745:(ISIL). In June 2019, an ISIL propaganda video showed Musa Baluku pledging allegiance to ISIL. A "major faction" of the ADF joined Baluku, but a group of Mukulu loyalists opposed to this course consequently split off. The splinter faction was believed to be small, counting 10 to 30 fighters as well as their followers, and to be led by a man known as "Muzaaya". Muzaaya had previously served as a commander for ADF's southern division, the "Mwalika camp"; his splinter was believed to be based along the Semliki River in the Virunga National Park. Muzaaya's group included at least one senior commander, Benjamin Kisokeranio, and was rumoured to enjoy support from Mukulu's son Hassan Nyanzi who is based in South Africa. The ADF's international support network was also affected by the split; several supporters attempted to stay neutral and declare no
261:
219:
71:
171:
195:
285:
321:
489:
297:
273:
249:
230:
309:
207:
576:, the ADF has given few coherent rationales for their insurgency. The ADF chose western Uganda apparently for three reasons: terrain that is ideal for a rural insurgency, proximity to the DRC where the rebels could set up bases and recruit fighters, and the presence of some Ugandan ethnic groups unfriendly to the government that could offer assistance. It received support from the government of
709:, without offering evidence in either case. In late April 2015, the ADF's leader, Jamil Mukulu, was arrested in Tanzania. In July 2015, he was extradited to Uganda. Despite Mukulu's attempts to keep influencing the ADF from prison, Musa Baluku consequently cemented his power and moved the ADF closer to international
596:
While in-depth research explores the group's early years in Uganda, there has been hardly any in-depth academic analysis on its activities since it resurfaced in the Congo in 2010. Per
Kristof Titeca, the lack of knowledge has also been exploited by some political players to craft the narratives for
688:
to attack positions of foreign negative forces operating in the DRC, including the ADF. In late
September 2013, 3 people were killed and 30 abducted during an ADF attack in the Watalinga Sector, North Kivu, DRC. Omar Kavota, the vice president and spokesman of the local civil society in North Kivu,
704:
soldiers, former members of RCD–K/ML as well as members of communal militias were also involved. From
December 2014 to January 2015, three Muslim clerics were killed by unknown assailants. Six alleged ADF members were arrested. However, the government did not show any evidence for ADF links. On 30
692:
In
January 2014, the FARDC launched a major offensive against ADF forces in Beni. By April, Mukulu and other senior leaders of the group fled their headquarters camp from approaching FARDC forces. The remaining ADF fighters– alongside women and children – retreated into the forest, where their
592:
Since the 2000s, the ADF has shown no commitment to its original goal of creating an
Islamic state except to use it as a narrative to unite its members. By the late 2000s, its leaders had ceased making public proclamations, avoided media and harshly punished runaways. With their methods, the
448:
against the ADF have severely affected it, the ADF has been able to regenerate because its recruitment and financial networks have remained intact. Some of the attacks it has been blamed for also appear to have been committed by other rebel groups as well as the
Congolese Armed Forces.
2130:
796:. In-depth reports have denied this link, stating that there is contact but not real integration. MONUSCO has accused it of having extensive links to international Islamist terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, al-Qaeda (in the Maghreb) and Boko Haram.
627:
Ceasefire and amnesty talks between the government of Uganda and the ADF were held in
Nairobi starting in May 2008. Negotiations were complicated by the fragmentation of the ADF's leadership. Non-combatant dependents of the ADF were repatriated to Uganda by the
640:
From 2011 to 2013, several hundreds of people were kidnapped in Beni, some by ADF and some by other armed groups. In April 2013, it was reported that ADF started a recruitment campaign in
Kampala and other parts of the country. Citing a defector from ADF,
693:
numbers were significantly reduced in the following months as a result of starvation, desertion, and continued FARDC attacks. Mukulu and others moved into exile. From this point onwards, the ADF fell under the control of the old second-in-command
612:
districts. The biggest battle occurred on 27 March, when the UPDF faced an estimated 60 ADF troops, killing 34, including three senior commanders. The UPDF claimed to have retrieved numerous weapons as well as documents that tied the ADF to the
804:
and World Policy
Institute however have considered MONUSCO's single source as dubious. In 2021, the group claimed at least one attack near Kampala that killed one and injured 7. The deadliest terror incident in Ugandan history was
685:
716:
As of
November 2015, the number of attacks on Congolese forces continued, with weekly attacks of varying size taking place and killing more than 400 people in 2015, especially in the territories of Beni (North Kivu) and Irumu
2661:
2195:
2122:
2225:
1398:
662:
632:(IOM). At least 48 ADF fighters surrendered and were given amnesty. As the threat from the LRA in the DRC waned, the UPDF put increasing focus on the ADF as a reason for UPDF personnel to remain in the DRC.
1897:
1867:
666:
670:
136:
1837:
1528:
982:
1606:
593:
leadership managed to minimize any interactions that might reveal its objectives and activities. This worked to their advantage, allowing them to survive despite repeated military attacks.
2157:
2792:
1644:
930:
776:. In April 2024, a joint operation between the armies of the DRC and Uganda enabled the neutralization of two ADF leaders, nicknamed Doctor “Musa”, and the other Commander “Baghdad”.
2546:
2179:
1356:
2777:
2217:
2797:
2782:
1795:
856:
370:
1116:
1094:
1263:
760:, the ADF completely splintered during these operations, and the rival factions also distanced themselves from each other geographically. Some ADF elements moved to the
1701:
700:
From October to December 2014, 250 people were killed for which ADF was solely blamed by the DRC government and MONUSCO. The Congo Research Group however stated that
1769:
20:
1390:
2340:
2005:
1889:
2308:
1859:
1038:
429:
and the United States. It was originally based in western Uganda but has expanded into the neighbouring DRC. Most Ugandan ADF fighters are Muslims from the
1829:
753:
960:
756:(FARDC) conducted large-scale operations from late 2019 to late 2020 that greatly weakened the ADF, killing hundreds of its fighters. According to the
677:
597:
their own objectives. In general, the group increasingly intermingled with the local population during this time, with many fighters marrying locals.
1536:
986:
2274:
1670:
828:
financier (Waleed Ahmed Zein) is said to have paid the group at least once according to a report of the New York University's Congo Research Group.
2375:
2312:
1614:
658:
645:
reported that approximately ten new recruits joined ADF forces every day. In July 2013, the ADF renewed its fighting in the Congolese district of
2088:
2730:
Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.
2035:
2615:
2534:
1739:
1495:
1177:
1636:
922:
2333:
1064:
769:
2505:
1348:
2252:
1203:
2565:
2397:
1441:
1290:
773:
654:
542:
461:
374:
175:
2069:
2762:
681:
506:
1239:
705:
March 2015, an Ugandan government spokesman had initially blamed ADF and then al-Shabaab for assassination of government prosecutor
2757:
2599:
1225:
629:
1791:
2326:
2309:"Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
845:
2752:
2490:
1123:
1086:
697:. Under his leadership, the ADF became increasingly radical and brutal in its operations, launching more attacks on civilians.
646:
1259:
768:
where they attacked civilians. Despite these setbacks, ADF forces have been associated with 800 deaths and a prison escape in
1962:
1583:
1008:
2767:
2644:
2522:
1761:
825:
742:
2667:
473:
460:
in his place. From 2019, the ADF had split, with one part remaining loyal to Mukulu, while the other had merged into the
347:
336:
1997:
2772:
2747:
2609:
1030:
528:
2448:
1697:
601:
422:
266:
2787:
788:
fighters from Somalia are collaborating with the ADF. Uganda has claimed that there is a link between them with
2408:
510:
952:
2484:
378:
2259:
673:, triggering the flight of over 60,000 refugees across the border into the Ugandan district of Bundibugyo.
145:
2251:
Candland, Tara; Finck, Adam; Ingram, Haroro J.; Poole, Laren; Vidino, Lorenzo; Weiss, Caleb (March 2021).
2540:
1674:
789:
785:
211:
757:
572:
Beyond this vaguely stated religious ideology and statements that the government discriminates against
2096:
733:
on 7 December 2017, which killed 15 UN peacekeepers, all Tanzanians, as well as 5 Congolese soldiers.
541:
The ADF was formed as merger of several rebel factions, including the Allied Democratic Movement, the
2638:
2027:
614:
223:
1735:
1467:
1149:
846:"Inside the ADF Rebellion: A Glimpse into the Life and Operations of a Secretive Jihadi Armed Group"
357:
2318:
499:
1468:"Rebels without borders in the Rwenzori borderland? A biography of the Allied Democratic Forces"
1150:"Rebels without borders in the Rwenzori borderland? A biography of the Allied Democratic Forces"
1060:
2442:
2413:
689:
condemned the abductions. According to the civil society, the abductees included eight minors.
621:
2311:(with link to report, PowerPoint and video of presentation by Hans Romkema and Steve Bradley)
1830:"Nord-Kivu : au moins 30 morts dans les combats entre l'armée et les rebelles ADF à Beni"
2402:
1419:
Prunier, 87. See Kirsten Alnaes, "Songs of the Rwenzururu Rebellion," in P.H. Gulliver, ed.,
1199:
983:"Suspected Ugandan Islamist rebel attack in Congo kills at least five | The Japan Times"
806:
2284:
1437:
1286:
2697:
2430:
2385:
2297:
726:
426:
8:
2436:
2303:
800:
686:
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
605:
2528:
2293:
2288:
2153:
1487:
1169:
761:
445:
187:
70:
2187:
1580:"Uganda: Allied Democratic Forces Recruiting in Kampala, Says Defector (Page 1 of 2)"
1491:
1173:
554:
452:
From 2015, the ADF experienced a radicalisation after the imprisonment of its leader
150:
772:. In 2020, Baluku claimed that the ADF had ceased to exist and was succeeded by the
557:
who converted to Islam. The members were largely from central Uganda, in particular
2662:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
2391:
2379:
2354:
1479:
1161:
609:
604:(UPDF) engaged incursive ADF groups in multiple firefights, killing at least 46 in
106:
45:
1996:
Mahtani, Dino; van de Walle, Nelleke; Pigou, Piers; Elias, Meron (18 March 2021).
1958:
1312:
897:
2350:
1579:
1483:
1320:
1165:
1000:
573:
546:
399:
383:
88:
59:
2711:
2218:"Financier of Islamic State paid money to rebel group in eastern Congo: report"
1001:"DR Congo poll: Five things to know about the nation that powers mobile phones"
818:
765:
718:
853:
Congo Research Group: Center on International Cooperation, New York University
2741:
2191:
722:
642:
340:
200:
170:
102:
1391:"The Rise of ADF-NALU in Central Africa and Its Connections with al-Shabaab"
2495:
814:
620:
On 13 April 2007, the UPDF and ADF engaged in an intense battle inside the
550:
453:
407:
84:
1860:"Ituri: 2 blessés graves après une attaque attribuée aux rebelles des ADF"
1529:"Jihadists, Rebels or Bandits? The Threat of the Allied Democratic Forces"
1371:
2603:
2594:
784:
The DRC government, citing civil society groups in North Kivu, says that
706:
694:
650:
457:
95:
1890:"Rebels kill 15 peacekeepers in Congo in worst attack on U.N. in recent"
746:
730:
513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
441:
290:
1240:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1226:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2022: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1792:"Islamist rebel handed over to Uganda from Tanzania: army spokesman"
488:
2348:
1941:
1939:
793:
710:
414:
326:
1087:"The tentative ties between the Allied Democratic Forces and ISIS"
2719:
2686:
2278:
1977:
817:
in Kampala to watch a World Cup soccer game were killed in those
810:
566:
430:
1936:
1912:
1810:
1558:
1556:
1554:
2577:
2499:
879:
877:
581:
562:
558:
434:
418:
353:
302:
278:
254:
2549:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)
2028:"At least 25 killed by rebels in eastern Congo; some beheaded"
2691:
2571:
1998:"Understanding the New U.S. Terrorism Designations in Africa"
1995:
1924:
1716:
1551:
701:
577:
314:
235:
37:
2089:"DR Congo gov't denounces Al-Shabaab presence in North Kivu"
2050:
1698:"Congo army attacks Ugandan Islamist rebels in lawless east"
874:
2478:
98:(leader 2015–2019; commander of pro-ISIL faction from 2019)
2793:
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
2180:"2 explosions rock Uganda's capital, Kampala, injuring 24"
1607:"16 killed in clash between DRC army and Ugandan militias"
741:
From 2017, ADF elements began to forge connections to the
587:
21:
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
736:
440:
Since the late 1990s, the ADF has operated in the DRC's
813:, claimed by Al-Shabab. 74 people who had assembled in
580:, which was engaged in disputes with the government of
749:
to either the Mukulu loyalists or Baluku's followers.
624:, near the upscale Semliki Lodge tourist destination.
2778:
Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist
1762:"Fugitive Ugandan Islamist rebel leader held: report"
635:
444:
province near the border with Uganda. While repeated
425:(DRC). It considered a terrorist organisation by the
2798:
Factions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2783:
Rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1637:"Rebels Drive More Than 60,000 From Congo to Uganda"
754:
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
676:
Early in September 2013, regional leaders under the
100:"Muzaaya" (commander of Mukulu loyalists from 2019)
1461:
1459:
678:International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
569:, and portray themselves as religious crusaders.
2739:
2313:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
2294:UGANDA: IRIN Special Report on the ADF rebellion
659:Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2692:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
2572:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
2250:
2056:
1983:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1816:
1722:
1562:
1456:
1377:
1313:"Uganda: Baganda, Basoga Dominate ADF - Kavuma"
883:
2616:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
2275:Uganda army says troops kill 38 rebel fighters
2070:"Another top ADF commander killed in DR Congo"
1959:"Uganda: Rise of Home-Grown Bombers in Uganda"
2334:
2602:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the
1664:
1662:
1573:
1571:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1431:
1429:
1257:
770:2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
680:(ICGLR) asked the recently formed combative
549:movement. The main figure of the group was
51:
1343:
1341:
1063:. Congo Research Group. 20 September 2017.
669:. On 11 July, the ADF attacked the town of
2341:
2327:
2315:, September 2007, in particular p. 12
2116:
2114:
543:National Army for the Liberation of Uganda
2600:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique pour le Rwanda
1668:
1659:
1568:
1510:
1426:
1349:"New Insights on Congo's Islamist Rebels"
1031:"They Killed people Until They Got Tired"
721:). The ADF have been blamed for the 2016
682:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
529:Learn how and when to remove this message
2080:
1629:
1423:(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969)
1338:
630:International Organization for Migration
2566:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
2531:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)
2111:
1738:. Congo Research Group. 21 March 2016.
1695:
1604:
1598:
1421:Tradition and Transition in East Africa
1253:
1251:
1249:
1147:
774:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
588:Low-level operations in the early 2000s
462:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
176:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
89:
2740:
2304:IDP numbers by the Global IDP Database
1736:"REPORT: WHO ARE THE KILLERS OF BENI?"
1577:
1465:
779:
2529:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération
2508:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)
2322:
2228:from the original on 16 November 2018
2198:from the original on 16 November 2021
2160:from the original on 27 February 2023
1965:from the original on 24 November 2021
1870:from the original on 21 November 2015
1840:from the original on 25 November 2015
1798:from the original on 16 November 2015
1772:from the original on 16 November 2015
1742:from the original on 16 November 2017
1498:from the original on 24 November 2021
1444:from the original on 17 November 2015
1435:
1293:from the original on 17 November 2015
1284:
1180:from the original on 24 November 2021
1067:from the original on 16 November 2017
953:"Rebels kill 30 soldiers in DR Congo"
933:from the original on 28 February 2020
895:
737:Split and Baluku's allegiance to ISIL
661:(FARDC), briefly taking the towns of
2645:Nationalist and Integrationist Front
2523:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
2133:from the original on 25 October 2017
2086:
1704:from the original on 21 October 2014
1586:from the original on 12 October 2017
1383:
1246:
1097:from the original on 7 December 2018
1041:from the original on 3 February 2019
963:from the original on 27 January 2021
862:from the original on 3 December 2018
743:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
545:(NALU), and militant members of the
511:adding citations to reliable sources
482:
201:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2038:from the original on 1 January 2021
1900:from the original on 6 October 2018
1266:from the original on 20 August 2016
1109:
1011:from the original on 9 January 2019
474:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
337:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
39:Vikosi vya Muungano wa Kidemokrasia
13:
2120:
2008:from the original on 28 March 2021
1696:Katombe, Kenny (17 January 2014).
1647:from the original on 4 August 2013
1472:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1359:from the original on 31 March 2016
1154:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1122:. 19 December 2012. Archived from
1053:
985:. 24 December 2018. Archived from
764:, while others had relocated into
636:2013 resurgence and radicalisation
14:
2809:
2610:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
2267:
2151:
1673:. Newvision.co.ug. Archived from
1401:from the original on 29 June 2015
1206:from the original on 11 July 2020
1061:"THE BENI KILLINGS: OUR FINDINGS"
657:fought a pitched battle with the
2763:Factions of the Second Congo War
2612:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)
2123:"Jihadis in Congo? Probably not"
1961:. All Africa. 18 November 2021.
1605:Kambale, Juakali (2 July 2013).
1578:Candia, Steven (11 April 2013).
487:
478:
423:Democratic Republic of the Congo
319:
307:
295:
283:
271:
259:
247:
228:
217:
205:
193:
169:
69:
2758:Factions of the First Congo War
2481:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)
2210:
2172:
2145:
2062:
2020:
1989:
1951:
1882:
1852:
1822:
1784:
1754:
1728:
1689:
1669:newvision (26 September 2013).
1413:
1305:
1278:
1232:
1218:
1192:
1141:
1079:
498:needs additional citations for
348:Designated as a terrorist group
2698:White Legion (First Congo War)
2244:
1535:. 27 June 2017. Archived from
1023:
993:
975:
945:
915:
898:"Uganda: Amin's Son Leads ADF"
896:Allio, Emmy (1 October 1998).
889:
838:
1:
2753:1996 establishments in Uganda
2485:Rally for Congolese Democracy
831:
602:Uganda People's Defence Force
2547:Front de Libération du Congo
2537:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)
2260:George Washington University
2253:"The Islamic State in Congo"
1671:"ADF kill three in DR Congo"
1484:10.1080/17531055.2012.664708
1166:10.1080/17531055.2012.664708
923:"Rebels are killing Tourism"
855:. November 2018. p. 8.
653:, the ADF together with the
404:Forces démocratiques alliées
267:Democratic Republic of Congo
53:Forces Démocratiques Alliées
7:
2768:Islamic terrorism in Africa
2541:Union of Congolese Patriots
1380:, pp. 2, 17–18, 24–25.
1260:"Ugandas rising threat adf"
1117:"ADF-NALU's Lost Rebellion"
10:
2814:
2156:. World Policy Institute.
2087:Yang, Fang (5 July 2013).
1438:"Allied Democratic Forces"
1287:"Allied Democratic Forces"
1200:"Allied Democratic Forces"
809:in the Ugandan capital of
758:International Crisis Group
471:
467:
18:
2773:Islamist insurgent groups
2728:
2710:
2677:
2668:National Liberation Front
2654:
2625:
2587:
2556:
2515:
2471:
2462:
2423:
2368:
2361:
1794:. Reuters. 12 July 2015.
1262:. Trackingterrorism.org.
1148:Kristof, Kristof (2012).
363:
346:
332:
242:
182:
164:
156:
144:
132:
122:1996–2019 (unified group)
116:
80:
68:
36:
35:
30:
2748:Allied Democratic Forces
2633:Allied Democratic Forces
2285:Allied Democratic Forces
2076:. Monitor. 9 April 2024.
1466:Titeca, Kristof (2012).
396:Allied Democratic Forces
31:Allied Democratic Forces
19:Not to be confused with
2618:(FDLR, created in 2000)
1334:(subscription required)
600:During March 2007, the
2788:Rebel groups in Uganda
2639:Lord's Resistance Army
2574:(UNITA, in Second War)
2525:(MLC, created in 1998)
2382:/ FARDC, after Mobutu)
1440:. Globalsecurity.org.
649:. According to the UN
622:Semuliki National Park
615:Lord's Resistance Army
403:
224:Lord's Resistance Army
52:
38:
2694:(UNITA, in First War)
93:) (leader until 2015)
2388:(FAA, in Second War)
2349:Armed groups in the
2057:Candland et al. 2021
1984:Candland et al. 2021
1946:Candland et al. 2021
1931:Candland et al. 2021
1919:Candland et al. 2021
1866:. 17 November 2015.
1817:Candland et al. 2021
1723:Candland et al. 2021
1643:. AP. 14 July 2013.
1563:Candland et al. 2021
1533:Sustainable Security
1395:Jamestown Foundation
1378:Candland et al. 2021
1355:. 19 February 2015.
1129:on 21 September 2016
1007:. 29 December 2018.
989:on 24 December 2018.
929:. 20 November 1999.
884:Candland et al. 2021
507:improve this article
2678:Government-aligned,
2433:(FAA, in First War)
2127:The Washington Post
1896:. 8 December 2017.
1836:. 28 October 2015.
1353:The Washington Post
1093:. 6 December 2018.
927:Africa Intelligence
801:The Washington Post
780:Foreign involvement
446:military offensives
186:APC (armed wing of
16:Ugandan rebel group
2289:GlobalSecurity.org
2034:. 1 January 2021.
1986:, pp. 39, 42.
1677:on 19 October 2014
1641:The New York Times
1397:. 9 January 2015.
1258:Jasmine Opperman.
1091:thedefensepost.com
762:Rwenzori Mountains
427:Ugandan government
118:Dates of operation
2735:
2734:
2706:
2705:
2458:
2457:
2355:Second Congo Wars
2300:, 8 December 1999
2154:"Congo's "Mr. X""
2121:Titeca, Kristof.
2099:on 18 August 2013
1948:, pp. 24–25.
1921:, pp. 22–23.
1819:, pp. 17–18.
1768:. 30 April 2015.
1582:. allAfrica.com.
539:
538:
531:
392:
391:
151:Islamic extremism
2805:
2557:Anti-government,
2469:
2468:
2380:Mobuto Sese Seko
2366:
2365:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2263:
2257:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1525:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1323:. 4 January 2000
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
997:
991:
990:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
893:
887:
881:
872:
871:
869:
867:
861:
850:
842:
534:
527:
523:
520:
514:
491:
483:
456:and the rise of
367:Preceded by
333:Battles and wars
325:
323:
322:
313:
311:
310:
301:
299:
298:
289:
287:
286:
277:
275:
274:
265:
263:
262:
253:
251:
250:
234:
232:
231:
222:
221:
220:
210:
209:
208:
199:
197:
196:
178:(Baluku faction)
174:
173:
119:
111:
91:
73:
64:
63:
55:
49:
41:
28:
27:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2702:
2679:
2673:
2650:
2621:
2583:
2558:
2552:
2511:
2464:
2454:
2424:Anti-government
2419:
2362:National armies
2357:
2347:
2281:, 28 March 2007
2270:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2184:Washington Post
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:Fahey, Daniel.
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1539:on 5 April 2018
1527:
1526:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1464:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1321:Kampala, Uganda
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
999:
998:
994:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
894:
890:
882:
875:
865:
863:
859:
848:
844:
843:
839:
834:
782:
739:
638:
590:
547:Tablighi Jamaat
535:
524:
518:
515:
504:
492:
481:
476:
470:
437:ethnic groups.
417:rebel group in
388:
387:
384:Tablighi Jamaat
381:
377:
373:
369:
356:
320:
318:
317:
308:
306:
305:
296:
294:
293:
284:
282:
281:
272:
270:
269:
260:
258:
257:
248:
246:
229:
227:
226:
218:
216:
215:
206:
204:
203:
194:
192:
191:
168:
139:
128:(factionalised)
123:
117:
107:
101:
99:
94:
76:
75:Flag of the ADF
57:
50:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2712:United Nations
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2516:Uganda-aligned
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:in South Kivu)
2493:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2472:Rwanda-aligned
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2369:Pro-government
2363:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2282:
2269:
2268:External links
2266:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2209:
2171:
2144:
2110:
2079:
2061:
2049:
2019:
1988:
1976:
1950:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1881:
1851:
1821:
1809:
1783:
1753:
1727:
1715:
1688:
1658:
1628:
1617:on 6 July 2013
1597:
1567:
1550:
1509:
1455:
1425:
1412:
1382:
1370:
1337:
1304:
1277:
1245:
1231:
1217:
1191:
1140:
1108:
1078:
1052:
1022:
992:
974:
944:
914:
888:
873:
836:
835:
833:
830:
819:FIFA World Cup
781:
778:
766:Ituri Province
738:
735:
637:
634:
589:
586:
537:
536:
495:
493:
486:
480:
477:
472:Main article:
469:
466:
464:under Baluku.
390:
389:
365:
364:
361:
360:
351:
344:
343:
334:
330:
329:
244:
240:
239:
184:
180:
179:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2670:(FLN/FROLINA)
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1933:, p. 13.
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1725:, p. 17.
1724:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1611:Africa Review
1608:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1565:, p. 12.
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1322:
1318:
1317:allafrica.com
1314:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
978:
962:
958:
957:www.aa.com.tr
954:
948:
932:
928:
924:
918:
903:
902:allAfrica.com
899:
892:
886:, p. 24.
885:
880:
878:
858:
854:
847:
841:
837:
829:
827:
826:Islamic State
822:
820:
816:
815:public places
812:
808:
807:a 2010 attack
803:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
725:and also for
724:
723:Beni massacre
720:
714:
712:
708:
703:
698:
696:
690:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:AllAfrica.com
633:
631:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
533:
530:
522:
519:November 2015
512:
508:
502:
501:
496:This section
494:
490:
485:
484:
479:Establishment
475:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
359:
358:United States
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:Kivu conflict
338:
335:
331:
328:
316:
304:
292:
280:
268:
256:
245:
241:
237:
225:
213:
202:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
163:
160:500 (in 2018)
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
138:
135:
131:
127:
121:
115:
112:
110:
104:
103:Dusman Sabuni
97:
92:
86:
83:
79:
72:
67:
61:
54:
47:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2655:Anti-Burundi
2632:
2535:RCD-National
2496:Banyamulenge
2465:rebel groups
2463:Militias and
2378:(FAZ, under
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2126:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2092:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2059:, p. 2.
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2002:Crisis Group
2001:
1991:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1953:
1926:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1541:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1532:
1500:. Retrieved
1475:
1471:
1446:. Retrieved
1420:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1234:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1157:
1153:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
987:the original
977:
965:. Retrieved
956:
947:
935:. Retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:
891:
864:. Retrieved
852:
840:
823:
799:
798:
783:
751:
740:
715:
699:
691:
675:
639:
626:
619:
599:
595:
591:
571:
551:Jamil Mukulu
540:
525:
516:
505:Please help
500:verification
497:
454:Jamil Mukulu
451:
439:
410:
395:
393:
382:Elements of
366:
133:Headquarters
125:
108:
85:Jamil Mukulu
25:
2626:Anti-Uganda
2604:Interahamwe
2595:Interahamwe
2588:Anti-Rwanda
2245:Works cited
2232:15 November
2202:16 November
2164:15 November
2137:15 November
2074:Alex Ashaba
1969:24 November
1904:10 December
1874:25 November
1864:Radio Okapi
1844:25 November
1834:Radio Okapi
1802:13 November
1776:13 November
1746:15 November
1700:. Reuters.
1502:24 November
1478:: 154–176.
1436:John Pike.
1363:13 November
1297:14 November
1285:John Pike.
1184:24 November
1160:: 154–176.
1045:15 November
937:28 February
907:28 February
707:Joan Kagezi
695:Musa Baluku
651:Radio Okapi
553:, a former
458:Musa Baluku
408:abbreviated
238:(suspected)
214:(suspected)
96:Musa Baluku
2742:Categories
2664:(CNDD-FDD)
2580:(in Ituri)
1405:24 October
1270:20 October
1133:18 October
1101:6 December
1071:5 December
967:30 October
866:2 December
832:References
821:bombings.
790:al-Shabaab
786:Al-Shabaab
747:allegiance
731:North Kivu
684:under the
663:Mamundioma
606:Bundibugyo
442:North Kivu
291:Mozambique
212:Al-Shabaab
2506:RCD-Congo
2445:(RPF/RDF)
2192:0190-8286
2042:1 January
1492:144602662
1327:19 August
1210:8 October
1174:144602662
1035:Vice News
1015:9 January
727:an attack
574:Tablighis
243:Opponents
2568:(SPLA/M)
2498:(ethnic
2491:RCD–Goma
2414:Zimbabwe
2226:Archived
2196:Archived
2158:Archived
2131:Archived
2036:Archived
2012:27 March
2006:Archived
1963:Archived
1898:Archived
1868:Archived
1838:Archived
1796:Archived
1770:Archived
1740:Archived
1702:Archived
1645:Archived
1584:Archived
1496:Archived
1442:Archived
1399:Archived
1357:Archived
1291:Archived
1264:Archived
1204:Archived
1178:Archived
1095:Archived
1065:Archived
1039:Archived
1009:Archived
1005:BBC News
961:Archived
931:Archived
857:Archived
794:al-Qaeda
711:jihadism
667:Totolito
555:Catholic
421:and the
415:Islamist
413:) is an
386:movement
327:Tanzania
188:RCD/K-ML
146:Ideology
2720:MONUSCO
2687:Mai-Mai
2437:Burundi
2403:Namibia
2279:Reuters
2222:Reuters
2103:15 July
2032:AP NEWS
1894:Reuters
1651:15 July
1621:15 July
1543:4 April
811:Kampala
671:Kamango
617:(LRA).
610:Mubende
567:Kampala
468:History
431:Baganda
165:Part of
126:present
109:†
87: (
81:Leaders
46:Swahili
2578:CODECO
2500:Tutsis
2451:(UPDF)
2449:Uganda
2443:Rwanda
2431:Angola
2394:(FANT)
2386:Angola
2190:
2093:Xinhua
1708:19 May
1681:19 May
1590:19 May
1490:
1448:19 May
1172:
582:Uganda
565:, and
563:Masaka
559:Iganga
435:Basoga
419:Uganda
400:French
354:Uganda
324:
312:
303:Rwanda
300:
288:
279:Angola
276:
264:
255:Uganda
252:
233:
198:
183:Allies
140:?–2020
137:Madina
105:
60:French
56:
42:
2680:other
2647:(FNI)
2641:(LRA)
2635:(ADF)
2559:other
2543:(UPC)
2487:(RCD)
2439:(FAB)
2416:(ZNA)
2409:Sudan
2405:(NDF)
2398:Libya
2376:Zaire
2351:First
2256:(PDF)
1488:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1127:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
860:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
719:Ituri
702:FARDC
578:Sudan
315:Kenya
236:Sudan
124:2019–
2479:AFDL
2392:Chad
2353:and
2298:IRIN
2234:2018
2204:2021
2188:ISSN
2166:2017
2139:2017
2105:2013
2044:2021
2014:2021
1971:2021
1906:2017
1876:2015
1846:2015
1804:2015
1778:2015
1748:2017
1710:2014
1683:2014
1653:2013
1623:2013
1592:2014
1545:2018
1504:2021
1450:2014
1407:2015
1365:2015
1329:2024
1299:2015
1272:2014
1212:2021
1186:2021
1135:2014
1103:2018
1073:2017
1047:2018
1017:2019
969:2020
939:2020
909:2020
868:2018
792:and
752:The
665:and
655:NALU
647:Beni
608:and
433:and
394:The
379:UMLA
375:NALU
157:Size
2287:at
2277:",
1766:AFP
1480:doi
1162:doi
824:An
729:in
509:by
411:ADF
371:ADM
90:POW
2744::
2258:.
2224:.
2220:.
2194:.
2186:.
2182:.
2129:.
2125:.
2113:^
2091:.
2072:.
2030:.
2004:.
2000:.
1938:^
1892:.
1862:.
1832:.
1764:.
1661:^
1639:.
1609:.
1570:^
1553:^
1531:.
1512:^
1494:.
1486:.
1474:.
1470:.
1458:^
1428:^
1393:.
1351:.
1340:^
1319:.
1315:.
1289:.
1248:^
1202:.
1176:.
1168:.
1156:.
1152:.
1089:.
1037:.
1033:.
1003:.
959:.
955:.
925:.
900:.
876:^
851:.
713:.
584:.
561:,
406:;
402::
350:by
339:,
2606:)
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2296:—
2273:"
2262:.
2236:.
2206:.
2168:.
2141:.
2107:.
2046:.
2016:.
1973:.
1908:.
1878:.
1848:.
1806:.
1780:.
1750:.
1712:.
1685:.
1655:.
1625:.
1594:.
1547:.
1506:.
1482::
1476:6
1452:.
1409:.
1367:.
1331:.
1301:.
1274:.
1242:.
1228:.
1214:.
1188:.
1164::
1158:6
1137:.
1105:.
1075:.
1049:.
1019:.
971:.
941:.
911:.
870:.
717:(
532:)
526:(
521:)
517:(
503:.
398:(
190:)
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
