1334:, accented vowels have secondary collating weight – compared to other letters, they are treated as their unaccented forms (in Czech, A-Á, E-É-Ě, I-Í, O-Ó, U-Ú-Ů, Y-Ý, and in Slovak, A-Á-Ä, E-É, I-Í, O-Ó-Ô, U-Ú, Y-Ý), but then they are sorted after the unaccented letters (for example, the correct lexicographic order is baa, baá, báa, báá, bab, báb, bac, bác, bač, báč and baa, baá, baä, báa, báá, báä, bäa, bäá, bää, bab, báb, bäb, bac, bác, bäc, bač, báč, bäč ). Accented consonants have primary collating weight and are collated immediately after their unaccented counterparts, with exception of Ď, Ň and Ť (in Czech) and Ď, Ĺ, Ľ, Ň, Ŕ and Ť (in Slovak), which have again secondary weight.
740:, it is still desired to sort lists of names (as in telephone directories) by family name first. In this case, names need to be reordered to be sorted correctly. For example, Juan Hernandes and Brian O'Leary should be sorted as "Hernandes, Juan" and "O'Leary, Brian" even if they are not written this way. Capturing this rule in a computer collation algorithm is complex, and simple attempts will fail. For example, unless the algorithm has at its disposal an extensive list of family names, there is no way to decide if "Gillian Lucille van der Waal" is "van der Waal, Gillian Lucille", "Waal, Gillian Lucille van der", or even "Lucille van der Waal, Gillian".
44:
2296:
1033:
896:
635:
1396:) was formerly to be collated as Y (or sometimes as a separate letter: Y < IJ < Z), but is currently mostly collated as 2 letters (II < IJ < IK). Exceptions are phone directories; IJ is always collated as Y here because in many Dutch family names Y is used where modern spelling would require IJ. Note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital I is also written with a capital J, for example, the town
1308:, with the same sounds written with the same letters, except for three additional letters: q, x and ə for sounds that do not exist in Turkish. Although all the "Turkish letters" are collated in their "normal" alphabetical order like in Turkish, the three extra letters are collated arbitrarily after letters whose sounds approach theirs. So, q is collated just after k, x (pronounced like a German
2125:
i, ö after o, ş after s, and ü after u. Originally, when the alphabet was introduced in 1928, ı was collated after i, but the order was changed later so that letters having shapes containing dots, cedilles or other adorning marks always follow the letters with corresponding bare shapes. Note that in
1672:
is always sorted as ss. This makes the alphabetic order Arbeit, Arg, Ärgerlich, Argument, Arm, Assistant, Aßlar, Assoziation. For phone directories and similar lists of names, the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations "ae", "oe", "ue" because a number of German surnames appear both
1680:
vowels have accents, umlauts, and double accents, while consonants are written with single, double (digraphs) or triple (trigraph) characters. In collating, accented vowels are equivalent with their non-accented counterparts and double and triple characters follow their single originals. Hungarian
175:
letters are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering, although conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ only in capitalization. Various conventions also exist for the handling of strings
168:
are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other
2246:
form a digraph. An example is the word LLONGYFARCH (composed from LLON + GYFARCH). This results in such an ordering as, for example, LAWR, LWCUS, LLONG, LLOM, LLONGYFARCH (NG is a digraph in LLONG, but not in LLONGYFARCH). The letter combination R+H (as distinct from the digraph RH) may similarly
743:
Ordering by surname is frequently encountered in academic contexts. Within a single multi-author paper, ordering the authors alphabetically by surname, rather than by other methods such as reverse seniority or subjective degree of contribution to the paper, is seen as a way of "acknowledg similar
191:
The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all of the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together; within that grouping all words beginning with the same two-letter sequence are grouped together; and so on. The system thus tends to maximize the
2241:
the digraphs CH, DD, FF, NG, LL, PH, RH, and TH are treated as single letters, and each is listed after the first character of the pair (except for NG which is listed after G), producing the order A, B, C, CH, D, DD, E, F, FF, G, NG, H, and so on. It can sometimes happen, however, that word
2247:
arise by juxtaposition in compounds, although this tends not to produce any pairs in which misidentification could affect the ordering. For the other potentially confusing letter combinations that may occur – namely, D+D and L+L – a hyphen is used in the spelling (e.g. AD-DAL, CHWIL-LYS).
960:(or other non-letter characters), various approaches are possible. Sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all the letters of the alphabet. Another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled: for example
1893:, specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals: A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, ..., L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, ..., S, Ś, T, ..., Z, Ź, Ż. The digraphs for collation purposes are treated as if they were two separate letters.
748:
in bibliographies by the surnames of their authors has been found to create bias in favour of authors with surnames which appear earlier in the alphabet, while this effect does not appear in fields in which bibliographies are ordered chronologically.
364:
to that of written works. The idea of ordering information by the order of the alphabet also met resistance from the compilers of encyclopaedias in the 12th and 13th centuries, who were all devout churchmen. They preferred to organise their material
343:
were alphabetized for ease of consultation. The use of alphabetical order was initially resisted by scholars, who expected their students to master their area of study according to its own rational structures; its success was driven by such tools as
1644:
accent in a given word determines the order. For example, in French, the following four words would be sorted this way: cote < côte < coté < côté. The letter e is ordered as e é è ê ë (œ considered as oe), same thing for o as ô
1948:) are arranged according to their tones in the order of "first tone (i.e., "flat tone"), second tone (rising tone), third tone (falling-rising tone), fourth tone (falling tone), fifth tone (neutral tone)", for example "媽 (
818:(as it would be if it had been spelled out as "MacKinley"). Since the advent of computer-sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still used in British telephone directories.
760:
If a phrase begins with a very common word (such as "the", "a" or "an", called articles in grammar), that word is sometimes ignored or moved to the end of the phrase, but this is not always the case. For example, the book
2277:
symbols into (an extension of) alphabetical order. It can be made to conform to most of the language-specific conventions described above by tailoring its default collation table. Several such tailorings are collected in
2041:
adopted the more conventional usage, and now LL is collated between LK and LM, and CH between CG and CI. The six characters with diacritics Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ü are treated as the original letters A, E, I, O, U, for example:
868:
in
English, are typically collated as if the letters were separate—"æther" and "aether" would be ordered the same relative to all other words. This is true even when the ligature is not purely stylistic, such as in
1323:, there is no "c", "q", "x" but there are the digraphs "ch" and "c'h", which are collated between "b" and "d". For example: « buzhugenn, chug, c'hoar, daeraouenn » (earthworm, juice, sister, teardrop).
1989:
and other related South Slavic languages, the five accented characters and three conjoined characters are sorted after the originals: ..., C, Č, Ć, D, DŽ, Đ, E, ..., L, LJ, M, N, NJ, O, ..., S, Š, T, ..., Z,
849:(as if it would be if it had been spelled out as "Saint John's"). Since the advent of computer-sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still sometimes used.
1975:, the collating order is just like in English: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. Digraphs and letters with diacritics are not included in the alphabet.
773:" might be treated as "Wrinkle in Time", "Wrinkle in Time, A", or "A Wrinkle in Time". All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm, but many programs rely on simple
2108:), similar to the Danish and Norwegian alphabet, but with different glyphs and a different collating order. The letter "W" has been treated as a variant of "V", but in the 13th edition of
1279:
one (١), a small oval loop extends clockwise of the letter's bottom, followed by a short tail (𞺀). Although these characters are rarely used digitally they are encoded in
Unicode under
394:, "Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with (a) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with (v) looke towards the end". Although as late as 1803
1681:
alphabetic order is: A=Á, B, C, Cs, D, Dz, Dzs, E=É, F, G, Gy, H, I=Í, J, K, L, Ly, M, N, Ny, O=Ó, Ö=Ő, P, Q, R, S, Sz, T, Ty, U=Ú, Ü=Ű, V, W, X, Y, Z, Zs. (Before 1984,
2208:
are absent, even though they are still in some use (like
Internet address, foreign loan language). "f" is replaced by the combination "ph". The same as for "w" is "qu".
1856:, rather than on the historical Latin order. Vowels come first, then stop consonants ordered from the front to the back of the mouth, and from negative to positive
2516:
1900:, where words have the same basic letters in pinyin and differ only in modifying diacritics, the unmodified letter comes before the modified letter. For example,
1385:). Also, "Aa" collates as an equivalent to "Å". The Danish alphabet has traditionally seen "W" as a variant of "V", but today "W" is considered a separate letter.
2465:
the tone order is "zero tone (neutral tone), first tone (flat tone), second tone (rising tone), third tone (falling-rising tone) and fourth tone (falling tone)".
996:
orders strings alphabetically, except that multi-digit numbers are treated as a single character and ordered by the value of the number encoded by the digits.
2811:
1744:) should be collated as if they were written in full (independently of the fact of the contraction and the elements of the di- or trigraphs). For example,
157:
that may contain digits, numbers or more elaborate types of elements, in addition to alphabetical characters, the alphabetical order is generally called a
51:
in Paris for a peace conference regarding Libya, 2011. The national flags (other than that of the host, France) are arranged in French alphabetical order:
1673:
with umlaut and in the non-umlauted form with "e" (Müller/Mueller). This makes the alphabetic order Udet, Übelacker, Uell, Ülle, Ueve, Üxküll, Uffenbach.
549:, then two basic approaches may be taken. In the first approach, all strings are ordered initially according to their first word, as in the sequence:
1271:
order is used in numbering, letters are written in a modified form to distinguish them from letters used in words and from numerals. For example,
1285:
974:
as if spelled "vingt-quatre..." (French for "twenty-four"). When numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters, as
617:, although each publisher traditionally set its own standards for which approach to use therein; there was no ISO standard for book indexes (
398:
condemned encyclopedias with "an arrangement determined by the accident of initial letters", many lists are today based on this principle.
2790:
2387:
is frequently used as a way of defining an ordering on the symbols. Japanese sometimes uses pronunciation order, most commonly with the
1177:
in 1994. These digraphs were still formally designated as letters but they are no longer so since 2010. On the other hand, the digraph
1982:, special characters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals: A, Ă, Â, ..., I, Î, ..., S, Ș, T, Ț, ..., Z.
1713:
in the collation. Difference in vowel length should only be taken into consideration if the two words are otherwise identical (e.g.
2895:
1011:
and resemble letters, they are normally arranged in numerical order: so, for example, even though V comes after I, the Danish king
1249:
1097:
249:
The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient
Alexandria, in the
2601:
1280:
1069:
2981:
2936:
2121:
there are six additional letters: ç, ğ, ı, ö, ş, and ü (but no q, w, and x). They are collated with ç after c, ğ after g, ı
2840:
1076:
2417:
codes for characters. This may have non-standard effects such as placing all capital letters before lower-case ones. See
2317:
1721:
also occurs as a digraph in certain words but it is not considered as a grapheme on its own right in terms of collation.
1050:
917:
656:
1447:), are counted as separate letters and collated separately (c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ ... s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z).
2505:
2462:
1622:) immediately follow the base letter. Filipino also is written with diacritics, but their use is very rare (except the
876:
Special rules may need to be adopted to sort strings which vary only by whether two letters are joined by a ligature.
2964:
2651:
2343:
1116:
943:
682:
605:
2325:
1083:
925:
664:
34:. For the creation of an alphabetic writing system, which in instances of Latin script is called romanization, see
2872:
2356:
The principle behind alphabetical ordering can still be applied in languages that do not strictly speaking use an
1689:
were not considered single letters for collation, but two letters each, d+z and d+zs instead.) It means that e.g.
1290:
1602:(Tagalog) and other Philippine languages, the letter Ng is treated as a separate letter. It is pronounced as in
2321:
1369:, the same extra vowels as in Swedish (see below) are also present but in a different order and with different
1065:
1054:
921:
660:
17:
2560:
O'Hara, James (1989). "Messapus, Cycnus, and the
Alphabetical Order of Vergil's Catalogue of Italian Heroes".
164:
To determine which of two strings of characters comes first when arranging in alphabetical order, their first
2279:
1366:
31:
1724:
A particular feature of
Hungarian collation is that contracted forms of double di- and trigraphs (such as
1300:, there are eight additional letters to the standard Latin alphabet. Five of them are vowels: i, ı, ö, ü,
2270:
2110:
1226:
744:
contributions" or "avoid disharmony in collaborating groups". The practice in certain fields of ordering
311:
intellectual life in the second half of the 12th century, when alphabetical tools were developed to help
250:
2697:
Tscharntke, Teja; Hochberg, Michael E; Rand, Tatyana A; Resh, Vincent H; Krauss, Jochen (January 2007).
2428:
is based on sorting words in alphabetical order starting from the last to the first letter of the word.
2405:
Some computer applications use a version of alphabetical order that can be achieved using a very simple
1263:
as well as Latin, is still in use today, usually limited for ordering lists in a document, analogous to
1133:
generally have their own conventions for treatment of the extra letters. Also in some languages certain
208:
system. However, a range of other methods of classifying and ordering material, including geographical,
2384:
2126:
Turkish orthography the letter I is the majuscule of dotless ı, whereas İ is the majuscule of dotted i.
720:. However, languages that use such letters systematically generally have their own ordering rules. See
43:
2269:) are used in computer programming to place strings in alphabetical order. A standard example is the
1897:
1185:
as expected (and did so even before the 1994 alphabetization rule), while vowels with acute accents (
1016:
2038:
2402:
is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order.
2306:
1229:
and features a visual ordering method where letters are ordered based on their shapes. For example
906:
645:
412:
320:
769:". However, it may also be treated as simply "The Shining" and after "Summer of Sam". Similarly, "
2485:
Reinhard G. Lehmann: "27-30-22-26. How Many
Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic", in:
2310:
1130:
1043:
1012:
910:
649:
395:
352:, which helped readers access the full original text instead of depending on the compilations of
286:
2226:
are counted as separate letters and collated separately (a, ä, b ... o, ö, p ... u, ü, v) while
1618:, it is spelled as if it were two separate letters (n and g). Also, letter derivatives (such as
1090:
860:(two or more letters merged into one symbol) which are not considered distinct letters, such as
580:
In the second approach, strings are alphabetized as if they had no spaces, giving the sequence:
1276:
273:
154:
143:
130:
are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an
2749:
2399:
1653:
1174:
1134:
885:
158:
139:
1173:
are alphabetized as two-letter combinations. The new alphabetization rule was issued by the
1615:
1297:
857:
704:) are treated the same as the base letter for alphabetical ordering purposes. For example,
603:
The second approach is the one usually taken in dictionaries, and it is thus often called
8:
2262:
2161:
1972:
1878:, specifically Lithuanian letters go after their Latin originals. Another change is that
1875:
1138:
789:
774:
762:
541:
When some of the strings being ordered consist of more than one word, i.e., they contain
382:
235:
147:
1255:
1221:
765:" might be treated as "Shining", or "Shining, The" and therefore before the book title "
3001:
2996:
2782:
2725:
2698:
2577:
2425:
2418:
1794:
1677:
993:
837:
is an abbreviation of "Saint", and is traditionally alphabetized as if the spelling is
614:
332:
48:
2902:
2069:
2977:
2960:
2932:
2774:
2730:
2647:
2489:, edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 11–52.
2266:
2063:
2051:
1979:
1867:
A, AU, E, I, O, U, B, F, P, V, D, J, T, TH, G, C, K, Q, CH, X, S, Z, L, Y, W, H, M, N
1599:
1490:
1451:
1260:
984:
969:
770:
542:
169:
does, then the first (shorter) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order.
165:
2786:
2595:
481:) in the alphabet. Those words themselves are ordered based on their sixth letters (
360:. The adoption of alphabetical order was part of the transition from the primacy of
265:, with scrolls shelved in alphabetical order of the first letter of authors' names.
2816:
2764:
2720:
2710:
2569:
2130:
2118:
2089:
1993:
1857:
1630:
1509:
1497:
1305:
345:
324:
228:
127:
2681:
1189:) have always been ordered in parallel with their base letters, as has the letter
2969:
2715:
1890:
1853:
1649:
1637:
1331:
1320:
1216:
1212:
1197:
957:
281:
258:
243:
2833:
2548:
Contributions to the
History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
2257:
2011:
307:
Alphabetical order as an aid to consultation started to enter the mainstream of
2238:
2142:
2134:
2081:
1986:
1849:
1831:
1536:
can get accents and are after that considered separate letters. The consonants
1389:
1327:
1264:
1201:
1008:
377:
308:
217:
177:
172:
2769:
2045:
2031:
2005:
1999:
2990:
766:
366:
357:
349:
209:
142:
is the generalization of the alphabetical order to other data types, such as
2699:"Author Sequence and Credit for Contributions in Multiauthored Publications"
2057:
2019:
1996:
treated (until 1994) "CH" and "LL" as single letters, giving an ordering of
298:
lexicon alphabetized by all letters. In the 10th century, the author of the
2778:
2734:
1837:
1821:
1806:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1347:
1335:
1312:) is collated just after h and ə (pronounced roughly like an English short
291:
213:
35:
2025:
1500:
also has some of the Danish, Norwegian, and
Swedish extra letters, namely
1393:
962:
733:
387:
254:
185:
1940:)). Characters with the same pinyin letters (including modified letters
1485:
appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and follow the letter
272:
compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE,
30:"Alphabetical" and "Alphabetization" redirect here. For other uses, see
2581:
1416:
1137:
are treated as single letters for collation purposes. For example, the
1057: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
737:
610:
533:
comes after all of the others because it has a different first letter.
391:
336:
2750:"Order Matters: Alphabetizing In-Text Citations Biases Citation Rates"
2212:
2138:
1809:: Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ý. There is no Z, so the alphabet ends: ... X, Y, Ý,
1805:. Each vowel (A, E, I, O, U, Y) is followed by its correspondent with
431:
As; Aster; Astrolabe; Astronomy; Astrophysics; At; Ataman; Attack; Baa
2437:
2406:
2372:
2361:
1412:
1207:
Alphabetization rules applied in various languages are listed below.
701:
353:
312:
181:
135:
2868:
2573:
2388:
2295:
1032:
895:
634:
2357:
1761:
1397:
1304:
and three are consonants: ç, ş, ğ. The alphabet is the same as the
870:
745:
239:
131:
2974:
A Place for
Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order
2644:
Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts
2537:
e.g. Psalms 25, 34, 37, 111, 112, 119 and 145 of the Hebrew Bible
2442:
2414:
2365:
2274:
2242:
compounding results in the juxtaposition of two letters which do
1440:
1405:
1000:
618:
277:
262:
257:, who worked there, is thought to have created the world's first
2625:
Interpreting a classic: Demosthenes and his ancient commentators
1493:, which otherwise does not differ from the basic Latin alphabet.
1354:
are also considered separate letters and are positioned between
238:, based on alphabetical order. Similarly, biblical authors used
1717:). Spaces and hyphens within phrases are ignored in collation.
1668:) are treated generally just like their non-umlauted versions;
1401:
1247:(ٮ) and are differentiated only by consonant pointing known as
966:
would be sorted as if spelled out "seventeen seventy-six", and
546:
497:, which differs from the preceding words in the second letter (
361:
232:
2869:"Unicode Technical Standard #10: Unicode collation algorithm"
2410:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2093:
1623:
1444:
1370:
425:
An example of straightforward alphabetical ordering follows:
328:
316:
295:
269:
224:
205:
2506:"From A to Z - the surprising history of alphabetical order"
1351:
469:
because their fourth letter (the first one that differs) is
1825:
1243:
1004:
979:
300:
290:, with entries in alphabetic order. In the 3rd century CE,
2696:
2368:– provided the symbols used have an established ordering.
2223:
2219:
2215:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2076:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1619:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1505:
1501:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1355:
1301:
865:
861:
2926:
2146:
253:, which was founded around 300 BCE. The poet and scholar
201:
192:
number of common initial letters between adjacent words.
319:
vocabulary. This led to the compilation of alphabetical
220:, were preferred over alphabetical order for centuries.
200:
Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium
1860:, then the affricates, fricatives, liquids, and nasals:
1338:
is considered to be a separate letter and goes between
1219:
used today. The standard and most commonly used is the
2642:: Schools, Preachers and New Attitudes to the Page",
2231:
2227:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2154:
2150:
1883:
1879:
1841:
1633:
and collating rules are the same as those of Swedish.
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1556:
are not found. Therefore, the first five letters are
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1359:
1343:
1339:
992:), they may be sorted as if they were those letters.
806:
and are sometimes alphabetized as if the spelling is
802:
in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for
2646:, University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 201–219,
1241:(ث) are grouped as they have the same base shape or
1225:
order, which was created by the early Arab linguist
1834:(called thorn; lowercase þ) is also a Runic letter.
1289:order, is collated phonetically and was created by
597:
strings, as it would if it were written "Oakridge".
585:
Oak; Oak Hill; Oakley Park; Oakley River; Oak Ridge
558:where all strings beginning with the separate word
554:
Oak; Oak Hill; Oak Ridge; Oakley Park; Oakley River
420:
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
2597:LIVRE XI – texte latin – traduction + commentaires
2273:, which can be used to put strings containing any
1760:in the alphabet), because the fourth "character" (
1469:are considered separate letters and collate after
1259:order, which phonetically resembles that of other
721:
2976:. New York: Basic Books / Hatchette Books, 2020.
2812:"The Case Against Alphabetical Naming of Authors"
536:
457:because they begin with the same two letters and
2988:
2920:
2075:The only Spanish-specific collating question is
1022:
700:In French, modified letters (such as those with
529:based on comparison of their third letters, and
369:– in the order of God's creation, starting with
304:used alphabetic order with phonetic variations.
1735:
1725:
401:
227:are dated to the 7th–6th centuries BCE. In the
2931:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
2871:. Unicode, Inc. (unicode.org). 20 March 2008.
1204:, the alphabet has been completely reordered.
752:
184:, and non-letter characters such as marks of
2863:
2861:
2748:Stevens, Jeffrey R.; Duque, Juan F. (2018).
2747:
2114:(2006) "W" was considered a separate letter.
2037:This is not true any more since in 1994 the
1852:is ordered on phonetic principles, like the
967:
613:. The first approach has often been used in
449:The above words are ordered alphabetically.
27:System for ordering words, names and phrases
2638:Rouse, Mary A.; Rouse, Richard M. (1991), "
2487:The idea of writing: Writing across borders
2360:– for example, they may be written using a
2324:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
924:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
406:
356:which had become prominent in 12th century
2637:
2559:
1512:uses the Icelandic eth, which follows the
2858:
2768:
2724:
2714:
2674:
2553:
2344:Learn how and when to remove this message
2085:) as a different letter collated after N.
1117:Learn how and when to remove this message
944:Learn how and when to remove this message
683:Learn how and when to remove this message
2834:"Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols"
1840:(called eth; lowercase ð) is the letter
879:
42:
2665:
2515:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1824:scribes who also used the Runic letter
461:has no more letters after that whereas
204:by Northwest Semitic scribes using the
180:, modified letters, such as those with
14:
2989:
2659:
2622:
2588:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2164:, there are seven additional letters:
1281:Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols
727:
465:does. The next three words come after
2796:from the original on 10 November 2018
2616:
2927:Franz Baader; Tobias Nipkow (1999).
2846:from the original on 30 October 2022
2810:Colleen Flaherty (22 October 2018).
2631:
2322:adding citations to reliable sources
2289:
2285:
1149:, and formerly treated the digraphs
1055:adding citations to reliable sources
1026:
922:adding citations to reliable sources
889:
722:§ Language-specific conventions
661:adding citations to reliable sources
628:
268:In the 1st century BC, Roman writer
2957:Pratique du classement alphabétique
2893:
2875:from the original on 27 August 2008
2492:
2391:order but sometimes with the older
1610:, etc. By itself, it is pronounced
1215:, there are two main orders of the
695:
24:
2949:
1752:(even though the fourth character
47:Flags of certain countries at the
25:
3013:
2757:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2375:writing systems, such as Chinese
2096:placed at its end (..., X, Y, Z,
1392:the combination IJ (representing
1275:(ا) which looks identical to the
956:When some of the strings contain
562:precede all those beginning with
443:Barnacle; Be; Been; Benefit; Bent
411:The standard order of the modern
2604:from the original on 9 June 2012
2519:from the original on 2 July 2020
2294:
1031:
1007:, although their numbers are in
894:
633:
624:
335:. Older reference works such as
2959:. 4th ed. Paris: Bordas, 1977.
2896:"Volapük to English dictionary"
2887:
2826:
2741:
2690:
2455:
2145:), there used to be the letter
1820:Both letters were also used by
1801:is added, and D is followed by
1291:al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
1042:needs additional citations for
780:
341:Interpretations of Hebrew Names
2540:
2531:
2504:Street, Julie (10 June 2020).
2479:
2463:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1367:Danish and Norwegian alphabets
537:Treatment of multiword strings
134:. It is one of the methods of
13:
1:
2513:ABC News (ABC Radio National)
2472:
2280:Common Locale Data Repository
2251:
1023:Language-specific conventions
841:in full. Thus in a gazetteer
32:Alphabetical (disambiguation)
2716:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050018
1886:: ... G, H, I, Į, Y, J, K...
1145:as a basic letter following
1015:comes after his predecessor
852:
821:
545:or other separators such as
402:Ordering in the Latin script
146:of numbers or other ordered
7:
2929:Term Rewriting and All That
2683:Coleridge's Letters, No.507
2431:
2271:Unicode Collation Algorithm
2258:Collation § Automation
2111:Svenska Akademiens ordlista
1316:) is collated just after e.
1283:. A less common order, the
1157:as basic letters following
331:in the 13th century, under
251:Great Library of Alexandria
231:, the prophet utilizes the
153:When applied to strings or
10:
3018:
2461:There is an exception: In
2385:radical-and-stroke sorting
2255:
1756:would normally come after
883:
787:
493:respectively). Then comes
195:
29:
2770:10.3758/s13423-018-1532-8
2149:(Ƣƣ), which came between
1898:Pinyin alphabetical order
1516:. Five of the six vowels
1404:and the country IJsland (
513:for the same reason that
348:'s index to the works of
2839:. THE Unicode Standard.
2666:Cawdrey, Robert (1604).
2550:. Brussels, 1967. p. 25.
2448:
2092:, there are three extra
1576:, and the last five are
1227:Nasr ibn 'Asim al-Laythi
1196:In a few cases, such as
716:, as if it were written
413:ISO basic Latin alphabet
407:Basic order and examples
1768:is considered a second
1131:extended Latin alphabet
1129:Languages which use an
988:(which was stylised as
845:might be listed before
814:might be listed before
732:In most cultures where
396:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
287:De verborum significatu
242:based on the (ordered)
2623:Gibson, Craig (2002).
2409:, based purely on the
2157:. It is now in disuse.
2080:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1736:
1726:
1277:Eastern Arabic numeral
968:
775:lexicographic ordering
756:and other common words
574:in alphabetical order.
477:(the fourth letter of
276:wrote an encyclopedic
274:Sextus Pompeius Festus
120:
2668:A Table Alphabeticall
2400:lexicographical order
2265:(in combination with
2256:Further information:
1844:with an added stroke.
1780:), which does follow
1175:Royal Spanish Academy
886:Lexicographical order
880:Treatment of numerals
173:Capital or upper case
159:lexicographical order
140:lexicographical order
46:
2670:. London. p. v.
2318:improve this section
2263:Collation algorithms
1616:Filipino orthography
1165:, respectively. Now
1066:"Alphabetical order"
1051:improve this article
918:improve this section
657:improve this section
593:now comes after the
473:, which comes after
323:of the Bible by the
148:mathematical objects
138:. In mathematics, a
126:is a system whereby
2908:on 1 September 2012
1742:dzs + dzs
1508:. Furthermore, the
790:Mac and Mc together
728:Ordering by surname
383:Table Alphabeticall
236:substitution cipher
69:Émirats Arabes Unis
2426:rhyming dictionary
2419:ASCIIbetical order
2267:sorting algorithms
1882:comes just before
1701:normally precedes
1415:, consonants with
1217:28 letter alphabet
994:Natural sort order
736:are written after
380:had to explain in
333:Hugh of Saint Cher
124:Alphabetical order
121:
2982:978-1-5416-7507-0
2955:Chauvin, Yvonne.
2938:978-0-521-77920-3
2354:
2353:
2346:
2286:Similar orderings
1946:⟨ü⟩
1942:⟨ê⟩
1922:⟨ü⟩
1920:comes before and
1918:⟨u⟩
1906:⟨ê⟩
1902:⟨e⟩
1828:to represent /w/.
1778:sz + sz
1732:gy + gy
1614:, but in general
1491:Estonian alphabet
1261:Semitic languages
1127:
1126:
1119:
1101:
970:24 heures du Mans
954:
953:
946:
873:and brand names.
771:A Wrinkle in Time
693:
692:
685:
437:Another example:
128:character strings
16:(Redirected from
3009:
2970:Flanders, Judith
2943:
2942:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2901:. Archived from
2900:
2894:Midgley, Ralph.
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:Inside Higher Ed
2808:Lay summary in:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2772:
2763:(3): 1020–1026.
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2509:(text and audio)
2501:
2490:
2483:
2466:
2459:
2398:In mathematics,
2383:, the method of
2349:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2298:
2290:
2141:orthography for
2131:Turkic languages
2119:Turkish alphabet
2090:Swedish alphabet
1947:
1943:
1923:
1919:
1907:
1903:
1858:voice-onset time
1739:
1729:
1631:Finnish alphabet
1510:Faroese alphabet
1498:Faroese alphabet
1139:Spanish alphabet
1122:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1059:
1035:
1027:
973:
949:
942:
938:
935:
929:
898:
890:
696:Modified letters
688:
681:
677:
674:
668:
637:
629:
606:dictionary order
346:Robert Kilwardby
325:Dominican friars
309:Western European
280:of the works of
229:Book of Jeremiah
21:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2987:
2986:
2952:
2950:Further reading
2947:
2946:
2939:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2640:Statim invenire
2636:
2632:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2574:10.2307/1088539
2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2434:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2315:
2299:
2288:
2260:
2254:
1945:
1941:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1854:Brahmic scripts
1748:should precede
1693:should precede
1373:(..., X, Y, Z,
1253:. The original
1123:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1036:
1025:
999:In the case of
950:
939:
933:
930:
915:
899:
888:
882:
855:
827:
792:
786:
758:
730:
698:
689:
678:
672:
669:
654:
638:
627:
621:) before 1975.
539:
409:
404:
373:(meaning God).
282:Verrius Flaccus
261:, known as the
259:library catalog
244:Hebrew alphabet
198:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2985:
2984:
2967:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2919:
2886:
2857:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2740:
2689:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2630:
2615:
2587:
2552:
2539:
2530:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2352:
2351:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2209:
2158:
2127:
2115:
2086:
1991:
1987:Serbo-Croatian
1983:
1976:
1969:
1894:
1887:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1829:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1764:) of the word
1674:
1646:
1634:
1627:
1596:
1494:
1448:
1439:), as well as
1409:
1386:
1363:
1324:
1317:
1294:
1265:Roman Numerals
1125:
1124:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:Christian VIII
1009:Roman numerals
952:
951:
902:
900:
893:
884:Main article:
881:
878:
854:
851:
826:
820:
810:in full. Thus
788:Main article:
785:
779:
757:
751:
729:
726:
708:comes between
697:
694:
691:
690:
641:
639:
632:
626:
623:
601:
600:
599:
598:
578:
577:
576:
575:
538:
535:
447:
446:
435:
434:
423:
422:
408:
405:
403:
400:
378:Robert Cawdrey
197:
194:
26:
18:Alphabetically
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:2-04-010155-1
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2653:0-268-00622-9
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2546:Daly, Lloyd.
2543:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:This section
2301:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1904:comes before
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(decomposing
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(even though
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:letters with
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:. In Slovak,
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:á, é, í, ó, ú
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068: –
1067:
1063:
1062:Find sources:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:This section
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
982:or the movie
981:
977:
972:
971:
965:
964:
959:
948:
945:
937:
927:
923:
919:
913:
912:
908:
903:This section
901:
897:
892:
891:
887:
877:
874:
872:
867:
863:
859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:The prefixes
791:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:Summer of Sam
764:
755:
750:
747:
741:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
687:
684:
676:
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642:This section
640:
636:
631:
630:
625:Special cases
622:
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616:
612:
608:
607:
596:
592:
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587:
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476:
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468:
464:
460:
456:
453:comes before
452:
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417:
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399:
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389:
385:
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379:
374:
372:
368:
367:theologically
363:
359:
358:scholasticism
355:
351:
350:St. Augustine
347:
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223:Parts of the
221:
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210:chronological
207:
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49:Élysée Palace
45:
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37:
33:
19:
2973:
2956:
2928:
2922:
2912:24 September
2910:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2848:. Retrieved
2828:
2815:
2798:. Retrieved
2760:
2756:
2743:
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2676:
2667:
2661:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2596:
2590:
2568:(1): 35–38.
2565:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2512:
2486:
2481:
2457:
2423:
2404:
2397:
2379:or Japanese
2370:
2355:
2340:
2331:
2316:Please help
2304:
2261:
2243:
2122:
2109:
2043:
2017:
1997:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1936:) before 女 (
1933:
1929:
1928:) before 驢 (
1925:
1913:
1912:) before 欸 (
1909:
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1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1690:
1686:
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1641:
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1603:
1400:, the river
1313:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
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1190:
1186:
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1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1128:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1061:
1049:Please help
1044:verification
1041:
1013:Christian IX
998:
989:
983:
975:
961:
955:
940:
931:
916:Please help
904:
875:
856:
846:
842:
838:
834:
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828:
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807:
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799:
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793:
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759:
753:
742:
734:family names
731:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
679:
670:
655:Please help
643:
615:book indexes
604:
602:
594:
590:
584:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
540:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:comes after
506:
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501:comes after
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386:, the first
381:
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340:
321:concordances
306:
299:
292:Harpocration
285:
267:
248:
222:
214:hierarchical
199:
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104:
100:
96:
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88:
84:
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76:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
40:
36:Romanization
2850:26 November
2800:10 November
2373:logographic
2234:are absent.
1822:Anglo-Saxon
1298:Azerbaijani
1267:. When the
829:The prefix
763:The Shining
738:given names
517:came after
388:monolingual
255:Callimachus
218:by category
186:punctuation
176:containing
117:Royaume-Uni
2991:Categories
2709:(1): e18.
2473:References
2395:ordering.
2252:Automation
2162:Vietnamese
1973:Portuguese
1876:Lithuanian
1715:egér, éger
1473:. Letters
1417:circumflex
1077:newspapers
816:Mackintosh
702:diacritics
611:publishers
566:, because
392:dictionary
337:St. Jerome
182:diacritics
77:États-Unis
3002:Collation
2997:Alphabets
2879:27 August
2703:PLOS Biol
2438:Collation
2407:algorithm
2362:syllabary
2334:June 2017
2305:does not
2133:(such as
2070:rastrillo
1932:) and 努 (
1795:Icelandic
1709:precedes
1705:), since
1678:Hungarian
1608:ping-pong
1419:accents (
1413:Esperanto
1107:June 2017
934:June 2017
905:does not
871:loanwords
858:Ligatures
853:Ligatures
843:St John's
777:instead.
746:citations
673:June 2017
644:does not
591:Oak Ridge
570:precedes
313:preachers
240:acrostics
155:sequences
144:sequences
136:collation
53:Allemagne
2873:Archived
2841:Archived
2791:Archived
2787:52922399
2779:30288671
2735:17227141
2602:Archived
2517:Archived
2432:See also
2358:alphabet
2129:In many
1980:Romanian
1916:)), and
1762:grapheme
1695:nádcsomó
1691:nádcukor
1600:Filipino
1452:Estonian
1443:(u with
1398:IJmuiden
1181:follows
1135:digraphs
1001:monarchs
958:numerals
812:McKinley
784:prefixes
525:follows
390:English
376:In 1604
354:excerpts
317:biblical
315:analyse
294:wrote a
132:alphabet
105:Pays-Bas
93:Jordanie
65:Danemark
57:Belgique
2726:1769438
2582:1088539
2562:Phoenix
2443:Sorting
2415:Unicode
2366:abugida
2326:removed
2311:sources
2275:Unicode
2213:Volapük
2139:Jaꞑalif
2137:or the
2117:In the
2088:In the
1994:Spanish
1786:kaszinó
1746:kaszinó
1489:in the
1406:Iceland
1365:In the
1306:Turkish
1269:ʾabjadī
1256:ʾabjadī
1141:treats
1091:scholar
926:removed
911:sources
724:below.
665:removed
650:sources
619:ISO 999
547:hyphens
296:Homeric
278:epitome
263:Pinakes
196:History
166:letters
109:Pologne
101:Norvège
73:Espagne
2980:
2963:
2935:
2785:
2777:
2733:
2723:
2650:
2580:
2523:6 July
2389:Gojūon
2192:while
2123:before
2094:vowels
2064:rápido
2052:ráfaga
2012:chispa
1964:), 嗎 (
1960:), 罵 (
1956:), 馬 (
1952:), 麻 (
1891:Polish
1766:kassza
1750:kassza
1654:umlaut
1650:German
1640:, the
1638:French
1402:IJssel
1371:glyphs
1332:Slovak
1321:Breton
1222:hijāʾī
1213:Arabic
1198:Arabic
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825:prefix
595:Oakley
589:where
572:Oakley
564:Oakley
543:spaces
527:Ataman
523:Attack
507:Ataman
362:memory
233:Atbash
178:spaces
89:Italie
61:Canada
2906:(PDF)
2899:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2837:(PDF)
2794:(PDF)
2783:S2CID
2753:(PDF)
2608:8 May
2578:JSTOR
2449:Notes
2411:ASCII
2393:Iroha
2381:kanji
2377:hanzi
2239:Welsh
2143:Tatar
2135:Azeri
2046:radio
2032:llama
2006:credo
2000:cinco
1850:Kiowa
1817:, Ö.
1807:acute
1776:into
1740:from
1730:from
1624:tilde
1445:breve
1390:Dutch
1328:Czech
1286:ṣawtī
1273:ʾalif
1250:iʻjām
1237:(ت),
1233:(ب),
1202:Kiowa
1098:JSTOR
1084:books
1005:popes
990:Se7en
985:Seven
847:Salem
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515:Aster
479:Aster
467:Aster
463:Aster
455:Aster
329:Paris
270:Varro
225:Bible
206:abjad
113:Qatar
97:Maroc
81:Grèce
2978:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2914:2019
2881:2008
2852:2022
2802:2018
2775:PMID
2731:PMID
2648:ISBN
2610:2012
2525:2020
2371:For
2309:any
2307:cite
2230:and
2222:and
2153:and
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2020:lomo
2016:and
1944:and
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1200:and
1169:and
1161:and
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1070:news
1003:and
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909:any
907:cite
864:and
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718:role
714:rose
712:and
710:rock
706:rôle
648:any
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489:and
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371:Deus
301:Suda
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