
670:
660:
658:
646:
643:Aristophanes
628:
601:
599:
590:
586:
579:
570:
556:
509:
507:
459:
443:
431:
419:
397:
387:owners, and
354:
307:
278:
272:debt bondage
253:
238:
175:
169:
129:
127:
104:
98:October 2017
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
6951:Argonautica
6938:(Herodotus)
6901:Flood myths
6798:Museums and
6742:conferences
6707:Vital Alsar
6545:archaeology
6354:Austronesia
6347:Hjortspring
6342:Rochelongue
6292:Pesse canoe
6246:Ship burial
6231:Sea Peoples
6164:Lighthouses
6159:Grave goods
6107:George Bass
5887:Spice trade
5484:exploration
5306:Philippines
5301:Austronesia
5294:Old Kingdom
5171:Trincomalee
5121:Prosphorion
5066:Myos Hormos
4910:Micronesian
4901:By region:
4873:Lighthouses
4681:By region:
4446:Quinquereme
4371:Kunlun ship
4364:Penteconter
4349:Dragon boat
4197:Place names
4109:Salmydessus
3931:Kalos Limen
3911:Chersonesus
3901:Borysthenes
3606:Tauromenion
3418:Metapontion
3180:Proto-Greek
3133:Erechtheion
3128:Athena Nike
3090:Philippeion
2919:Mathematics
2890:and science
2773:Agriculture
2637:Stesichorus
2547:Bacchylides
2537:Archilochus
2424:Antisthenes
2414:Anaximander
2386:Seven Sages
2376:Playwrights
2356:Geographers
2351:Astronomers
2178:Pezhetairos
1805: 1100
1785:Federations
1684:Megalopolis
1621:City states
1596:City states
1240:Oeconomicus
1090:, "Coinage"
1035:"Databases"
826:mercenaries
799:city-states
365:Demosthenes
260:successions
256:aristocracy
176:stenokhôría
160:Agriculture
7018:Categories
6960:(Polybius)
6604:Hawaiʻiloa
6486:Nemi ships
6371:Black Sea
6317:Khufu ship
6278:and relics
6176:Marine art
6169:Alexandria
6076:Fik Meijer
6059:Historians
5946:Indo-Roman
5759:Greek navy
5661:Salamis II
5651:Hellespont
5611:Artemisium
5601:Nile Delta
5564:Achaemenid
5457:Achaemenid
5326:Langkasuka
5321:Micronesia
5239:Prehistory
5166:Sounagoura
4994:Chittagong
4969:Barbarikon
4948:Alexandria
4890:Pilot boat
4840:Navigation
4672:Sewn-plank
4667:Lashed-lug
4545:Figurehead
4518:Components
4487:Propulsion
4441:Quadrireme
4422:Polyremes
4401:Outriggers
4099:Polemonion
3976:Phanagoria
3946:Kimmerikon
3941:Kerkinitis
3926:Hermonassa
3916:Dioscurias
3812:Aspalathos
3759:Kalathousa
3734:Akra Leuke
3663:Phoenicusa
3448:Scylletium
3433:Poseidonia
3353:Brentesion
3240:Pamphylian
3235:Macedonian
3153:Samothrace
3138:Hephaestus
3085:Long Walls
3064:Structures
3005:Underworld
2951:Technology
2914:Literature
2848:Philosophy
2813:Euergetism
2702:By culture
2647:Thucydides
2489:Pythagoras
2484:Protagoras
2474:Parmenides
2459:Heraclitus
2444:Empedocles
2434:Democritus
2419:Anaximenes
2409:Anaxagoras
2361:Historians
1854: 595
1841: 550
1822: 800
1807: – c.
1735:Cappadocia
1540:Ionian Sea
1530:Hellespont
1495:Aegean Sea
1322:2015-01-20
1238:Xenophon's
1044:2021-04-08
775:Asia Minor
732:gold mines
548:Thucydides
526:(the main
496:, and the
450:Kerameikon
438:Corinthian
423:Bronze Age
280:latifundia
214:vegetables
202:olive tree
194:Asia Minor
190:cleruchies
181:στενοχωρία
68:newspapers
6973:Geography
6911:Gilgamesh
6800:memorials
6724:Viracocha
6637:Faʻafaite
6590:Sarimanok
6496:Yassi Ada
6409:Syracusia
6332:Canaanite
6307:Moor Sand
5777:By region
5739:Grappling
5711:Naulochus
5701:Myonessus
5656:Echinades
5641:Arginusae
5636:Cynossema
5621:Naupactus
5616:Eurymedon
5450:Classical
5425:Phoenicia
5420:Mycenaean
5383:Tamilakam
5366:Polynesia
5356:Srivijaya
5151:Satingpra
5111:Palembang
5095:Cattigara
5037:(Kadaram)
5020:Jambukola
5014:Guangzhou
4955:(Podouke)
4953:Arikamedu
4915:Polynesia
4848:Celestial
4761:Armaments
4747:Spritsail
4705:Crab claw
4647:Careening
4614:Sternpost
4468:Reed boat
4411:Catamaran
4386:Multihull
4185:in Epirus
4134:Trapezous
4079:Mesambria
4064:Eupatoria
4034:Apollonia
4029:Anchialos
3991:Theodosia
3961:Nymphaion
3951:Myrmekion
3921:Gorgippia
3877:Black Sea
3862:Tragurion
3847:Nymphaion
3832:Epidauros
3827:Epidamnos
3817:Apollonia
3794:Zacynthos
3716:Ptolemais
3710:Apollonia
3683:Cyrenaica
3673:Therassía
3668:Strongyle
3648:Ereikousa
3571:Leontinoi
3511:Apollonia
3388:Hipponion
3185:Mycenaean
3148:Parthenon
3080:Lion Gate
2983:Mythology
2946:Sculpture
2909:Astronomy
2843:Pederasty
2818:Festivals
2803:Education
2683:Lawgivers
2652:Timocreon
2632:Sophocles
2627:Simonides
2602:Philocles
2597:Panyassis
2592:Mimnermus
2557:Herodotus
2552:Euripides
2522:Aeschylus
2469:Leucippus
2429:Aristotle
2208:Strategos
2074:Synedrion
2028:Ostracism
2008:Areopagus
1960:Free city
1755:Macedonia
1639:Byzantion
1545:Macedonia
1510:Cyrenaica
1487:Geography
1421:Geography
1129:236973111
1013:0932-4569
969:155364909
953:0018-098X
714:publicans
687:gymnasium
681:during a
671:liturgies
635:Euripides
624:Aristotle
582:Prytaneis
559:financial
542:from the
536:Andocides
470:metalwork
218:Husbandry
206:grapevine
6989:Tākitimu
6892:Legend:
6850:Roskilde
6729:Tangaroa
6670:Olympias
6644:Gaualofa
6583:Hōkūleʻa
6558:Kon-Tiki
6391:Ashkelon
6327:Uluburun
6286:Earliest
6052:Scholars
5934:shipping
5734:Boarding
5646:Mytilene
5631:Syracuse
5596:Alashiya
5559:Egyptian
5543:Military
5534:Timeline
5512:Sardinia
5435:Carthage
5351:Kalingga
5311:Sa Huỳnh
5246:Timeline
5196:Zanzibar
5146:Sarapion
5141:Rhacotis
5071:Martaban
5016:(Canton)
5009:Godavaya
5004:Giao Chỉ
4974:Barygaza
4964:Avalites
4885:Piloting
4773:Catapult
4768:Ballista
4742:Mast-aft
4555:Planking
4494:Paddling
4451:Hexareme
4416:Trimaran
4381:Longship
4329:Balangay
4234:Category
4212:Theatres
4139:Tripolis
4074:Kerasous
4069:Heraclea
4001:Tyritake
3956:Nikonion
3867:Thronion
3789:Salauris
3744:Emporion
3701:Berenice
3691:Balagrae
3643:Euonymos
3616:Tyndaris
3601:Syracuse
3596:Selinous
3566:Kamarina
3521:Casmenae
3506:Akrillai
3423:Neápolis
3358:Caulonia
3339:Mainland
3270:Linear B
3265:Linear A
3195:Dialects
3172:Language
2966:Religion
2924:Medicine
2858:Religion
2823:Folklore
2808:Emporium
2783:Clothing
2778:Calendar
2662:Xenophon
2657:Tyrtaeus
2642:Theognis
2617:Polybius
2612:Plutarch
2587:Menander
2567:Hipponax
2494:Socrates
2449:Epicurus
2295:Diadochi
2193:Sciritae
2153:Hetairoi
2128:Ballista
2093:Military
2056:Gerousia
2046:Ekklesia
2013:Ecclesia
1995:Athenian
1943:Politics
1856:–279 BC)
1843:–366 BC)
1824:–389 BC)
1760:Pergamon
1730:Bithynia
1723:Kingdoms
1664:Pergamon
1606:Military
1601:Politics
1398:Timeline
1078:McCannon
1069:. p. 17.
1021:40752487
878:See also
837:Shopping
803:electrum
779:electrum
754:Currency
742:and the
740:Thessaly
736:Penestae
691:choragus
661:eisphorá
655:Taxation
567:interest
389:Kleophon
383:, noted
373:Pericles
154:maritime
150:commerce
6929:Odyssey
6906:Genesis
6703:Others
6502:Lists:
6491:Marausa
6441:Roman:
6431:Punic:
6396:Kyrenia
6387:Greek:
6383:Marsala
6376:Sinop D
6251:Tacking
5985:History
5872:Meluhha
5862:Fishing
5857:Whaling
5764:Ramming
5686:Aegates
5681:Drepana
5676:Ecnomus
5606:Salamis
5594:
5584:Battles
5462:Nabatea
5445:Archaic
5415:Nuragic
5405:Somalia
5256:Oceania
5251:Britain
5228:History
5161:Socotra
5131:Qandala
5116:Piraeus
5086:Muziris
5056:Madurai
5051:Manthai
4989:Canopus
4959:Arsinoe
4931:harbors
4880:History
4868:Coastal
4798:Sambuca
4783:Dolphin
4697:Rigging
4509:Poling
4499:Sailing
4436:Trireme
4376:Liburna
4339:Coracle
4309:Vessels
4254:Outline
4207:Temples
4144:Zaliche
4124:Thèrmae
4114:Sesamus
4084:Odessos
4059:Cytorus
4054:Cotyora
3804:Illyria
3769:Mainake
3764:Kypsela
3653:Hycesia
3611:Thermae
3591:Segesta
3581:Messana
3536:Helorus
3516:Calacte
3496:Akragas
3458:Sybaris
3443:Rhegion
3398:Krimisa
3348:Alision
3257:Writing
3230:Locrian
3220:Epirote
3190:Homeric
3123:Artemis
3110:Temples
3051:Olympia
3021:Eleusis
2956:Theatre
2941:Pottery
2868:Warfare
2863:Slavery
2798:Economy
2793:Cuisine
2788:Coinage
2765:Society
2750:Culture
2745:Society
2693:Tyrants
2532:Alcaeus
2514:Authors
2464:Hypatia
2454:Gorgias
2391:Writers
2213:Toxotai
2183:Sarissa
2173:Peltast
2168:Phalanx
2148:Hoplite
2143:Hippeis
2066:Macedon
2038:Spartan
2023:Heliaia
1970:Proxeny
1679:Larissa
1674:Kerkyra
1669:Eretria
1659:Miletus
1654:Ephesus
1649:Corinth
1644:Chalcis
1565:Taurica
1435:Periods
1416:History
1169:Sources
811:Macedon
787:Ephesus
723:τελῶναι
718:telônai
695:Miletus
683:theatre
675:trireme
666:εἰσφορά
639:chervil
620:ribbons
616:perfume
607:κάπηλοι
602:kápêloi
575:Piraeus
540:tribute
532:talents
524:Piraeus
515:ἕμποροι
510:emporoi
466:pottery
410:Pottery
404:sunrise
400:drachma
385:tannery
342:leather
314:weaving
249:cereals
82:scholar
6980:Aeneid
6696:Viking
6677:Regina
6446:Alkedo
6302:Abydos
6276:Wrecks
6145:Topics
5975:Piracy
5929:Greece
5789:Odisha
5721:Actium
5716:Mycale
5551:Navies
5440:Greece
5430:Olmecs
5398:Pandya
5373:Minoan
5336:Champa
5316:Lapita
5261:Remote
5181:Tyndis
5136:Quilon
5081:Muscat
5046:Lothal
5041:Korkai
5025:Jeddah
4999:Essina
4943:Adulis
4853:Charts
4788:Harpax
4778:Corvus
4752:Square
4720:Settee
4715:Lateen
4624:Tiller
4619:Strake
4587:Rudder
4577:Paddle
4525:Anchor
4504:Towing
4426:Bireme
4359:Galley
4334:Bangka
4244:Portal
4192:People
4180:Cities
4119:Sinope
4104:Rhizos
4094:Phasis
4044:Bathus
4039:Athina
4024:Amisos
3986:Tanais
3981:Pityus
3906:Charax
3857:Pharos
3852:Orikon
3749:Helike
3739:Alonis
3706:Cyrene
3638:Didyme
3551:Himera
3526:Catana
3488:Sicily
3478:Thurii
3473:Terina
3438:Pixous
3393:Hydrus
3368:Croton
3200:Aeolic
3118:Aphaea
3041:Dodona
3026:Delphi
2995:Temple
2671:Others
2622:Sappho
2607:Pindar
2582:Lucian
2577:Ibycus
2562:Hesiod
2499:Thales
2267:Rulers
2246:People
2223:Xyston
2218:Xiphos
2079:Koinon
1985:Tyrant
1975:Stasis
1965:Koinon
1765:Pontus
1740:Epirus
1709:Sparta
1699:Rhodes
1694:Megara
1689:Thebes
1634:Athens
1560:Pontus
1525:Epirus
1515:Cyprus
1500:Aeolis
1271:about
1127:
1065:
1019:
1011:
967:
959:
951:
868:Spices
864:Africa
843:agoras
815:bronze
807:Thrace
795:Aegina
748:Sparta
744:Helots
728:Thasos
679:chorus
631:Attica
612:guilds
596:Retail
571:eranoi
563:assets
486:Arabia
482:Sicily
474:grains
468:, and
425:; the
381:Anytus
369:swords
361:shield
357:Lysias
326:slaves
318:baking
287:Crafts
264:Athens
245:fallow
241:olives
200:. The
134:Greece
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
6916:Greek
6719:Abora
6713:Ivlia
6625:Saina
6569:Ra II
6527:Sites
6312:Dokos
5924:Egypt
5846:trade
5811:Rafts
5796:Japan
5784:India
5696:Chios
5666:Mylae
5626:Olpae
5574:Roman
5569:Greek
5467:Aksum
5393:Chera
5388:Chola
5361:Sunda
5341:Kutai
5331:Kedah
5176:Tulum
5156:Sidon
5101:Opone
5091:Óc Eo
5061:Malao
5035:Kedah
4979:Basra
4927:Ports
4905:Inuit
4725:Tanja
4685:Egypt
4535:Cabin
4478:Tomol
4321:Types
4202:Stoae
4170:Lists
4089:Oinòe
4012:coast
4010:South
3996:Tyras
3966:Olbia
3936:Kepoi
3889:coast
3887:North
3880:basin
3822:Aulon
3784:Rhode
3696:Barca
3586:Naxos
3541:Henna
3501:Akrai
3468:Taras
3453:Siris
3413:Medma
3408:Locri
3373:Cumae
3363:Chone
3341:Italy
3247:Koine
3225:Ionic
3215:Doric
3210:Attic
3031:Delos
2929:Music
2572:Homer
2527:Aesop
2479:Plato
2381:Poets
2051:Ephor
2003:Agora
1980:Tagus
1955:Boule
1704:Samos
1629:Argos
1535:Ionia
1520:Doris
1505:Crete
1125:S2CID
1115:(9).
1105:(PDF)
1017:JSTOR
965:S2CID
957:JSTOR
900:Notes
872:Syria
870:from
862:from
860:Ivory
856:Egypt
854:from
852:linen
771:Lydia
716:, or
490:Egypt
480:from
456:Trade
446:agora
393:lyres
377:Cleon
348:, or
276:Roman
268:Solon
234:sugar
230:honey
226:goats
222:Sheep
210:herbs
198:wheat
89:JSTOR
75:books
6845:Oslo
6567:and
6473:Isis
6420:Gozo
5941:Rome
5919:Maya
5801:Rome
5706:Nile
5472:Rome
5410:Maya
5266:Near
5186:Tyre
4938:Aden
4737:Junk
4609:Stem
4597:Sail
4582:Rope
4567:Mast
4562:Keel
4550:Hull
4540:Deck
4463:Raft
4344:Dhow
4129:Tium
3896:Akra
3837:Issa
3531:Gela
3403:Laüs
3378:Elea
3036:Dion
2888:Arts
2878:Wine
2504:Zeno
2101:Wars
1063:ISBN
1009:ISSN
949:ISSN
809:and
699:Teos
697:and
677:, a
528:port
520:duty
478:pork
476:and
462:wine
379:and
350:clay
346:wood
330:dyed
316:and
224:and
204:and
148:and
138:soil
128:The
61:news
5882:Tin
4929:and
4793:Ram
4572:Oar
4530:Bow
2833:Law
1229:."
1152:doi
1117:doi
1001:doi
997:160
941:doi
785:at
746:of
738:of
618:or
436:of
359:'s
192:of
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