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is used as a three-phase interphase, giving a site where sulphur or polysulphides, lithium ions and electrons can all interact in one step. This greatly increases the rate of reaction, making lithium-sulphur cells a practical possibility not just a theoretical one. For a long time, the exact nature of the intermediate reactions during the charging or discharging of the cell were left up to speculation, due to the highly reactive nature of lithium polysulphides. This high reactivity makes it almost impossible to perform any type of analysis on the substrates, as they inevitably degrade within seconds. SLIQ battery closely resembles the voltage profile and the gravimetric capacity of a lithium sulfur battery cell. SLIQ battery has four discrete stages during discharge. The capacity Vs voltage plot of a SLIQ battery is shown below which clearly shows these four discrete stages during discharging.
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One of the most promising possibilities of enhancing battery energy storage is to use sulphur as the positive electrode. Lithium-sulphur batteries are a tempting solution due to sulphur having a high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g-1), as well as being non-toxic, abundant, and very low in cost. The
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In reality, the reactions taking place are much more complicated and occur through several intermediates, collectively known as polysulphides. For the charging or discharging reactions to take place, carbon must be present as a catalytic current collector, allowing electrons to pass through. Carbon
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S), and the formation of it can cause a passivation layer on the electrode, causing the sulphur to be under-utilised. The passivation layer conducts electrons even more poorly than elemental sulphur, a known insulator, so the sulphur must migrate to the current collector surface in order to react.
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The first stage occurs between the voltages of 2.4 V and 2.1 V, with the sharp drop in voltage against capacity between 2.3 V and 2.1 V representing the second stage. The third stage is gently sloping plateau between 2.1 V and 2.05 V before the second sharp drop that is the fourth stage, occurring
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report on ‘The Cost and
Performance Requirements for “Flexible” Advanced Nuclear Plants in Future Power Markets’ published in the official ARPA-E website. This ARPA-E report indicates that the SLIQ technology has a cost lower than $ 94/kWh with a life time exceeding 20 years, which makes this
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believe they can help communities with low or no connectivity to have reliable access to energy sources and bringing economic, social and environment benefits to developing countries and emerging economies. In addition this technology has been used to set up a smart energy network for
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of 1675 mAh g. Therefore the theoretical energy density and theoretical energy capacity of SLIQ technology can be very close to 2600 Wh kg and 1675 mAh g respectively. This alkali sulphur liquid battery has been chosen to be included in an
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is leading a research project aimed at reducing the cost and improving the performance of battery technologies, for use in developing countries and emerging economies using this technology. With the development of this technology for
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and UK governments to install large scale SLIQ battery systems to support the grid and to support storage of renewable generation. According to this news article in a
British news paper this technology and supporting
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will demonstrate how this energy storage systems can increase uptake of renewables, save money for customers and utilities, and accelerate carbon reductions by boosting the use of electric energy. The
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are independently scalable giving complete flexibility. The size of the power stack defines the power of the battery and the amount of the liquid in the tank defines the battery capacity. high DC-DC
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is converted to continuously refreshing and free flowing liquid, making this a different battery variant while solving some of the inherent problems explained above. The result is a refreshing
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Report describes this technology as a novel flow battery technology that is low-cost, long lasting and easily scalable. Can be used for very long term storage economically and sustainably.
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840:, Pasidu, Mihikara Pallawela, "Alkali polysulphide flow battery", published 2019-02-06, issued 2017-07-31, assigned to Power Migration Partners Ltd.
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discharge reaction in a lithium-sulphur cell, when using elemental sulphur as the positive electrode, can be written in its simplified form below:
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Awards in 2017 as the best business innovation and won the category award. SLIQ also won several
Rushlight awards in 2020, winning the overall
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467:), making the reaction kinetics very sluggish. SLIQ technology has been developed providing practical solutions to solve these known problems.
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of 93.15%, which is comparatively higher other comparable battery storage systems with online references. This technology is based on
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The alkaline sulfur liquid battery is an interesting concept due to the simplicity, low cost, durability, thermal stability (no
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The third and fourth stages of the discharge are where S is produced. This molecule is known as an insulating product (Li
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response time due to the use of Li-S chemistry and longer lifetime due to flushing and dosing techniques. The power and
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to support a remote community and has been running successfully since 2013. This product has been recently selected by
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The Single Liquid battery or the Alkali sulfur liquid battery was invented in 2013 by Pasidu
Pallawela. According to
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545:. The internal electrolytes and the catholyte gets refreshed continuously making the life time very long. This
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Sustainable
Islands International website reports that a 30kWh/8 kW prototype has been installed in
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rights to this technology. This technology has been presented in several high-profile industrial energy
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between 2.05 V – 1.5 V. Reactions taking place in each stage of the discharge are listed below;
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award, energy environmental group category award and the Energy
Efficiency group Award.
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767:"Catalytic Engineering - Top Ten Facts about Tesla's $ 350/kWh (DC) PowerWall battery"
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A demonstrator which has been operational since 2017 has shown an overall AC-AC
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technology a definite candidate as an electrical storage technology for the
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Single Liquid
Battery (SLIQ ). In addition to low cost, the SLIQ has high
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of (96.8%) has been demonstrated by the first demonstrator installed at
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984:"StorTera Wins Rushlight Awards 2019-20 - Society for the Environment"
885:"PMP Winner of MEL Chamber of Commerce Business innovation Award 2017"
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618:
87:
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List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources
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669:
630:
510:
506:
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List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources
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1700:
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517:. Technologies such as the SLIQ are crucial to fight the present
502:
475:
459:
The passivation layer further interferes with this process as Li
201:
24:
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1247:
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1119:
1027:"Energy tech StorTera lands £1.6m to power Scot-Canadian pilot"
711:"SLIQ Flow Battery | Off-grid Community Project, Knoydart"
634:
602:
578:
494:
788:"Scientists develop high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries"
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such as All Energy conference and exhibition in the UK. As a
482:
2248:
1621:
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1205:
139:
742:"SLIQ Flow Battery | Off-grid Community Project, Knoydart"
1088:
948:"StorTera Wins Energy Environmental group category award"
624:
177:
514:
91:
1084:
Pasidu
Pallawela's Alkali sulfur liquid battery patent
857:"Dcarbonise Week 2021 - Virtual Sustainability Summit"
681:
3110:
3228:
List of concentrating solar thermal power companies
3139:List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
3843:
3144:List of offshore wind farms in the United States
3134:List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
3308:List of people associated with renewable energy
463:S does not easily conduct elemental sulphur (S
170:liquid and a technology which can be used for
3348:
3096:
2829:
2065:
1104:
599:World Intellectual property organisation WIPO
3304:List of largest hydroelectric power stations
692:
200:
3355:
3341:
3317:List of renewable energy topics by country
3248:List of rooftop photovoltaic installations
3154:Lists of offshore wind farms by water area
3103:
3089:
3063:
2836:
2822:
2072:
2058:
1111:
1097:
3364:Renewable energy by country and territory
2843:
568:technology which have a high theoretical
2079:
613:, this technology was nominated for MEL
151:Worlds’s first SLIQ battery installation
146:
3199:List of wind farms in the United States
3149:Lists of offshore wind farms by country
1043:
966:"StorTera Wins Energy Efficiency Award"
592:
3844:
3312:List of renewable energy organizations
1731:Integrated gasification combined cycle
836:
625:Prototypes and industrial applications
3336:
3299:Lists of hydroelectric power stations
3084:
2817:
2053:
1775:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
1450:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
1092:
1070:from the original on 6 November 2020.
1052:from the original on 5 November 2020.
541:for storage and its applicability to
178:Battery chemistry and active material
3284:List of books about renewable energy
3263:List of solar thermal power stations
2008:
601:Pasidu Pallawela and StorTera holds
553:per kWh of energy storage medium. A
18:
3238:List of photovoltaic power stations
2032:
1917:World energy supply and consumption
826:from the original on 20 March 2021.
429:The fourth stage of reactions are;
13:
3268:People associated with solar power
3243:List of pioneering solar buildings
3204:List of wind turbine manufacturers
2750:Renewable energy commercialization
811:
411:The third stage of reactions are;
294:Secondary stage of reactions are;
14:
3883:
3857:Electric power systems components
3294:List of geothermal power stations
3184:List of wind farms in New Zealand
2991:Research in lithium-ion batteries
1077:
1013:Sustainable Islands International
3825:
3816:
3815:
3380:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3112:Lists of renewable energy topics
3062:
2798:
2797:
2218:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1996:
1995:
668:all their assets and to achieve
470:In this battery technology, the
212:Primary stage of reactions are:
23:
3233:List of photovoltaics companies
3164:List of wind farms in Australia
1064:"Perth Net Zero Energy Network"
1056:
1037:
1019:
1001:
976:
958:
940:
922:
897:
877:
863:
849:
3258:List of solar powered products
3223:Index of solar energy articles
3159:Lists of wind farms by country
2976:Lithium iron phosphate battery
830:
805:
780:
759:
734:
717:
703:
572:of 2600 Wh kg and theoretical
524:
443:Longer chain polysulphides (Li
156:Alkaline sulfur liquid battery
1:
3189:List of wind farms in Romania
2956:Compressed-air energy storage
2745:Renewable Energy Certificates
2705:Cost of electricity by source
2627:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2503:High-voltage shore connection
675:
3194:List of wind farms in Sweden
3179:List of wind farms in Kosovo
3169:List of wind farms in Canada
2760:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2558:Transmission system operator
2518:Mains electricity by country
2095:Automatic generation control
970:Carbon Limiting Technologies
952:Carbon Limiting Technologies
76:Alkali sulfur liquid battery
7:
3862:Electrochemical engineering
2785:List of electricity sectors
2780:Electric energy consumption
2498:High-voltage direct current
2473:Electric power transmission
2463:Electric power distribution
2140:Energy return on investment
1044:faraday (3 November 2020).
662:Perth & Kinross council
615:British Chamber of commerce
166:which consists of only one
108:Charge/discharge efficiency
10:
3888:
3174:List of wind farms in Iran
3129:List of onshore wind farms
2700:Carbon offsets and credits
2418:Three-phase electric power
1118:
537:, eliminating the need of
3811:
3780:
3744:
3708:
3631:
3523:
3516:
3423:
3370:
3276:
3212:
3118:
3058:
3014:
2946:
2878:Artificial photosynthesis
2865:
2858:
2851:
2793:
2768:
2755:Renewable Energy Payments
2678:
2615:
2577:
2431:
2368:
2279:
2244:Fossil fuel power station
2234:
2227:
2216:
2087:
1991:
1965:
1841:
1721:Fossil fuel power station
1689:
1602:
1508:
1383:Electric potential energy
1348:
1328:Thermodynamic temperature
1308:Thermodynamic free energy
1303:Thermodynamic equilibrium
1149:
1126:
1046:"Faraday Battery Project"
930:"StorTera Wins Rushlight"
688:"Knoydart SLIQ Prototype"
657:University of Strathclyde
644:University of Strathclyde
134:
123:
115:
107:
97:
80:
3852:Sustainable technologies
3027:Battery electric vehicle
3022:Alternative fuel vehicle
2893:Concentrated solar power
2538:Single-wire earth return
2478:Electrical busbar system
2135:Energy demand management
1792:Concentrated solar power
3253:List of solar car teams
3032:Hybrid electric vehicle
2961:Flywheel energy storage
2933:Space-based solar power
2669:Residual-current device
2659:Power system protection
2649:Generator interlock kit
1333:Volume (thermodynamics)
1313:Thermodynamic potential
1216:Mass–energy equivalence
127:>16,000-20,000
38:, as no other articles
3001:Thermal energy storage
2453:Distributed generation
2125:Electric power quality
1288:Quantum thermodynamics
1278:Laws of thermodynamics
1159:Conservation of energy
934:Future Economy Network
566:lithium-sulfur battery
543:transportation systems
205:
152:
2928:Photovoltaic pavement
2873:Airborne wind turbine
2845:Emerging technologies
2725:Fossil fuel phase-out
2493:Electricity retailing
2488:Electrical substation
2468:Electric power system
1405:Interatomic potential
1196:Energy transformation
549:technology has a low
204:
150:
2081:Electricity delivery
1853:Efficient energy use
1826:Airborne wind energy
1804:Solar thermal energy
1711:Electricity delivery
1323:Thermodynamic system
1268:Irreversible process
1015:. 10 September 2018.
649:developing countries
593:Invention and awards
562:roundtrip efficiency
135:Nominal cell voltage
2996:Silicon–air battery
2981:Molten-salt battery
2971:Lithium–air battery
2966:Grid energy storage
2918:Molten salt reactor
2888:Carbon-neutral fuel
2690:Availability factor
2642:Sulfur hexafluoride
2523:Overhead power line
2423:Virtual power plant
2398:Induction generator
2351:Sustainable biofuel
2160:Home energy storage
2150:Grid energy storage
2115:Droop speed control
1875:Energy conservation
1797:Photovoltaic system
1770:Nuclear power plant
1455:Quantum fluctuation
1318:Thermodynamic state
1293:Thermal equilibrium
1066:. 21 October 2019.
972:. 10 February 2020.
954:. 10 February 2020.
936:. 19 February 2020.
611:business innovation
539:rare earth minerals
77:
2564:Transmission tower
2175:Nameplate capacity
1912:Sustainable energy
1890:Energy development
1880:Energy consumption
1716:Energy engineering
905:"Rushlight Awards"
206:
153:
75:
57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
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2595:Cascading failure
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2200:Utility frequency
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1814:Solar power tower
1460:Quantum potential
1298:Thermal reservoir
1201:Energy transition
814:"Arpa-E StorTera"
653:faraday institute
535:carbon foot print
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103:220–240 Wh/L
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2908:Hydrogen economy
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2710:Energy subsidies
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2605:Rolling blackout
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2190:Power-flow study
2130:Electrical fault
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1973:Carbon footprint
1907:Renewable energy
1748:Hydroelectricity
1738:Geothermal power
1181:Energy condition
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909:Rushlight Events
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551:carbon footprint
474:and part of the
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119:20-30 years
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50:related articles
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3074:
3046:
3010:
2942:
2847:
2842:
2812:
2807:
2789:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2695:Capacity factor
2683:
2681:
2674:
2654:Numerical relay
2632:Circuit breaker
2620:
2618:
2611:
2573:
2513:Load management
2483:Electrical grid
2448:Demand response
2441:
2436:
2427:
2408:Microgeneration
2360:
2275:
2223:
2214:
2210:Vehicle-to-grid
2083:
2078:
2048:
2043:
1987:
1983:Waste-to-energy
1961:
1897:Energy security
1843:
1837:
1693:
1685:
1664:Natural uranium
1598:
1579:Mechanical wave
1510:Energy carriers
1504:
1344:
1273:Isolated system
1151:
1145:
1122:
1117:
1080:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1033:. 25 June 2019.
1025:
1024:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
982:
981:
977:
964:
963:
959:
946:
945:
941:
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
903:
902:
898:
883:
882:
878:
869:
868:
864:
855:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
823:
816:
810:
806:
796:
794:
786:
785:
781:
771:
769:
765:
764:
760:
750:
748:
740:
739:
735:
727:
723:
722:
718:
709:
708:
704:
699:"ARPA-E Report"
697:
693:
686:
682:
678:
627:
595:
574:energy capacity
531:thermal runaway
527:
466:
462:
457:
450:
446:
435:
425:
417:
408:
400:
394:
390:
382:
376:
368:
362:
358:
350:
344:
336:
330:
326:
318:
312:
308:
300:
291:
283:
277:
273:
265:
259:
255:
247:
240:
232:
226:
218:
193:
189:
180:
138:2.05–2.85
116:Time durability
82:Specific energy
67:
61:
58:
48:
45:introduce links
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3689:United Kingdom
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Czech Republic
3535:
3529:
3527:
3525:European Union
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3042:Wireless power
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3006:Ultracapacitor
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Home fuel cell
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:Statistics and
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Feed-in tariff
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Interconnector
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Dynamic demand
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Combined cycle
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Load-following
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Electric power
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:Jevons paradox
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Energy storage
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Electric power
1703:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1604:Primary energy
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Entropic force
1235:
1228:Thermodynamics
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1078:External links
1076:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1036:
1018:
1000:
975:
957:
939:
921:
896:
876:
871:"Chamber News"
862:
848:
829:
804:
779:
758:
733:
716:
702:
691:
679:
677:
674:
626:
623:
594:
591:
587:climate crisis
570:energy density
526:
523:
519:climate crisis
487:energy density
464:
460:
455:
448:
444:
433:
423:
415:
406:
398:
392:
388:
380:
374:
366:
360:
356:
348:
342:
334:
328:
324:
316:
310:
306:
298:
289:
281:
275:
271:
263:
257:
253:
245:
238:
230:
224:
216:
191:
187:
179:
176:
162:) is a liquid
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
99:Energy density
95:
94:
84:
69:
68:
55:Find link tool
31:
29:
22:
16:Liquid battery
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3884:
3873:
3872:Battery types
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:South America
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:United States
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:North America
3707:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2938:Vortex engine
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Pigouvian tax
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Earth-leakage
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:Failure modes
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Power station
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Rankine cycle
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Cooling tower
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:Non-renewable
2233:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Grid strength
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Demand factor
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
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1970:
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1964:
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1957:United States
1955:
1953:
1952:South America
1950:
1948:
1945:
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1925:
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1898:
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1885:Energy policy
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1809:Solar furnace
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1793:
1790:
1789:
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1785:
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1780:
1776:
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1766:
1765:Nuclear power
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1746:
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1691:Energy system
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1669:
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1647:
1645:
1644:Gravitational
1642:
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1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
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1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Hydrogen fuel
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
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1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:Gravitational
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
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1354:
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1339:
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1279:
1276:
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1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Heat transfer
1261:
1259:
1258:Heat capacity
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Negative mass
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Energy system
1189:
1187:
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1179:
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1014:
1010:
1004:
989:
988:socenv.org.uk
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943:
935:
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910:
906:
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892:
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880:
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866:
858:
852:
839:
833:
822:
815:
808:
793:
789:
783:
768:
762:
747:
743:
737:
726:
725:"BEIS Report"
720:
712:
706:
700:
695:
689:
684:
680:
673:
671:
667:
663:
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645:
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590:
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585:
584:fight against
580:
575:
571:
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563:
558:
556:
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548:
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540:
536:
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522:
520:
516:
512:
509:peninsula in
508:
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477:
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452:
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427:
421:
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372:
363:
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287:
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236:
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222:
213:
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184:
175:
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161:
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141:
137:
133:
130:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
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100:
96:
93:
89:
86:180–190
85:
83:
79:
73:
65:
56:
51:
46:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3757:Cook Islands
3415:South Africa
3067:
2898:Fusion power
2735:Net metering
2682:and policies
2600:Power outage
2569:Utility pole
2533:Pumped hydro
2439:distribution
2434:Transmission
2383:Cogeneration
2185:Power factor
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1782:Oil refinery
1726:Cogeneration
1659:Nuclear fuel
1465:Quintessence
1253:Free entropy
1186:Energy level
1150:Fundamental
1058:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
912:. Retrieved
908:
899:
888:
879:
865:
851:
832:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:
782:
770:. Retrieved
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
736:
719:
705:
694:
683:
628:
596:
559:
528:
469:
453:
442:
437:
431:
428:
419:
413:
410:
402:
396:
384:
378:
370:
364:
352:
346:
338:
332:
320:
314:
302:
296:
293:
285:
279:
267:
261:
249:
243:
234:
228:
220:
214:
211:
207:
196:
185:
181:
172:grid storage
168:rechargeable
159:
155:
154:
111:93.15-96.8%
72:
59:
33:
3767:New Zealand
3674:Switzerland
3603:Netherlands
3493:Philippines
3433:Afghanistan
3277:Other lists
3214:Solar power
2730:Load factor
2585:Black start
2553:Transformer
2254:Natural gas
2205:Variability
2180:Peak demand
2170:Merit order
2100:Backfeeding
2038:WikiProject
1858:Agriculture
1787:Solar power
1753:Tidal power
1627:Natural gas
1617:Fossil fuel
1560:Latent heat
1528:Electricity
792:EurekAlert!
666:decarbonise
640:electronics
607:conferences
525:Performance
491:millisecond
480:polysulfide
472:electrolyte
190:+16 Li →8Li
3867:Fuel cells
3846:Categories
3721:Costa Rica
3593:Luxembourg
3468:Kazakhstan
3438:Bangladesh
3410:Seychelles
3037:Smart grid
2866:Production
2772:production
2617:Protective
2548:Super grid
2543:Smart grid
2370:Generation
2304:Geothermal
2195:Repowering
1821:Wind power
1743:Hydropower
1694:components
1649:Hydropower
1639:Geothermal
1589:Sound wave
1500:Zero-point
1430:Mechanical
1415:Ionization
1388:Electrical
1283:Negentropy
1164:Energetics
1009:"StorTera"
838:GB 2565070
797:31 January
772:31 January
751:31 January
676:References
499:efficiency
53:; try the
40:link to it
3788:Argentina
3752:Australia
3588:Lithuania
3488:Palestine
3463:Indonesia
3120:Wind farm
2680:Economics
2403:Micro CHP
2281:Renewable
2264:Petroleum
2259:Oil shale
2145:Grid code
2105:Base load
1932:Australia
1868:Transport
1863:Computing
1831:Wind farm
1758:Wave farm
1632:Petroleum
1612:Bioenergy
1584:Radiation
1523:Capacitor
1445:Potential
619:Rushlight
62:June 2021
43:. Please
3821:Category
3803:Colombia
3726:Honduras
3694:Scotland
3613:Portugal
3503:Thailand
3483:Pakistan
3473:Malaysia
3390:Ethiopia
2923:Nantenna
2883:Biofuels
2803:Category
2590:Brownout
2378:AC power
2088:Concepts
2002:Category
1567:Hydrogen
1533:Enthalpy
1435:Negative
1425:Magnetic
1410:Internal
1368:Chemical
1233:Enthalpy
1152:concepts
1068:Archived
1050:Archived
821:Archived
812:Arpa-e.
746:StorTera
672:status.
670:net-zero
635:Canadian
631:Scotland
511:Scotland
507:Knoydart
3745:Oceania
3684:Ukraine
3654:Iceland
3649:Belarus
3644:Armenia
3639:Albania
3578:Ireland
3573:Hungary
3563:Germany
3553:Finland
3548:Denmark
3533:Austria
3508:Vietnam
3405:Nigeria
3400:Morocco
2948:Storage
2619:devices
2329:Thermal
2324:Osmotic
2319:Current
2299:Biomass
2289:Biofuel
2271:Nuclear
2228:Sources
2014:Commons
1842:Use and
1701:Biomass
1671:Radiant
1518:Battery
1490:Thermal
1485:Surface
1470:Radiant
1440:Phantom
1420:Kinetic
1398:Binding
1378:Elastic
1361:Nuclear
1356:Binding
1243:Entropy
1141:Outline
1131:History
890:YouTube
547:storage
533:), low
505:on the
503:Inverie
476:cathode
164:battery
3831:Portal
3793:Brazil
3772:Tuvalu
3731:Mexico
3716:Canada
3679:Turkey
3669:Russia
3664:Norway
3659:Kosovo
3623:Sweden
3608:Poland
3568:Greece
3558:France
3543:Cyprus
3517:Europe
3498:Taiwan
3448:Brunei
3443:Bhutan
3372:Africa
2859:Energy
2852:Fields
2314:Marine
2294:Biogas
2026:Portal
1947:Mexico
1942:Europe
1937:Canada
1922:Africa
1845:supply
1654:Marine
1543:Fossil
1495:Vacuum
1248:Exergy
1169:Energy
1120:Energy
844:
651:, the
603:patent
579:ARPA-E
495:energy
129:cycles
36:orphan
34:is an
3798:Chile
3632:Other
3618:Spain
3598:Malta
3583:Italy
3478:Nepal
3458:India
3453:China
3395:Kenya
3385:Egypt
3216:lists
3122:lists
3015:Other
2671:(GFI)
2560:(TSO)
2346:Solar
2334:Tidal
2309:Hydro
1966:Misc.
1676:Solar
1480:Sound
1349:Types
1223:Power
1174:Units
1136:Index
993:9 May
914:9 May
824:(PDF)
817:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
483:redox
440:→ 2S
3425:Asia
3069:List
2437:and
2356:Wind
2339:Wave
2249:Coal
1927:Asia
1681:Wind
1622:Coal
1594:Work
1555:Heat
1538:Fuel
1475:Rest
1373:Dark
1338:Work
1206:Mass
995:2020
916:2020
799:2021
774:2021
753:2021
655:and
555:BEIS
426:+ S
405:→ 2S
373:→ 2S
341:→ 2S
309:+ S
288:→ 2S
274:+ S
256:+ S
241:+ S
160:SLIQ
1548:Oil
664:to
436:+ 2
422:→ S
418:+ 2
401:+ 2
391:+ S
387:→ S
383:+ 2
369:+ 2
359:+ S
355:→ S
351:+ 2
337:+ 2
327:+ S
323:→ S
319:+ 2
305:→ S
301:+ 2
284:+ 4
270:→ S
266:+ 4
252:→ S
248:+ 4
237:→ S
233:+ 4
223:→ S
219:+ 2
3848::
1048:.
1029:.
1011:.
986:.
968:.
950:.
932:.
907:.
887:.
819:.
790:.
744:.
589:.
521:.
515:UK
513:,
489:,
194:S
174:.
92:kg
88:Wh
3356:e
3349:t
3342:v
3104:e
3097:t
3090:v
2837:e
2830:t
2823:v
2073:e
2066:t
2059:v
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
997:.
918:.
893:.
873:.
859:.
801:.
776:.
755:.
730:.
713:.
465:8
461:2
456:2
449:x
447:S
445:2
438:e
434:2
432:S
424:2
420:e
416:3
414:S
407:2
403:e
399:4
397:S
393:2
389:3
385:e
381:5
379:S
375:3
371:e
367:6
365:S
361:3
357:5
353:e
349:7
347:S
343:4
339:e
335:8
333:S
329:3
325:5
321:e
317:8
315:S
311:2
307:6
303:e
299:8
297:S
290:4
286:e
282:8
280:S
276:3
272:5
268:e
264:8
262:S
258:2
254:6
250:e
246:8
244:S
239:7
235:e
231:8
229:S
225:8
221:e
217:8
215:S
192:2
188:8
186:S
158:(
140:V
90:/
64:)
60:(
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