406:
relationship with the Al ash-Sheikh by preferential treatment and matrimonial links, for example, by marrying the daughter of Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. With the support of the Al ash-Sheikh and the other
Wahhabi ulema, Abdul Aziz went on to conquer the rest of the territory that was to become Saudi Arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. Even after his conquests were complete, Abdul Aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the Al ash-Sheikh. Their support remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territories through religion, education and law. The Al ash-Sheikh were given prestige, privileges, influence and key positions in the government.
448:
518:
1978:
383:" from 1824, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan and, subsequently, Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman, both descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, became the leaders of the Saudi religious establishment. However, the destruction of the first Saudi state and the exile or execution of most of the Al ash-Sheikh religious scholars of significance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its prestige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century.
394:. Eventually, they were defeated in 1891; the Saudi state was again destroyed and the Al Saud went into exile. The ulema was led, at the time, by another descendant of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. Rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to side with the Al-Rashid and moved to Ha'il, indicating that preservation of the Wahhabi cause took precedence over the family compact with the Al Saud. But the Al Saud returned from exile in 1902 under the leadership of
369:
242:
309:"This oasis is yours, do not fear your enemies. By the name of God, if all Nejd was summoned to throw you out, we will never agree to expel you." Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab replied, "You are the settlement's chief and wise man. I want you to grant me an oath that you will struggle with me against the unbelievers. In return you will be imam, leader of the Muslim community and I will be leader in religious matters."
297:". The religious establishment, led by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the Al Saud. After his death in 1791, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who continued to hold positions of religious authority.
468:. Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema, but so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, have a significant role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.
483:
However, the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished somewhat in recent decades. This is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families, and the Al ash-Sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain
313:
Ibn Saud accordingly gave his oath. The descendants of
Muhammad ibn Saud, the Al Saud, continued to be the political leaders of the Saudi state in central Arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventually created the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The descendants of Ibn Abd
496:
Nevertheless, the Al ash-Sheikh are still Saudi Arabia's leading religious family and second in prestige only to the royal family. The family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in Saudi Arabia: for example, the current Grand Mufti (the position having been restored in 1993)
364:
were sent to Arabia in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the Al Saud's state. The defeat of the Al Saud was also a disaster for the Al ash-Sheikh. The
Ottomans executed many of the family in 1818 including Sulayman ibn Abd Allah, a grandson of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and an influential author of treatises.
321:
The agreement between Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and
Muhammad ibn Saud of 1744 became a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement between the Al Saud and the Al ash-Sheikh, which has remained in place for nearly 300 years. The pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on
289:, was the local ruler. Muhammad ibn Saud decided to support Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's cause, and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings and the Al Saud's military and political leadership initiated a period of conquest and expansion. Most of central Arabia and the
488:
abolished the office of Grand Mufti (it was restored in 1993 by a successor) and replaced it with a ministry of justice. The first minister appointed was deliberately not an Al ash-Sheikh, although subsequent ministers have been. Members of the family have held other ministerial positions but the
463:
The Al ash-Sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive. Specifically, Saudi
405:
On the eve of Abdul Aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century. However, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and help consolidate any conquests he made. He therefore cemented the
265:
school of jurisprudence. As a consequence, he began to preach a simple, puritanical form of Islam that warned against what he believed were religious innovations and critical of the moral laxity he claimed to see in his contemporaries. He attracted support, and his followers became known as
480:, was filled by a member of the family, and, in fact, there has only ever been one Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia who was not an Al ash-Sheikh. Other members of the family serve in important military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religious figures.
168:
Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the religious establishment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in Saudi Arabia, and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. Because of the Al ash Sheikh's
165:, with whom they formed a power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and the Al ash-Sheikh supporting the Al Saud's political authority.
509:, daughter of Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh. The family alliance with the Al ash-Sheikh is still crucial to the Al Saud in maintaining their legitimacy. At the same time, the Al ash-Sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the Al Saud.
471:
Believed to number several hundred individuals currently, the Al ash-Sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision-making. The Al ash-Sheikh ulema have dominated key state institutions such as the
504:
The family's position is derived not only from their role in the ulema but also from being closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. This began in the eighteenth century and has continued in modern times: King Faisal's mother was
425:. The difficulties arose in relations between Abdul Aziz and the Wahhabi ulema after the establishment of the Kingdom because Abdul Aziz was not considered by them sufficiently religious. Furthermore, Abdul Aziz had not taken up
326:
to legitimize the royal family's rule. In fact, each legitimizes the other. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi
Arabian dynastic rule today.
365:
A whole branch of the family was exiled to Egypt and never returned. This had a major impact on the Saudi religious establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenth century.
322:
the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the
Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-
2178:
253:
The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th century founder of the Wahhabi sect which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1703 in the
548:
489:
family's representation in the cabinet dropped from three to two members in 2003 (the
Minister of Justice and Minister of Islamic Affairs) and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers,
557:
417:
rulers, supported Abdul Aziz's enemies. However, in the end, most of the Nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father
305:
Muhammad ibn Saud and
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had concluded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, Muhammad ibn Saud had declared when they first met,
2296:
2438:
2682:
2423:
1284:
413:
or more specifically Abdul Aziz was not free from tensions. Some of the Nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other
1893:
983:
2677:
2482:
2311:
1220:
596:
1251:
2640:
1906:
1189:
402:. Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif then changed sides again and re-joined the Al Saud, a change of heart which was accepted by Abdul Aziz.
2343:
2103:
2003:
563:
498:
173:, the arrangement between the two families remains crucial in maintaining the Saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country.
1452:
2291:
349:, became leader of the Saudi religious establishment. He endorsed further Al Saud expansion and wrote a number of tracts against
2078:
493:, Minister of Islamic Affairs and Abdullatif bin Abdulmalik bin Omar Al-ash Sheikh, Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs.
88:
2073:
2018:
536:
2230:
2146:
2013:
584:
452:
2353:
2136:
1859:
1796:
1771:
1741:
1694:
1666:
1630:
1605:
1574:
1538:
1478:
1396:
1315:
1245:
1214:
1153:
1119:
1087:
1056:
1028:
954:
929:
878:
794:
763:
729:
590:
578:
572:
490:
83:
2450:
2286:
2166:
2088:
2083:
2023:
1886:
379:
Nevertheless, the family survived in Nejd. When the Al Saud re-established themselves with a much smaller so-called "
1346:
Bligh, Alexander (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom".
2586:
2475:
2384:
1998:
2594:
2542:
2318:
2250:
2108:
542:
346:
386:
For much of the rest of the century, the Al Saud struggled for control of central Arabia with their rivals, the
2368:
2113:
1967:
1821:
1446:
1183:
847:
822:
2240:
2033:
464:
Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct involvement in government, the only other example being
318:, the body of Islamic religious leaders and scholars, and dominated the Saudi state's clerical institutions.
209:
refers to the
Islamic religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the family's ancestor. He was known as
2465:
2411:
2306:
2255:
2235:
2151:
2123:
1879:
447:
2505:
2445:
2281:
2188:
2156:
1962:
477:
340:
1272:
517:
2530:
2401:
2323:
530:
230:
158:
78:
2470:
2433:
2428:
2363:
2173:
2141:
2131:
2028:
1986:
17:
1494:
Abir, Mordechai (1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia".
2576:
2564:
2547:
2460:
2396:
2245:
2202:
2052:
2038:
1847:
The King's Messenger. Prince Bandar Bin Sultan and America's Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia
567:
442:
395:
2633:
2571:
2492:
2455:
2358:
2269:
2225:
2008:
1914:
609:
473:
418:
336:
1851:
1845:
1438:
979:
921:
2604:
2510:
2301:
1977:
1597:
1591:
1388:
1382:
485:
274:) because of his emphasis on the oneness of God. Outside Arabia they became known as Wahhabis.
1658:
1652:
1204:
476:
and the Higher Council of Qadis (Judges). Traditionally the most senior religious office, the
429:
to expand Wahhabi influence. He also maintained relations with the British authorities in the
2649:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2525:
2515:
2416:
2406:
2220:
1566:
1235:
870:
864:
786:
780:
755:
749:
1173:
2609:
2161:
2093:
356:
By the early 19th century, the Saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the
8:
2687:
2654:
506:
161:. In Saudi Arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the Saudi royal family, the
2338:
2210:
2068:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1682:
1511:
1431:
1363:
1206:
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
914:
552:
380:
372:
2500:
1942:
1937:
1855:
1817:
1792:
1767:
1737:
1690:
1662:
1626:
1601:
1570:
1534:
1474:
1466:
1442:
1392:
1367:
1311:
1241:
1210:
1179:
1149:
1115:
1083:
1075:
1052:
1024:
1016:
950:
925:
874:
843:
818:
790:
759:
725:
294:
282:
246:
1559:
963:
185:(آل الشيخ) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into English as
2215:
1957:
1503:
1355:
1952:
387:
323:
170:
122:
539:(1751–1829), Head of Saudi religious establishment after Ibn Abd al-Wahhab died.
249:: the product of the alliance between the Al Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2183:
1268:
1169:
357:
1507:
1359:
2671:
909:
650:
566:(1848–1921), Head of Saudi religious establishment during the early years of
522:
456:
410:
286:
162:
101:
398:(later Saudi Arabia's first King) and re-established the Saudi state around
1902:
560:(1810–1876), Head of Saudi religious establishment in 1860s and early 1870s
430:
154:
43:
1112:
Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration
131:
2333:
368:
258:
1871:
241:
1515:
1710:
1687:
The battle for Saudi Arabia: royalty, fundamentalism, and global power
236:
916:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Vol.1 A-C
216:, a term of respect for a noted elder, teacher or religious leader.
2098:
1531:
The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
1175:
Saudi Arabia and the United States: Birth of a Security Partnership
633:
521:
Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with British foreign secretary
391:
293:
was brought under the Al Saud's rule in what became known as the "
2614:
2348:
644:. See Etymology. It would, in theory, be correct to use the term
414:
278:
262:
2520:
1734:
Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present
722:
Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present
399:
212:
65:
1789:
Guardians of faith in modern times: ʻulamaʼ in the Middle East
409:
On the other hand, the alliance between Al ash-Sheikh and the
2599:
1202:
361:
315:
290:
1528:
137:), also transliterated in a number of other ways, including
2328:
1556:
1237:
Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present
465:
350:
254:
61:
575:(1893–1969), Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1969
551:(1780–1869), Head of Saudi religious establishment in the
1233:
1143:
778:
451:
Chairman of the Majlis ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly)
157:'s leading religious family. They are the descendants of
314:
al-Wahhab, on the other hand, have historically led the
593:, current Saudi Minister of Islamic Affairs since 1996.
812:
695:
in any of these transliterations can be renderred as
197:, in conjunction with the name of an ancestor, means
330:
1558:
1430:
1227:
1046:
1023:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22, 52–53.
913:
1764:Shari'a Law in Commercial and Banking Arbitration
1557:Goldstein, Natalie; Brown-Foster; Walton (2010).
1203:Sebastian Maisel; John A. Shoup (February 2009).
1015:
840:King Faisal and the modernisation of Saudi Arabia
2669:
1345:
1234:Hunt Janin; André Kahlmeyer (22 February 2007).
484:a numerical predominance. Furthermore, in 1969,
1713:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC
1552:
1550:
1529:Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali E.Hillal (2010).
1196:
1070:
1068:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1168:
944:
436:
345:Following Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's death, his son,
1887:
1831:Who's who in Saudi Arabia 1983–1984, Volume 3
1533:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 358.
1273:"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders"
856:
224:
1593:World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula
1547:
1348:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1065:
998:
545:(1785–1818), influential author of treatises
2297:Council of Economic and Development Affairs
1623:Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation
1583:
1258:
779:Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010).
597:Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh
257:. He became influenced by the teachings of
1894:
1880:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1465:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1082:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
1074:
813:Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994).
1901:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1681:
1589:
1308:Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1162:
1042:
1040:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
808:
806:
743:
741:
564:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh
516:
446:
367:
300:
240:
2683:Saudi Arabian Islamic religious leaders
1843:
1837:
1650:
1639:
1428:
1405:
1178:. Indiana University Press. p. 7.
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
587:, Saudi Minister of Justice (1993–2009)
581:, Saudi Minister of Justice (1975–1990)
111:Saudi Arabia's leading religious family
27:Islamic clerical family in Saudi Arabia
14:
2670:
1786:
1761:
1750:
1736:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 328.
1731:
1384:The future of Islam in the Middle East
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
908:
837:
719:
219:
1875:
1625:. Knight Communications. p. 29.
1620:
1380:
1324:
1305:
1037:
887:
803:
738:
724:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 97.
599:, current Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
499:Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh
89:Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh
1811:
1657:. Cornell University Press. p.
1493:
1455:from the original on 5 January 2020.
1433:The Wahhabi mission and Saudi Arabia
1109:
1096:
862:
747:
537:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab
1833:. Jeddah: Tihama. 1984. p. 32.
1703:
1128:
949:. Greenwood Press. pp. 69–70.
866:Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia
751:Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia
585:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
453:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
126:
24:
2678:Political families of Saudi Arabia
1762:Baamir, Abdulrahman Yahya (2010).
1310:. Wildside Press LLC. p. 50.
1287:from the original on 6 August 2011
1192:from the original on 10 June 2016.
1144:Federal Research Division (2004).
982:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
654:, in practice this is rarely done.
591:Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh
579:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
573:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
512:
491:Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh
375:(1824–1891) at its greatest extent
84:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
25:
2699:
2084:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1816:. Sage Publications. p. 41.
1254:from the original on 28 May 2016.
986:from the original on 29 June 2011
533:(1703–1792), founder of the house
331:The 19th and early 20th centuries
1976:
1387:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp.
1223:from the original on 4 May 2016.
1209:. Greenwood Press. p. 228.
1114:. Croom Helm. pp. 4, 5, 7.
2251:General Intelligence Presidency
1805:
1780:
1766:. Ashgate. p. 29 (n. 87).
1725:
1675:
1614:
1522:
1487:
1459:
1374:
1299:
938:
869:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
782:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia
754:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
347:Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh
1596:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
1051:. Facts On File. p. 325.
831:
815:Saudi Arabia: the coming storm
772:
713:
657:
622:
558:Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman
13:
1:
2241:Chairman of the General Staff
1689:. Seven Stories. p. 66.
706:
1651:Hassner, Ron Eduard (2009).
1590:Cavendish, Marshall (2007).
1429:Commins, David Dean (2006).
1146:Saudi Arabia A Country Study
176:
7:
2483:Water supply and sanitation
2312:History of the oil industry
2179:Mutaween (religious police)
1047:Juan Eduardo Campo (2006).
947:The history of Saudi Arabia
838:Beling, Willard A. (1980).
817:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 16.
603:
497:is a member of the family,
437:Role in modern Saudi Arabia
341:Unification of Saudi Arabia
261:, a medieval jurist of the
132:
10:
2704:
1711:"Biographies of Ministers"
1306:Nyrop, Richard F. (2008).
842:. Croom Helm. p. 17.
531:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
440:
334:
277:In the 1740s, he moved to
270:(translated in English as
234:
231:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
228:
225:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
159:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
79:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2627:
2585:
2491:
2392:
2383:
2277:
2268:
2201:
2122:
2104:National Security Council
2064:
2060:
2051:
1994:
1985:
1974:
1913:
1565:. Facts On File. p.
1508:10.1080/00263208708700697
1471:A History of Saudi Arabia
1381:Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997).
1360:10.1017/S0020743800028750
1240:. McFarland. p. 92.
1080:A History of Saudi Arabia
1021:A History of Saudi Arabia
421:would carry the title of
107:
97:
71:
57:
49:
39:
32:
2349:Tadawul (stock exchange)
2344:Supreme Economic Council
2292:Capital Market Authority
2246:General Staff Presidency
2099:Mabahith (secret police)
1110:Abir, Mordechai (1987).
630:the Al ash-Sheikh family
615:
443:Politics of Saudi Arabia
2231:Strategic Missile Force
1844:Ottaway, David (2008).
1812:Long, David E. (1976).
945:Wayne H. Bowen (2007).
863:Long, David E. (2005).
748:Long, David E. (2005).
610:History of Saudi Arabia
525:in London, 5 March 2013
474:Senior Council of Ulema
337:History of Saudi Arabia
1791:. BRILL. p. 221.
1561:Religion and the State
1496:Middle Eastern Studies
549:Abdul Rahman bin Hasan
543:Sulaiman ibn Abd Allah
526:
460:
376:
360:. Ottoman forces from
311:
250:
2079:Consultative Assembly
1787:Hatina, Meir (2008).
1732:Watson, Mark (2008).
1654:War on sacred grounds
1621:Farsy, Fouad (1992).
1277:Middle East Quarterly
1049:Encyclopedia of Islam
720:Watson, Mark (2008).
691:, and the first word
520:
450:
371:
307:
301:Pact with the Al Saud
244:
1148:. pp. 232–233.
785:. Infobase. p.
646:Family of the Sheikh
187:family of the Sheikh
53:Family of the Sheikh
2339:Saudi Central Bank
2147:Freedom of religion
1928:Early Islamic State
507:Tarfa bint Abdullah
220:Origins and history
191:House of the Sheikh
2354:Telecommunications
2137:Capital punishment
2069:Allegiance Council
1948:Emirate of Diriyah
1933:Rashidun Caliphate
1923:Pre-Islamic Arabia
1850:. Walker. p.
1467:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
1271:(September 1999).
1076:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
553:Second Saudi State
527:
461:
396:Abdul Aziz Al Saud
381:Second Saudi State
377:
373:Second Saudi State
251:
98:Connected families
2663:
2662:
2623:
2622:
2451:Human trafficking
2379:
2378:
2264:
2263:
2197:
2196:
2089:Foreign relations
2047:
2046:
1943:Abbasid Caliphate
1938:Umayyad Caliphate
1017:Madawi Al Rasheed
295:First Saudi State
285:, founder of the
283:Muhammad ibn Saud
247:First Saudi State
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
2695:
2643:
2636:
2476:response to ISIL
2390:
2389:
2334:Riyal (currency)
2275:
2274:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2004:Cities and towns
1992:
1991:
1980:
1958:Kingdom of Hejaz
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
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1683:AbuKhalil, Asʻad
1679:
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776:
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745:
736:
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661:
655:
626:
181:The Arabic name
135:
128:
30:
29:
21:
2703:
2702:
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2668:
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2646:
2639:
2632:
2619:
2581:
2543:Public holidays
2487:
2375:
2319:Foreign workers
2260:
2193:
2118:
2109:Nuclear program
2043:
1981:
1972:
1953:Emirate of Nejd
1909:
1900:
1870:
1869:
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1842:
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989:
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811:
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797:
777:
773:
766:
746:
739:
732:
718:
714:
709:
704:
703:
662:
658:
628:Using the term
627:
623:
618:
606:
515:
513:Notable members
445:
439:
343:
333:
324:moral authority
303:
287:Al Saud dynasty
281:in Nejd, where
239:
233:
227:
222:
179:
171:moral authority
93:
58:Place of origin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2661:
2660:
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2478:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2424:Discrimination
2421:
2420:
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2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
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2259:
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2256:Military ranks
2253:
2248:
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2238:
2236:National Guard
2233:
2228:
2223:
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2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
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2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2114:Prime Minister
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1968:Modern history
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1861:978-0802716903
1860:
1836:
1822:
1804:
1798:978-9004169531
1797:
1779:
1773:978-1409403777
1772:
1749:
1743:978-0470182574
1742:
1724:
1702:
1696:978-1583226100
1695:
1674:
1668:978-0801448065
1667:
1638:
1632:978-1874132035
1631:
1613:
1607:978-0761475712
1606:
1582:
1576:978-0816080908
1575:
1546:
1540:978-9774163609
1539:
1521:
1502:(2): 150–171.
1486:
1480:978-0521747547
1479:
1473:. p. 54.
1458:
1447:
1404:
1398:978-0275951283
1397:
1373:
1323:
1317:978-1434462107
1316:
1298:
1269:Nawaf E. Obaid
1257:
1247:978-1476608815
1246:
1226:
1216:978-0313344428
1215:
1195:
1184:
1170:Parker T. Hart
1161:
1155:978-1419146213
1154:
1127:
1121:978-0709951292
1120:
1095:
1089:978-0521747547
1088:
1064:
1058:978-0816054541
1057:
1036:
1030:978-0521747547
1029:
997:
980:"Saudi Arabia"
962:
956:978-0313340123
955:
937:
931:978-0028657707
930:
910:Mattar, Philip
886:
880:978-0313320217
879:
855:
848:
830:
823:
802:
796:978-0816078769
795:
771:
765:978-0313320217
764:
737:
731:978-0470182574
730:
711:
710:
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705:
702:
701:
656:
648:, but, unlike
640:already means
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582:
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435:
358:Ottoman Empire
332:
329:
302:
299:
229:Main article:
226:
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178:
175:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
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92:
91:
86:
81:
75:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:Current region
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2700:
2689:
2686:
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2681:
2679:
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2209:
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2032:
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2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
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1941:
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1934:
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1712:
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1369:
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1208:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1187:
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1177:
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1171:
1165:
1157:
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1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
985:
981:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
958:
952:
948:
941:
933:
927:
923:
918:
917:
911:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
882:
876:
872:
868:
867:
859:
851:
845:
841:
834:
826:
820:
816:
809:
807:
798:
792:
788:
784:
783:
775:
767:
761:
757:
753:
752:
744:
742:
733:
727:
723:
716:
712:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
653:
652:
651:House of Saud
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
611:
608:
607:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
554:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
523:William Hague
519:
510:
508:
502:
500:
494:
492:
487:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
459:, 26 May 2014
458:
457:Polish Senate
454:
449:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Abd al-Rahman
416:
412:
411:House of Saud
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
374:
370:
366:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
342:
338:
328:
325:
319:
317:
310:
306:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
248:
243:
238:
232:
217:
215:
214:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Al ash-Sheikh
174:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Al ash-Shaikh
140:
139:Al ash-Shaykh
136:
134:
124:
120:
119:Al ash-Sheikh
110:
106:
103:
102:House of Saud
100:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
35:
34:Al ash-Sheikh
31:
19:
2665:
2466:Prostitution
2439:universities
2412:Demographics
2307:Oil reserves
2152:Human rights
2019:Governorates
1903:Saudi Arabia
1846:
1839:
1830:
1814:Saudi Arabia
1813:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1763:
1733:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1705:
1686:
1677:
1653:
1622:
1616:
1592:
1585:
1560:
1530:
1524:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1470:
1461:
1432:
1383:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1307:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1283:(3): 51–58.
1280:
1276:
1236:
1229:
1205:
1198:
1174:
1164:
1145:
1111:
1079:
1048:
1020:
988:. Retrieved
946:
940:
915:
865:
858:
839:
833:
814:
781:
774:
750:
721:
715:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:Al al-Shaikh
668:
665:Al al-Sheikh
664:
659:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:as the word
629:
624:
503:
495:
482:
470:
462:
431:Persian Gulf
426:
422:
408:
404:
385:
378:
355:
344:
320:
312:
308:
304:
276:
271:
267:
252:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
167:
155:Saudi Arabia
150:
147:Al al-Shaykh
146:
142:
138:
133:ʾĀl aš-Šaykh
130:
118:
116:
108:Distinctions
44:Saudi Arabia
33:
2506:Visual arts
2446:Health care
2282:Agriculture
2226:Air Defense
2189:Visa policy
2014:Earthquakes
1963:Unification
486:King Faisal
478:Grand Mufti
259:Ibn Taymiya
205:. The term
193:. The word
2688:Wahhabists
2672:Categories
2531:television
2402:Censorship
2324:Irrigation
1823:0803906609
1448:1845110803
1437:. p.
1185:0253334608
920:. p.
849:0709901372
824:1563243946
707:References
689:Al-Asheikh
685:Al-Ashaikh
681:Al-Ashaykh
441:See also:
335:See also:
272:unitarians
268:Muwahhidun
235:See also:
207:ash-Sheikh
169:religious-
2471:Terrorism
2434:libraries
2429:Education
2364:Transport
2287:Companies
2221:Air Force
2174:Judiciary
2142:Elections
2132:Basic Law
2029:Provinces
2024:Mountains
1987:Geography
1368:154565116
1354:: 37–50.
677:Al-Shaikh
673:Al-Sheikh
388:Al Rashid
237:Wahhabism
199:family of
177:Etymology
151:Al-Shaykh
50:Etymology
18:Al-Shaykh
2650:Category
2577:Heritage
2565:football
2548:Religion
2521:Language
2461:Polygamy
2397:Abortion
2203:Military
2184:Passport
2053:Politics
2039:Wildlife
1907:articles
1685:(2004).
1469:(2010).
1453:Archived
1285:Archived
1252:Archived
1221:Archived
1190:Archived
1172:(1998).
1078:(2010).
1019:(2010).
984:Archived
912:(2004).
634:pleonasm
604:See also
568:Ibn Saud
433:region.
353:belief.
203:House of
127:آل الشيخ
2634:Outline
2587:Symbols
2572:Theatre
2516:Cuisine
2493:Culture
2456:Obesity
2385:Society
2359:Tourism
2270:Economy
2074:Cabinet
2009:Climate
1999:Borders
1915:History
1717:26 June
1516:4283169
1291:23 June
455:in the
415:Wahhabi
279:Diriyah
263:Hanbali
163:Al Saud
72:Members
2655:Portal
2605:Emblem
2595:Anthem
2511:Cinema
2302:Energy
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663:Also,
642:family
400:Riyadh
213:Sheikh
123:Arabic
66:Arabia
2641:Index
2615:Motto
2600:Dance
2560:Sport
2553:Islam
2538:Music
2526:Media
2417:youth
2407:Crime
2167:Women
2034:Wadis
1512:JSTOR
1389:89–90
1364:S2CID
687:, or
632:is a
616:Notes
427:jihad
392:Ha'il
362:Egypt
316:ulema
291:Hejaz
2610:Flag
2369:rail
2329:OPEC
2216:Navy
2211:Army
2162:Rape
2157:LGBT
2094:King
1856:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1719:2020
1691:ISBN
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1312:ISBN
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1242:ISBN
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1025:ISBN
992:2011
951:ISBN
926:ISBN
875:ISBN
844:ISBN
819:ISBN
791:ISBN
787:xvii
760:ISBN
726:ISBN
466:Iran
423:imam
351:Shia
339:and
255:Nejd
245:The
211:the
117:The
62:Nejd
2501:Art
2124:Law
1852:176
1659:143
1567:118
1504:doi
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697:Aal
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201:or
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