University of al-Qarawiyyin

969: 1601: 1844: 1206: 2167: 1569: 582: 1643: 2085: 2176: 1585: 821: 654: 1735: 1111: 383: 1031: 8309: 8195: 567:(the community's main mosque). This transfer happened either in 919 or in 933, both dates that correspond to brief periods of Fatimid domination over the city, and suggests that the transfer may have occurred by Fatimid initiative. The mosque and its learning institution continued to enjoy the respect of political elites, with the mosque itself being significantly expanded by the Almoravids and repeatedly embellished under subsequent dynasties. Tradition was established that all the other mosques in Fez based the timing of their call to prayer ( 2073: 8252: 478:). Deverdun suggested the inscription may have come from another unidentified mosque and was moved here at a later period (probably 15th or 16th century) when the veneration of the Idrisids was resurgent in Fez, and such relics would have held enough religious significance to be reused in this way. However, Chafik Benchekroun argued more recently that a more likely explanation is that this inscription is the original foundation inscription of al-Qarawiyyin itself and that it might have been covered up in the 12th century just before the 1879: 179: 682:, was also built nearby in 1670. These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions, but they usually had narrower curricula or specializations. One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at al-Qarawiyyin. Thus, these buildings acted as complimentary or auxiliary institutions to al-Qarawiyyin itself, which remained the center of intellectual life in the city. 4907: 1518: 8278: 1692:, which has ruled Morocco from the 17th century onward, continued to perform minor additions and regular maintenance on the mosque. A ribbed cupola in the central nave, where the 1337 Marinid chandelier hangs, has been dated by Terrasse to the 'Alawi period, although Xavier Salmon has more recently argued that at least some elements of the dome seem to date from the Marinid era. The stucco decoration of the central archway at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall (i.e. the arch inside which the Marinid-era 1536: 1719: 1314: 40: 9905: 7548: 2011: 1162: 9640: 9573: 8056: 9756: 9125: 8169: 9879: 9223: 9022: 5370:

in extremely important scientific debates. It is not a coincidence that around the 9th century the first university in the world, the Qarawiyyin University in Fez, was established in the Muslim world followed by az-Zaytuna in Tunis and Al-Azhar in Cairo. The university model, which in the West was widespread starting only from the 12th century, had an extraordinary fortune and was spread throughout the Muslim world at least until the colonial period.

9151: 10018: 8535: 8010: 9823: 8509: 8113: 2578: 9331: 8935: 8483: 8087: 9604: 9259: 9187: 8909: 7903: 7542: 9972: 9931: 9547: 9058: 7958: 9782: 8601: 9295: 8971: 8798: 8627: 8352: 7984: 9099: 8226: 7947: 3248:. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university". 482:' arrival in the city. Based on this evidence and on the many doubts about Ibn Abi Zar's narrative, he argues that Fatima al-Fihri is quite possibly a legendary figure rather than a historical one. Péter T. Nagy has also stated that the uncovered foundation inscription is more convincing evidence of the mosque's original foundation date than the traditional historiographical narrative. 1443:(r. 1286–1307), upon seeing the cost, ordered that it only be lit for the last day of Ramadan. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as Kufic Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the Marinid chandelier in the 1919:

immediately around the arch itself, was most likely redone in the 18th and/or early 19th centuries. The stucco decoration of the upper wall above this still dates from the Almoravid period. The Almoravid decoration prioritizes floral motifs, which contain more diversity than the later restorations below, over which bands of Kufic inscriptions have also been carved.

2201:

corner instead of to the south. The first structure still exists embedded near the women's section of the mosque, and consists of a square chamber measuring 5.4 meters per side. Its entrance is covered by a wooden screen from the Marinid period which features an inscription carved in cursive Arabic above the doorway recording Abu Inan's foundation of the library.

3309:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with 1302:. The prayer hall was extended by dismantling the existing southern wall and adding three more transverse aisles for a total of ten, while replicating the format of the existing arches of the mosque. This expansion required the purchase and demolition of a number of neighboring houses and structures, including some that were apparently part of the nearby 4542:

original madaris and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in two different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D.) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

6451: 999:. At the same time, the student numbers at al-Qarawiyyin decreased to 300 in 1922 as the Moroccan elite sent their children to the newly founded Western-style colleges and institutes elsewhere in the country. Moroccan and French authorities began planning further reforms for al-Qarawiyyin in 1929. In 1931 and 1933, on the orders of 2112:). The full structure is 26.75 meters tall. One feature of the minaret is the lower window on its southern facade, which is shaped like a "triple" horseshoe arch, elongated vertically, which is unique to this structure. On the minaret's southern side, just above the gallery of the courtyard, is the Dar al-Muwaqqit. 2059:). They are decorated with carved wood and stucco, mosaic-tiled walls, and marble columns. Behind these pavilions are extensions of the main prayer hall divided into four naves by rows of arches. The gallery and arched hall on the northeastern sides of the courtyard are a prayer space reserved for women. 2102:, it is the oldest preserved minaret in Morocco. It was constructed in local limestone of relatively poor quality and was covered in whitewash by the Marinids in the 13th century in order to protect it from deterioration. It has a square shaft and is topped by a dome, as well as a parapet from which the 2042:, whose vestibule is covered by a Marinid-era white dome which is fluted on the outside and covered in painted and carved stucco on the inside. Opposite this gate, situated on the mihrab axis, is the central entrance to the interior prayer hall, guarded by a carved and painted wooden screen called the 3239:

In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other,

2326:

Among opposing views, Yahya Pallavicini claims that the university model did not spread in Europe until the 12th century and that it was found throughout the Muslim world from the founding of al-Qarawiyyin in the 9th century until at least European colonialism. Some scholars, noting certain parallels

2001:

Aside from the embellishments of the central nave, the rest of the mosque is architecturally uniform, but there are some minor irregularities in the floor plan. For example, the arches in the western half of the prayer hall are shorter than those in the eastern half, and some of the transverse aisles

1617:

A number of ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the mosque's prayer hall date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in 1337, was a bell brought

1260:

in Córdoba for permission and funds to expand the mosque. The caliph approved, and the work was carried out or completed in 956. It expanded the mosque on three sides, encompassing the area of the present-day courtyard to the north and up to the current eastern and western boundaries of the building.

1006:

Al-Qarawiyyin also played a role in the Moroccan nationalist movement and in protests against the French colonial regime. Many Moroccan nationalists had received their education here and some of their informal political networks were established due to the shared educational background. In July 1930,

976:

At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, al-Qarawiyyin worsened as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime, though it retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration. The student body was rigidly divided along social strata: ethnicity

5369:

The Muslim community maintained, favoured, and organized the institutions for higher education that became the new centres for the diffusion of Islamic knowledge. These centres were places where teachers and students of that time would meet and also where all intellectuals would gather and take part

1966:

and cursive letters, highlighted with blue and red colours. Additionally, there are several elaborately carved bronze chandeliers hanging in the nave which were gifted to the mosque during the Almohad and Marinid eras; at least three of which were made from bells (probably church bells) brought back

1918:

marble columns topped by deeply-carved capitals. These capitals are spolia from al-Andalus, dating from the time of the Caliphate of Córdoba, which were re-appropriated by the Almoravids for Ali Ibn Yusuf's expansion of the mosque. On the mihrab's façade, the stucco ornamentation of the lower parts,

2342:

Some scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin operated essentially as an Islamic madrasa until after World War II. These scholars date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. In the wake of these reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of

1990:

of the Koutoubia Mosque, made by a workshop in Córdoba not long after the latter and installed in al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1144 (at the end of the Almoravid works on the mosque). It is another exceptional work of marquetry and woodcarving, decorated with geometric compositions, inlaid materials, and

1857:

The interior hypostyle prayer hall takes up most of the mosque's area. Like the interior of most traditional mosques in Moroccan architecture, it is a relatively austere space with mostly plain walls, wooden roofs, and rows upon rows of arches. The main area, south of the courtyard, is a vast space

1411:

Terrasse suggests this operation may have actually been carried out a few years later by the Almohad authorities themselves. The Almoravid ornamentation was only fully uncovered again during renovations in the early 20th century. The plaster used to cover the Almoravid decoration seems to have been

952:

By the 19th century, the mosque's library also suffered from decline and neglect. A significant portion of its collection was lost over time, most likely due to lax supervision and to books that were not returned. By the beginning of the 20th century, the collection had been reduced to around 1,600

441:

This foundation narrative has been questioned by some modern historians who see the symmetry of two sisters founding the two most famous mosques of Fez as too convenient and likely originating from a legend. Ibn Abi Zar is also judged by contemporary historians to be a relatively unreliable source.

433:

to Fez in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance to

5764:

Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

1434:

of the mosque during the years 1202 to 1219. The chandelier has the shape of a 12-sided cupola surmounted by a large cone, around which are nine levels that hold candlesticks. It could originally hold 520 oil candles; the cost of providing the oil was so significant that it was only lit on special

490:

Some scholars suggest that some teaching and instruction probably took place at al-Qarawiyyin Mosque from a very early period or from its beginning. Major mosques in the early Islamic period were typically multi-functional buildings where teaching and education took place alongside other religious

3313:

in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be

3089:

As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a

2046:

which also acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers taking place in the courtyard. (These features are visible to visitors standing outside the gate.) Both this entrance to the prayer hall and the outer gate across from it have facades decorated with carved and painted stucco.

1132:

law, though some lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French and English are also offered to students. Teaching is delivered with students seated in a semi-circle around a sheikh, who prompts them to read sections of a particular text; asks them questions on particular points of grammar,

4541:

The Adjustments of Original Institutions of the Higher Learning: the Madrasah. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madrasahs affected both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available

3218:

Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist,

1144:

Most students at al-Qarawiyyin range are between 13 and 30 years old, and study towards high school-level diplomas and university-level bachelor's degrees, although Muslims with a sufficiently high level of Arabic can attend lecture circles on an informal basis, given the traditional category of

603:

Many scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin's high point as an intellectual and scholarly center to be in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the curriculum was at its broadest and its prestige had reached new heights after centuries of expansion and elite patronage. Among the subjects taught around this

499:

period, though it never equaled the Qarawiyyin's later prestige. It is unclear at what time al-Qarawiyyin began to act more formally as an educational institution, partly because of the limited historical sources that pertain to its early period. The most relevant major historical texts like the

2216:

that started in 1940. It included the current grand reading room, which measures 23 metres long and features an ornately-painted wooden ceiling, and also added an entrance outside the mosque which made it accessible to non-Muslims. This new library expansion was inaugurated in 1949. The library

2200:

axis is the historic library of the mosque and university. It is sometimes cited as the world's oldest library that remains open. The first purpose-built library structure was added to the mosque by the Marinid sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349 CE, though it was located at the mosque's northeastern

2876:

Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three

1756:

with huge doors preceded by wooden roofs covering the street in front of them. While the doors are generally made of wood, some of the gates have extensive ornate bronze overlays crafted during the Almoravid period. The most ornate and best-preserved examples include the doors of the principal

2306:

is occasionally applied by scholars to madrasas and other pre-modern higher learning institutions out of convenience, the European university marked a major disruption between earlier institutions of higher learning and was the earliest true modern university. Many scholars consider that the

2808:

and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After

2339:. Other scholars have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the madrasa versus the European university. 1751:

Al-Qarawiyyin's exterior does not generally present a monumental appearance and is integrated with the dense urban fabric around it. By one count there are 18 separate gates and entrances distributed around its perimeter. The gates vary from small rectangular doorways to enormous

3219:

cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.

2877:

different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

1629:

The mosque's library was officially founded by Sultan Abu Inan in 1349 (750 AH), as dated by an inscription over its doorway. This first Marinid library was located at the mosque's northeastern corner (as opposed to the library's current southern location). In 1361, Sultan

442:

One of the biggest challenges to this story is a foundation inscription that was rediscovered during renovations to the mosque in the 20th century, previously hidden under layers of plaster for centuries. This inscription, carved onto cedar wood panels and written in a

2398:

for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that it was during the reign of the Almoravids (1040–1147) that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution. French historian

1874:

wall which symbolizes the direction of prayer, and in front of which the imam usually leads prayers and delivers sermons. This overall layout (a hypostyle hall with a central nave emphasized against the others) is a familiar layout for North African mosques generally.

1816:("Gate of the Barefooted"). This gate dates to the Almohad era. It is distinguished by a small water channel that runs across the floor just inside it. The channel allowed worshipers entering the mosque to wash their feet on the way in, helping with initial ablutions. 1331:

in the middle of the new southern wall, but also the reconstruction or embellishment of the prayer hall's central nave (the arches along its central axis, in a line perpendicular to the southern wall and to the other rows of arches) leading from the courtyard to the

2002:

are slightly wider than others. These anomalies have not been fully explained but they appear to have been present since the early centuries of the mosque; they may be due to early reconstructions or alterations which have gone unrecorded in historical chronicles.

850:, is said to have lived in Fez for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at al-Qarawiyyin. The institution has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among them are 5889:, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a 2144:. It was kept separate from the main mosque to preserve the purity of the latter as a regular prayer space, which could be soiled by the presence of a dead body. This oratory dates back to the Almoravid period and also features embellishments such as a 2359:) in that there was no defined scholastic year, registration was not imposed, study durations were not fixed, and there was no examination to ratify studies. Students were expected to attend courses for a minimum of five years and would receive an 1455:

The Marinids, who were responsible for building many of the madrasas around Fez, made various contributions to the mosque. In 1286 they restored and protected the 10th-century minaret, which had been made from deteriorating poor-quality stone with

3126:

Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in

5923:. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin. 2266:

dates al-Qarawiyyin University's foundation to the mosque's foundation in 859 and generally considers that "universities" existed outside Europe before the advent of the European university model. Other sources also refer to the historical or

1407:) report a story claiming that the inhabitants of Fez, fearful that the "puritan" Almohads would resent the lavish decoration placed inside the mosque, used whitewash to cover up the most ornate decorations from Ibn Yusuf's expansion near the 2423:. So it is very difficult to sustain the claim that the University of Qarawiyyin is the "oldest university", and not only in the Muslim world! The mosque school or college did not assume the name of university until 1960 when in a ceremony 1137:. Spanish Muslim converts frequently attend the institution, largely attracted by the fact that the sheikhs of al-Qarawiyyin, and Islamic scholarship in Morocco in general, are heirs to the rich, religious, and scholarly heritage of Muslim 3766:"Reviewed Work: Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle) by Abdul-Hadi at-Tazi" 1169:

Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque was founded in the 9th century, but its present form is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Successive dynasties expanded the mosque until it became the largest in

4428:

And if you listen to some of Fez's more enthusiastic guides, the Qarawiyyin's alumni in the tenth century even included Gerbert of Aurillac, the future Pope Sylvester II, although hard evidence of his attendance appears vanishingly

1412:

prepared too quickly and did not fully bond with the existing surface. This ended up making its removal easier during modern restorations and has helped to preserve much of the original Almoravid decoration now visible again today.

1354:

letters. The craftsmen who worked on this expansion are mostly anonymous, except for two names that are carved on the bases of two of the cupolas: Ibrāhīm and Salāma ibn Mufarrij, who may have been of Andalusi origin. Lastly, a new

3142:

Tibawi, A. L. (1980). "Review of Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)".

665:

Starting in the late 13th century, and especially in the 14th century, the Marinid dynasty was responsible for constructing a number of formal madrasas in the areas around al-Qarawiyyin's main building. The first of these was the

984:

The French administration implemented a number of structural reforms between 1914 and 1947, including the institution of calendars, appointment of teachers, salaries, schedules, general administration, and the replacement of the

1568: 733:. Abu Yusuf initially housed these in the nearby Saffarin Madrasa (which he had recently built), but later moved them to al-Qarawiyyin. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the 1498:, by a scholar named Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Sanhaji. Its time divisions were engraved by Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-Saddina al-Qarsatuni. The clock was neglected then restored between 1346 and 1349 (747–749 AH) by a new 948:

carried out further reforms, but it is unclear if this had any significant long-term effects. Between 1830 and 1906 the number of faculty decreased from 425 to 266 (of which, among the latter, only 101 were still teaching).

1699:

The present library building dates mainly from a major expansion and modification in the 20th century, particularly in the 1940s. The new library expansion, which included a large new reading room, was inaugurated in 1949.

518:

do not provide any clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque, though al-Jazna'i (who lived in the 14th century) mentions that teaching had taken place there before his time. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of

6361: 1041:

In 1947, al-Qarawiyyin was integrated into the state educational system, and women were first admitted to study there during the 1940s. In 1963, after Moroccan independence, al-Qarawiyyin was officially transformed by

2148:

cupola and a number of ornate archways in varying forms. Spoliated capitals from al-Andalus are also re-used here in the doorways leading from the prayer hall to the funerary annex and in the columns supporting the

1428:, which Terrasse described as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world," and which hangs in the central nave of the mosque today. It was commissioned by Abu Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Musa, the 5076:

Jelidi, Charlotte (2011). "Patrimonialisation de la médina de Fès et création architecturale sous le protectorat français (1912-1956) : à la quête d'une « couleur locale »". In Bacha, Myriam (ed.).

2050:

At the western and eastern ends of the courtyard stand two ornate Saadian pavilions each sheltering another fountain. The pavilions have pyramidal domes and emulate the pavilions in the Court of the Lions in the

981:), social status, personal wealth, and geographic background (rural or urban) determined the group membership of the students who were segregated by the teaching facility, as well as in their personal quarters. 529:

indicates the earliest clear evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution during the reign of the

2256:, under its entry for "ldest higher-learning institution, oldest university", where it describes al-Qarawiyyin as the "oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world", while the 6417:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. (In French; contains detailed discussion of the institution's operations prior to the French colonial period; in particular, see p. 453 and after) 1510:

763 AH), as recorded by an original inscription. It features a large astrolabe with a diameter of 71 cm, which is embedded into a wooden structure in the corner of the room, but its mechanism is no longer

2097:

The minaret was constructed in the 10th century under the sponsorship of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, Abd al-Rahman III. It overlooks the courtyard from the west. Along with the contemporary minaret of the

1423:

facilities in the courtyard were upgraded, a separate ablutions room was added to the north, and a new underground storage room was created. They also replaced the mosque's grand chandelier with one made of

1074:. Modern curricula and textbooks were introduced and the professional training of the teachers improved. Following the reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" in 1965. 6061:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep. 1984), pp. 586-588

1600: 1558:

decoration on the entrance arch itself, however, dates from much later. At the central outer entrance to the courtyard from the north, the cupola ceiling over the entrance vestibule of the gate called

292:, though lessons on non-Islamic subjects are also offered to students. Teaching is still delivered in the traditional methods. The university is attended by students from all over Morocco and Muslim 2302:

university model is thus widely argued to descend from this European tradition, even if other models of higher education existed in other parts of the world. Jacques Verger says that while the term

1248:

constantly fought for control over Fez and Morocco, seen as a buffer zone between the two. Despite this uncertain period, the mosque received significant patronage and had its first expansions. The

918:

Al-Qarawiyyin underwent a general decline in later centuries along with Fez. The strength of its teaching stagnated and its curriculum decreased in range and scope, becoming focused on traditional

1217:

in 1968, determined that traces of the original mosque could be found in the layout of the current building. This initial form of the mosque occupied a large space immediately to the south of the

6074:

Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

3736:

Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

1550:

were also rebuilt or repaired in 1283 and 1296–97, while at the entrance from the courtyard to the prayer hall (leading to the central nave of the mihrab), a decorative wooden screen, called the

968: 2136:, which served as a separate oratory reserved for funerary rites. This type of facility was not particularly common in the Islamic world but there are several examples in Fez, including at the 5826:

No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the

910:) studied at al-Qarawiyyin in the 10th century. Although this claim about Gerbert is sometimes repeated by modern authors, modern scholarship has not produced evidence to support this story. 2560: 1261:

It also replaced the original minaret with a new, larger minaret still standing today. Its overall form, with a square shaft, was indicative of the subsequent development of Maghrebi and

2859: 832:

Students were male, but traditionally it has been said that "facilities were at times provided for interested women to listen to the discourse while accommodated in a special gallery (

3240:

and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the

596: 1046:

into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education. Classes at the old mosque ceased and a new campus was established at a former French Army barracks. While the

10122: 6940: 1373:

Elsewhere, many of the mosque's main entrances were given doors made of wood overlaid with ornate bronze fittings, which today count among the oldest surviving bronze artworks in

1681:). Al-Mansur also built a new room for the library on the south side of the mosque (around the library's current location), which was connected to the mosque via a door in the 6945: 7883: 1286:

or grooved, survives today, located above the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall. A similar dome, located across the courtyard over the northern entrance of the mosque (

1946:) dating from the Almoravid and 'Alawi periods. The muqarnas vaults are made of plaster and are suspended from a hidden framework of wooden struts above them. Many of the 8033: 6110:

Bhattacharyya, Shilpa; Guha, Debjani (2016). "Scholastic Excellence of Nalanda and Nalanda Contemporary (415 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) Al-Qarawiyyin: A Comparative Evaluation".

3448: 2555: 6427: 1231:

wall. It probably also had a courtyard of relatively small size, and the first minaret, also of small size, reportedly stood on the location now occupied by the wooden

6463: 5893:, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines. 1584: 1165:

Floor plan of the mosque and some of its annexes. (Based on an early 20th-century survey; since then the southern part of the complex, the library, has been modified.)

1657:

embellished the mosque by adding two prominent pavilions to the western and eastern ends of the courtyard, each of which sheltered a new fountain. The Saadian sultan

8375: 7822: 1397:

Later dynasties continued to embellish the mosque or gift it with new furnishings, though no works as radical as the Almoravid expansion were undertaken again. The

9071: 8038: 2124:

A number of annexes are attached around the mosque, serving various functions. The northwestern edge of the building is occupied by latrines. Behind the southern

10066: 8685: 7684: 1419:(r. 1199–1213), the Almohads added and upgraded a number of elements in the mosque, some of which were nonetheless marked with strong decorative flourishes. The 1240:

As Fez grew and the mosque increased in prestige, the original building was insufficient for its religious and institutional needs. During the 10th century, the

8841: 7936: 1517: 239:

system in 1963 and officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. The mosque building itself is also a significant complex of historical

6621: 8836: 7099: 6680: 3286:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the 2606: 1926:

is distinguished from the rest of the mosque by a number of architectural embellishments. The arches that run along it are of varying shapes, including both

279:

Education at the University of al-Qarawiyyin concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

2238:

has previously described al-Qarawiyyin to be the "oldest university in the world" in the World Heritage Sites entry for Medina of Fez. UNESCO describes the

1866:

wall, is marked by a central nave running between two extra lines of arches along this axis, perpendicular to the other arches. This nave leads towards the

1506:(ruled 1359–1361), is still partly preserved today. It was designed by Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i and completed on November 20, 1361 (21 956:

By the late 19th century, Western scholars began to recognize al-Qarawiyyin as a "university", a description which would become more established during the

1902:, which dates from the Almoravid (12th-century) expansion, is decorated with carved and painted stucco, as well as several windows of coloured glass. The 1213:

The original mosque building was built in the 9th century. A major modern study of the mosque's structure, published by French archeologist and historian

10102: 8856: 8725: 2295: 1237:(at the central entrance to the prayer hall from the courtyard). Water for the mosque was initially provided by a well dug within the mosque's precinct. 1133:

law, or interpretation; and explains difficult points. Students from Morocco and Islamic West Africa attend al-Qarawiyyin, though some come from Muslim

8700: 7638: 1535: 1124:

Education at al-Qarawiyyin University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

7876: 2032:) is rectangular, surrounded by the prayer hall on three sides and by a gallery to the north. The floor is paved with typical Moroccan mosaic tiles ( 1562:("Gate of the Rose") was redecorated with carved stucco in 1337. The richly-sculpted archway on the inner side of the gate also dates from this time. 5104: 2343:

Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. Organization at the pre-modern al-Qarawiyyin differed from European universities and other Muslim institutions at

452:(prior to the building's later expansions). The inscription, recorded and deciphered by Gaston Deverdun, proclaims the foundation of "this mosque" ( 9313: 8395: 7694: 4977: 940:

introduced reforms that regulated the institution's program, but also imposed stricter limits and excluded logic, philosophy, and the more radical

5222: 2813:

for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the

8675: 1336:. This involved not only embellishing some of the arches with new forms but also adding a series of highly elaborate cupola ceilings composed in 1282:

and a dome topped by talismans in the shape of a rat, a serpent, and a scorpion. Of these, only the dome itself, whose exterior is distinctively

262:

invention. They date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation from a madrasa into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. Some sources, such as

10137: 7063: 7022: 4932:

Rius-Piniés, Mònica; Puig-Aguilar, Roser (2015). "Al-Asf ī's Description of the Zāwiya Nasiriyya: The Use of Buildings as Astronomical Tools".

3514: 807:, issued to a man called Abdellah Ben Saleh Al Koutami in 1207 CE under the authority of three other doctors and in the presence of the chief 8548: 817:

or conservator, who oversaw the maintenance of the collection. By 1613 one conservator estimated the library's collection at 32,000 volumes.

4158:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). "II.1.k Bibliothèque Qaraouiyine".

9277: 8650: 7869: 7398: 6271: 3282:

No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the

2893: 2678: 2250:". Some historians and scholars also refer to al-Qarawiyyin as the world's oldest existing university. The claim is also published by the 2204:

The current library building dates in part from a Saadian construction by Ahmad al-Mansur (late 16th century), who built a chamber called

1858:

divided into ten transverse aisles by rows of arches running parallel to the southern wall. The southern wall of this hall also marks the

894:(d. 1163) were all connected with al-Qarawiyyin as either students or lecturers. Some Christian scholars visited al-Qarawiyyin, including 9076: 8770: 1298:

One of the most significant expansions and renovations was carried out between 1134 and 1143 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler

10117: 9810: 8984: 8780: 8750: 8425: 1843: 1647: 1205: 446:

very similar to foundation inscriptions in 9th-century Tunisia, was found on a wall above the probable site of the mosque's original

8296: 4126:

Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2008). "A Guide to Arabic Manuscript Libraries in Morocco, with Notes on Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and Spain".

3704:

Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2392:, mentions that teaching had taken place there well before his time, but with no other details. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of 1098:

In 1988, after a hiatus of almost three decades, the teaching of traditional Islamic education at al-Qarawiyyin was resumed by King

9439: 9434: 9409: 8760: 8291: 2908:

The Quaraouiyine Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.

2809:

independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare

2591: 2166: 1370:, and decorated with inlaid materials and intricately carved arabesque reliefs. Its style was emulated for later Moroccan minbars. 5596: 10036: 9653: 9404: 9318: 7699: 7612: 635: 258:

until after World War II. Many scholars distinguish this status from the status of "university", which they view as a distinctly

1934:

ceilings and cupolas, each slightly different from the other, as well as two "ribbed" dome cupolas (similar to the domes of the

9663: 9414: 9272: 8826: 8583: 1015:

decreed by the French authorities two months earlier. In 1937 the mosque was one of the rallying points (along with the nearby

627: 581: 5812:(courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of 3456: 2407:, indicated the earliest evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Upon reviewing the evidence in Abdelhadi Tazi's work, 8816: 6174: 6145: 5913: 5781: 5710: 5686: 5608: 5581: 5362: 5258: 5088: 5057: 5025: 4807: 4765: 4562: 4485: 4453: 4421: 4167: 3978: 3796: 3556: 3523: 3276: 3120: 3083: 2902: 2869: 2783: 2755: 1930:

and multi-lobed arches. Instead of the plain timber ceilings, most sections of the nave are covered by a series of intricate

1661:

was responsible for building the first pavilion to the east in 1587–88, while the western pavilion was added by his grandson

4411: 1831:, "Tower of the Trumpeters"), an observation tower that is sometimes confused as a minaret but was actually part of another 1145:

visitors "in search of knowledge". In addition to being Muslim, prospective students of al-Qarawiyyin are required to have

10097: 9851: 8182: 6616: 6162: 6135: 2366:

The earliest date of formal teaching at al-Qarawiyyin is also uncertain. The most relevant major historical texts like the

1078: 1401:(later 12th century and 13th century) conquered Fez after a long siege in 1145–1146. Historical sources (particularly the 9489: 9444: 9174: 9138: 8953: 7892: 5919:

In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can most justifiably claim as one of its inventions, it is the

4346: 3941: 549:

caliphates and their allies. During this period, the Qarawiyyin Mosque progressively grew in prestige. At some point the

5804:. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as 5300: 5185: 2038:) and at the center is a fountain. From outside the mosque, the courtyard is accessed by the main northern gate, called 993:

but did not modernize the contents of teaching likewise which were still dominated by the traditional worldviews of the

9494: 8765: 8735: 8705: 8558: 7521: 6930: 1256:

Ahmed ibn Abi Said, one of the rulers of Fez during this period who was aligned with the Umayyads, wrote to the caliph

685:

Al-Qarawiyyin also compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid sultan

1935: 1221:, in what is now the prayer hall. It had a rectangular floor plan measuring 36 by 32 meters, covering an area of 1520 10107: 10041: 9349: 9236: 7365: 6305: 5790: 5382:

Hardaker, Glenn; Ahmad Sabki, A'ishah (2012). "An insight into Islamic pedagogy at the University of al-Qarawiyyin".

4592: 4248:

Cherradi, Younes (2020). "About the First Available and Documented MD Certificate Delivered in the World: "IJAZAH"".

4034: 3713: 3494: 3076:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education

2403:

dates the beginning of the madrasa and teaching to the later Marinid period (1244–1465). Another Moroccan historian,

1696:

stands) also dates from the 'Alawi period; an inscription at the top of the arch gives the year 1864–1865 (1281 AH).

1381:("Funeral Mosque" or "Mosque of the Dead"), which was separated from the main prayer hall and dedicated to providing 944:

texts from the curriculum. Other subjects also disappeared over time, such as astronomy and medicine. In 1845 Sultan

411:, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. According to one of the major early sources on this period, the 9560: 1225:, and was composed of a prayer hall with four transverse aisles running roughly east–west, parallel to the southern 10132: 10112: 9658: 8745: 8455: 8314: 7391: 4220: 5131: 10142: 9856: 9728: 9484: 8715: 8460: 8435: 7531: 6950: 6230: 3551:(in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 3354: 3111: 2596: 702: 7648: 6439: 6408:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

3057:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

2400: 2331:, have proposed that the latter may have been influenced by the madrasas of the Muslim world, in particular via 1634:

added a room to it, which was built above and over the adjacent street, and dedicated to readings of the Quran.

535: 10051: 9723: 9394: 9379: 8922: 8876: 8871: 8690: 8400: 6935: 5250:

A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis: A Critical Synthesis

3314:

defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.

3169:

there is very little to distinguish it from other institutions that go under the general description of madrasa

2535: 1484:. The first was commissioned by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in the 13th century and designed by Muhammad ibn al-Habbak, a 1472:) of the mosque who was responsible for determining the precise times of prayer. The chamber was equipped with 1360: 957: 820: 347: 4882: 4385: 824:

A document from the Qarawiyyin's library which is claimed by some scholars to be the world's oldest surviving

10152: 10147: 9841: 9499: 8640: 8324: 8151: 6515: 6445: 6256: 3971:

Les historiens des Chorfa; essai sur la littérature historique et biographique au Maroc du XVIe au XXe siècle

1554:

was installed in 1289 and acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers in the courtyard. The

1480:

were built for it in this period. The first two do not exist anymore, but are described by al-Jazna'i in the

631: 4949:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science Ithaca, 26 August-2 September 1962

4024: 2084: 1646:

One of the Saadian pavilions (late 16th and early 17th century) in the courtyard, featuring carved wood and

1642: 9698: 9164: 8730: 8680: 8665: 8028: 5938:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

4681: 3405:

Ahmed, Sumayya (26 May 2016). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco".

757:, a 9th-century Quran manuscript (also written on gazelle parchment), a copy of the Quran given by Sultan 653: 10127: 9985: 9954: 9949: 9861: 9795: 9693: 9524: 9241: 8958: 8695: 7997: 7850: 7840: 7792: 7766: 7526: 7486: 7384: 6798: 6700: 6659: 5108: 3547:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

2436:

A number of well-known philosophers, scholars, and politicians in the history of Morocco and the western

1623: 1110: 4989: 2861:

Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change

1734: 1174:, with a capacity of 22,000 worshipers. The present-day mosque covers an extensive area of about half a 434:

build a mosque suitable for her community. Similarly, her sister Mariam is also reputed to have founded

296:, with some also coming from further abroad. Women were first admitted to the institution in the 1940s. 9718: 9713: 9688: 9591: 9534: 9035: 8811: 8720: 8670: 8645: 8239: 7735: 7602: 7407: 5485: 5156: 3326: 2385: 2175: 1939: 1631: 1503: 515: 8156: 5538: 4534:

Belhachmi, Zakia: "Gender, Education, and Feminist Knowledge in al-Maghrib (North Africa) – 1950–70",

3449:"مَوْسُوعَةُ الْجَزِيرَةِ | جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ - AJNET Encyclopedia | al-Qarawiyyin University" 2262: 10061: 10046: 9959: 9800: 9627: 9454: 9308: 9200: 8785: 8265: 8074: 7971: 7451: 6925: 6920: 6737: 6590: 5629: 5357:, Wiener islamisch-religionspädagogische Studien, vol. 1, Böhlau Verlag Wien, pp. 220–221, 4162:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 2472: 435: 5741:

Perkin, Harold (2006). "History of universities". In Forest, James J.F.; Altbach, Philip G. (eds.).

4613: 3924: 1502:, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-'Arabi. A third and final water clock, built on the orders of Sultan 525:(circles) for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Historian 425:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed al-Fihri. The al-Fihri family had migrated from 10076: 9892: 9743: 9469: 9354: 8740: 8465: 8339: 8200: 7921: 7607: 7582: 6279: 5657: 3900: 3184:

Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (1 August 2013). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy".

1269: 945: 327: 6626: 10056: 10005: 9918: 9683: 9678: 9474: 9464: 9399: 9359: 9169: 9040: 8440: 8334: 7720: 7669: 7516: 7007: 4508:

Hart, David M. (1997). "The Berber Dahir of 1930 in colonial Morocco: then and now (1930-1996)".

3387:

Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman - Tome II - Hommage à Georges Marçais

3306: 2519: 2507: 1440: 560: 7802: 4947:

Price, Derek J. de Solla (1964). "Mechanical Water Clocks of the 14th Century in Fez, Morocco".

4638:

Cardinal, Monique C. (2005). "Islamic Legal Theory Curriculum: Are the Classics Taught Today?".

4050:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

1241: 1030: 546: 10071: 9738: 9708: 9622: 9449: 9429: 9419: 9004: 8866: 8775: 8655: 8553: 8522: 8329: 8043: 7812: 7725: 7633: 7628: 7506: 6955: 6879: 6848: 6823: 6292: 2252: 1495: 1283: 1003:, the institution's teaching was reorganized into elementary, secondary, and higher education. 268: 231:

in 857–859 and subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the

201: 5743:

International Handbook of Higher Education - Part 1: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges

5543: 5105:"La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès" 1377:. Another interesting element added to the mosque was a small secondary oratory, known as the 9995: 9990: 9703: 9668: 9504: 9459: 9424: 9344: 9282: 9205: 9045: 9009: 8948: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8614: 8445: 8380: 8257: 8141: 8126: 8100: 7931: 7817: 7797: 7689: 7334: 7275: 7248: 7153: 7145: 7083: 5274: 3911: 2424: 2291: 2257: 2239: 2213: 1662: 1374: 1000: 937: 887: 879: 867: 240: 5353:

Pallavicini, Yahya Sergio Yahe (2009), "Islamic Knowledge in Italy", in Aslan, Ednan (ed.),

1785:

are replicas made in the 1950s that replaced the originals, whose fragments are kept by the

382: 10000: 9514: 9509: 9364: 9112: 9086: 8989: 8710: 8496: 8430: 8365: 8213: 8146: 8136: 8069: 7916: 7807: 7776: 7740: 7496: 7421: 6904: 6813: 6752: 5827: 5779:: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 5643: 5248: 4194: 2804:

in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of

2601: 1444: 1099: 1011:, a communal prayer recited in times of calamity, to raise awareness and opposition to the 706: 541:

In the 10th century, the Idrisid dynasty fell from power and Fez was contested between the

244: 6336: 5842:– have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval 2212:

wall. Most of the building dates from a major 20th-century expansion commissioned by King

8: 9944: 9866: 9733: 9519: 9479: 9389: 8994: 8846: 8755: 8563: 8415: 8410: 8370: 8208: 7761: 7679: 7562: 7501: 7426: 7292: 7109: 7078: 6997: 6864: 6843: 6818: 6747: 6710: 6595: 5831: 3310: 2748:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis

2541: 2513: 2416: 2344: 2328: 2287: 2243: 1102:

in what has been interpreted as a move to bolster conservative support for the monarchy.

749: 671: 658: 556: 461: 6415:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

5186:"World's oldest library reopens in Fez: 'You can hurt us, but you can't hurt the books'" 4964:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

4850:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269

3629:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

2230: 9805: 9769: 9617: 9369: 8831: 8821: 8588: 8578: 8568: 8470: 8131: 7643: 7577: 7471: 7461: 7265: 7125: 7058: 6976: 6889: 6874: 6869: 6767: 6287: 6085: 6032: 5993: 5955: 5882:

studies, but they remain nonetheless at the heart of universities throughout the world.

5843: 5835: 5557:

Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space

5467: 4719: 4663: 4536:

Journal of Middle Eastern and North African Intellectual and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2–3

4301: 3681: 3430: 3209: 3160: 2408: 2137: 1666: 1051: 953:

manuscripts and 400 printed books, though many valuable historic items were retained.

895: 875: 855: 839: 735: 679: 675: 367: 248: 232: 7861: 5776: 4320: 10031: 9846: 9673: 9529: 9374: 9246: 8851: 8660: 8405: 7926: 7730: 7597: 7466: 7456: 7324: 7017: 6762: 6757: 6508: 6301: 6250: 6170: 6141: 6036: 5997: 5909: 5786: 5706: 5698: 5682: 5604: 5577: 5471: 5426: 5358: 5254: 5193: 5084: 5053: 5021: 4803: 4761: 4655: 4588: 4558: 4481: 4449: 4417: 4305: 4293: 4163: 4030: 3974: 3792: 3709: 3685: 3552: 3519: 3490: 3434: 3422: 3272: 3264: 3213: 3201: 3152: 3116: 3106: 3079: 2898: 2865: 2779: 2751: 2437: 2420: 2352: 2336: 2141: 2099: 2072: 1689: 1416: 1398: 1257: 1245: 1034:

The main entrance to the library and other southern annexes of the mosque today, off

907: 859: 542: 496: 479: 178: 61: 6191:"دعوة الحق - [كتاب] نفح الطيب للمقري، نموذج فريد في التراجم العربية القديمة" 5422: 4863:

Terrasse, Henri (1957). "La Mosquée d'Al-Qarawīyīn à Fès et l'Art des Almoravides".

1878: 714: 272:, have cited al-Qarawiyyin as the oldest university or oldest continually operating 9836: 9586: 9384: 8999: 8573: 8450: 8420: 8390: 8385: 8023: 7845: 7756: 7592: 7587: 7572: 7431: 7285: 7270: 7130: 6899: 6742: 6297: 6024: 5985: 5947: 5874:

have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the

5805: 5569: 5457: 5418: 5391: 4715: 4647: 4517: 4283: 3673: 3414: 3302: 3298: 3193: 2814: 2805: 2551: 1125: 1063: 1047: 919: 903: 843: 667: 280: 273: 236: 6190: 5670: 5409:

Gathiram, Prem; Hänninen, Osmo (2014). "Medicine and medical sciences in Africa".

4288: 4271: 3584:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

3418: 2278:

to be applicable only to the educational institutions that initially took form in

1192:

at the courtyard's western end, and a number of annexes around the mosque itself.

1019:) for demonstrations in response to a violent crackdown on Moroccan protesters in 922:

and Arabic linguistic studies. Even some traditional Islamic specializations like

8886: 7511: 7491: 7441: 7436: 7280: 7211: 7178: 7173: 7135: 7104: 7068: 6808: 6803: 6782: 6569: 6457: 6436:(includes pictures of the interior, the minbar, and other architectural elements) 5875: 5813: 5757: 5727: 5674: 4475: 4270:

Fourtassi, Maryam; Abda, Naima; Bentata, Yassamine; Hajjioui, Abderrazak (2020).

3677: 3664:

Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire".

3582: 3385:

Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)".

3232: 3197: 2821:

located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and

2652: 2634: 2488: 2484: 2279: 1658: 1525: 1462: 1382: 1035: 1016: 758: 591: 453: 422: 408: 338: 313: 228: 192: 146: 6654: 5601:

The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215

5325: 1476:

and other scientific equipment of the era in order to aid in this task. Several

1366:

was completed and installed in 1144. It is made of wood in an elaborate work of

8861: 7771: 7664: 7567: 7481: 7206: 7183: 6894: 6884: 6777: 6561: 6283: 5661:: "Universität. Die Anfänge", Vol. 8, Cols 1249–1250, Metzler, Stuttgart, –1999 5620: 3812:

Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".

3389:. Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146. 2583: 2529: 2404: 2368: 2283: 2090:

View from the south, with the unusual vertically-elongated lobed window visible

1978:

of the mosque, which could also be stored in a small room behind a door in the

1927: 1915: 1753: 1403: 1313: 1214: 1082: 834: 825: 804: 740: 686: 615: 526: 502: 413: 39: 5782:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5703:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5395: 4521: 3269:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

2376:

do not provide clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque. In the

1718: 1342:(honeycomb or stalactite-like) sculpting and further decorated with intricate 1182:

interior space for prayers (the prayer hall), a courtyard with fountains (the

1081:; al-Qarawiyyin kept the Islamic and theological courses of studies. In 1973, 10091: 7827: 7339: 7329: 7319: 7314: 7236: 7042: 6574: 6551: 6478: 6465: 6161:

Onditi, Francis; Ben-Nun, Gilad; D'Alessandro, Cristina; Levey, Zack (2019).

6028: 5879: 5863: 5624: 5510: 5462: 5445: 5197: 4659: 4651: 3509: 3426: 3290: 3205: 3156: 2466: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2247: 2218: 2021: 1959: 1943: 1654: 1307: 1299: 1276:) led a military expedition to Fez in 998. The embellishments included a new 1146: 978: 933: 883: 871: 491:

and civic activities. The al-Andalusiyyin Mosque, in the district across the

359: 153: 6013:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 9645: 9578: 8061: 7674: 7476: 7309: 7216: 7193: 7073: 7037: 6772: 6524: 6501: 6275: 5820: 5633:, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1912, retrieved 27 July 2012) 5430: 5223:"The World's Oldest Working Library Will Soon Open Its Doors to the Public" 4297: 3294: 1821: 1802: 1222: 1134: 1043: 1012: 906:

Jousé Ponteleimon Krestovitich also claimed that Gerbert d'Aurillac (later

891: 790:) gifted by the author in 1396. Recently rediscovered in the library is an 466: 404: 351: 220: 111: 7547: 5301:"The World's Oldest Library – Al-Qarawiyyin Library Fez to reopen in 2017" 3827: 2020:) of the Qarawiyyin Mosque, including the central fountain and one of the 813:(judge) of the city and two other witnesses. The library was managed by a 9761: 8283: 7231: 7201: 7168: 6675: 6538: 6410:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. (In French; mainly about architecture) 5974:"Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity" 3765: 3283: 2460: 2381: 2320: 1637: 1477: 1385:

for the deceased before their burial. The annex is also decorated with a

1055: 1024: 851: 847: 777: 698: 586: 564: 507: 418: 387: 293: 6089: 6048:

The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff (2003),

5446:"Deep-time organizations: Learning institutional longevity from history" 5078: 4029:(in French). Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 3164: 2825:. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in 2010: 1161: 963: 803:, which some scholars claim to be the oldest surviving predecessor of a 604:

period or shortly after were traditional religious subjects such as the

350:

of Morocco have resulted in a number of different orthographies for the

9884: 9228: 9130: 9027: 8174: 7226: 7027: 7002: 5989: 5973: 5920: 5859: 5855: 5851: 4962:

Hill, Donald R. (1997). "Clocks and watches". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

4667: 4272:"Medical education in Morocco: Current situation and future challenges" 3245: 2493: 2444: 2332: 2268: 1262: 1138: 786: 694: 531: 475: 471: 343: 128: 59:

and center of higher learning for non-vocational sciences (before 1963)

5959: 5080:

Architectures au Maghreb (XIXe-XXe siècles): Réinvention du patrimoine

4157: 3546: 3358: 2826: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 1777:

preserve original pieces and were restored in 2005–2007, the doors of

1541:

The astrolabe of the water clock device completed in 1361 by al-Laja'i

1067: 718: 9156: 7376: 7241: 7221: 7158: 7032: 7012: 6981: 6971: 5839: 5809: 2830: 2810: 2565:(Islamic council) Notably, one of the first few women to be admitted. 2450: 1992: 1955: 1786: 1619: 1473: 1457: 1367: 1347: 1179: 1059: 800: 754: 744: 647: 639: 2817:'s residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four 2440:

have either studied or taught at the Qarawiyyin since its founding.

2415:

This is considerably later than the beginning of instruction at the

1494:. The second was built in 1317 or 1318 (717 AH), under the reign of 726: 650:

were never officially taught as they were considered too unorthodox.

10023: 9828: 8540: 8514: 8118: 8015: 7344: 7163: 6543: 5951: 5871: 5867: 3287: 2761: 2217:

complex underwent another major restoration in recent years led by

2052: 1906:

niche itself is a small alcove which is covered by a small dome of

1670: 1507: 1468: 1338: 1319: 1273: 929: 838:) overlooking the scholars' circle". The 12th-century cartographer 762: 619: 538:

dates the beginning of teaching to the Marinid period (1244–1465).

492: 426: 309: 7541: 6160: 6012: 4477:

Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

2833:(all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near 2545: 2497: 1486: 254:

Scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin to have been effectively run as a

9609: 9336: 9264: 9192: 8940: 8914: 8488: 8092: 7946: 7908: 7704: 6649: 6433: 6362:"The Biography of Abu al_Fadl ^Abdullah bin as-Siddiq al-Ghumari" 3241: 2822: 2818: 2793: 2523: 2103: 2034: 1674: 1436: 1189: 1175: 1149:, as well as other shorter medieval Islamic texts on grammar and 722: 710: 690: 643: 597:

Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam

551: 430: 391: 255: 117: 56: 45: 6337:"Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali - Dar-us-Salam Publications" 5083:. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais. p. 172. 3811: 701:. Part of the collection was gathered decades earlier by Sultan 9977: 9936: 9552: 9081: 9063: 7963: 6493: 6163:"Antidotes to Extremism: Africa's Refugee Hospitality Paradigm" 5797: 4221:"Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih: Ibn Rushd. 21 Vols Arabic" 3942:"Al-Qarawiyyin University in Fes: Brainchild of a Muslim Woman" 2834: 2797: 2501: 2454: 2394: 2363:

if they were proven to have reached a high level of expertise.

2235: 1995: 1951: 1849: 1626:, Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Spanish forces in 1333. 1555: 1430: 1425: 1343: 1278: 1249: 1171: 1129: 1085:

published a three-volume history of the establishment entitled

1071: 1020: 941: 924: 899: 863: 792: 521: 448: 305: 289: 285: 263: 259: 224: 6442:(includes pictures of the interior, including the mihrab area) 5755:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

5725:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

3901:"Publications de la faculté des lettres d'Alger, fascicule 59" 3230:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

2801: 1910:(stalactite or honeycomb-like sculpting). On each side of the 1728:

today, with replicas of the original Almoravid bronze overlays

1290:

or "Gate of the Rose"), likely also dates from the same time.

1077:

In 1975, General Studies was transferred to the newly founded

318: 9787: 9300: 8976: 8803: 8632: 8606: 8357: 7989: 5817: 5157:"أوكرانيا بالعربية | جامع القرويين - سلسلة المعالم الإسلامية" 4756:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

2480: 2356: 2348: 2108: 2056: 1963: 1887: 1678: 1608: 1351: 1233: 1227: 995: 932:) were progressively neglected or abandoned. In 1788–89, the 730: 623: 605: 569: 443: 4269: 2271:

al-Qarawiyyin as a "university" or an "Islamic university".

1862:. The central axis of the prayer hall, perpendicular to the 495:, may have also served a similar role up until at least the 308:

name of the university means "University of the People from

9910: 9104: 8231: 8034:

Botswana International University of Science and Technology

3828:"mosque | Parts, Features, Architecture, & Information" 3090:

wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.

2476: 2260:

is described as the "oldest one in Europe". Similarly, the

2016: 1890:), decorated with carved stucco. The lower edge of another 1420: 1359:

in similar style and of similar artistic provenance as the

1303: 1253: 1184: 809: 797: 610: 555:(Friday sermon) was transferred from the Shurafa Mosque of 323: 6137:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4413:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4112:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. pp. 139–142. 3631:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 1853:, with some of the Almohad and Marinid chandeliers visible 1761:(which opens onto the courtyard), the western gate called 1323:

vault in the central nave of the mosque, made from plaster

1007:

al-Qarawiyyin strongly participated in the propagation of

8376:

Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology

5933: 5931: 4547: 1801:, also have heavy bronze fittings, including some ornate 1529:, with its double-arched window overlooking the courtyard 421:, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by 9072:

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

8039:

Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

4755: 4321:"Al-Qarawiyyin - University, Library, and Mosque in One" 4319:

Fry, Tatiana; Clevel; University, State; Curnow, Kathy.

3102: 3100: 3098: 2282:, and argue that the first universities were located in 1327:

The new expansion of the mosque involved not only a new

386:

View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque on the skyline of central

10123:

Educational institutions established in the 9th century

8686:

Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration

7891: 5486:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 4931: 3327:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 2196:

Behind the southern wall of the mosque and east of the

1574:

Marinid decoration in the cupola over the vestibule of

1450: 1392: 1023:, which ended with French troops being deployed across 689:

in 1349. The collection housed numerous works from the

8842:

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

7937:

University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene

5928: 4706:

Fauzi M. Najjar (April 1958). "The Karaouine at Fez".

3787:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Universities (Islamic)".

2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2384:

mentions the mosque but not its educational function.

2242:(founded in 1088 and usually recognized as the oldest 2224: 1638:

Saadian and 'Alawi period (16th-century to modern era)

661:(founded in 1323), just north of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 563:) to the Qarawiyyin Mosque, granting it the status of 247:

that features elements from many different periods of

8837:

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

6448:(includes pictures of the minbar and the mihrab area) 6296:. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 4883:"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque" 4758:

Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne

4318: 3095: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2607:

History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

1293: 1200: 964:

20th century and transformation into state university

709:

to hand over a number of works from the libraries of

6446:

The minbar of the al-Qarawīyīn Mosque at Qantara-Med

5800:

institution; indeed, it is the European institution

4444:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Qarawiyin University".

2573: 1950:

compositions are further embellished with intricate

1847:

The central nave of the mosque, leading towards the

464:

who governed this region of Morocco at the time) in

330:

which has no equivalent in European languages – the

206: 8857:

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

8726:

Regent University College of Science and Technology

6167:

Contemporary Africa and the Foreseeable World Order

5770: 5381: 4800:

Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465

4160:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

3549:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

2887: 2885: 1986:is most likely of similar origins as the Almoravid 1054:were founded in and outside the city: a faculty of 576: 390:: the green-tiled roofs of the prayer hall and the 8701:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 6231:"الموسوعة العربية | الكتاني (محمد بن عبد الكبير-)" 5701:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 4528: 3267:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 2695: 2115: 6452:360-degree view of the central nave of the mosque 6109: 5511:"Qarawīyīn | mosque and university, Fès, Morocco" 4110:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 2323:regimes since the beginning of the 19th century. 1922:The central nave that runs along the axis of the 1268:The mosque was embellished when the Amirid ruler 614:(Islamic jurisprudence), and other sciences like 316:'s family in Tunisia, the presence of the letter 167: 10089: 9314:Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology 8396:Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology 6112:INSIGHT Journal of Applied Research in Education 5408: 5384:Multicultural Education & Technology Journal 3070: 3068: 3066: 2882: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 8676:George Grant University of Mines and Technology 7700:Old Mosque (Mosque of the Kasbah of the Udayas) 6454:, in front of the mihrab, posted on Google Maps 5443: 5136:Discover Islamic Art - Museum With No Frontiers 4705: 1665:in 1609. The pavilions emulate the ones in the 1153:law, and to be proficient in classical Arabic. 6622:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Fès 6321:Dennerlein, Bettina (2018). "al-Fāsī family". 3515:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 3487:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 678:in 1346. A larger but much later madrasa, the 374:, another rendering using French orthography. 10067:National University of Science and Technology 8549:Addis Ababa Science and Technology University 7877: 7392: 7291:For the "Mechouars" of the Royal Palace, see 6509: 6237:. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023 6072:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). "Reviewed Work: 4439: 4437: 3899:Al-Jaznaï, Zahrat al-Âs; Bel, Alfred (1923). 3349: 3347: 3183: 3063: 3059:(in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 2842: 1740:Fragments of the original bronze overlays of 1156: 776:) dating from 1320, and the original copy of 9278:Namibia University of Science and Technology 8651:African University College of Communications 6977:Nejjarine Museum of Wooden Arts & Crafts 6392: 4682:"Brand Review - UNIVERSITY OF AL-QARAWIYYIN" 4577: 3898: 2646: 2625: 2185: 1826: 1612:at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall 1460:. At its southern foot, they also built the 1086: 882:(1165–1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332–1395 AD), 595:of the Qarawiyyin Mosque (on display at the 331: 235:. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern 28: 9077:Malawi University of Science and Technology 8771:University of Media, Arts and Communication 6460:, 360-degree views of the mosque's interior 6215:Radtke, Bernd R. (2012). "Aḥmad b. Idrīs". 5444:Hanusch, Frederic; Biermann, Frank (2020). 5352: 5018:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 4125: 3663: 3626: 1819:Next to the mosque is a tower known as the 1178:. Broadly speaking, it consists of a large 1105: 398: 10103:Buildings and structures completed in 1135 8985:Al Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences 8781:Wisconsin International University College 8751:University of Energy and Natural Resources 8426:Misr University for Science and Technology 7884: 7870: 7399: 7385: 7271:Place Bou Jeloud (Place Pacha el-Baghdadi) 6516: 6502: 6320: 5946:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 4966:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 209. 4434: 3881:Deverdun, Gaston (1997). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn". 3646:. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. 3344: 6169:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. 5808:and the determination and realization of 5461: 4287: 4092:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 3973:. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 2001. 3780: 3503: 3489:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3484: 2857: 1578:, the central northern gate of the mosque 9440:Michael Okpara University of Agriculture 9435:Ladoke Akintola University of Technology 9410:Federal University of Technology, Owerri 8761:University of Health and Allied Sciences 8292:International University of Grand-Bassam 7432:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6743:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6434:Al Qaraouiyine Rehabilitation at ArchNet 5971: 5940:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5576:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 5568: 5562: 4862: 4637: 4443: 4372:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 4250:Journal of Medical and Surgical Research 4247: 3885:. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 632–635. 3880: 3786: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3641: 3384: 3054: 2592:List of Islamic educational institutions 2516:(1873–1909), writer and political leader 2106:historically issued the call to prayer ( 2009: 1877: 1842: 1812:, on its west side, is another doorway, 1789:. The northwestern gates of the mosque, 1641: 1389:cupola and ornate archways and windows. 1312: 1204: 1160: 1109: 1029: 967: 819: 652: 580: 381: 10037:Bindura University of Science Education 9654:Cape Peninsula University of Technology 9405:Federal University of Technology, Minna 9319:Maryam Abacha American University Niger 7059:Funduq al-Najjarin (Foundouk Nejjarine) 6269: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 5937: 5721: 5719: 5183: 5129: 5047: 4473: 4409: 4369: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4067: 4049: 4026:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 2526:-Moroccan political and military leader 2221:and was set to reopen in 2016 or 2017. 1594:, with Marinid-era stucco embellishment 1209:Arches in the prayer hall of the mosque 1195: 10090: 9664:Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University 9415:Federal University of Technology, Yola 9273:International University of Management 8827:Dedan Kimathi University of Technology 7583:Kasbah Mosque (Moulay al-Yazid Mosque) 7406: 6214: 6071: 6010: 5740: 5533: 5531: 5348: 5346: 5275:"Restoring the world's oldest library" 5216: 5214: 5179: 5177: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4951:. Hermann Publisher. pp. 599–602. 4847: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4751: 4749: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4265: 4263: 4243: 4241: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4090:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 4063: 4061: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3965: 3963: 3936: 3934: 3894: 3892: 3883:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3814:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3763: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3236:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.): 3141: 2475:, historian and theologian, appointed 2463:(1332–1406), historian and philosopher 2427:invested it with that dignified title. 1114:Scholar at the Al-Qarawiyyin library, 913: 862:(d. 1015) – a leading theorist of the 856:Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi 573:) according to that of al-Qarawiyyin. 394:(white tower on the left) are visible. 10138:9th-century establishments in Morocco 8817:Catholic University of Eastern Africa 7865: 7427:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 7380: 7340:Mosara Garden (Marinid Royal Gardens) 7079:Funduq Shamma'in (Foundouk Chemmaïne) 6748:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 6497: 6458:Virtual tour of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 5906:The Heritage of European Universities 5246: 5184:Shaheen, Kareem (19 September 2016). 5052:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 4946: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4760:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4195:"Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University" 4087: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3692: 3580: 3404: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3179: 3177: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2651: 2633: 2473:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1632-1577) 2231:Madrasa § Madrasa and university 1805:that date from the Almoravid period. 1058:in Fez, a faculty of Arab studies in 972:View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1916 337: 312:". Factors such as the provenance of 9852:St. Augustine University of Tanzania 9811:University of Science and Technology 8183:Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde 6617:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 6440:Manar al-Athar Digital Photo Archive 6122: 6096: 5785:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 5761:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): 5716: 5705:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 5549: 4961: 4934:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4574: 4510:The Journal of North African Studies 4507: 4138: 4072:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 3733: 3703: 3407:The Journal of North African Studies 3271:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3137: 3135: 3078:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2750:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2447:(1135/1138–1204), Jewish philosopher 2307:university was only adopted outside 1703: 1451:Marinid period (13th–14th centuries) 1435:occasions, such as on the nights of 1393:Almohad period (12th–13th centuries) 1079:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 354:of the university's name, including 9490:University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 9445:National Open University of Nigeria 9175:University of Technology, Mauritius 9139:University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya 8954:Stella Maris Polytechnic University 7893:Association of African Universities 7823:Sidi Ben Youssef Mosque (Essaouira) 7613:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 6393: 5749: 5689:, p. 1484 (entry "university") 5603:, Stanford University Press, 1985, 5528: 5343: 5326:"Bologna | Creative Cities Network" 5211: 5174: 5097: 5066: 5004: 4978:"La clepsydre d'Al Lajaï 763/1361"" 4774: 4601: 4578: 4462: 4312: 4260: 4238: 4176: 4116: 4096: 4070:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 4058: 4043: 3960: 3931: 3889: 3845: 3805: 3742: 3722: 3650: 3591: 3565: 3529: 3471: 3393: 3373: 3224: 2647: 2626: 2327:between such madrasas and European 2246:) as the "oldest university of the 2225:Status as world's oldest university 2186: 2184:View into the modern reading room ( 1827: 1087: 585:Reconstruction of the 14th-century 457: 332: 196: 29: 13: 9495:University of Agriculture, Makurdi 8766:University of Professional Studies 8736:University for Development Studies 8706:Methodist University College Ghana 8559:Ethiopian Civil Service University 7522:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6931:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6383: 5904:Sanz, Nuria; Bergan, Sjur (eds.): 5247:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (30 August 2005). 5034: 4816: 4726: 4720:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1958.tb02246.x 4557:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 4378: 4344: 4076: 3987: 3738:. Beirut: Dar al Kitab ab Lubnani. 3253: 3174: 3115:, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, 2894:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 2829:, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in 2778:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 2510:(1760–1837), Moroccan Sufi scholar 1294:Almoravid expansion (12th century) 1201:Early history (9th–10th centuries) 767:Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih 642:. By contrast, some subjects like 346:in the university's name, and the 14: 10164: 10118:Islamic universities and colleges 10042:Chinhoyi University of Technology 9350:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University 9237:Catholic University of Mozambique 8297:Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny 7818:Mosque (zawiya) of Moulay Idris I 7366:Category:People from Fez, Morocco 6421: 5731:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 5220: 4347:"La ville de Fès et Sylvestre II" 3132: 2913: 2431: 2388:, the 14th-century author of the 2078:View of the minaret from the east 705:(ruled 1258–1286), who persuaded 10016: 9970: 9929: 9903: 9877: 9821: 9780: 9754: 9659:Central University of Technology 9638: 9602: 9571: 9545: 9329: 9293: 9257: 9221: 9185: 9149: 9123: 9097: 9056: 9020: 8969: 8933: 8907: 8796: 8746:University of Education, Winneba 8625: 8599: 8533: 8507: 8481: 8456:The American University in Cairo 8350: 8307: 8276: 8250: 8224: 8193: 8167: 8111: 8085: 8054: 8008: 7982: 7956: 7945: 7901: 7546: 7540: 6523: 6389: 6354: 6329: 6314: 6263: 6223: 6208: 6183: 6154: 6065: 6055: 6042: 6004: 5965: 5898: 5734: 5692: 4555:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 4054:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 312–313. 2776:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 2576: 2532:(1910–1974), Moroccan politician 2274:Many scholars consider the term 2174: 2165: 2083: 2071: 1744:, dating to the Almoravid period 1733: 1717: 1599: 1583: 1567: 1534: 1516: 1466:, a chamber for the timekeeper ( 577:Apogee during the Marinid period 485: 429:(hence the name of the mosque), 177: 44:Courtyard of the mosque and its 38: 9857:The Open University of Tanzania 9729:University of the Witwatersrand 8716:Presbyterian University College 8461:The British University in Egypt 8436:Pharos University in Alexandria 7532:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 6991:Palaces & historic mansions 6951:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 6052:2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189. 5858:, arts, arts and sciences, and 5679:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 5664: 5650: 5636: 5614: 5590: 5503: 5478: 5437: 5423:10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.003 5402: 5375: 5318: 5293: 5267: 5240: 5149: 5123: 4970: 4955: 4940: 4925: 4900: 4875: 4856: 4699: 4674: 4631: 4568: 4501: 4403: 4363: 4338: 4213: 3820: 3635: 3441: 3319: 3112:Encyclopedia of African History 2667: 2658: 2640: 2619: 2597:List of universities in Morocco 460:) by Dawud ibn Idris (a son of 10052:Harare Institute of Technology 9724:University of the Western Cape 9561:Université Nationale du Rwanda 9395:Delta State University, Abraka 9380:Bells University of Technology 8923:National University of Lesotho 8877:South Eastern Kenya University 8872:Multimedia University of Kenya 8691:Koforidua Technical University 8401:Egyptian e-Learning University 7527:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 6941:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi 6936:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 5574:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 5546:, 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012 4553:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 4446:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4386:"Qantara - Gerbert d'Aurillac" 3789:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2774:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 2536:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali 1838: 1: 9842:Muslim University of Morogoro 8641:Accra Institute of Technology 8325:Catholic University of Bukavu 6428:Universite Quaraouiyine - Fes 6050:Rise of early modern science, 5555:Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. 4538:, 2003, pp. 55–82 (65): 4289:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1779921 3764:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). 3706:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 3644:La mosquée des Andalous à Fès 3419:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110 2688: 2664:"zuwwaar li'l-talab fii 'ilm" 2635:[ʒaːmiʕtulqarawijiːn] 1894:cupola is visible at the top. 1115: 890:(Alpetragius) (d. 1294), and 219:, is a university located in 9699:University of the Free State 9165:Open University of Mauritius 8731:Regional Maritime University 8681:Ghana Institute of Languages 8666:Bluecrest University College 8029:Botswana Accountancy College 6946:Zawiya of Sidi Ali Boughaleb 5647:: "University", Brill, 2012) 4480:. Cornell University Press. 3678:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063 3198:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873 2905:, p. 87 (entry "Fez"): 2837:, which was founded in 1979. 2792:is the oldest university in 2244:medieval European university 2005: 1765:, and the southwestern gate 1242:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba 902:(d. 1667). The 19th-century 74:1963 (as a state university) 7: 10098:University of al-Qarawiyyin 9955:Uganda Management Institute 9950:Uganda Christian University 9862:University of Dar es Salaam 9796:El Imam El Mahdi University 9694:University of KwaZulu-Natal 9525:University of Port Harcourt 9242:Eduardo Mondlane University 9211:University of al-Qarawiyyin 8959:United Methodist University 8696:Kumasi Technical University 7998:University of Abomey-Calavi 7793:Great Mosque of Chefchaouen 7487:Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 7259:Streets, souqs, and squares 7217:Bab Dekkakin (Bab es-Sebaa) 7146:Fortresses & city walls 6799:Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 6701:World Sacred Music Festival 6660:Maghreb de Fes (basketball) 6612:University of al-Qarawiyyin 6413:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 6272:"Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm" 5908:, Council of Europe, 2002, 5681:, Vol. 1, Routledge, 2000, 5355:Islamic Education in Europe 5107:(in French). Archived from 4802:. Lienart. pp. 28–44. 4448:. Oxford University Press. 4370:Messier, Ronald A. (2010). 4108:Parker, Richard B. (1981). 4052:Islam: Art and Architecture 3791:. Oxford University Press. 3627:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 3581:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 3526:, p. 257 (entry "Fez") 2569: 2319:programs or under European 2190:) of the Qarawiyyin library 1708: 1050:took his seat at Fez, four 874:. Pioneer scholars such as 516:Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Jazna'i 207: 189:University of al-Qarawiyyin 22:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10: 10169: 9719:University of Stellenbosch 9714:University of South Africa 9689:University of Johannesburg 9592:University of Sierra Leone 9535:Usman Dan Fodio University 9036:University of Antananarivo 8812:African Virtual University 8721:Radford University College 8646:Accra Technical University 7943: 7736:Mohammed V Mosque, Tangier 7603:Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz 5816:, which was the Europe of 5673:; Dobson, Richard Barrie; 4474:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2016). 3518:, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, 2228: 2156: 2062: 1306:neighbourhood (before the 1157:Architecture of the mosque 958:French protectorate period 377: 276:institution in the world. 16:University in Fez, Morocco 10062:Midlands State University 10047:Great Zimbabwe University 10014: 9968: 9960:Uganda Martyrs University 9927: 9901: 9875: 9819: 9801:Omdurman Ahlia University 9778: 9752: 9636: 9628:Puntland State University 9600: 9569: 9543: 9455:Nnamdi Azikiwe University 9327: 9309:Abdou Moumouni University 9291: 9255: 9219: 9201:Mohammed First University 9183: 9147: 9121: 9095: 9054: 9018: 8967: 8931: 8905: 8794: 8786:Zenith University College 8623: 8597: 8531: 8505: 8479: 8348: 8305: 8274: 8266:Marien Ngouabi University 8248: 8222: 8191: 8165: 8109: 8083: 8075:University of Ouagadougou 8052: 8006: 7980: 7972:Agostinho Neto University 7954: 7899: 7836: 7785: 7749: 7713: 7657: 7621: 7555: 7538: 7517:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 7414: 7357: 7302: 7258: 7192: 7144: 7118: 7092: 7051: 6990: 6964: 6926:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 6921:Mausoleum of Sidi Harazem 6913: 6857: 6836: 6791: 6738:Mosque of the Andalusians 6725: 6718: 6709: 6693: 6668: 6642: 6635: 6604: 6583: 6560: 6531: 6255:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5972:Burke II, Edmund (2009). 5630:The Catholic Encyclopedia 5396:10.1108/17504971211236308 5130:Mezzine, Mohamed (2019). 5050:Fès: La ville essentielle 5048:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). 4522:10.1080/13629389708718294 4068:Marçais, Georges (1954). 3485:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 2858:Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). 2627:جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ 2556:High Council of Knowledge 2280:medieval Christian Europe 2128:wall, to the west of the 2100:Mosque of the Andalusians 1967:from victories in Spain. 1546:The galleries around the 1147:fully memorized the Quran 561:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 176: 162: 152: 142: 134: 124: 106: 98: 88: 78: 68: 52: 37: 26: 10108:Madrasas in Fez, Morocco 10077:Zimbabwe Open University 9893:University of the Gambia 9744:Walter Sisulu University 9355:Adamawa State University 8741:University of Cape Coast 8466:University of Sadat City 8340:University of Lubumbashi 8201:Central African Republic 8152:University of Ngaoundéré 7922:Constantine 1 University 7608:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 6914:Mausoleums & zawiyas 6406:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 6400:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6134:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 6029:10.1177/0011392106058837 5978:Journal of World History 5658:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5463:10.1177/2053019619886670 5253:. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. 4652:10.1163/1568519054093716 4618:Alqarawiyyeen University 4585:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 4575:Tazi, Abdelhadi (2000). 4410:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 4023:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 3734:Tazi, Abdelhadi (1972). 3642:Terrasse, Henri (1942). 3587:. Yale University Press. 3357:. UNESCO. Archived from 3055:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 2612: 1914:'s opening is a pair of 1128:grammar/linguistics and 1106:Education and curriculum 1093:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 805:Medical Doctorate degree 796:certificate, written on 399:Foundation of the mosque 328:voiceless uvular plosive 283:grammar/linguistics and 10133:Mosques in Fez, Morocco 10113:Universities in Morocco 10057:Lupane State University 10006:Zambian Open University 9684:University of Fort Hare 9679:University of Cape Town 9475:Rivers State University 9465:Pan-Atlantic University 9400:Ebonyi State University 9360:Ahmadu Bello University 9170:University of Mauritius 9041:University of Toamasina 8441:South Valley University 8335:University of Kisangani 8240:University of N'Djamena 8157:University of Yaoundé I 7721:Grand Mosque of Tangier 7008:Dar Ba Mohammed Chergui 6552:Mellah (Jewish quarter) 5806:administrative autonomy 5539:Encyclopædia Britannica 5515:Encyclopedia Britannica 5450:The Anthropocene Review 5016:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 4988:: 66–69. Archived from 4848:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 4798:Salmon, Xavier (2021). 4640:Islamic Law and Society 4374:. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. 3832:Encyclopedia Britannica 3279:, pp. 35–76 (35): 2538:(1893–1987), translator 2520:Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi 2401:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 2263:Encyclopædia Britannica 1940:Cristo de la Luz Mosque 1936:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1886:(niche symbolizing the 1364:of the Koutoubia Mosque 1062:, and two faculties of 536:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 534:(1040–1147). Historian 407:was the capital of the 299: 10143:Almoravid architecture 10072:University of Zimbabwe 9739:University of Zululand 9709:University of Pretoria 9623:East Africa University 9450:Niger Delta University 9430:Kwara State University 9420:Gombe State University 9005:University of Benghazi 8867:Mount Kenya University 8776:Valley View University 8656:All Nations University 8554:Addis Ababa University 8523:University of Eswatini 8330:University of Kinshasa 8044:University of Botswana 7813:Great Mosque of Asilah 7634:Grand Mosque of Meknes 7629:Bab Berdieyinne Mosque 7507:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 7492:Kasbah an-Nouar Mosque 6956:Tomb of Sidi Bel Kacem 6880:Madrasa of Fes el-Jdid 6849:Al Fassiyine Synagogue 6824:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 6325:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6323:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6293:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6270:Pennell, C.R. (2004). 6219:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6217:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6078:Arab Studies Quarterly 6011:Alatas, S. F. (2006), 5925: 5895: 5891:universitas litterarum 5767: 5559:. Brill, 2003, p. 314. 5490:Guinness World Records 4544: 4088:Irwin, Robert (2019). 3919:Cite journal requires 3770:Arab Studies Quarterly 3453:learning.aljazeera.net 3331:Guinness World Records 3316: 3250: 3145:Arab Studies Quarterly 3129: 3092: 2910: 2839: 2796:. It was founded as a 2673:One single plate from 2429: 2253:Guinness World Records 2025: 1895: 1854: 1650: 1324: 1210: 1166: 1121: 1038: 973: 829: 662: 600: 436:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque 395: 269:Guinness World Records 223:. It was founded as a 72:857–859 (as a mosque), 9996:Mulungushi University 9991:Copperbelt University 9704:University of Limpopo 9669:North-West University 9505:University of Calabar 9470:Redeemer's University 9460:Osun State University 9425:Kogi State University 9345:Abia State University 9283:University of Namibia 9206:Mohammed V University 9046:University of Toliara 9010:University of Tripoli 8949:Cuttington University 8897:University of Nairobi 8892:University of Eldoret 8882:Strathmore University 8615:Omar Bongo University 8584:St. Mary's University 8446:Suez Canal University 8381:Alexandria University 8258:Republic of the Congo 8142:University of Dschang 8127:University of Bamenda 8101:University of Burundi 7932:University of Ouargla 7798:Great Mosque of Oujda 7690:Moulay Slimane Mosque 7685:Lalla Soukaina Mosque 7335:Maristan of Sidi Frej 7249:Fortifications of Fez 7247:For other gates, see 7084:Funduq al-Tetwaniyyin 6627:Collège Moulay Idriss 5917: 5885:Even the name of the 5794: 5762: 5713:, pp. 35–76 (35) 4539: 3311:medieval universities 3280: 3237: 3124: 3087: 2906: 2864:. Brill. p. 91. 2787: 2653:[alqajrawaːn] 2413: 2329:medieval universities 2311:, including into the 2258:University of Bologna 2240:University of Bologna 2013: 1881: 1846: 1773:. While the doors of 1769:, which leads to the 1663:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 1645: 1622:by the son of Sultan 1439:. The Marinid sultan 1375:Moroccan architecture 1316: 1208: 1164: 1113: 1033: 971: 960:in the 20th century. 938:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 888:Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji 868:Islamic jurisprudence 823: 670:in 1271, followed by 656: 584: 385: 10153:Saadian architecture 10148:Marinid architecture 10001:University of Zambia 9986:Cavendish University 9515:University of Ilorin 9510:University of Ibadan 9485:University of Africa 9365:Al-Hikmah University 9113:University of Bamako 9087:University of Malawi 8990:Al Zawiya University 8711:Pentecost University 8497:University of Asmara 8431:October 6 University 8366:Ain Shams University 8214:University of Bangui 8147:University of Maroua 8137:University of Douala 8070:Nazi Boni University 7917:Algiers 1 University 7808:Great Mosque of Taza 7803:Great Mosque of Salé 7777:Ould el-Hamra Mosque 7741:Sidi Bou Abid Mosque 7680:Great Mosque (Rabat) 7497:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 7447:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 7422:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 7345:Oued Fes (Fez River) 7119:Hammams (bathhouses) 6814:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 6753:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 6733:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6479:34.06444°N 4.97333°W 5796:The university is a 5597:Ferruolo, Stephen C. 5227:Smithsonian Magazine 2679:Musée du Quai Branly 2677:is also kept by the 2602:Education in Morocco 1970:To the right of the 1445:Great Mosque of Taza 1196:Historical evolution 852:Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti 844:European exploration 707:Sancho IV of Castile 474:(July–August of 877 403:In the 9th century, 245:Islamic architecture 208:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn 90:Administrative staff 9945:Busitema University 9867:Zanzibar University 9734:University of Venda 9520:University of Lagos 9500:University of Benin 9480:University of Abuja 9390:Crawford University 8995:Misurata University 8847:Kenyatta University 8756:University of Ghana 8564:Haramaya University 8416:Menoufia University 8411:Mansoura University 8371:Al-Azhar University 8315:Democratic Republic 7762:Al-Mohammadi Mosque 7563:Bab Doukkala Mosque 7502:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 7293:Royal Palace of Fez 7110:Sidi Moussa Tannery 7100:Ain Azliten Tannery 7052:Funduqs (foundouks) 6998:Royal Palace of Fez 6865:Al-Attarine Madrasa 6844:Ibn Danan Synagogue 6819:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 6681:Salle 11th November 6596:Fes railway station 6475: / 5850:– variously called 5793:, pp. XIX-XX: 5745:. pp. 159–205. 5132:"Qarawiyyin Mosque" 5111:on 27 February 2021 4887:www.qantara-med.org 4614:"Why Alqarawiyyeen" 4587:] (in Arabic). 4390:www.qantara-med.org 3948:. 15 September 2019 2897:, Routledge, 1996, 2554:(1932–), Member of 2542:Abdullah al-Ghumari 2514:Muhammad al-Kattani 2469:(1494–1554), author 2315:, in the course of 2294:often cited as the 1960:Arabic inscriptions 1888:direction of prayer 1415:Under the reign of 1027:and at the mosques. 914:Decline and reforms 876:Muhammad al-Idrissi 842:, whose maps aided 828:, issued in 1207 CE 761:in 1602, a copy of 743:written on gazelle 659:Al-Attarine Madrasa 348:French colonization 23: 10128:859 establishments 9919:Université de Lomé 9806:Red Sea University 9770:University of Juba 9618:Benadir University 9370:Babcock University 8832:Egerton University 8822:Daystar University 8671:Central University 8589:Wollega University 8579:Mekelle University 8569:Hawassa University 8471:Zagazig University 8132:University of Buea 7851:Mosques by country 7644:Lalla Aouda Mosque 7578:Ben Youssef Mosque 7472:Chrabliyine Mosque 7462:Bou Inania Madrasa 7408:Mosques in Morocco 7266:Kissariat al-Kifah 7126:Hammam al-Mokhfiya 6890:Mesbahiyya Madrasa 6875:Cherratine Madrasa 6870:Bou Inania Madrasa 6768:Chrabliyine Mosque 6484:34.06444; -4.97333 6402:] (in Arabic). 6366:www.riadnachef.org 6000:– via JSTOR. 5990:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 5020:. Paris: LienArt. 4345:Lebbar, Mohammed. 3186:Educational Review 3107:Shillington, Kevin 2891:Petersen, Andrew: 2758:, pp. 154–157 2409:Abdul Latif Tibawi 2142:Bab Guissa Mosques 2026: 1896: 1855: 1651: 1325: 1211: 1167: 1122: 1039: 974: 898:(d. 1542) and the 896:Nicolas Cleynaerts 840:Mohammed al-Idrisi 830: 680:Cherratine Madrasa 663: 601: 396: 368:French orthography 233:Islamic Golden Age 21: 10085: 10084: 10032:Africa University 9847:Mzumbe University 9674:Rhodes University 9530:University of Uyo 9375:Bayero University 9247:Maputo University 8852:Maseno University 8661:Ashesi University 8406:Helwan University 7927:Oran 1 University 7859: 7858: 7731:Lalla Abla Mosque 7705:Zawiya of Chellah 7598:Mosque of the Cat 7467:Bou Jeloud Mosque 7457:Bab Guissa Mosque 7452:Andalusian Mosque 7374: 7373: 7353: 7352: 7325:Jnan Sbil Gardens 6905:Sba'iyyin Madrasa 6832: 6831: 6763:Bou Jeloud Mosque 6758:Bab Guissa Mosque 6689: 6688: 6390:Tazi, Abdelhadi. 6278:; Bianquis, Th.; 6195:www.habous.gov.ma 6176:978-1-4985-9811-8 6147:978-0-241-19905-3 6017:Current Sociology 5914:978-92-871-4960-2 5828:bachelor's degree 5765:like it anywhere. 5711:978-0-521-54113-8 5687:978-1-57958-282-1 5644:Brill's New Pauly 5609:978-0-8047-1266-8 5583:978-0-1951-2559-7 5364:978-3-205-78310-7 5260:978-0-313-06866-9 5090:978-2-86906-317-4 5059:978-2-86770-152-8 5027:978-2-35906-182-6 4982:Mémorial du Maroc 4852:. Paris: LienArt. 4809:978-2-35906-335-6 4767:978-2-35031-490-7 4563:978-0-8108-5341-6 4487:978-1-5017-0424-6 4455:978-0-1951-2559-7 4423:978-0-241-19905-3 4201:. 20 October 2004 4169:978-3-902782-31-1 3980:978-2-7068-1507-2 3798:978-0-1951-2559-7 3558:978-3-902782-31-1 3524:978-0-415-96691-7 3277:978-0-521-54113-8 3121:978-1-57958-245-6 3084:978-0-313-32061-3 3074:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2903:978-0-415-06084-4 2871:978-90-8790-579-8 2784:978-0-8108-5341-6 2756:978-0-313-32061-3 2746:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2337:Emirate of Sicily 2296:earliest examples 1704:Current structure 1648:stucco decoration 1417:Muhammad al-Nasir 1317:The 12th-century 1258:Abd al-Rahman III 1246:Fatimid Caliphate 991:shahada alamiyha, 908:Pope Sylvester II 860:Abu Imran al-Fasi 769:(a commentary on 676:Mesbahiya Madrasa 674:in 1323, and the 314:Fatima al-Fihriya 205: 185: 184: 10160: 10022: 10020: 10019: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9837:Ardhi University 9827: 9825: 9824: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9587:Njala University 9577: 9575: 9574: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9385:Bowen University 9335: 9333: 9332: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9000:Sabha University 8975: 8973: 8972: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8574:Jimma University 8539: 8537: 8536: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8451:Tanta University 8421:Minya University 8391:Cairo University 8386:Benha University 8356: 8354: 8353: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8024:Botho University 8014: 8012: 8011: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7846:Islam in Morocco 7757:Hassan II Mosque 7639:Nejjarine Mosque 7593:Mouassine Mosque 7588:Kutubiyya Mosque 7573:Ben Salah Mosque 7550: 7544: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7131:Hammam Ben Abbad 6900:Saffarin Madrasa 6723: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6640: 6639: 6591:Fès–Saïs Airport 6518: 6511: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6403: 6396: 6395: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6341:dar-us-salam.com 6333: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6235:arab-ency.com.sy 6227: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6131: 6120: 6119: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5935: 5926: 5902: 5896: 5774: 5768: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5696: 5690: 5675:Lapidge, Michael 5668: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5618: 5612: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5013: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4992:on 19 April 2017 4974: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4814: 4813: 4795: 4772: 4771: 4753: 4724: 4723: 4708:The Muslim World 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4610: 4599: 4598: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4471: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4325:Bright Continent 4316: 4310: 4309: 4291: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4174: 4173: 4155: 4136: 4135: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4020: 3985: 3984: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3761: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3720: 3719: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3527: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3455:. Archived from 3445: 3439: 3438: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3361:on 6 August 2012 3351: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3262: 3251: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3139: 3130: 3123:, p. 1025: 3104: 3093: 3072: 3061: 3060: 3052: 2911: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2855: 2840: 2806:Islamic sciences 2772: 2759: 2744: 2682: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2564: 2552:Fatima al-Kabbaj 2286:, with those of 2189: 2188: 2178: 2169: 2116:Funerary annex ( 2087: 2075: 1928:horseshoe arches 1830: 1829: 1787:Dar Batha Museum 1754:horseshoe arches 1737: 1721: 1603: 1590:Inner façade of 1587: 1571: 1538: 1520: 1504:Abu Salim Ali II 1441:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 1126:Classical Arabic 1120: 1117: 1090: 1089: 920:Islamic sciences 892:Ali ibn Hirzihim 747:, a copy of the 703:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 668:Saffarin Madrasa 547:Córdoban Umayyad 459: 341: 339:[awijiː] 335: 334: 281:Classical Arabic 249:Moroccan history 237:state university 211:), also written 210: 200: 198: 181: 172: 169: 62:State university 42: 32: 31: 24: 20: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10017: 10015: 10010: 9971: 9969: 9964: 9930: 9928: 9923: 9904: 9902: 9897: 9878: 9876: 9871: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9755: 9753: 9748: 9639: 9637: 9632: 9603: 9601: 9596: 9572: 9570: 9565: 9546: 9544: 9539: 9330: 9328: 9323: 9294: 9292: 9287: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9150: 9148: 9143: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9098: 9096: 9091: 9057: 9055: 9050: 9021: 9019: 9014: 8970: 8968: 8963: 8934: 8932: 8927: 8908: 8906: 8901: 8887:Umma University 8797: 8795: 8790: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8600: 8598: 8593: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8508: 8506: 8501: 8482: 8480: 8475: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8316: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8251: 8249: 8244: 8225: 8223: 8218: 8194: 8192: 8187: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8086: 8084: 8079: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8009: 8007: 8002: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7957: 7955: 7950: 7941: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7860: 7855: 7832: 7781: 7745: 7709: 7670:As-Sunna Mosque 7653: 7617: 7551: 7545: 7536: 7442:Al-Hamra Mosque 7437:Al-Beida Mosque 7410: 7405: 7375: 7370: 7349: 7303:Other landmarks 7298: 7281:Place Seffarine 7276:Place Nejjarine 7254: 7188: 7179:Kasbah Cherarda 7174:Kasbah An-Nouar 7140: 7136:Hammam Saffarin 7114: 7105:Chouara Tannery 7088: 7069:Funduq Kettanin 7047: 6986: 6960: 6909: 6885:Madrasa el-Oued 6853: 6828: 6809:Al-Hamra Mosque 6804:Al-Beida Mosque 6787: 6705: 6685: 6664: 6631: 6600: 6579: 6556: 6527: 6522: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6424: 6386: 6384:Further reading 6381: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300:. p. 634. 6288:Heinrichs, W.P. 6268: 6264: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6132: 6123: 6108: 6097: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6047: 6043: 6023:(1): 112–132 , 6009: 6005: 5970: 5966: 5936: 5929: 5916:, p. 119: 5903: 5899: 5876:social sciences 5836:master's degree 5814:medieval Europe 5775: 5771: 5758:Studia Islamica 5754: 5750: 5739: 5735: 5728:Studia Islamica 5724: 5717: 5699:Verger, Jacques 5697: 5693: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5637: 5619: 5615: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5550: 5536: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5442: 5438: 5411:Pathophysiology 5407: 5403: 5380: 5376: 5365: 5351: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5219: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5182: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5046: 5035: 5028: 5014: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4960: 4956: 4945: 4941: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4817: 4810: 4796: 4775: 4768: 4754: 4727: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4602: 4595: 4573: 4569: 4552: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4472: 4463: 4456: 4442: 4435: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4313: 4276:Medical Teacher 4268: 4261: 4246: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4199:Muslim Heritage 4193: 4192: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4139: 4124: 4117: 4106: 4097: 4086: 4077: 4066: 4059: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4021: 3988: 3981: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3879: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3785: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3732: 3723: 3716: 3702: 3693: 3662: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3592: 3579: 3566: 3559: 3545: 3530: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3483: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3459:on 15 July 2019 3447: 3446: 3442: 3403: 3394: 3383: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3355:"Medina of Fez" 3353: 3352: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3265:Verger, Jacques 3263: 3254: 3233:Studia Islamica 3229: 3225: 3182: 3175: 3140: 3133: 3105: 3096: 3073: 3064: 3053: 2914: 2890: 2883: 2872: 2856: 2843: 2786:, p. 348 2773: 2762: 2745: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2645: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2558: 2548:(Muslim jurist) 2508:Ahmad ibn Idris 2494:Imam al-Bannani 2434: 2233: 2227: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2159: 2122: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2065: 2028:The courtyard ( 2014:The courtyard ( 2008: 1870:a niche in the 1841: 1833:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1791:Bab al-Shama'in 1771:Jama' al-Gna'iz 1757:northern gate, 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1711: 1706: 1659:Ahmad al-Mansur 1640: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1588: 1579: 1572: 1542: 1539: 1530: 1526:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1521: 1463:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1453: 1395: 1296: 1203: 1198: 1159: 1118: 1108: 1036:Place Seffarine 966: 916: 784:(including the 759:Ahmad al-Mansur 592:dar al-muwaqqit 579: 488: 438:the same year. 423:Fatima al-Fihri 409:Idrisid dynasty 401: 380: 364:Al Quaraouiyine 302: 274:higher learning 229:Fatima al-Fihri 217:Al Quaraouiyine 166: 147:Fatima al-Fihri 120: 114: 91: 81: 73: 60: 48: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10166: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9980: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9833: 9831: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9790: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9648: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9614: 9612: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9557: 9555: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9305: 9303: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8919: 8917: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:Moi University 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8493: 8491: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7952: 7951: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7772:Assunna Mosque 7769: 7767:Al-Quds Mosque 7764: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7695:Moulina Mosque 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7665:Ahl Fas Mosque 7661: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7649:Er-Roua Mosque 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7568:Barrima Mosque 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:El-Oued Mosque 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7207:Bab Bou Jeloud 7204: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7184:Kasbah Tamdert 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6982:Museum of Arms 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6895:Sahrij Madrasa 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6778:El-Oued Mosque 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6548:Ville Nouvelle 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6422:External links 6420: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6353: 6328: 6313: 6306: 6284:van Donzel, E. 6280:Bosworth, C.E. 6262: 6222: 6207: 6182: 6175: 6153: 6146: 6140:. Penguin UK. 6121: 6095: 6084:(3): 286–288. 6064: 6054: 6041: 6003: 5984:(2): 165–186. 5964: 5952:10.2307/604423 5927: 5897: 5802:par excellence 5769: 5748: 5733: 5715: 5691: 5671:Vauchez, André 5663: 5649: 5635: 5625:"Universities" 5613: 5589: 5582: 5570:Esposito, John 5561: 5548: 5527: 5502: 5477: 5436: 5417:(2): 129–133. 5401: 5390:(2): 106–110. 5374: 5363: 5342: 5317: 5292: 5281:. 1 March 2016 5266: 5259: 5239: 5221:Lewis, Danny. 5210: 5173: 5148: 5122: 5096: 5089: 5065: 5058: 5033: 5026: 5003: 4969: 4954: 4939: 4924: 4912:www.i24news.tv 4899: 4874: 4865:Ars Orientalis 4855: 4815: 4808: 4773: 4766: 4725: 4714:(2): 104–112. 4698: 4673: 4646:(2): 224–272. 4630: 4600: 4593: 4567: 4546: 4527: 4500: 4486: 4461: 4454: 4433: 4422: 4416:. Penguin UK. 4402: 4377: 4362: 4337: 4311: 4282:(9): 973–979. 4259: 4237: 4212: 4175: 4168: 4137: 4115: 4095: 4075: 4057: 4042: 4035: 3986: 3979: 3959: 3930: 3921:|journal= 3888: 3844: 3819: 3804: 3797: 3779: 3741: 3721: 3714: 3691: 3672:(3): 171–188. 3649: 3634: 3590: 3564: 3557: 3528: 3510:Meri, Josef W. 3502: 3495: 3470: 3440: 3413:(3): 470–484. 3392: 3372: 3343: 3318: 3293:, such as the 3252: 3223: 3173: 3151:(3): 286–288. 3131: 3094: 3086:, p. 70: 3062: 2912: 2881: 2870: 2841: 2760: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2666: 2657: 2639: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2584:Morocco portal 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2549: 2539: 2533: 2530:Allal al-Fassi 2527: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2491: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2433: 2432:Notable alumni 2430: 2405:Abdelhadi Tazi 2378:Rawd al-Qirtas 2369:Rawd al-Qirtas 2284:Western Europe 2226: 2223: 2183: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2134:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2121: 2118:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2114: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2024:-era pavilions 2007: 2004: 1840: 1837: 1799:Bab al-Maqsura 1783:Bab Sbitriyyin 1763:Bab Sbitriyyin 1739: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1690:'Alawi dynasty 1667:Court of Lions 1639: 1636: 1615: 1614: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1452: 1449: 1404:Rawd al-Qirtas 1394: 1391: 1383:funerary rites 1379:Jama' al-Gnaiz 1295: 1292: 1215:Henri Terrasse 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1158: 1155: 1107: 1104: 1083:Abdelhadi Tazi 965: 962: 915: 912: 900:Jacobus Golius 826:medical degree 729:in al-Andalus/ 687:Abu Inan Faris 578: 575: 527:Abdelhadi Tazi 503:Rawd al-Qirtas 487: 484: 414:Rawd al-Qirtas 400: 397: 379: 376: 301: 298: 197:جامعة القرويين 183: 182: 174: 173: 164: 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 110: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 80:Academic staff 79: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 54: 50: 49: 43: 35: 34: 30:جامعة القرويين 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10165: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9900: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9874: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9818: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9635: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9599: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9568: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9542: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9146: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8347: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8284:Cote d'Ivoire 8273: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8247: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8190: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7953: 7948: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7829: 7828:Tinmal Mosque 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7726:Kasbah Mosque 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7330:Marinid Tombs 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320:Dar al-Makina 7318: 7316: 7315:Dar al-Magana 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7286:Tala'a Kebira 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Bab Semmarine 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7043:Mnebhi Palace 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6575:Treaty of Fes 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6488: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6394:جامع القرويين 6388: 6387: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6307:90-04-13974-5 6303: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6118:(1): 343–351. 6117: 6113: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5880:technological 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5791:0-521-36105-2 5788: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5777:Rüegg, Walter 5773: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5330:en.unesco.org 5327: 5321: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5279:ideas.ted.com 5276: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5243: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4594:9981-808-43-1 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579:جامع القرويين 4571: 4565:, p. 348 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4348: 4341: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4256:(3): 679–683. 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4036:2-7233-0159-1 4032: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3947: 3946:Inside Arabia 3943: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3913: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3776:(3): 286–288. 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3715:9789004161658 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3498: 3496:0-521-33767-4 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2680: 2676: 2675:Bab al-Gna'iz 2670: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2636: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544:(1910–1993), 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522:(1882–1963), 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2496:(1727–1780), 2495: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467:Leo Africanus 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453:(1165–1240), 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438:Mediterranean 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2411:states that: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2333:Islamic Spain 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2317:modernization 2314: 2313:Islamic world 2310: 2305: 2301: 2298:. The modern 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2248:Western world 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2219:Aziza Chaouni 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2187:قاعة المطالعة 2177: 2168: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132:axis, is the 2131: 2127: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2086: 2074: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:Bab al-Gna'iz 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767:Bab al-Gna'iz 1764: 1760: 1755: 1743: 1742:Bab al-Gna'iz 1736: 1727: 1726:Bab al-Gna'iz 1720: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308:Mellah of Fez 1305: 1301: 1300:Ali ibn Yusuf 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223:square meters 1220: 1216: 1207: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1088:جامع القرويين 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 988: 982: 980: 970: 961: 959: 954: 950: 947: 946:Abd al-Rahman 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926: 921: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:Ibn al-Khatib 881: 878:(d.1166 AD), 877: 873: 872:Leo Africanus 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836: 827: 822: 818: 816: 812: 811: 806: 802: 799: 795: 794: 789: 788: 783: 779: 775: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 660: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612: 607: 598: 594: 593: 588: 583: 574: 572: 571: 566: 565:Friday mosque 562: 558: 554: 553: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 528: 524: 523: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 498: 494: 486:Early history 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 463: 455: 451: 450: 445: 439: 437: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415: 410: 406: 393: 389: 384: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:anglicization 358:, a standard 357: 356:al-Qarawiyyin 353: 349: 345: 340: 329: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 297: 295: 291: 288: 287: 282: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 203: 194: 190: 180: 175: 171: 165: 161: 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 87: 83: 77: 71: 67: 63: 58: 55: 51: 47: 41: 36: 25: 19: 9646:South Africa 9579:Sierra Leone 9210: 8317:of the Congo 8062:Burkina Faso 7786:Other cities 7675:Hassan Tower 7512:R'cif Mosque 7477:Diwan Mosque 7446: 7310:Borj Neffara 7290: 7246: 7074:Funduq Sagha 7064:Funduq Barka 7038:Jamai Palace 7023:Dar Belghazi 7018:Dar el-Beida 6972:Batha Museum 6783:R'cif Mosque 6773:Diwan Mosque 6732: 6669:Sport venues 6655:Wydad de Fès 6611: 6532:Subdivisions 6525:Fez, Morocco 6414: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6369:. Retrieved 6365: 6356: 6344:. Retrieved 6340: 6331: 6322: 6316: 6291: 6265: 6239:. Retrieved 6234: 6225: 6216: 6210: 6198:. Retrieved 6194: 6185: 6166: 6156: 6136: 6115: 6111: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6057: 6049: 6044: 6020: 6016: 6006: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5943: 5939: 5918: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5847: 5825: 5821:Christianity 5801: 5795: 5780: 5772: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5742: 5736: 5726: 5702: 5694: 5678: 5666: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5621:Pace, Edward 5616: 5600: 5592: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5544:"University" 5537: 5518:. Retrieved 5514: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5480: 5456:(1): 19–41. 5453: 5449: 5439: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5368: 5354: 5333:. Retrieved 5329: 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5304: 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5278: 5269: 5249: 5242: 5230:. Retrieved 5226: 5201:. Retrieved 5190:The Guardian 5189: 5164:. Retrieved 5160: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5135: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5109:the original 5099: 5079: 5049: 5017: 4994:. Retrieved 4990:the original 4985: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4917:11 September 4915:. Retrieved 4911: 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4886: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4849: 4799: 4757: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4686:Sunita Rawat 4685: 4676: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4621:. Retrieved 4617: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4554: 4549: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4516:(2): 11–33. 4513: 4509: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4476: 4445: 4427: 4412: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4389: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4324: 4314: 4279: 4275: 4253: 4249: 4228:. Retrieved 4225:kitaabun.com 4224: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4198: 4159: 4131: 4127: 4109: 4089: 4069: 4051: 4045: 4025: 3970: 3950:. Retrieved 3945: 3912:cite journal 3882: 3835:. Retrieved 3831: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3735: 3705: 3669: 3665: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3583: 3548: 3513: 3505: 3486: 3461:. Retrieved 3457:the original 3452: 3443: 3410: 3406: 3386: 3363:. Retrieved 3359:the original 3334:. Retrieved 3330: 3321: 3295:Roman Empire 3281: 3268: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3217: 3189: 3185: 3168: 3148: 3144: 3125: 3110: 3088: 3075: 3056: 2907: 2892: 2875: 2860: 2790:al-qarawiyin 2789: 2788: 2775: 2747: 2674: 2669: 2660: 2648:القَيْرَوَان 2642: 2621: 2435: 2414: 2393: 2390:Zahrat al-As 2389: 2377: 2374:Zahrat al-As 2373: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2341: 2325: 2303: 2275: 2273: 2261: 2251: 2234: 2209: 2206:al-Ahmadiyya 2205: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2150: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2107: 2096: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2015: 2000: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1947: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1883: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1848: 1832: 1822:Borj Neffara 1820: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1808:Adjacent to 1807: 1798: 1795:Bab Chemaine 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1741: 1725: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1673:palaces (in 1652: 1628: 1624:Abu al-Hasan 1616: 1607: 1591: 1575: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1524: 1523:View of the 1499: 1491: 1485: 1482:Zahrat al-As 1481: 1478:water clocks 1467: 1461: 1454: 1429: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1386: 1378: 1372: 1361: 1356: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1318: 1297: 1287: 1277: 1267: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1212: 1183: 1168: 1150: 1143: 1135:Central Asia 1123: 1097: 1092: 1076: 1044:royal decree 1040: 1017:R'cif mosque 1013:Berber Dahir 1008: 1005: 994: 990: 986: 983: 975: 955: 951: 923: 917: 880:Ibn al-Arabi 833: 831: 814: 808: 791: 785: 781: 773: 770: 766: 748: 734: 684: 664: 609: 602: 590: 568: 550: 540: 520: 512:Zahrat al-As 511: 501: 489: 467:Dhu al-Qadah 465: 458:"هذا المسجد" 447: 444:Kufic script 440: 412: 402: 372:Al-Karaouine 371: 366:, following 363: 355: 352:romanization 317: 303: 284: 278: 267: 253: 221:Fez, Morocco 216: 213:Al-Karaouine 212: 188: 186: 102:8,120 (2012) 84:1,025 (2012) 18: 9762:South Sudan 7232:Bab Mahrouk 7202:Bab al-Amer 7169:Dar Dbibegh 6792:Fes el-Jdid 6726:Fes el-Bali 6676:Fez Stadium 6544:Fes el-Jdid 6539:Fes el-Bali 6482: / 6298:E. J. BRILL 6276:Bearman, P. 5887:Universitas 5611:, p. 5 5203:14 December 5161:arab.com.ua 4892:21 February 3284:Middle Ages 2559: [ 2461:Ibn Khaldun 2457:philosopher 2382:Ibn Abi Zar 2353:al-Zaytouna 2208:behind the 2138:Chrabliyine 2040:Bab al-Ward 1839:Prayer hall 1828:برج النفارة 1814:Bab al-Hafa 1810:Bab al-Ward 1775:Bab al-Ward 1759:Bab al-Ward 1606:The wooden 1592:Bab al-Ward 1576:Bab al-Ward 1560:Bab al-Ward 1288:Bab al-Ward 1270:al-Muzaffar 1119: 1953 1056:Islamic law 1025:Fes el-Bali 904:orientalist 886:(d. 1374), 858:(d. 1336), 854:(d. 1321), 848:Renaissance 846:during the 778:Ibn Khaldun 699:Middle East 672:al-Attarine 632:mathematics 587:water clock 559:(today the 508:Ibn Abi Zar 419:Ibn Abi Zar 388:Fes el-Bali 294:West Africa 69:Established 10092:Categories 9885:The Gambia 9229:Mozambique 9131:Mauritania 9028:Madagascar 8175:Cape Verde 7750:Casablanca 7227:Bab Guissa 7212:Bab Chorfa 7154:City walls 7028:Dar Glaoui 7003:Dar Adiyel 6837:Synagogues 5921:university 5860:humanities 5852:philosophy 5838:, and the 5832:licentiate 5115:10 January 4871:: 135–147. 4355:24 January 4128:MELA Notes 3246:university 3192:(3): 343. 2689:References 2631:pronounced 2445:Maimonides 2425:Muhammad V 2419:under the 2386:Al-Jazna'i 2304:university 2276:university 2269:pre-modern 2229:See also: 2214:Mohammed V 1982:wall. The 1956:arabesques 1618:back from 1474:astrolabes 1348:arabesques 1265:minarets. 1263:Andalusian 1139:al-Andalus 1001:Muhammad V 866:school of 787:Muqaddimah 736:Al-Muwatta 697:, and the 695:al-Andalus 532:Almoravids 344:triphthong 94:708 (2012) 64:since 1963 9157:Mauritius 7556:Marrakesh 7242:Bab Segma 7222:Bab Ftouh 7159:Borj Nord 7093:Tanneries 7033:Dar Moqri 7013:Dar Batha 6711:Landmarks 6605:Education 6584:Transport 6470:4°58′24″W 6467:34°3′52″N 6346:24 August 6037:144509355 5998:143484233 5844:faculties 5840:doctorate 5810:curricula 5520:24 August 5495:24 August 5472:211673488 5335:24 August 5310:26 August 5285:26 August 5232:26 August 5198:0261-3077 4908:"i24NEWS" 4660:0928-9380 4493:7 October 4306:220285375 4230:26 August 4205:26 August 3952:11 August 3837:15 August 3708:. Brill. 3686:161308864 3435:147461138 3427:1362-9387 3299:Byzantium 3214:144718475 3206:0013-1911 3157:0271-3519 2831:Marrakech 2811:graduates 2681:in Paris. 2451:Ibn Arabi 2006:Courtyard 1993:arabesque 1724:Doors of 1632:Abu Salim 1620:Gibraltar 1496:Abu Sa'id 1458:whitewash 1421:ablutions 1368:marquetry 1274:al-Mansur 1180:hypostyle 1100:Hassan II 1070:and near 1060:Marrakech 1052:faculties 989:with the 977:(Arab or 928:(Quranic 801:parchment 763:Ibn Rushd 755:Ibn Ishaq 745:parchment 648:chemistry 640:geography 636:astronomy 589:from the 202:romanized 10024:Zimbabwe 9829:Tanzania 8541:Ethiopia 8515:Eswatini 8119:Cameroon 8016:Botswana 7841:Category 7164:Borj Sud 6858:Madrasas 6570:Timeline 6430:(French) 6371:9 August 6290:(eds.). 6251:cite web 6241:9 August 6090:41859050 5872:theology 5868:medicine 5798:European 5677:(eds.): 5572:(2003). 5431:24290618 5166:16 March 4429:elusive. 4330:9 August 4298:32608301 4134:: 15–88. 3816:. Brill. 3666:Al-Masaq 3288:medieval 3244:and the 3165:41859050 2823:madrasas 2819:colleges 2570:See also 2500:(Muslim 2421:Fatimids 2417:al-Azhar 2372:and the 2345:al-Azhar 2335:and the 2321:colonial 2309:the West 2153:cupola. 2151:muqarnas 2146:muqarnas 2053:Alhambra 1962:in both 1948:muqarnas 1932:muqarnas 1908:muqarnas 1892:muqarnas 1803:knockers 1709:Exterior 1671:Alhambra 1655:Saadians 1511:present. 1508:Muharram 1500:muwaqqit 1492:muwaqqit 1469:muwaqqit 1399:Almohads 1387:muqarnas 1339:muqarnas 1320:muqarnas 1272:(son of 1244:and the 1064:theology 1009:Ya Latif 930:exegesis 782:Al-'Ibar 780:'s book 628:medicine 620:rhetoric 557:Idris II 510:and the 480:Almohads 462:Idris II 427:Kairouan 310:Kairouan 266:and the 260:European 241:Moroccan 135:Language 107:Location 99:Students 9610:Somalia 9337:Nigeria 9265:Namibia 9193:Morocco 8941:Liberia 8915:Lesotho 8489:Eritrea 8093:Burundi 7909:Algeria 7714:Tangier 6965:Museums 6719:Mosques 6694:Culture 6650:MAS Fez 6562:History 5856:letters 4996:24 July 4936:: 1–18. 4691:21 June 4668:3399226 4623:21 June 4395:23 June 3512:(ed.): 3463:15 July 3365:31 July 3336:30 July 3242:madrasa 2827:Tétouan 2794:Morocco 2487:Sultan 2483:by the 2300:Western 2292:Bologna 2157:Library 2104:muezzin 2063:Minaret 2022:Saadian 1996:reliefs 1974:is the 1952:reliefs 1916:engaged 1868:mihrab: 1675:Granada 1669:of the 1437:Ramadan 1409:mihrab. 1344:reliefs 1252:Berber 1190:minaret 1176:hectare 1068:Tétouan 936:sultan 723:Granada 719:Almeria 715:Córdoba 711:Seville 691:Maghreb 644:alchemy 616:grammar 543:Fatimid 497:Marinid 431:Tunisia 392:minaret 378:History 256:madrasa 204:: 163:Website 154:Colours 143:Founder 118:Morocco 57:Madrasa 46:minaret 10021: 9978:Zambia 9975: 9937:Uganda 9934: 9908: 9882: 9826: 9785: 9759: 9643: 9607: 9576: 9553:Rwanda 9550: 9334: 9298: 9262: 9226: 9190: 9154: 9128: 9102: 9082:UNICAF 9064:Malawi 9061: 9025: 8974: 8938: 8912: 8801: 8630: 8604: 8538: 8512: 8486: 8355: 8312: 8281: 8255: 8229: 8209:EUCLID 8198: 8172: 8116: 8090: 8059: 8013: 7987: 7964:Angola 7961: 7906: 7622:Meknes 7358:People 6636:Sports 6304: 6200:26 May 6173: 6144: 6088: 6035: 5996: 5960:604423 5958: 5912: 5870:, and 5834:, the 5830:, the 5789: 5709: 5685: 5607: 5580: 5470: 5429: 5361: 5257: 5196: 5141:22 May 5087: 5056: 5024: 4806: 4764: 4666: 4658: 4591: 4561: 4484: 4452: 4420: 4304: 4296: 4166: 4033: 3977: 3795: 3712: 3684: 3555: 3522: 3493: 3433: 3425: 3275: 3212: 3204: 3163: 3155: 3119: 3082: 2901: 2868: 2835:Agadir 2798:mosque 2782: 2754: 2524:Rifian 2502:jurist 2489:Zaydan 2395:halaqa 2361:ijazah 2351:) and 2236:UNESCO 2198:mihrab 2130:mihrab 2035:zellij 1988:minbar 1984:minbar 1976:minbar 1972:mihrab 1944:Toledo 1924:mihrab 1912:mihrab 1904:mihrab 1900:mihrab 1884:mihrab 1850:mihrab 1797:) and 1685:wall. 1556:stucco 1552:anaza, 1431:khatib 1426:bronze 1362:minbar 1357:minbar 1334:mihrab 1329:mihrab 1304:Jewish 1284:fluted 1279:minbar 1250:Zenata 1172:Africa 1151:Maliki 1130:Maliki 1072:Agadir 1021:Meknes 987:ijazah 979:Berber 934:'Alawi 925:tafsir 870:, and 864:Maliki 793:ijazah 771:Maliki 727:Malaga 725:, and 552:khutba 522:halaqa 454:Arabic 449:mihrab 370:; and 326:) – a 306:Arabic 290:Sharia 286:Maliki 264:UNESCO 225:mosque 193:Arabic 138:Arabic 125:Campus 9788:Sudan 9301:Niger 8977:Libya 8804:Kenya 8633:Ghana 8607:Gabon 8358:Egypt 7990:Benin 7658:Rabat 7194:Gates 6643:Clubs 6398:[ 6274:. In 6086:JSTOR 6062:(587) 6033:S2CID 5994:S2CID 5956:JSTOR 5848:artes 5818:papal 5468:S2CID 4664:JSTOR 4583:[ 4350:(PDF) 4302:S2CID 3904:(PDF) 3682:S2CID 3431:S2CID 3307:China 3305:, or 3303:Islam 3210:S2CID 3161:JSTOR 3127:1947. 2613:Notes 2563:] 2546:faqīh 2498:faqīh 2485:Saadi 2481:mufti 2357:Tunis 2349:Cairo 2288:Paris 2210:qibla 2126:qibla 2109:adhan 2057:Spain 2044:anaza 1980:qibla 1964:Kufic 1872:qibla 1864:qibla 1860:qibla 1694:anaza 1683:qibla 1679:Spain 1609:anaza 1487:faqih 1352:Kufic 1234:anaza 1228:qibla 1188:), a 996:ulama 835:riwaq 815:qayim 750:Sirat 741:Malik 731:Spain 624:logic 606:Quran 570:adhan 493:river 158:White 129:Urban 9911:Togo 9105:Mali 8232:Chad 7364:See 6373:2020 6348:2020 6302:ISBN 6257:link 6243:2020 6202:2021 6171:ISBN 6142:ISBN 5910:ISBN 5878:and 5787:ISBN 5707:ISBN 5683:ISBN 5605:ISBN 5578:ISBN 5522:2020 5497:2020 5427:PMID 5359:ISBN 5337:2020 5312:2020 5305:ILAB 5287:2020 5255:ISBN 5234:2020 5205:2019 5194:ISSN 5168:2021 5143:2020 5117:2020 5085:ISBN 5054:ISBN 5022:ISBN 4998:2020 4919:2020 4894:2021 4804:ISBN 4762:ISBN 4693:2022 4656:ISSN 4625:2022 4589:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4495:2019 4482:ISBN 4450:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4397:2020 4357:2021 4332:2020 4294:PMID 4232:2020 4207:2020 4164:ISBN 4031:ISBN 3975:ISBN 3954:2020 3925:help 3906:: 7. 3839:2020 3793:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3520:ISBN 3491:ISBN 3465:2019 3423:ISSN 3367:2012 3338:2020 3291:West 3273:ISBN 3202:ISSN 3153:ISSN 3117:ISBN 3080:ISBN 2899:ISBN 2866:ISBN 2815:dean 2780:ISBN 2752:ISBN 2479:and 2477:imam 2455:Sufi 2355:(in 2347:(in 2290:and 2140:and 2030:sahn 2017:sahn 1958:and 1938:and 1898:The 1882:The 1793:(or 1781:and 1688:The 1653:The 1548:sahn 1490:and 1350:and 1254:emir 1219:sahn 1185:sahn 1048:dean 942:Sufi 810:qadi 798:deer 774:fiqh 657:The 638:and 611:fiqh 608:and 545:and 470:263 333:ويّي 304:The 300:Name 243:and 187:The 53:Type 7415:Fez 6076:". 6025:doi 5986:doi 5948:doi 5944:109 5864:law 5862:–, 5846:of 5823:... 5458:doi 5419:doi 5392:doi 4716:doi 4648:doi 4518:doi 4284:doi 3674:doi 3415:doi 3194:doi 2802:Fès 2800:in 1954:of 1942:in 1346:of 1310:). 1095:). 1066:in 765:'s 753:by 739:of 514:by 506:by 417:by 405:Fez 319:Qāf 227:by 215:or 170:.ma 168:uaq 112:Fez 10094:: 6364:. 6339:. 6286:; 6282:; 6253:}} 6249:{{ 6233:. 6193:. 6165:. 6124:^ 6116:21 6114:. 6098:^ 6080:. 6031:, 6021:54 6019:, 6015:, 5992:. 5982:20 5980:. 5976:. 5954:, 5942:, 5930:^ 5866:, 5854:, 5718:^ 5627:, 5623:: 5599:: 5542:: 5530:^ 5513:. 5488:. 5466:. 5452:. 5448:. 5425:. 5415:21 5413:. 5386:. 5367:, 5345:^ 5328:. 5303:. 5277:. 5225:. 5213:^ 5192:. 5188:. 5176:^ 5159:. 5134:. 5068:^ 5036:^ 5006:^ 4984:. 4980:. 4910:. 4885:. 4867:. 4818:^ 4776:^ 4728:^ 4712:48 4710:. 4684:. 4662:. 4654:. 4644:12 4642:. 4616:. 4603:^ 4512:. 4464:^ 4436:^ 4426:. 4388:. 4323:. 4300:. 4292:. 4280:42 4278:. 4274:. 4262:^ 4252:. 4240:^ 4223:. 4197:. 4178:^ 4140:^ 4132:81 4130:. 4118:^ 4098:^ 4078:^ 4060:^ 3989:^ 3962:^ 3944:. 3933:^ 3916:: 3914:}} 3910:{{ 3891:^ 3847:^ 3830:. 3772:. 3768:. 3744:^ 3724:^ 3694:^ 3680:. 3670:23 3668:. 3652:^ 3593:^ 3567:^ 3531:^ 3473:^ 3451:. 3429:. 3421:. 3411:21 3409:. 3395:^ 3375:^ 3346:^ 3329:. 3301:, 3297:, 3255:^ 3216:. 3208:. 3200:. 3190:65 3188:. 3176:^ 3167:. 3159:. 3147:. 3134:^ 3109:: 3097:^ 3065:^ 2915:^ 2884:^ 2874:. 2844:^ 2763:^ 2697:^ 2561:ar 2380:, 1998:. 1835:. 1677:, 1447:. 1141:. 1116:c. 721:, 717:, 713:, 693:, 634:, 630:, 626:, 622:, 618:, 476:CE 472:AH 456:: 362:; 342:) 251:. 199:, 195:: 115:, 7885:e 7878:t 7871:v 7400:e 7393:t 7386:v 6517:e 6510:t 6503:v 6375:. 6350:. 6310:. 6259:) 6245:. 6204:. 6179:. 6150:. 6092:. 6082:2 6027:: 5988:: 5950:: 5586:. 5524:. 5499:. 5474:. 5460:: 5454:7 5433:. 5421:: 5398:. 5394:: 5388:6 5339:. 5314:. 5289:. 5263:. 5236:. 5207:. 5170:. 5145:. 5119:. 5093:. 5062:. 5030:. 5000:. 4986:3 4921:. 4896:. 4869:2 4812:. 4770:. 4722:. 4718:: 4695:. 4670:. 4650:: 4627:. 4597:. 4524:. 4520:: 4514:2 4497:. 4458:. 4399:. 4359:. 4334:. 4308:. 4286:: 4254:6 4234:. 4209:. 4172:. 4039:. 3983:. 3956:. 3927:) 3923:( 3841:. 3801:. 3774:2 3718:. 3688:. 3676:: 3561:. 3499:. 3467:. 3437:. 3417:: 3369:. 3340:. 3196:: 3149:2 2504:) 2120:) 2055:( 1825:( 1091:( 646:/ 599:) 336:( 324:ق 322:( 191:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index