1498:
1269:
1737:. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not available at this stage and cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage.
1590:
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1416:, which, standing above the surrounding arid plain, collect atmospheric moisture which otherwise would probably escape elsewhere. Without its mountain water sources, the Amu Darya would not exist—because it rarely rains in the lowlands through which most of the river flows. Of the total drainage area, only about 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi) actively contribute water to the river. This is because many of the river's major tributaries (especially the
3616:
1961:
73:
1434:
1104:
885:
1586:'s troops destroyed the dam in 1221, and the Amu Darya shifted to distributing its flow more or less equally between the main stem and the Uzboy. But in the 18th century, the river again turned north, flowing into the Aral Sea, a path it has taken since. Less and less water flowed down the Uzboy. When Russian explorer Bekovich-Cherkasski surveyed the region in 1720, the Amu Darya did not flow into the Caspian Sea anymore.
58:
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received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the fall of the Soviet Union this system disintegrated and the
Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.
1164:
The river's total length is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) and its drainage basin totals 534,739 square kilometres (206,464 sq mi) in area, providing a mean discharge of around 97.4 cubic kilometres (23.4 cu mi) of water per year. The river is navigable for over 1,450 kilometres
1283:
and joins the Pamir River about 50 kilometres (31 mi) downstream. Bill
Colegrave's expedition to Wakhan in 2007 found that both claimants 2 and 3 had the same source, the Chelab stream, which bifurcates on the watershed of the Little Pamir, half flowing into Lake Chamaktin and half into the
1566:
has gone through several major shifts in the past few thousand years. Much of the time – most recently from the 13th century to the late 16th century – the Amu Darya emptied into both the Aral and the
Caspian Seas, reaching the latter via a large
1781:
for extraction on its side of the Amu Darya basin. The deal will see a 15% royalty given to the Afghan government over the course of its 25-year term. The
Chinese see this basin as the third-largest potential gas field in the world.
1575:. The Uzboy splits off from the main channel just south of the river's delta. Sometimes the flow through the two branches was more or less equal, but often most of the Amu Darya's flow split to the west and flowed into the Caspian.
3346:
1659:. A large refugee population of Central Asians, including Turkmen, Tajiks, and Uzbeks, fled to northern Afghanistan. In the 1960s and 1970s the Soviets started using the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya to irrigate extensive
1621:, called it Lake Victoria, and proclaimed he had found the source. Then, the French explorer and geographer Thibaut Viné collected a lot of information about this area during five expeditions between 1856 and 1862.
1400:
in
Tajikistan forms that country's border with China (in the east) and Pakistan (to the south). About 61% of the drainage lies within Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, while 39% is in Afghanistan.
1765:
demonstrate that from April 2022 to
February 2023, more than 100 km of canal was excavated. According to the Taliban, the initiative is expected to convert 550,000 hectares of desert into farmland.
1632:. Some in Britain feared that the Empire of Russia, which at the time wielded great influence over the Oxus area, would overcome these obstacles and find a suitable route through which to invade
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1497:
1284:
parent stream of the Little Pamir/Sarhad River. Therefore, the Chelab stream may be properly considered the true source or parent stream of the Oxus. The Panj River forms the border of
1578:
People began to settle along the lower Amu Darya and the Uzboy in the 5th century, establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities. In about AD 985, the massive
2984:
1733:
used to occur along the river's banks. After its extirpation, the Darya's delta was suggested as a potential site for the introduction of its closest surviving relative, the
1340:
has been a major contributing factor to the shrinking of the Aral Sea since the late 1950s. Historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the
3373:
1830:
The Oxus river, and Arnold's poem, fire the imaginations of the children who adventure with ponies over the moors of the West
Country in the 1930s children's book
2625:
Rakhmatullaev, Shavkat; Huneau, Frédéric; Jusipbek, Kazbekov; Le
Coustumer, Philippe; Jumanov, Jamoljon; El Oifi, Bouchra; Motelica-Heino, Mikael; Hrkal, Zbynek.
1624:
The question of finding a route between the Oxus valley and India has been of concern historically. A direct route crosses extremely high mountain passes in the
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3604:
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can be over 1,000 mm (39 in). Even before large-scale irrigation began, high summer evaporation meant that not all of this discharge reached the
1420:) have been diverted, and much of the river's drainage is arid. Throughout most of the steppe, the annual rainfall is about 300 millimetres (12 in).
1761:
disaster worse, and in 2023 Uzbek officials held talks on the canal with the
Taliban. The Taliban has made the canal a priority, with images supplied by
1679:. The Soviet Union fell in the 1990s and Central Asia split up into the many smaller countries that lie within or partially within the Amu Darya basin.
3457:
1663:
fields in the
Central Asian plain. Before this time, water from the rivers was already being used for agriculture, but not on this massive scale. The
3479:
1301:
1272:
3582:
1770:
1396:, the northeast corner of Afghanistan, a narrow portion of eastern Turkmenistan and the western half of Uzbekistan. Part of the Amu Darya basin
3041:
2829:
3275:
2637:
3812:
3405:
The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir
3782:
1309:
1336:, and other cities, but it does not reach what is left of the sea any more and is lost in the desert. Use of water from the Amu Darya for
3797:
1312:. It delineates the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan for another 100 kilometres (62 mi) before it flows into Turkmenistan at
3792:
3787:
3597:
2981:
2530:
1059:, and that this name was used by Greek, Mongol, Chinese, Persian, Jewish, and Afghan historians. However, this name is no longer used.
3807:
3242:
876:, which roughly corresponded to present-day Central Asia. The Amu Darya has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average.
2803:
2268:
1543:, although they occurred at very different times. When the Mongols came to the area, they used the water of the Amu Darya to flood
3155:
1671:, which would have diverted water along the dry Uzboy River bed into central Turkmenistan, was never built. In the course of the
3058:
3777:
3590:
3213:
2698:
2578:
2540:
3104:
2722:
1757:
has expressed concern that the canal will have an adverse effect on its agriculture. The canal is also expected to make the
552:
3472:
1605:
as the communities of "the vassal Khanates of Maimene, Khulm, Kunduz, and even the Badakshan and Wahkran." An Englishman,
2919:, Sir George Scott Robertson, Illustrated by Arthur David McCormick, Lawrence & Bullen, Limited, 1896, (Google eBook)
1960:
1724:
3487:
3132:
1055:
Western travelers in the 19th century mentioned that one of the names by which the river was known in Afghanistan was
3397:
3389:
3020:
2899:
2387:
1473:
1143:
796:
754:
2405:
2237:
3612:
2854:
1884:(1973), places Flashman on the Amu Darya and the Aral Sea during the (fictitious) Russian advance on India during
474:
397:
306:
3767:
3465:
3198:
1304:. It subsequently forms the border of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), passing
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3757:
3495:
2444:
1455:
1125:
841:
3772:
3762:
2203:
2023:
2018:
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rivers, and which eventually joins the Panj Oxus branch 350 km downstream at Roshan Vomar in Tajikistan.
1184:
Since the end of the 19th century, there have been four different claimants as the true source of the Oxus:
1847:
1606:
1667:, Karshi Canal, and Bukhara Canal were among the largest of the irrigation diversions built. However, the
3817:
1967:
908:
3620:
3290:
3183:
3447:
3381:
1451:
1234:
1121:
3431:. With an essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Colonel Henry Yule. London: John Murray.
3006:
956:
texts too refer to the river as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta ('Upper Yakhsha') referring to the
3036:
3015:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–202.
2626:
3082:""Толибон"ни Ўзбекистон учун фожиали канални қуришдан тўхтатиб бўладими? — экспертлар билан суҳбат"
17:
2308:
Glantz, Michael H. (2005-01-01). "Water, Climate, and Development Issues in the Amu Darya Basin".
3418:
2768:
1875:
1562:
According to the Quaternary International, it is possible that the Amu Darya's course across the
1444:
1321:
1114:
2295:
3802:
2194:
1880:
1869:
1293:
1023:
919:
2595:
856:. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan,
3038:
Pre-Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta
2942:
1672:
1320:, and forms the border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan from Halkabat. It is then split by the
1268:
38:
2546:
3424:
3407:. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint by Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company. Taipei. 1971.
2776:
2352:
2141:
2065:
1832:
1614:
1067:) and to the river of Gozan (that is to say, the Amu, (called the Oxus by Europeans )) ..."
31:
8:
3452:
3308:
2807:
2109:
1821:
1812:
1540:
893:
2780:
1205:
1165:(900 mi). All of the water comes from the high mountains in the south where annual
3822:
3631:
3539:
2333:
1852:
1668:
1648:
1617:, came with an expedition to find the source of the river in 1839. He found modern-day
1365:
2627:"Groundwater resources use and management in the Amu Darya River Basin (Central Asia)"
3736:
3696:
3410:
3393:
3385:
3016:
2895:
2574:
2536:
2383:
2337:
2325:
2291:
1950:
1652:
2603:(in Russian). Tashkent: Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia
3701:
2784:
2687:
2375:
2317:
2171:
2155:
2133:
2073:
2051:
2042:
1526:
943:
770:
717:
194:
161:
146:
3229:"Afghanistan's Taliban administration in oil extraction deal with Chinese company"
1868:, with the Oxus as his stated goal, "to see certain famous monuments, chiefly the
1364:
engineers proposed to divert the Amu Darya to the Caspian Sea by constructing the
3721:
3666:
3045:
2988:
2928:
Taliban and Talibanism in Historical Perspective, M Nazif Shahrani, chapter 4 of
2788:
2767:
Létolle, René; Micklin, Philip; Aladin, Nikolay; Plotnikov, Igor (October 2007).
2726:
2568:
2163:
2117:
2013:
1923:
1746:
1602:
1417:
1409:
1397:
1257:
1253:
1197:
1014:
969:
865:
825:
698:
379:
284:
176:
3214:"A Chinese company has signed an oil extraction deal with Afghanistan's Taliban"
2956:
2400:
3731:
3711:
3676:
3656:
2514:
2461:
2186:
2087:
2057:
1998:
1988:
1945:
1885:
1734:
1563:
1389:
1357:
1044:
965:
903:
849:
694:
359:
131:
116:
84:. The Amu Darya drainage basin is in orange, and the Syr Darya basin in yellow.
3441:
2695:
Destructive Water: Water-Caused Natural Disasters, their Abatement and Control
2664:. Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia. Archived from
2321:
1589:
1579:
1317:
990:
94:
3751:
3555:
3529:
3519:
3384:, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005.
3257:
2751:
2329:
2003:
1983:
1808:
1730:
1664:
1633:
1544:
1353:
1238:
1230:
1166:
1040:
690:
567:
554:
489:
476:
412:
399:
321:
308:
2476:
1636:– but this never came to pass. The area was taken over by Russia during the
1594:
3716:
3691:
3534:
3490:
3184:"Afghanistan's Taliban administration signs oil production deal with China"
1699:
1644:
1583:
1568:
1536:
1518:
1376:
1361:
1280:
1220:
1209:
994:
923:
869:
861:
833:
813:
805:
686:
363:
245:
227:
63:
3322:
2957:"Fishery in the Lower Amu Darya Under the Impact of Irrigated Agriculture"
1675:
in the 1970s, Soviet forces used the valley to invade Afghanistan through
1047:. River Amu Darya passes through one of the world's highest deserts.
3686:
3524:
3304:
2747:
2238:"Cooperative management of transboundary water resources in Central Asia"
2008:
1993:
1865:
1778:
1762:
1750:
1656:
1618:
1572:
1556:
1388:
The 534,769 square kilometres (206,475 sq mi) of the Amu Darya
1345:
1325:
1285:
1201:
1189:
821:
520:
375:
288:
280:
264:
217:
1072:"the Gozan River is the River Balkh, i.e. the Oxus or the Amu Darya ..."
3671:
3651:
3615:
3059:"Uzbekistan pursues dialogue with Afghanistan on fraught canal project"
1773:(aka CAPEIC) signed a $ 720 million four-year investment deal with the
1754:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1682:
During the Soviet era, a resource-sharing system was instated in which
1629:
1625:
1610:
1535:). The river's drainage lies in the area between the former empires of
1458: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1404:
The abundant water flowing in the Amu Darya comes almost entirely from
1393:
1337:
1289:
1213:
1128: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1089:), and to the river Gozan (which is the Ammoo, also called Jehoon) ..."
857:
845:
837:
829:
817:
809:
674:
538:
460:
383:
292:
268:
232:
222:
1333:
3706:
3646:
2688:"Automated system of runoff forecasting for the Amudarya River basin"
2665:
1691:
1601:
By the 1800s, the ethnographic makeup of the region was described by
1582:
at the bifurcation of the forks started to divert water to the Aral.
1548:
1413:
1349:
1178:
961:
72:
3212:
Madhok, Diksha; Popalzai, Ehsan; Popalzai, Masoud (6 January 2023).
2420:
1433:
1103:
3726:
2858:
2624:
1937:
1901:
1796:
1758:
1517:. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between
1341:
1313:
1261:
1245:
1170:
1082:
957:
927:
853:
525:
2932:, 2008 Harvard Univ Press, edited by Robert D Crews and Amin Tarzi
884:
3661:
3641:
3296:
2382:. Leiden with support and patronage from Encyclopaedia of Islam.
1774:
1491:
1405:
1381:
1329:
1249:
1174:
1064:
953:
57:
3276:"Pourquoi la Chine se laisse tenter par le pétrole des Taliban"
1861:
1857:
1676:
1660:
1552:
1510:
1305:
1297:
1224:
1193:
1002:
3258:"Taliban and China firm agree Afghanistan oil extraction deal"
2570:
Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin
1156:
3681:
3571:
3514:
3300:
3186:. Verdict Media Limited. Offshore Technology. 6 January 2023.
2992:
2766:
1522:
1502:
1486:
1181:
for the Aral to overflow during the 13th and 14th centuries.
1086:
1078:
1035:
1006:
913:
873:
729:
723:
3243:"Afghanistan signs oil extraction deal with Chinese company"
3035:
Jungius, H., Chikin, Y., Tsaruk, O., Pereladova, O. (2009).
2685:
740:
3105:"What Afghanistan's Qosh Tepa Canal Means for Central Asia"
2686:
Agaltseva, N.A.; Borovikova, L.N.; Konovalov, V.G. (1997).
2208:
785:
746:
2857:. The Nineteenth Century: A monthly Review. Archived from
776:
2769:"Uzboy and the Aral regressions: A hydrological approach"
2573:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
743:
77:
Map of area around the Aral Sea. Aral Sea boundaries are
3156:"Chinese company signs oil extraction deal with Taliban"
3008:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
1647:
became the ruling power in the early 1920s and expelled
3172:. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Bloomberg. 6 January 2023.
1316:. It flows across Turkmenistan south to north, passing
3211:
2697:. International Association of Hydrological Sciences.
2512:
2491:
2310:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1718:
1229:
Lake Chamaktin, which discharges to the east into the
1872:, a tower built as a mausoleum for an ancient king."
1296:
where it turns north and then north-west through the
1001:
being the Persian word for 'lake' or 'sea'. Medieval
926:, the name of the largest tributary of the river. In
797:
788:
782:
779:
755:
720:
2482:
1934:
And tranquil, from whose floor the new-bathed stars
1392:
include most of Tajikistan, the southwest corner of
1028:
973:
737:
2998:
1613:period. Another Englishman, a naval officer called
1551:ran along part of the Amu Darya northwestward from
1384:, in 2014 it was replaced by the stationary bridge.
832:, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the
773:
734:
726:
30:This article is about the river. For the town, see
2915:by Henry Bathurst Hanna, 1895, (Google eBook), or
2269:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 7, section 4"
1910:Brimming, and bright, and large: then sands begin
1745:Since March 2022, the building of the 285 km
2235:
2149:
3749:
2725:. Central Asia Water Information. Archived from
2597:Дума о воде – взгляд в былое и немного о будущем
1930:The longed-for dash of waves is heard, and wide
1223:River flowing down the Little Pamir in the High
1173:– though there is some evidence the large Pamir
848:, and flows from there north-westwards into the
3004:
2852:
2535:. London: Bene Factum Publishing. p. 176.
2497:
2470:The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch
2467:
1914:And split his currents; that for many a league
1807:~ Mirza Nathan describing a battle between the
1771:Xinjiang Central Asia Petroleum and Gas Company
985:is said to have come from the medieval city of
3013:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2
2995:. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
1918:Through beds of sand and matted rushy isles —
1912:To hem his watery march, and dam his streams,
989:(later Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as
947:
937:
931:
3598:
3473:
3288:
3216:. Cable News Network. Warner Bros. Discovery.
2081:
1928:A foiled circuitous wanderer: — till at last
1791:The clashing noise of battle reached the sky
1077:"... and were brought into Halah (modern day
183:
153:
138:
3127:
3125:
2756:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 64.
2485:Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages
2127:
1898:Into the frosty starlight, and there moved,
868:, the river was regarded as the boundary of
168:
3245:. Al Jazeera Media Network. 6 January 2023.
3133:"The Taliban are digging an enormous canal"
2715:
2101:
2095:
1971:Panorama of Amu Darya River from 2016-04-06
1916:The shorn and parcelled Oxus strains along
897:
123:
108:
37:"Oxus" redirects here. For other uses, see
3605:
3591:
3480:
3466:
3051:
2122:
2103:
1932:His luminous home of waters opens, bright
1896:Out of the mist and hum of that low land,
1856:, describes its author's journey from the
1690:shared water originating from the Amu and
1609:, visited the Oxus around 1824 during the
1531:
1324:into many waterways that used to form the
1196:(once also known as Lake Victoria) in the
647:5,900 m/s (210,000 cu ft/s)
185:
71:
3429:A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus
3289:Nathan, Mirza (1936). M. I. Borah (ed.).
3199:"Taliban Seal Afghan Oil Deal With China"
3122:
3029:
3005:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) .
2930:The Taliban And The Crisis of Afghanistan
2528:
2445:"Afghanistan Virtual Jewish History Tour"
2286:
2284:
2282:
1920:Oxus, forgetting the bright speed he had
1474:Learn how and when to remove this message
1348:(from the east), or both, similar to the
1144:Learn how and when to remove this message
627:2,525 m/s (89,200 cu ft/s)
605:534,739 km (206,464 sq mi)
3227:Yawar, Mohammad Yunus (5 January 2023).
2620:
2618:
2566:
2231:
2229:
2102:
1588:
1496:
1485:
1375:
1310:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge
1302:Tajikistan–Afghanistan Friendship Bridge
1267:
1155:
883:
3255:
3079:
2954:
2827:
2806:. University of Calgary. Archived from
2593:
1908:Right for the polar star, past Orgunjè,
1356:). Partly based on such records, first
637:420 m/s (15,000 cu ft/s)
14:
3750:
3269:
3267:
2307:
2279:
2236:Daene C. McKinney (18 November 2003).
1740:
844:on the border between Afghanistan and
3586:
3461:
3378:The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus
3347:"The Road to Oxiana. By Robert Byron"
3282:
3273:
3249:
3226:
3205:
3190:
3176:
3102:
2746:
2740:
2662:"Basin Water Organization "Amudarya""
2615:
2380:Historical Atlas of Islam (Hardcover)
2226:
2050:
1906:Under the solitary moon: — he flowed
1380:Pontoon Bridge on the Amu River near
1081:), and Habor (which is Pesh Habor or
1050:
3813:Siberian Tiger Re-population Project
3274:SEIBT, Sébastian (10 January 2023).
3235:
3220:
3153:
3147:
2801:
2795:
2654:
2350:
2069:
1753:to divert water from the Amu Darya.
1456:adding citations to reliable sources
1427:
1126:adding citations to reliable sources
1097:
3264:
3196:
3162:
3080:Safarov, Ilyos (10 February 2023).
3073:
2963:. Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
2393:
2369:
2167:
2150:
2121:
2046:
1725:Siberian Tiger Introduction Project
1719:Siberian Tiger Introduction Project
1593:Russian troops crossing Amu Darya,
1530:
1505:beside the Amu Darya river, AD 1504
1018:
930:, the river is also referred to as
24:
3367:
1892:But the majestic River floated on,
1043:for one of the four rivers of the
25:
3834:
3443:Drying of the Aral Sea: Timelapse
3435:
3256:Hoskins, Peter (6 January 2023).
3135:. The Economist. 16 February 2023
2828:Kozubov, Robert (November 2007).
2723:"Amudarya River Basin Morphology"
3808:Landforms of Badakhshan Province
3614:
3489:
1959:
1501:Bāqī Chaghānyānī pays homage to
1432:
1102:
769:
716:
93:Named for the city of Āmul (now
56:
3783:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border
3339:
3323:"Oxus Series by Katharine Hull"
3315:
3292:Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume II
3154:Hoyt, Conrad (6 January 2023).
3103:Duffy, Seamus (19 April 2023).
3096:
2982:Water Pressures in Central Asia
2974:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2905:
2885:
2872:
2846:
2821:
2760:
2704:from the original on 2022-10-09
2679:
2643:from the original on 2022-10-09
2587:
2560:
2522:
2506:
2437:
2413:
2250:from the original on 2022-10-09
1922:In his high mountain-cradle in
1443:needs additional citations for
1113:needs additional citations for
3798:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border
2834:Turkmenistan Analytic Magazine
2804:"The Course of the Oxus River"
2406:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2344:
2301:
2261:
2180:
2096:
2082:
2036:
1900:Rejoicing, through the hushed
1749:has been underway in northern
1555:before going westwards to the
1328:joining the Aral Sea, passing
1160:Map of the Amu Darya watershed
1093:
842:Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve
763:and historically known as the
546: • coordinates
468: • coordinates
391: • coordinates
300: • coordinates
62:Looking at the Amu Darya from
13:
1:
3793:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border
3788:Afghanistan–Tajikistan border
2980:International Crisis Group. "
2513:Mock, J.; O'Neil, K. (2004),
2219:
2024:List of rivers of Afghanistan
2019:Extreme points of Afghanistan
1785:
1638:Russian conquest of Turkestan
964:twin river to Amu Darya). In
896:, the river was known as the
597:2,400 km (1,500 mi)
434:4,525 m (14,846 ft)
343:4,130 m (13,550 ft)
252:Physical characteristics
78:
3778:International rivers of Asia
3197:Gul, Ayaz (5 January 2023).
2917:The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush
2789:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.003
2634:Environmental Earth Sciences
2483:Moshe Gil; David Strassler,
2449:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2351:Page, Geology (2015-02-19).
2209:
1547:. One southern route of the
1371:
1233:, which in turn becomes the
974:
914:
585: • elevation
507: • elevation
430: • elevation
339: • elevation
7:
3453:The Amu Darya Basin Network
3061:. Eurasianet. 24 March 2023
2893:When Men and Mountains Meet
2802:Volk, Sylvia (2000-11-11).
2138:آمو دریا/ਆਮੂ ਦਰਿਆ/Āmū Daryā
2128:
1977:
1936:Emerge, and shine upon the
1815:(translated by M. I. Borah)
1344:(from the south), into the
1029:
948:
932:
533: • location
456: • location
371: • location
276: • location
10:
3839:
3382:Royal Geographical Society
2567:Peterson, Maya K. (2019).
2198:
2113:
1836:. There were two sequels,
1722:
1423:
1192:, which emerges from Lake
907:
888:Amu Darya delta from space
643: • maximum
633: • minimum
623: • average
511:326 m (1,070 ft)
36:
29:
3627:
3564:
3548:
3502:
2322:10.1007/s11027-005-7829-8
2175:
2137:
2091:
2061:
1513:called the Amu Darya the
1279:A glacier turns into the
1033:), which is derived from
938:
704:
680:
668:
660:
655:
651:
641:
631:
621:
613:
609:
601:
593:
583:
544:
531:
519:
515:
505:
466:
454:
446:
442:
438:
428:
389:
369:
355:
351:
347:
337:
298:
274:
260:
256:
251:
241:
210:
205:
184:
169:
154:
139:
124:
109:
101:
89:
70:
55:
46:
3374:Curzon, George Nathaniel
2913:Can Russia invade India?
2853:Peter Kropotkin (1913).
2773:Quaternary International
2529:Colegrave, Bill (2011).
2062:Амударё/Amudaryo/امودریا
2029:
1651:. It later put down the
1628:and isolated areas like
952:which means an eye. The
922:— a clear derivative of
879:
682: • right
170:د امو سیند (də Āmū Sīnd)
3419:Oxford University Press
2594:Kadyrov, Abrar (2011).
2532:Halfway House to Heaven
2052:[ɒːˈmuːdæɾˈjɒː]
1876:George MacDonald Fraser
1322:Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex
1260:, near the border with
1009:sources call the river
946:refers to the river as
804:), is a major river in
670: • left
50:Oxus, Wehrōd, Amu River
3768:Rivers of Turkmenistan
3496:Rivers in Turkmenistan
3415:Between Oxus and Jumna
3278:(in French). France24.
3158:. Washington Examiner.
2500:Tamerlane and the Jews
2190:
2159:
2145:
2077:
1955:
1881:Flashman at the Charge
1828:
1799:flowed like the river
1706:in summer. In return,
1598:
1506:
1494:
1385:
1276:
1273:Afghanistan-Tajikistan
1161:
1085:), and Hara (which is
972:the river is known as
898:
889:
808:, which flows through
589:28 m (92 ft)
3758:Rivers of Afghanistan
2498:Michael Shterenshis,
2468:George Passman Tate,
2273:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1890:
1789:
1769:In January 2023, the
1592:
1500:
1489:
1379:
1275:bridge over the Darya
1271:
1208:, where it joins the
1204:), and flows west to
1159:
978:(lit. 'good river').
887:
759:), also shortened to
568:44.10833°N 59.68111°E
490:37.10972°N 68.31222°E
413:39.22417°N 72.92389°E
322:37.45111°N 73.57250°E
39:Oxus (disambiguation)
27:River in Central Asia
3773:Rivers of Uzbekistan
3763:Rivers of Tajikistan
3621:Rivers of Tajikistan
3403:Gordon, T. E. 1876.
2775:. 173–174: 125–136.
2296:Encyclopædia Iranica
1850:'s 1937 travelogue,
1833:The Far-Distant Oxus
1452:improve this article
1122:improve this article
3309:Government of Assam
3201:. Voice of America.
2955:Pavlovskaya, L. P.
2781:2007QuInt.173..125L
2753:A History of Persia
1822:Baharistan-i-Ghaibi
1813:Musa Khan of Bengal
1741:Resource extraction
1541:Alexander the Great
1292:. It flows west to
894:classical antiquity
656:Basin features
564: /
486: /
409: /
318: /
140:Амударья (Amudaria)
3818:Rivers in Buddhism
3351:washingtonpost.com
3044:2016-10-22 at the
2987:2016-05-20 at the
2298:, online ed., 2009
2160:Amu Derya / Ceyhun
2114:Әмиўдәря/Ámiwdárya
1853:The Road to Oxiana
1669:Main Turkmen Canal
1649:Mohammed Alim Khan
1599:
1507:
1495:
1386:
1366:Transcaspian Canal
1277:
1248:at the end of the
1162:
1051:As the river Gozan
890:
573:44.10833; 59.68111
495:37.10972; 68.31222
418:39.22417; 72.92389
327:37.45111; 73.57250
155:Амыдеря (Amyderýa)
125:Амударё (Amudaryo)
110:Амударё (Amudaryo)
3745:
3744:
3580:
3579:
3411:Toynbee, Arnold J
3327:www.goodreads.com
2961:Karakalpak Branch
2943:Soviet–Afghan War
2941:Termez – See the
2580:978-1-108-46854-1
2542:978-1-903071-28-1
2516:Expedition Report
2353:"Amu Darya River"
2207:
2176:Амударья/Amudaria
1951:Sohrab and Rustum
1795:The blood of the
1673:Soviet–Afghan War
1653:Basmachi movement
1607:William Moorcroft
1484:
1483:
1476:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1027:
850:southern remnants
708:
707:
447:Source confluence
32:Amu Dar'ya (town)
16:(Redirected from
3830:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3535:Sumbar (Sari-su)
3494:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3444:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:"Times of India"
3166:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2911:See for example
2909:
2903:
2891:Keay, J. (1983)
2889:
2883:
2882:, 1994, page 100
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2855:"The Coming War"
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2545:. Archived from
2526:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2397:
2391:
2376:William C. Brice
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2305:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2047:آمودریا/Âmudaryâ
2040:
1963:
1838:Escape to Persia
1826:
1534:
1533:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1436:
1428:
1177:provided enough
1149:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1106:
1098:
1032:
1022:
1020:
977:
951:
944:Brahmanda Purana
941:
940:
935:
917:
911:
901:
824:. Rising in the
800:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
683:
671:
644:
634:
624:
579:
578:
576:
575:
574:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
537:Amudarya Delta,
508:
501:
500:
498:
497:
496:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
469:
457:
431:
424:
423:
421:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
392:
372:
340:
333:
332:
330:
329:
328:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
301:
277:
198:
190:
189:
187:
180:
172:
171:
165:
157:
156:
150:
142:
141:
135:
127:
126:
120:
112:
111:
83:
80:
75:
60:
44:
43:
21:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3581:
3576:
3565:River (extinct)
3560:
3544:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3442:
3438:
3370:
3368:Further reading
3365:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3287:
3283:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3084:(in Uzbek). Kun
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3046:Wayback Machine
3034:
3030:
3023:
3003:
2999:
2993:CrisisGroup.org
2989:Wayback Machine
2979:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2878:Peter Hopkirk,
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2765:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2511:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2306:
2302:
2289:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2140:
2132:
2116:
2108:
2086:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2014:Zeravshan River
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1827:
1819:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1747:Qosh Tepa Canal
1743:
1727:
1721:
1603:Peter Kropotkin
1480:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1449:
1437:
1426:
1418:Zeravshan River
1410:Pamir Mountains
1374:
1258:Pamir Mountains
1254:Wakhan Corridor
1252:valley, in the
1198:Pamir Mountains
1150:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1119:
1107:
1096:
1053:
970:Sasanian period
968:sources of the
882:
866:ancient history
840:rivers, in the
828:, north of the
826:Pamir Mountains
798:
772:
768:
733:
719:
715:
699:Zeravshan River
681:
669:
642:
632:
622:
586:
572:
570:
566:
563:
558:
555:
553:
551:
550:
547:
534:
506:
494:
492:
488:
485:
480:
477:
475:
473:
472:
467:
455:
429:
417:
415:
411:
408:
403:
400:
398:
396:
395:
390:
380:Pamir Mountains
370:
338:
326:
324:
320:
317:
312:
309:
307:
305:
304:
299:
285:Pamir Mountains
275:
237:
201:
192:
174:
159:
144:
129:
114:
85:
81:
66:
51:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Iskander Darya
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3437:
3436:External links
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3408:
3401:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3338:
3314:
3281:
3263:
3248:
3234:
3219:
3204:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3146:
3121:
3095:
3072:
3050:
3028:
3021:
2997:
2973:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2904:
2884:
2880:The Great Game
2871:
2845:
2820:
2794:
2759:
2739:
2714:
2678:
2653:
2614:
2586:
2579:
2559:
2541:
2521:
2505:
2502:, p. xxiv
2490:
2475:
2460:
2436:
2425:geography.name
2412:
2392:
2368:
2343:
2300:
2278:
2260:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2179:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Sherabad River
1996:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:Matthew Arnold
1886:The Great Game
1870:Gonbad-e Qabus
1842:Oxus in Summer
1817:
1787:
1784:
1777:government of
1742:
1739:
1735:Siberian tiger
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1564:Karakum Desert
1482:
1481:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1390:drainage basin
1373:
1370:
1352:(Jaxartes, in
1266:
1265:
1242:
1227:
1219:The Sarhad or
1217:
1152:
1151:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1045:Garden of Eden
966:Middle Persian
928:Sanskrit texts
881:
878:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:Sherabad River
684:
678:
677:
672:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:
548:
545:
542:
541:
535:
532:
529:
528:
523:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
470:
464:
463:
458:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
426:
425:
393:
387:
386:
373:
367:
366:
357:
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349:
348:
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344:
341:
335:
334:
302:
296:
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278:
272:
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262:
258:
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181:
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121:
105:
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99:
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91:
87:
86:
76:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3835:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Border rivers
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
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3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3556:Karakum Canal
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Atrek (Etrek)
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:1-4021-3090-2
3395:
3391:
3390:1-4021-5983-8
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3311:. p. 58.
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3022:90-04-08876-8
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2900:0-7126-0196-1
2897:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2861:on 2019-10-16
2860:
2856:
2849:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2810:on 2009-12-23
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2729:on 2010-10-17
2728:
2724:
2718:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2668:on 2004-06-18
2667:
2663:
2657:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2549:on 2018-11-06
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2487:, p. 428
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2388:90-04-06116-9
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2195:Ancient Greek
2192:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2089:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Surkhan Darya
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Vankhsh River
1987:
1985:
1984:Oxus Treasure
1982:
1981:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1925:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:Caspian tiger
1726:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Qaraqum Canal
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:British India
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:Konye-Urgench
1542:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1467:
1464:February 2021
1457:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1441:This section
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:Ancient Greek
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:precipitation
1158:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1134:February 2021
1127:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:This section
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:biblical name
1038:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
934:
929:
925:
921:
916:
910:
905:
900:
895:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
793:
766:
762:
758:
757:
756:AH-moo DAR-yə
751:
713:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:Surkhan Darya
688:
685:
679:
676:
673:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
577:
549:
543:
540:
536:
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
499:
471:
465:
462:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
422:
394:
388:
385:
381:
377:
374:
368:
365:
361:
360:Kyzylsu River
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
331:
303:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
209:
204:
196:
182:
178:
167:
163:
152:
148:
137:
133:
122:
118:
107:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
74:
69:
65:
59:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3636:
3509:
3428:
3414:
3404:
3377:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:
3317:
3291:
3284:
3251:
3237:
3222:
3207:
3192:
3178:
3164:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3112:. Retrieved
3109:The Diplomat
3108:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3053:
3048:. WWF Russia
3037:
3031:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2976:
2965:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2797:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2748:Sykes, Percy
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2694:
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2633:
2605:. Retrieved
2596:
2589:
2569:
2562:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2531:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2472:, p. 11
2469:
2463:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2404:
2395:
2379:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2357:Geology Page
2356:
2346:
2316:(1): 23–50.
2313:
2309:
2303:
2272:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2182:
2168:Jayḥūn/جيحون
2070:Jeyhun/جیحون
2038:
1949:
1943:
1895:
1891:
1879:
1874:
1851:
1848:Robert Byron
1846:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1768:
1744:
1728:
1700:Turkmenistan
1681:
1645:Soviet Union
1642:
1623:
1600:
1584:Genghis Khan
1577:
1569:distributary
1561:
1537:Genghis Khan
1519:Greater Iran
1514:
1509:The ancient
1508:
1470:
1461:
1450:Please help
1445:verification
1442:
1403:
1387:
1300:passing the
1281:Wakhan River
1278:
1221:Little Pamir
1212:to form the
1210:Wakhan River
1206:Qila-e Panja
1183:
1163:
1140:
1131:
1120:Please help
1115:verification
1112:
1056:
1054:
1034:
1019:جَـيْـحُـوْن
1010:
998:
995:Turkmenistan
993:) in modern
986:
982:
980:
891:
870:Greater Iran
862:Turkmenistan
814:Turkmenistan
806:Central Asia
764:
760:
711:
709:
687:Vakhsh River
364:Vakhsh River
246:Central Asia
228:Turkmenistan
64:Turkmenistan
3305:British Raj
2421:"Amu Darya"
2401:"Amu Darya"
2290:B. Spuler,
2142:Azerbaijani
2129:də Āmū Sīnd
2066:Mazanderani
2009:Transoxiana
1994:Mount Imeon
1866:Afghanistan
1779:Afghanistan
1763:Planet Labs
1751:Afghanistan
1657:Ibrahim Bek
1655:and killed
1619:Lake Zorkul
1580:Gurganj Dam
1573:Uzboy River
1571:called the
1557:Caspian Sea
1346:Caspian Sea
1326:river delta
1318:Türkmenabat
1286:Afghanistan
1202:Mount Imeon
1190:Pamir River
1094:Description
991:Türkmenabat
822:Afghanistan
661:Tributaries
571: /
493: /
416: /
376:Alay Valley
325: /
289:Afghanistan
281:Lake Zorkul
265:Pamir River
218:Afghanistan
102:Native name
95:Türkmenabat
82: 2008
3752:Categories
3672:Kofarnihon
3425:Wood, John
3417:. London.
3356:2023-05-12
3332:2021-06-07
3231:. Reuters.
2967:2010-02-09
2865:2020-01-04
2839:2010-02-08
2814:2010-02-08
2733:2010-02-09
2708:2010-02-09
2672:2010-02-11
2647:2010-02-09
2553:2018-11-06
2454:2022-02-05
2430:2020-07-16
2362:2021-05-28
2254:2014-10-03
2220:References
2123:د آمو سيند
2110:Karakalpak
1902:Chorasmian
1786:Literature
1755:Uzbekistan
1712:Tajikistan
1708:Kyrgyzstan
1704:Uzbekistan
1696:Kazakhstan
1692:Syr Daryas
1688:Tajikistan
1684:Kyrgyzstan
1630:Kafiristan
1626:Hindu Kush
1611:Great Game
1394:Kyrgyzstan
1360:and later
1338:irrigation
1290:Tajikistan
1231:Aksu River
1214:Panj River
858:Uzbekistan
846:Tajikistan
830:Hindu Kush
818:Uzbekistan
810:Tajikistan
675:Panj River
602:Basin size
559:59°40′52″E
556:44°06′30″N
539:Uzbekistan
481:68°18′44″E
478:37°06′35″N
461:Tajikistan
404:72°55′26″E
401:39°13′27″N
384:Tajikistan
356:2nd source
313:73°34′21″E
310:37°27′04″N
293:Tajikistan
269:Panj River
233:Uzbekistan
223:Tajikistan
188:(Âmudaryâ)
3823:Amu Darya
3737:Zeravshan
3707:Syr Darya
3697:Shakhdara
3647:Fan Darya
3637:Amu Darya
3510:Amu Darya
2902:Chapter 9
2338:154617195
2330:1573-1596
2292:Āmū Daryā
2204:romanized
1797:Bengalees
1615:John Wood
1549:Silk Road
1414:Tian Shan
1372:Watershed
1350:Syr Darya
1294:Ishkashim
1256:, in the
1237:and then
1200:(ancient
1179:meltwater
1024:romanized
981:The name
962:Syr Darya
712:Amu Darya
614:Discharge
211:Countries
90:Etymology
47:Amu Darya
3727:Yazgulem
3702:Simiganj
3427:, 1872.
3413:. 1961.
3376:. 1896.
3139:26 March
3088:26 March
3065:26 March
3042:Archived
2985:Archived
2750:(1921).
2699:Archived
2638:Archived
2378:. 1981.
2245:Archived
2146:Amudərya
2104:ەمۇدەريا
2092:Amudaryo
2078:Amyderýa
1978:See also
1938:Aral Sea
1888:period.
1860:through
1818:—
1759:Aral Sea
1490:Ancient
1406:glaciers
1342:Aral Sea
1314:Atamurat
1308:and the
1262:Pakistan
1246:ice cave
1175:glaciers
1171:Aral Sea
1083:Peshawar
958:Jaxartes
854:Aral Sea
526:Aral Sea
206:Location
18:Amudarya
3722:Yaghnob
3677:Kyzylsu
3667:Khanaka
3662:Karatag
3642:Bartang
3530:Murghab
3520:Chandyr
3448:YouTube
3297:Gauhati
2945:article
2830:"Uzboy"
2777:Bibcode
2607:4 April
2206::
2172:Russian
2156:Turkish
2151:آمودریا
2134:Punjabi
2097:Амударё
2083:Амыдеря
2074:Turkmen
2043:Persian
1809:Mughals
1775:Taliban
1527:Persian
1492:Bactria
1424:History
1408:in the
1382:Urgench
1358:Tsarist
1334:Daşoguz
1330:Urgench
1250:Wakhjir
1239:Bartang
1235:Murghab
1065:Bokhara
1063:"Hara (
1026::
1011:Jeyhoun
1007:Islamic
997:, with
954:Avestan
942:). The
852:of the
195:Persian
186:آمودریا
162:Turkmen
147:Russian
3732:Zambar
3712:Vakhsh
3632:Ak-Suu
3503:Rivers
3400:(hbk).
3396:
3392:(pbk;
3388:
3260:. BBC.
3114:18 May
3019:
2898:
2577:
2539:
2386:
2336:
2328:
2164:Arabic
2118:Pashto
1924:Pamere
1904:waste,
1862:Persia
1858:Levant
1801:Jaihun
1702:, and
1677:Termez
1661:cotton
1597:. 1873
1553:Termez
1532:تُوران
1511:Greeks
1398:divide
1362:Soviet
1306:Termez
1298:Pamirs
1225:Wakhan
1194:Zorkul
1039:, the
1030:Jayḥūn
1015:Arabic
1003:Arabic
975:Wehrōd
949:Chaksu
924:Vakhsh
860:, and
834:Vakhsh
664:
617:
594:Length
261:Source
242:Region
191:
177:Pashto
173:
158:
143:
128:
113:
3687:Pamir
3682:Muksu
3572:Uzboy
3549:Canal
3540:Tejen
3525:Kushk
3301:Assam
3011:[
2702:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2630:(PDF)
2601:(PDF)
2334:S2CID
2294:, in
2248:(PDF)
2241:(PDF)
2187:Latin
2088:Uzbek
2058:Tajik
2030:Notes
1694:with
1523:Ṫūrān
1503:Babur
1087:Herat
1079:Balkh
1057:Gozan
1036:Gihon
999:Daryā
939:वक्षु
933:Vakṣu
920:Greek
918:) in
904:Latin
880:Names
874:Turan
872:with
864:. In
801:-səss
521:Mouth
450:Kerki
132:Tajik
117:Uzbek
3717:Vanj
3692:Panj
3652:Gunt
3394:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3141:2023
3116:2023
3090:2023
3067:2023
3017:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2609:2024
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