65:
234:
326:, a friend of Alexios, wrote that "a sheep was more expensive to buy than a Muslim prisoner". His successes made him popular with the locals, who reportedly began suggesting that he should make himself emperor. Philanthropenos at first refused to heed them and even asked Andronikos to transfer him away from Anatolia, but in vain. In mid-1294, Philanthropenos was ordered by the emperor to transfer the region of
342:
427:. Philanthropenos countered the strong garrison of 500 Latin mercenaries by inducing them, group by group, to come over to him. The siege lasted until November, when Domenico capitulated, returning Lesbos and Phocaea to the Empire. In the next year, Philanthropenos was able to thwart a Turkish attack on the island by bribing the Turks. Exuberantly praised by contemporaries like
396:, which had been long under siege and was ready to fall. He was given no army, but, according to the Byzantine chroniclers, the mere news of Alexios's approach, and the respect in which the Turks held him, was enough for the siege to be lifted. Alexios was appointed governor of the city, a position he retained until 1327.
349:
At this point, in the autumn of 1295, Alexios rose up against
Andronikos. The exact circumstances and reasons for this move remain obscure, but the revolt was fuelled by the discontent of the Asian provinces over high taxation and what many perceived as the neglect of the defence of Asia by the
358:
Alexios seized
Theodore Palaiologos, the Emperor's brother, but failed to gain the support of all provincial governors; Libadarios, most notably, who was also Theodore's father-in-law, remained loyal to Andronikos. Negotiations began, with Andronikos offering Alexios the title of
423:, and Andronikos III raised a fleet of 83 ships to recover the island, which arrived in June 1336. The fleet disembarked an army, led by Alexios Philanthropenos, which swiftly secured the entire island except for the capital,
381:, first cousin of Andronikos II, and disappeared from the scene for 30 years. His successors proved greatly inferior, and by 1323, Byzantine possessions in Asia had been greatly reduced. At that point,
245:(r. 1282–1328), took an active interest in the defence of the Anatolian possessions of the Byzantine Empire against the encroaching Turkic emirates in the early 1290s: hoping to re-establish the
365:
to lull him into a false sense of security, while he prepared to get rid of him. Around
Christmas, Libadarios persuaded some Cretan soldiers to seize Alexios and had him blinded, the
404:
Philanthropenos remained at
Philadelphia until 1326, possibly also 1327, but it appears that he was then appointed as governor of the strategically important Byzantine island of
143:, but was betrayed and blinded. Nothing is known of him until 1323, when he was pardoned by Andronikos II and sent again against the Turks, relieving a siege of
420:
388:
urged
Andronikos to recall the aged general. A desperate Andronikos agreed and pardoned Alexios in 1324. Alexios was tasked with relieving the isolated
843:
439:", Alexios Philanthropenos was left by Andronikos III as governor of the island, where he lived until his death, which occurred probably in the 1340s.
793:
Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).
795:
883:
366:
20:
838:
382:
689:
135:
in 1293 and for a time re-established the
Byzantine position there, scoring some of the last Byzantine successes against the
354:
recounts, "in the monasteries , the name of the
Emperor was no longer commemorated, but only that of Philanthropenos." At
878:
868:
385:
345:
Map of Asia Minor ca. 1300, showing the
Turkish encroachment on Byzantine territory following Philanthropenos' departure
804:
758:
734:
710:
209:, after whom Alexios was named. On his father's side, Alexios was also closely related to the imperial family of the
873:
853:
725:
206:
769:
858:
322:
pressure, joined his army, and so many prisoners were made during his campaigns, that the monk and scholar
848:
833:
409:
242:
140:
863:
214:
218:
828:
823:
662:
639:
187:
290:). During the next two years, Alexios achieved several victories: he defeated the Turks of
194:, which rose to prominence in the latter half of the 13th century. She was the daughter of
8:
428:
128:
338:, but was beaten back with heavy losses, and Philanthropenos's troops recovered Hieron.
888:
378:
222:
800:
754:
730:
720:
706:
685:
351:
299:
136:
89:
323:
279:
262:
233:
183:
155:
occupation. He ruled the island thereafter, probably until his death in the 1340s.
124:
70:
748:
700:
679:
436:
191:
177:
361:
303:
252:
112:
799:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
817:
334:, a Turkish general named Karman used the opportunity to launch an attack on
298:
and forced them to recognize
Byzantine rule, and then moved south. Based at
744:
274:
Alexios commanded all of the
Byzantine possessions in Asia, except for the
196:
152:
282:, which comprised the southeastern parts of Byzantine Anatolia. A certain
225:. They had one child, Michael Philanthropenos, who also became a general.
147:, allegedly by his mere appearance. He was then named briefly governor of
210:
393:
151:
in 1328, and again in 1336, when he recovered the island's capital from
432:
350:
Palaiologoi. His rebellion certainly had the support of the people: as
283:
278:
coast, but his main area of responsibility was the interior of the old
202:
132:
330:
to Libadarios's control. In summer 1295, while Philanthropenos was at
415:
In 1335, Lesbos was seized by a Latin army under the Genoese Lord of
306:, managing to stop the Turkish raids and advance into the Emirate of
295:
287:
267:
217:(r. 1259–1261). Alexios married Theodora Akropolitissa, daughter of
213:, through his grandmother, Martha Palaiologina, a sister of Emperor
777:
424:
331:
307:
144:
776:. Athens, Greece: Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from
416:
389:
355:
319:
318:
of the payment of tribute to the Turks. Many Turks, fleeing from
315:
247:
705:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
681:
Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204-1330)
405:
341:
335:
311:
255:
in military colonies along the border and appointed Alexios as
148:
100:
52:
327:
291:
275:
117:
372:
684:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
257:
190:. His mother, Maria, belonged to the noble family of the
408:, since he was dismissed from the same post in 1328 by
310:, recapturing the fortress of Melanoudion, the town of
127:
nobleman and notable general. A relative of the ruling
228:
19:
For other people named Alexios Philanthropenos, see
702:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453
753:(Second ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd.
815:
729:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
237:Miniature portrait of Andronikos II Palaiologos
796:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
774:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
654:
652:
650:
648:
286:deputized for him in the northern provinces (
545:
543:
541:
539:
750:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
645:
607:
605:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
844:14th-century Byzantine military personnel
536:
373:Rehabilitation and rescue of Philadelphia
131:, he was appointed commander-in-chief in
698:
623:
596:
549:
468:
442:
340:
232:
163:
21:Alexios Philanthropenos (disambiguation)
767:
677:
658:
635:
602:
567:
530:
265:, awarding him the high court title of
139:. In 1295 he rose up in revolt against
816:
514:
512:
743:
611:
584:
561:
510:
508:
506:
504:
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500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
479:
477:
399:
377:Alexios was replaced as commander by
80:ca. 1293–1295, 1324–1340s
768:Radivoj, Radic (16 September 2003).
221:and granddaughter of the historian
13:
726:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
489:
474:
229:First command in Asia and uprising
14:
900:
884:Governors of the Thracesian Theme
63:
792:
719:
629:
617:
518:
483:
302:, he scoured the valley of the
590:
555:
524:
462:
207:Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos
109:Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos
1:
839:13th-century Byzantine people
456:
169:
158:
119:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας Φιλανθρωπηνός
7:
251:, he settled refugees from
10:
905:
879:History of Manisa Province
699:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
671:
410:Andronikos III Palaiologos
118:
18:
770:"Alexios Philanthropenos"
678:Angelov, Dimiter (2007).
243:Andronikos II Palaiologos
241:Alexios's uncle, Emperor
141:Andronikos II Palaiologos
116:
95:
84:
76:
58:
45:
37:
30:
367:punishment usually meted
215:Michael VIII Palaiologos
219:Constantine Akropolites
32:Alexios Philanthropenos
874:Late Medieval Anatolia
869:Byzantine–Turkish wars
854:Philanthropenos family
452:. Assobyz Editor, 2020
346:
238:
443:In historical fiction
344:
236:
188:Michael Tarchaneiotes
175:as the second son of
164:Early life and family
77:Years of service
859:Tarchaneiotes family
780:on 27 February 2012
564:, pp. 123–124.
448:Emanuele Rizzardi,
429:Nikephoros Gregoras
253:Venetian-held Crete
129:Palaiologos dynasty
849:Byzantine usurpers
834:Byzantine generals
721:Kazhdan, Alexander
400:Governor of Lesbos
379:John Tarchaneiotes
347:
239:
223:George Akropolites
16:Byzantine nobleman
691:978-0-521-85703-1
421:Domenico Cattaneo
352:George Pachymeres
168:Alexios was born
106:
105:
90:Anatolian beyliks
88:Wars against the
896:
810:
789:
787:
785:
764:
745:Nicol, Donald M.
740:
716:
695:
666:
656:
643:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
600:
594:
588:
582:
565:
559:
553:
547:
534:
528:
522:
516:
487:
481:
472:
466:
324:Maximus Planudes
280:Thracesian Theme
263:Thracesian theme
184:megas domestikos
174:
171:
122:
121:
120:
71:Byzantine Empire
69:
67:
66:
28:
27:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
864:Medieval Lesbos
814:
813:
807:
783:
781:
761:
737:
713:
692:
674:
669:
657:
646:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
603:
595:
591:
583:
568:
560:
556:
548:
537:
529:
525:
517:
490:
486:, p. 1649.
482:
475:
467:
463:
459:
445:
437:Palaiologan era
402:
375:
369:out to rebels.
231:
192:Philanthropenoi
178:prōtovestiarios
172:
166:
161:
137:Turkish beyliks
96:Other work
64:
62:
50:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
902:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
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846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
812:
811:
805:
790:
765:
759:
741:
735:
723:, ed. (1991).
717:
711:
696:
690:
673:
670:
668:
667:
644:
628:
616:
614:, p. 158.
601:
589:
587:, p. 124.
566:
554:
535:
533:, p. 122.
523:
488:
473:
471:, p. 349.
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
444:
441:
401:
398:
374:
371:
304:Maeander river
230:
227:
165:
162:
160:
157:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
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60:
56:
55:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
901:
890:
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872:
870:
867:
865:
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860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
808:
806:3-7001-3003-1
802:
798:
797:
791:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
760:0-246-10559-3
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
736:0-19-504652-8
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
712:0-8122-1620-2
708:
704:
703:
697:
693:
687:
683:
682:
676:
675:
664:
660:
655:
653:
651:
649:
641:
637:
632:
626:, p. 88.
625:
624:Bartusis 1997
620:
613:
608:
606:
599:, p. 75.
598:
597:Bartusis 1997
593:
586:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
563:
558:
552:, p. 74.
551:
550:Bartusis 1997
546:
544:
542:
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520:
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511:
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469:Bartusis 1997
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61:
57:
54:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
829:1340s deaths
824:1270s births
794:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
749:
724:
701:
680:
659:Radivoj 2003
636:Radivoj 2003
631:
619:
592:
557:
531:Angelov 2007
526:
464:
449:
414:
403:
394:Philadelphia
376:
360:
348:
273:
266:
256:
246:
240:
201:
197:prōtostratōr
195:
182:
176:
167:
145:Philadelphia
108:
107:
99:Governor of
85:Battles/wars
25:
663:Chapter 4.2
640:Chapter 4.1
450:The usurper
211:Palaiologoi
173: 1270
818:Categories
612:Nicol 1993
585:Nicol 1993
562:Nicol 1993
457:References
433:Belisarius
314:, and rid
284:Libadarios
203:megas doux
133:Asia Minor
59:Allegiance
889:Pinkernai
383:Patriarch
300:Nymphaion
296:Achyraous
288:Neokastra
268:pinkernēs
159:Biography
125:Byzantine
51:possibly
747:(1993).
431:as the "
425:Mytilene
332:Tralleis
308:Menteshe
123:) was a
672:Sources
521:, 29752
435:of the
417:Phocaea
390:exclave
386:Jesaias
356:Ephesus
316:Miletus
261:of the
248:akritai
41:c. 1270
803:
784:25 May
757:
733:
709:
688:
406:Lesbos
362:Caesar
336:Priene
320:Mongol
312:Hieron
276:Ionian
149:Lesbos
101:Lesbos
68:
53:Lesbos
328:Lydia
292:Mysia
153:Latin
113:Greek
49:1340s
801:ISBN
786:2012
755:ISBN
731:ISBN
707:ISBN
686:ISBN
258:doux
200:and
181:and
46:Died
38:Born
519:PLP
484:ODB
392:of
294:at
820::
772:.
661:,
647:^
638:,
604:^
569:^
538:^
491:^
476:^
419:,
412:.
271:.
170:c.
115::
809:.
788:.
763:.
739:.
715:.
694:.
665:.
642:.
111:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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