130:
327:
17:
230:
188:
385:
242:
1507:
2419:
2432:
381:, typically consisting of border motifs composed of two interlacing bands. Similar decoration has also been found in the remains of former houses excavated in 2006 under the 12th-century Almoravid expansion of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes. In addition to the usual border motifs were larger interlacing geometric motifs as well as Kufic inscriptions with vegetal backgrounds, all executed predominantly in red.
287:
428:
fragments are painted with images of musicians and other figures. Ibn
Mardanish also constructed what is now known as the Castillejo de Monteagudo, a hilltop castle and fortified palace outside the city that is one of the best-preserved examples of Almoravid-era architecture in the Iberian Peninsula.
282:
configuration, of which variations are found throughout the medieval period of the
Maghreb and Al-Andalus, as well as in the Middle East. The gate's passage turns 90 degrees to the right and then 90 degrees to the left, with the two exits/entrances parallel to each other, flanked by two large square
258:
The
Almoravids also built many fortifications, although most of these in turn were demolished or modified by the Almohads and later dynasties. The new capital, Marrakesh, initially had no city walls but a fortress known as the Ksar el-Hajjar ("Fortress of Stone") was built by the city's founder, Abu
215:
Another high point of
Almoravid architecture is the intricate ribbed dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, which likely traces its origins to the 10th-century ribbed domes of the Great Mosque of CĂłrdoba. The structure of the dome is strictly ornamental, consisting of multiple
120:
and the use of pillars instead of columns in mosques. Stucco-carved decoration began to appear more and more as part of these compositions and would become even more elaborate in subsequent periods. Almoravid patronage thus marks a period of transition for architecture in the region, setting the
109:
The
Almoravids made use of Andalusi craftsmen throughout their realms, thus helping to spread the highly ornate architectural style of al-Andalus to North Africa. Almoravid architecture assimilated the motifs and innovations of Andalusi architecture, such as the complex interlacing arches of the
63:, as the styles and craftsmanship of al-Andalus were further imported and developed in North Africa. The Almoravids founded the city of Marrakesh as their capital and built many mosques in the region, although much of what they built has not preserved. The Almoravids were overthrown by the
83:, establishing many of the forms and motifs of this style that were refined in subsequent centuries. Manuel Casamar Perez remarks that the Almoravids scaled back the Andalusi trend towards heavier and more elaborate decoration which had developed since the
317:
fortifications, as well as an apparent need to build quickly during times of crisis. The walls of
Tlemcen (present-day Algeria) were likewise partly built by the Almoravids, using a mix of rubble stone at the base and rammed earth above.
216:
ribs or intersecting arches forming a twelve-pointed star pattern. It is also partly see-through, allowing some outside light to filter through a screen of pierced and carved arabesque decoration that fills the spaces between the ribs.
270:, around the city in response to the growing threat of the Almohads. These walls, although much restored and partly expanded in later centuries, continue to serve as the walls of the
409:
180:
is one of the few
Almoravid monuments in Marrakesh surviving, and is notable for its highly ornate interior dome with carved stucco decoration, complex arch shapes, and minor
813:
1587:
429:
It has a rectangular plan and contained a large riad garden courtyard with symmetrical reception halls facing each other across the long axis of the garden.
283:
bastions. This specific plan is unique in
Marrakesh but is characteristically Almoravid, perhaps representing an evolved version of previous gate plans.
98:, both former capitals in the region which served as sources of inspiration. The Almoravids were responsible for establishing a new imperial capital at
291:
670:
Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El
Mostafa (1998).
346:, but some of its remains have been excavated and studied in the 20th century. These remains have revealed the earliest known example in Morocco of a
313:, northeast of Fes, provide evidence about other Almoravid forts. Built out of rubble stone or rammed earth, they illustrate similarities with older
361:, a water supply system, and possibly a mosque. On the site were found many fragments of architectural decoration which are now preserved at the
1297:
357:
revealed the remains of a domestic complex or settlement dating from the
Almoravid period or even earlier. It consisted of several houses, two
338:. During his reign, Ali Ibn Yusuf added a large palace and royal residence on the south side of the Ksar el-Hajjar (on the present site of the
274:
of Marrakesh today. The medina's main gates were also first built at this time, although many of them have since been significantly modified.
2389:
110:
Great Mosque in Cordoba and of the Aljaferia palace in Zaragoza, but it also introduced new ornamental techniques from the east, such as
1817:
825:
303:
2333:
674:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; MinistĂšre des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc.
334:
In domestic architecture, none of the Almoravid palaces or residences have survived, and they are known only through texts and
330:
The possible remains of a stone tower or gate, identified by some as part of the Almoravid palace-fortress, the Ksar al-Hajjar
79:
The Almoravid period, along with the subsequent Almohad period, is considered one of the most formative stages of Moorish and
2394:
2033:
1365:
1099:
149:
1089:
2328:
362:
129:
1290:
2466:
1207:
1170:
1149:
472:
1062:
540:
1382:
2487:
2302:
2399:
2080:
1266:
1128:
1072:
550:
463:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Almoravids and Almohads: Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
438:
102:, which became a major center of architectural patronage thereafter. After taking control of Al-Andalus in the
106:, the Almoravids sent Muslim, Christian and Jewish artisans from Iberia to North Africa to work on monuments.
2379:
2374:
2369:
1325:
1283:
1061:
Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An Introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
539:
Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
2384:
2364:
2359:
2338:
2211:
1599:
1443:
1335:
1360:
200:
The central nave of the expanded Qarawiyyin Mosque notably features the earliest full-fledged example of
169:
1762:
619:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2008). "Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh".
278:, one of the western gates, is believed to have best preserved its original Almoravid layout. It has a
326:
1355:
1345:
1567:
1386:
2312:
1595:
1521:
90:
The two centers of artistic production in the Islamic west before the rise of the Almoravids were
1670:
1370:
165:
137:
960:
84:
1859:
308:
1330:
2065:
1468:
1426:
1406:
80:
1160:
1139:
898:
212:
vaults appeared in distant Iraq â has been noted by architectural historians as surprising.
2411:
2165:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1433:
1416:
1401:
1391:
1340:
1320:
1306:
68:
60:
16:
8:
2423:
2181:
2023:
1953:
1925:
1864:
1757:
1438:
1421:
1396:
1375:
374:
347:
343:
1221:
Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269
1350:
1245:
988:
263:
103:
1259:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
2462:
2120:
1532:
1262:
1203:
1166:
1145:
1124:
1095:
1068:
992:
980:
546:
468:
95:
2277:
2085:
1963:
1807:
1797:
1720:
1527:
1237:
972:
732:
722:
628:
339:
314:
116:("stalactite" or "honeycomb" carvings), and added its own innovations, such as the
1162:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
369:
featuring Kufic and cursive Arabic inscriptions as well as vegetal motifs such as
87:
and instead prioritized a greater balance between proportions and ornamentation.
2252:
2070:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1782:
1542:
259:
Bakr ibn Umar, in order to house the treasury and serve as an initial residence.
177:
157:
117:
21:
424:
in Spanish) are part of the present-day Monastery of Santa Clara in Murcia. The
2226:
2221:
2110:
2012:
1900:
1869:
1547:
1537:
727:
710:
493:
299:
271:
187:
152:. Above it, the decorative plaster cupola is partly visible. (Photo circa 1860)
145:
1241:
976:
632:
229:
2481:
1905:
1890:
984:
279:
248:
141:
71:
continued to develop some of the same trends in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.
2436:
2191:
1453:
1027:
1015:
275:
267:
208:
vaults at such an early date â only several decades after the first simple
173:
2456:
1557:
384:
2038:
1772:
1752:
335:
737:
342:). This palace was later abandoned and its function was replaced by the
2236:
2196:
2007:
1742:
1655:
1591:
1275:
1249:
48:
32:
2343:
2257:
2095:
584:
2028:
1986:
1968:
1737:
1660:
1605:
1552:
354:
99:
1228:
Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning".
350:
garden (an interior garden symmetrically divided into four parts).
241:
1997:
1958:
1895:
1838:
1812:
1777:
1675:
1496:
1198:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).
999:
866:
370:
192:
112:
91:
64:
56:
2160:
1506:
854:
2307:
2130:
2115:
2105:
2090:
1943:
1787:
1685:
1615:
1562:
389:
235:
Bab Doukkala, one of the original gates of Marrakesh (circa 1126)
161:
44:
40:
36:
31:
corresponds to a period from the 11th to 12th centuries when the
2267:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2186:
2154:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2002:
1948:
1874:
1822:
1802:
1690:
1680:
1665:
1650:
639:
413:
397:
366:
358:
204:
vaulting in the western Islamic world. The complexity of these
133:
2418:
59:). It was an important phase in the development of a regional
2282:
2262:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
1853:
1843:
1792:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1700:
1695:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1610:
1491:
378:
52:
1067:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 75â83.
669:
545:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 75â83.
2272:
2231:
2017:
1991:
1848:
1767:
1583:
928:
793:
781:
286:
1094:. Translated by McElhearn, Kirk. ACR Edition. p. 68.
1044:
1042:
916:
769:
844:
842:
757:
711:"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura"
481:
377:. The structures also featured painted decoration in red
262:
Eventually, circa 1126, Ali Ibn Yusuf also constructed a
1197:
1033:
1021:
745:
1039:
878:
600:
940:
839:
559:
505:
176:
are important examples of Almoravid architecture. The
690:
678:
651:
1200:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
959:Almagro, Antonio; Jiménez, Alfonso (2022-10-07).
579:A Practical Guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
416:(1147â1172). The remains of the palace, known as
2479:
1118:
872:
645:
581:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Baraka Press. p.14
958:
811:
523:
1291:
1184:. Rabat: Ăditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
1087:
961:"The Kutubiyya Mosque of Marrakesh Revisited"
1119:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992).
365:. These fragments are made of deeply-carved
612:
404:In present-day Spain, the oldest surviving
388:Fragment of painted decoration depicting a
1298:
1284:
812:Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957).
502:, pp. 26â30, 86â88, 222 (and others).
408:fragments were found in a palace built by
1091:Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses
1088:Wilbaux, Quentin; Lebrun, Michel (2008).
736:
726:
184:cupolas in the corners of the structure.
61:Moorish (or western Islamic) architecture
2454:
1305:
1179:
1137:
934:
884:
860:
787:
763:
565:
511:
383:
325:
285:
247:Floor plan of Bab Doukkala, showing its
186:
128:
15:
1256:
1188:
1009:
1005:
946:
922:
848:
799:
775:
708:
524:Basset, Henri; Terrasse, Henri (1932).
487:
462:
2480:
1227:
1218:
1034:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
1022:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
696:
657:
618:
606:
594:
499:
298:Elsewhere, the archaeological site of
1279:
1158:
1060:
1048:
896:
751:
684:
590:
538:
321:
1193:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
1064:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
672:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque
542:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
526:Sanctuaires et forteresses almohades
294:, an Almoravid fortress north of Fez
144:. The mihrab is preceded by a large
2448:
1191:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
1054:
952:
814:"Les portes anciennes de Marrakech"
805:
663:
13:
2458:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
2334:Influences on Western architecture
456:
14:
2499:
1141:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
1121:Moorish architecture in Andalusia
532:
467:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 254â259.
219:
67:in the 12th century, after which
2430:
2417:
1505:
240:
228:
2303:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1081:
890:
702:
353:In 1960 other excavations near
121:stage for future developments.
1182:Marrakech: Des origines Ă 1912
1144:. Edinburgh University Press.
571:
517:
439:Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque
302:, southeast of Marrakesh, and
196:vault in the Qarawiyyin Mosque
1:
444:
363:Archeological Museum of Rabat
51:(a large part of present-day
2395:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
873:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
646:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
449:
7:
1159:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
1138:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
465:Islam: Art and Architecture
432:
412:, the independent ruler of
10:
2504:
1763:Islamic geometric patterns
1202:. Paris: Louvre Ă©ditions.
1112:
863:, pp. 17, 46, 89, 98.
728:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007
140:, remodeled in 1136 under
124:
74:
2455:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
2408:
2352:
2321:
2295:
2245:
2197:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
2174:
2058:
2051:
1977:
1934:
1883:
1831:
1709:
1625:
1576:
1514:
1503:
1484:
1477:
1313:
1257:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
1242:10.1163/22118993-90000196
1189:Marçais, Georges (1954).
1180:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
1165:. Yale University Press.
977:10.1163/22118993-00391P11
709:Almagro, Antonio (2015).
633:10.1163/22118993_02501006
2313:Museum with No Frontiers
824:: 85â126. Archived from
2424:Architecture portal
1219:Salmon, Xavier (2018).
166:Great Mosque of Tlemcen
148:and is decorated with
138:Great Mosque of Tlemcen
35:ruled over the western
2488:Almoravid architecture
2329:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1729:(multicoloured ashlar)
1261:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
410:Muhammad Ibn Mardanish
401:
331:
295:
197:
172:(expanded in 1135) in
153:
29:Almoravid architecture
25:
2066:Congregational mosque
1524:(four-arch structure)
387:
329:
289:
190:
132:
81:Moroccan architecture
19:
2390:Ottoman architecture
2380:Moorish architecture
2375:Islamic architecture
2370:Iranian architecture
1793:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
1647:(or mĂŒezzin mahfili)
1307:Islamic architecture
903:Encyclopédie berbÚre
802:, pp. 168, 224.
593:, pp. 115â119;
85:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
69:Almohad architecture
2427: •
2414: •
2400:Yemeni architecture
2385:Mughal architecture
2365:Berber architecture
2360:Arabic architecture
2024:Salsabil (fountain)
1758:Islamic calligraphy
1036:, pp. 195â197.
1024:, pp. 219â223.
937:, pp. 299â300.
925:, pp. 219â220.
875:, pp. 66, 116.
790:, pp. 108â110.
778:, pp. 211â213.
754:, pp. 116â118.
577:Parker, R. (1981).
490:, pp. 259â260.
2101:Kuttab (or maktab)
1051:, pp. 98â100.
897:Camps, G. (1986).
402:
332:
322:Palaces and houses
296:
198:
154:
104:Battle of Sagrajas
26:
2444:
2443:
2291:
2290:
2047:
2046:
2034:Shading Umbrellas
1818:Stucco decoration
1718:For overview, see
1533:Four-centred arch
1223:. Paris: LienArt.
1101:978-2-86770-130-6
766:, pp. 56â59.
609:, pp. 26â30.
597:, pp. 26â30.
418:al-Qasr al-Seghir
394:al-Qasr al-Seghir
264:full set of walls
2495:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2437:Islam portal
2435:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2056:
2055:
1721:Islamic ornament
1600:South Asian dome
1528:Discharging arch
1509:
1482:
1481:
1326:Anatolian Seljuk
1300:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1253:
1224:
1213:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1155:
1134:
1106:
1105:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1003:
997:
996:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
837:
836:
834:
833:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
742:
740:
730:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
675:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
636:
616:
610:
604:
598:
588:
582:
575:
569:
563:
557:
556:
536:
530:
529:
528:. Paris: Larose.
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
478:
460:
340:Kutubiyya Mosque
312:
304:Kasbah of Amargu
292:Kasbah of Amargu
244:
232:
20:Interior of the
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2404:
2348:
2339:Moorish Revival
2317:
2287:
2253:Albarrana tower
2241:
2170:
2157:in modern Iran)
2071:Dar al-Muwaqqit
2043:
1994:(fountain type)
1979:
1973:
1936:
1930:
1921:Reflecting pool
1916:Persian gardens
1911:Paradise garden
1879:
1856:(entrance hall)
1827:
1783:Nagash painting
1705:
1627:
1621:
1572:
1543:Lambrequin arch
1510:
1501:
1473:
1444:Sudano-Sahelian
1309:
1304:
1269:
1210:
1173:
1152:
1131:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1004:
1000:
965:Muqarnas Online
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
907:
905:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
840:
831:
829:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
668:
664:
656:
652:
644:
640:
617:
613:
605:
601:
589:
585:
576:
572:
564:
560:
553:
537:
533:
522:
518:
510:
506:
498:
494:
486:
482:
475:
461:
457:
452:
447:
435:
375:acanthus leaves
324:
306:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
245:
237:
236:
233:
222:
178:Almoravid Qubba
164:(c. 1097), the
127:
118:lambrequin arch
77:
22:Almoravid Qubba
12:
11:
5:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2353:Category pages
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Medina quarter
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:Riwaq (arcade)
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Islamic garden
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Multifoil arch
1545:
1540:
1538:Horseshoe arch
1535:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1254:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1012:, p. 404.
1008:, p. 71;
998:
971:(1): 255â288.
951:
949:, p. 220.
939:
927:
915:
889:
887:, p. 121.
877:
865:
853:
851:, p. 198.
838:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
721:(1): 199â257.
701:
689:
687:, p. 114.
677:
662:
650:
648:, p. 155.
638:
611:
599:
583:
570:
568:, p. 278.
558:
551:
531:
516:
514:, p. 276.
504:
492:
480:
473:
454:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
434:
431:
422:AlcĂĄzar Seguir
400:(12th century)
344:Almohad Kasbah
323:
320:
246:
239:
238:
234:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
221:
220:Fortifications
218:
146:multifoil arch
126:
123:
76:
73:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2500:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2470:
2468:9781134613663
2464:
2461:. Routledge.
2460:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Hasht-Bihisht
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Jama'at Khana
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Mughal garden
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1209:9782350314907
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:9780300218701
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1151:9780748646821
1147:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
948:
943:
936:
935:Bennison 2016
931:
924:
919:
904:
900:
893:
886:
885:Deverdun 1959
881:
874:
869:
862:
861:Petersen 1996
857:
850:
845:
843:
828:on 2021-02-28
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
801:
796:
789:
788:Deverdun 1959
784:
777:
772:
765:
764:Deverdun 1959
760:
753:
748:
739:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
699:, p. 64.
698:
693:
686:
681:
673:
666:
660:, p. 30.
659:
654:
647:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
608:
603:
596:
592:
587:
580:
574:
567:
566:Bennison 2016
562:
554:
548:
544:
543:
535:
527:
520:
513:
512:Bennison 2016
508:
501:
496:
489:
484:
476:
474:9783848003808
470:
466:
459:
455:
440:
437:
436:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
328:
319:
316:
310:
305:
301:
293:
288:
284:
281:
280:bent entrance
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
250:
249:bent entrance
243:
231:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
195:
194:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:al-Qarawiyyin
167:
163:
159:
151:
150:carved stucco
147:
143:
142:Ali ibn Yusuf
139:
135:
131:
122:
119:
115:
114:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:and southern
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:(present-day
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
2457:
2450:
2428:
2415:
2412:Islamic arts
2192:Caravanserai
1717:
1671:Loudspeakers
1596:Persian dome
1558:Pointed arch
1411:
1356:Indo-Islamic
1346:Great Seljuk
1258:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1161:
1140:
1120:
1090:
1083:
1063:
1056:
1029:
1017:
1010:Marçais 1954
1006:Wilbaux 2001
1001:
968:
964:
954:
947:Marçais 1954
942:
930:
923:Marçais 1954
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
892:
880:
868:
856:
849:Wilbaux 2001
830:. Retrieved
826:the original
821:
817:
807:
800:Wilbaux 2001
795:
783:
776:Wilbaux 2001
771:
759:
747:
738:10261/122812
718:
714:
704:
692:
680:
671:
665:
653:
641:
624:
620:
614:
602:
586:
578:
573:
561:
541:
534:
525:
519:
507:
495:
488:Marçais 1954
483:
464:
458:
425:
421:
417:
405:
403:
393:
352:
333:
297:
276:Bab Doukkala
268:rammed earth
261:
257:
214:
209:
205:
201:
199:
191:
181:
158:Great Mosque
155:
136:area of the
111:
108:
89:
78:
43:and western
28:
27:
24:in Marrakesh
2039:Windcatcher
2020:(courtyard)
1773:Mosque lamp
1753:Girih tiles
1710:Decorations
1588:Arabic dome
1123:. Taschen.
697:Tabbaa 1985
658:Salmon 2018
627:: 133â146.
607:Salmon 2018
595:Salmon 2018
500:Salmon 2018
392:, from the
336:archaeology
307: [
168:(1136) and
2322:Influences
2237:Well house
2008:Mashrabiya
1656:Hussainiya
1592:Onion dome
1383:Indonesian
1371:Qutb Shahi
1268:2747523888
1130:3822876348
1074:0870996371
1049:Bloom 2020
908:31 January
832:2023-01-02
752:Bloom 2020
715:Al-Qantara
685:Bloom 2020
591:Bloom 2020
552:0870996371
445:References
266:, made of
49:al-Andalus
33:Almoravids
2296:Resources
2059:Religious
2029:Shabestan
1987:Hypostyle
1969:Shadirvan
1738:Arabesque
1661:Imamzadeh
1626:Religious
1606:Semi-dome
1553:Ogee arch
1522:Chahartaq
1485:Materials
1412:Almoravid
1387:Malaysian
1236:: 61â74.
993:253138713
985:0732-2992
899:"Amergou"
450:Citations
371:palmettes
355:Chichaoua
300:Tasghßmût
100:Marrakesh
2482:Category
2410:Part of
2246:Military
2182:Baradari
2175:Civilian
1998:Jharokha
1959:Mechouar
1896:Charbagh
1839:Andaruni
1813:Socarrat
1778:Muqarnas
1676:Maqsurah
1568:Vaulting
1497:Tadelakt
1478:Elements
1427:Zayyanid
1407:Aghlabid
1230:Muqarnas
818:Hespéris
621:Muqarnas
433:See also
426:muqarnas
406:muqarnas
315:Hammadid
210:muqarnas
206:muqarnas
202:muqarnas
193:Muqarnas
182:muqarnas
113:muqarnas
92:Kairouan
65:Almohads
57:Portugal
2344:Mudéjar
2308:ArchNet
2258:AlcĂĄzar
2131:Musalla
2116:Maqbara
2106:Madrasa
2096:KĂŒlliye
2091:Khanqah
2081:Gongbei
1980:cooling
1978:Passive
1944:Chhatri
1937:objects
1935:Outdoor
1884:Gardens
1860:Mirador
1798:Shabaka
1788:Qashani
1743:Banna'i
1686:Minaret
1628:objects
1618:(eaves)
1616:Chhajja
1563:Squinch
1464:Umayyad
1459:Timurid
1449:Swahili
1434:Ottoman
1417:Almohad
1402:Moorish
1392:Iranian
1361:Bengali
1341:Fatimid
1336:Chinese
1331:Ayyubid
1321:Abbasid
1250:1523084
1113:Sources
390:flutist
359:hammams
162:Algiers
125:Mosques
96:CĂłrdoba
75:General
45:Algeria
41:Morocco
37:Maghreb
2465:
2268:Kasbah
2217:Kasbah
2207:Hammam
2202:Ghorfa
2187:Bazaar
2166:Zawiya
2155:takyeh
2126:Mosque
2076:Dargah
2003:Kucheh
1949:Eidgah
1875:Zenana
1823:Zellij
1808:Sitara
1803:Shamsa
1691:Minbar
1681:Mihrab
1666:Kiswah
1651:Gonbad
1515:Arches
1469:Yemeni
1439:Somali
1422:Hafsid
1397:Mamluk
1376:Mughal
1366:Deccan
1314:Styles
1265:
1248:
1206:
1169:
1148:
1127:
1098:
1071:
991:
983:
549:
471:
414:Murcia
398:Murcia
367:stucco
272:medina
251:design
134:Mihrab
47:) and
2283:Ribat
2278:Qalat
2263:Amsar
2222:Mahal
2161:TĂŒrbe
2151:Takya
2146:Surau
2141:Rauza
2136:Qubba
2121:Mazar
2111:Maqam
2052:Types
1964:Sebil
1854:Liwan
1844:Harem
1832:Rooms
1748:Girih
1733:Alfiz
1727:Ablaq
1701:Zarih
1696:Qibla
1645:Dikka
1640:Bedug
1635:Anaza
1611:Tajug
1577:Roofs
1492:Qadad
1454:Tatar
1351:Hausa
1246:JSTOR
989:S2CID
379:ochre
311:]
53:Spain
2463:ISBN
2273:Ksar
2232:Souq
2153:(or
2018:Sahn
1992:Howz
1954:Fina
1926:Riad
1891:Bagh
1870:Qaâa
1865:Hosh
1849:Iwan
1768:Jali
1584:Dome
1263:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1069:ISBN
981:ISSN
910:2024
547:ISBN
469:ISBN
420:(or
373:and
348:riad
290:The
156:The
94:and
1238:doi
973:doi
733:hdl
723:doi
629:doi
396:in
174:Fez
160:in
2484::
1598:/
1594:/
1590:/
1385:/
1244:.
1232:.
1041:^
987:.
979:.
969:39
967:.
963:.
901:.
841:^
822:44
820:.
816:.
731:.
719:36
717:.
713:.
625:25
623:.
309:fr
2471:.
1723:)
1716:(
1602:)
1586:(
1299:e
1292:t
1285:v
1271:.
1252:.
1240::
1234:3
1212:.
1175:.
1154:.
1133:.
1104:.
1077:.
995:.
975::
912:.
835:.
741:.
735::
725::
635:.
631::
555:.
477:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
