134:
186:
200:
1211:
5917:
5927:
22:
1381:
Quitting coal is said to be essential, and the market share of diesel cars is falling. Strengthening environmental laws is said to benefit the economy of Turkey. The
Ministry of the Environment has drafted a law limiting PM 2.5 but it has not yet been passed. According to the HEAL, over 500 premature
864:
said that half of the 360 monitoring stations were not working properly. The
Chamber of Environmental Engineers publishes a report every year based on this data. The ministry also continuously monitors smokestack emissions from 305 power plants and industrial sites to ensure they do not surpass the
1183:
limits would save seven times the number of lives that were lost in traffic accidents in 2017. Although in many places the health effects of air pollution cannot be estimated, because there is not enough monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 particulates, average excess loss of life (compared to how many
222:
Pollution from coal power plants puts everyone at risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer as well as acute respiratory infections. But it particularly affects those most vulnerable – pregnant women, children, the elderly, those already ill or
62:
are major polluters, but the main factor affecting air pollution levels is vehicle density. The number of vehicles traversing Turkey's roads has increased from 4 million in 1990 to 25 million in 2020. Additionally, ambient air quality and national emissions ceilings do not meet
52:-related illnesses; over 8% of the country's deaths. Air pollution is particularly damaging to children's health. Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to World Health Organization limits would save seven times the number of lives that were lost in traffic accidents in 2017.
67:
standards, and unlike other
European countries, many air pollution indicators are not available in Turkey. There is no limit on very small airborne particles (PM2.5), which cause lung diseases and, as of 2021 they have not been completely inventoried and are not officially reported.
149:(over three times WHO guidelines). Although Istanbul's urban smog had cleared by early 2020 air pollution in the city increased again once COVID-19 restrictions had been eased. Increasing Turkey's proportion of electric cars in use to 10% by 2030 would also reduce
2293:
1361:, Article 56 reads, "Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution."
2187:
1329:'s exemption from special consumption tax was a subsidy of 5.9 billion lira. Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is used for road surfaces and in hot weather releases secondary organic aerosols, which can damage people's health in cities.
5338:
1748:
2044:
1184:
would be lost if WHO air pollution guidelines were followed) is estimated to be 0.4 years per person but this will vary by location because, as of 2019, air pollution is severe in some cities. In general it increases the risk from
218:(HEAL) estimates that in 2019, there were almost 5,000 premature deaths caused by pollution from coal-fired power stations in Turkey, and over 1.4 million work-days lost to illness. The Director for Strategy and Campaigns said:
3309:
1324:
of adults and children have not been estimated. According to medical group Health and
Environment Alliance (HEAL), reducing PM 2.5 air pollution in the country would substantially increase GDP. According to the OECD, in 2019
5882:
1319:
estimated direct costs of air pollution as 2.5% of the total health-related expenditures for the 15–34 and over 65 age groups, but stated that the total cost is likely much higher: for example, the economic costs of the
5177:
2715:
227:
The HEAL report estimates that the health costs of illness caused by coal-fired power stations make up between 13 and 27 percent of Turkey's total annual health expenditure (including both public and private sectors).
3646:
1689:
1428:
for residential heating. An Air
Pollution Control Regulation was issued in the 1980s and air quality monitoring began in that decade. In early 2020 most air pollution in major cities fell significantly due to the
4940:
When operating at a short distance, a ferry needs a battery that can be charged in the time they are in port. The charging time for short distance ferries is short and therefore the service of transport can stay
5892:
2374:
Bildirici, Melike E. (2020-01-01). "The relationship between cement production, mortality rate, air quality, and economic growth for China, India, Brazil, Turkey, and the USA: MScBVAR and MScBGC analysis".
1818:
3722:
2353:
3602:
1282:
which reflect sunlight back into space. However this cooling effect is temporary, as short-lived climate forcers are almost all gone from the atmosphere after 30 years. Significant amounts of coal were
1226:
Pollution has lessened since the 1990s. But as of 2019, measured with the air quality index, Istanbul's air affects the hearts and respiratory systems even of healthy individuals during busy traffic. NO
4993:
4684:
1978:
6089:
3936:
3551:
5851:
2558:
1315:
The impact of air pollution on the economy via damage to health may be billions of dollars, and an attempt to estimate this more precisely began in 2019. A study of 2015-16 hospital admissions in
2862:
5349:
3752:
2791:
1741:
1218:
Many cities in Turkey are more polluted than typical
European cities. For example the capital of neighbouring Bulgaria is introducing a low emission zone and restricting coal and wood burning.
1401:
is suggested for cities. Seven regional clean air centers have been created and the deputy environment minister said in 2020 that low-emissions areas will be created and bike lanes increased.
2030:
6039:
4381:
3031:
6287:
6064:
5641:
2249:
869:
on air pollution. There are hourly, daily and yearly average limits for various pollutants in the area around a coal-fired power station, defined as a radius 50 times the chimney height:
3212:
1993:
5887:
5434:
5403:
4501:
3338:
3172:
6302:
6254:
6151:
6146:
5846:
4472:
4251:
3299:
2218:
4530:
2434:
2271:
6259:
6111:
5856:
4343:
1205:
704:, such as from tyre wear of vehicles in cities, are a danger to people's lungs. Regulations in Turkey do not contain restrictions on particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (
6264:
5801:
5721:
2707:
5686:
4655:
3840:
3062:
6181:
6141:
6121:
6004:
5786:
5701:
5631:
5601:
5591:
1679:
1569:
1300:
1291:, even though there were no limits on sulphur compounds until 2004. Between 2004 and 2020, the limit on concentrations of sulphur compounds in flue gas was greatly reduced.
4057:
3636:
1839:
6292:
6116:
1368:
Air quality management practices will be enabled to prevent air pollution from production, heating and traffic, and air quality will be improved by controlling emissions.
1246:
is a particular problem, and it is said to have the worst air pollution in the country. Breathing the air there is equivalent to smoking 38 packs of cigarettes a year. NO
6312:
6297:
6244:
6196:
6191:
6166:
5841:
5616:
5202:
4884:
4216:
2109:
1949:
252:
6282:
3520:
1781:
6221:
6171:
6131:
6084:
6079:
6049:
6044:
6029:
5994:
5989:
5731:
5711:
5596:
5586:
5377:
5026:
4810:
1814:
3243:
6307:
6249:
6206:
6156:
6136:
6106:
6059:
6034:
5676:
5626:
3079:
Thera, Bayetoulaye; Borbon, Agnès; Gaimoz, Cécile; Sauvage, Stéphane; Salameh, Thérèse; Afif, Charbel; Öztürk, Fatma; Keleș, Melek; Çetin, Banu; Ünal, Alper (2018).
457:
was completely banned in 2010, it can still be a risk when older buildings are demolished, in dumps, and in buildings in some rural areas where it occurs naturally.
5312:
6201:
6126:
6096:
5821:
5781:
5756:
5671:
1397:
for road traffic has been suggested for
Istanbul and it has been suggested that Turkey's vehicle tax system should be changed to better charge for pollution. More
3714:
5741:
5706:
5661:
3611:
2315:
1720:
4409:
860:
for 16% of districts and the ministry plans for it to be available for all districts by 2023, increasing the number of monitoring stations to 380. In 2023 the
4676:
1974:
4985:
4179:
2157:
4551:
Triantafyllou, E.; Diapouli, E.; Korras-Carraca, Μ. Β.; Manousakas, M.; Psanis, C.; Floutsi, A. A.; Spyrou, C.; Eleftheriadis, K.; Biskos, G. (2020-04-01).
2686:
3928:
1342:
4925:
4777:
3541:
2640:
2550:
2744:
857:
2854:
2587:
2484:
Metintas, Selma; Ak, Guntulu; Metintas, Muzaffer (2020-11-16). "Potential years of life and productivity loss due to malignant mesothelioma in Turkey".
1214:
Coal and wood are still burnt to heat some older buildings in some cities, although the yellow plaque shows that natural gas is available in the street.
1167:
About 8% of all deaths have been estimated to be due to air pollution. However estimates of annual excess mortality vary between 37,000 and 60,000. The
96:
3744:
1874:
Kadılar, Gamze Özel; Kadılar, Cem (2018). "Air pollution analysis for Ankara by air pollution index highly correlated with meteorological variables".
153:. There are high purchase taxes on new cars and in 2019 about 45% of cars were over 10 years old and energy-inefficient. Continued electrification of
4588:
4024:
3495:
2999:
2781:
2463:
133:
4622:
4365:
4280:
3020:
2239:
5081:
3099:
2884:
Bavbek, S.; Malhan, S.; Mungan, D.; Misirligil, Z.; Erdinc, M.; Gemicioglu, B.; Oguzulgen, K.; Oksuz, E.; Yıldız, F.; Yorgancioglu, A. (2020).
2664:
2007:
4963:
4493:
3330:
3164:
400:
4464:
4241:
3383:
Hoştut, Sibel; Deren van het Hof, Seçil (2020-01-01). "Greenhouse gas emissions disclosure: comparing headquarters and local subsidiaries".
2208:
1523:
4522:
3131:
2426:
2074:
161:
as a way to get old, polluting vehicles off the road: also in that year tractors have a legal exemption to burn 1000 ppm sulfur diesel.
5052:
4335:
3907:
5806:
5113:
3581:
1650:
1430:
107:
4647:
4442:
3830:
3055:
1337:
As of 2019, ambient air quality and national emissions ceilings are not up to EU standards. As of 2020 Turkey has not ratified the
845:
782:
Emissions are mostly from coal-fired power stations, and rose 14% in 2019 to over a megatonne of the world total of 29 megatonnes:
5148:
1561:
157:
and more high-speed line is one countermeasure being taken. In 2020 strict enforcement of diesel truck emissions was suggested by
6019:
5831:
4745:
4049:
2821:
1850:
802:(VOCs) in Istanbul were on average similar to those in London and Paris but more variable, with maxima usually exceeding 10 ppb.
4086:
3966:
3271:"Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu: Türkiye'nin tüm illeri kirli hava soluyor, deprem bölgesinde kirlilik, kılavuz değerlerin 7,5 katı"
2941:
1441:) increased as there were fewer particles to block the sunlight. Air pollution started to rise again by the middle of the year.
5963:
1917:
1471:
5337:
Saygın, Değer; Tör, Osman Bülent; Teimourzadeh, Saeed; Koç, Mehmet; Hildermeier, Julia; Kolokathis, Christos (December 2019).
5198:
4880:
3081:"Gaseous organic pollution in Istanbul megacity: composition and source apportionment during the TRANSEMED/ChArMEx experiment"
1942:
5421:
5284:
3516:
1773:
5385:
5018:
4802:
1371:
Air quality action plans will be prepared at local level and legislation on pollution and emission control will be updated.
5558:
5511:
3437:
3236:
840:
for city traffic, and replacing the distribution of free coal with a different support for poor families. In other words,
6328:
6226:
5319:
4402:
3862:
341:) emissions should be reduced by technical measures such as reducing the flame temperature by recirculating the flue gas.
5450:
5005:
Dedetaş also said that among their future plans is to put electric ferries into operation due to environmental purposes.
4617:
3676:
3460:"Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using satellite and ground observations"
3433:
1349:, 16 km over the border, is old and said to be insufficiently earthquake proof and vulnerable to military attack.
1168:
861:
833:
823:
150:
111:
4553:"Contribution of locally-produced and transported air pollution to particulate matter in a small insular coastal city"
6349:
5522:
4304:
Unver, Edhem (2019). "The Effect of Air
Pollution on Respiratory System Disease Admissions and Health Expenditures".
1710:
4203:
2096:
1943:"Chronic coal pollution Turkey. The health burden caused by coal power in Turkey and how to stop the coal addiction"
5751:
2180:"Substantial emission reductions from Chinese power plants after the introduction of ultra-low emissions standards"
1593:
450:
4168:
1627:"Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region"
787:
5367:
2678:
2145:
215:
1626:
6359:
4918:
4770:
2633:
2067:"Sanayi̇ Kaynaklı Hava Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ni̇n Kontrolü Yönetmeli̇ği̇nde Deği̇şi̇kli̇k Yapılmasına Dai̇r Yönetmeli̇k"
396:
41:
232:
5766:
2579:
1275:
1231:
185:
5075:"The influence of green areas on city-dwellers' perceptions of air pollution: The case of Nigde city center"
128:
6354:
6211:
5691:
5581:
5497:
2612:
1975:"Pollution from coal power costs Turkey as much as 27% of its total health expenditure – new report Turkey"
1346:
811:
4274:"Quantification of the Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health and Economy in Turkey using the EVA System"
6101:
5811:
5681:
5531:
5514:
5480:
5470:
5303:
4211:
3300:"2019 was year of policy, 2020 to be year of action for greener Turkey, deputy environment minister says"
2455:
2104:
1377:
Research on air quality modelling and monitoring will be conducted and infrastructure will be developed.
1156:
708:), which cause lung diseases. As of 2016 average PM2.5 concentration was 42μg/m3, whereas 10 μg/m is the
660:
Although there is some monitoring of air pollution, many air pollution indicators are not available. The
55:
5956:
5897:
5776:
5771:
5651:
4609:
3878:"Assessment of Major Air Pollution Sources in Efforts of Long Term Air Quality Improvement in İstanbul"
2736:
1416:
acknowledged the importance of clean air. In the 19th century air pollution was thought of in terms of
5223:
Aydın, Serdar; Nakiyingi, Betina
Assumpta; Esmen, Cengiz; Güneysu, Sinan; Ejjada, Meena (2020-08-13).
4713:
4273:
1303:
is responsible for coordination between government departments. As of 2019, however, according to the
6024:
5791:
5746:
5726:
5716:
4552:
3988:
3459:
2963:
1364:
According to the
Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023), all districts will be monitored by 2023 and:
1180:
1171:
estimates at least 48,000 early deaths in 2021. Air pollution is a health risk mainly due to burning
841:
799:
771:
709:
466:
88:
45:
5074:
3080:
1321:
783:
6069:
6054:
6014:
6009:
5999:
5984:
5816:
5573:
5551:
4167:
Naik, Vaishali; Szopa, Sophie; Adhikary, Bhupesh; Artaxo Netto, Paulo Eduardo; et al. (2021).
829:
308:
211:
199:
100:
4953:
1680:"Coronavirus aftermath: Going back to old habits threatens strides made in clean air, expert says"
6186:
6176:
6161:
6074:
5861:
5761:
5696:
5666:
5611:
5606:
1742:"Transport sector transformation: Integrating electric vehicles into Turkey's distribution grids"
1210:
729:
4610:"Transboundary air pollution by sulphur, nitrogen, ozone and particulate matter in 2018: Turkey"
3123:
2150:, Dust and NOx emission levels in the LCPD, the IPPCD and the IED — European Environment Agency"
2066:
114:
and the Chamber of Environmental Engineers are among organisations campaigning for cleaner air.
5902:
5736:
5646:
5636:
5621:
5339:
Transport sector transformation: Integrating electric vehicles into Turkey's distribution grids
3637:"Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data"
1358:
1185:
154:
2551:"Air pollution increases in Turkey as researchers struggle to access vital data - Turkey News"
2035:
1374:
Air quality management capacity will be improved by strengthening regional clean air centres.
5949:
5656:
5506:
5174:"Air Pollution Problem in Istanbul, Turkey and Strategical Efforts in Air Quality Management"
3517:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
1274:
Some of the sulphur compounds emitted from Turkey's coal-fired power station chimneys become
194:
5049:"Motorlu Taşıtlar Vergisine Yeni Bir Model Önerisi: Mesafe Temelli Motorlu Taşıtlar Vergisi"
5048:
3877:
2886:"Economic burden of severe asthma in Turkey: a cost of illness study from payer perspective"
158:
3786:
3091:
1883:
5128:
By the law of nature these things are common to mankind – the air, running water, the sea
5106:
4107:
Börü, Ülkü Türk; Bölük, Cem; Taşdemir, Mustafa; Gezer, Tuğçe; Serim, Vedat Ataman (2020).
3573:
2040:
1263:
8:
5871:
5544:
5291:
1421:
1338:
866:
5437:[Are Turkey's coal-fired power stations in accordance with environmental laws?]
4434:
3790:
3095:
2964:"Application of reduction scenarios on traffic-related NOx emissions in Trabzon, Turkey"
1887:
717:
5257:
5224:
5141:
4857:
4832:
4580:
4317:
4146:
4016:
3807:
3774:
3487:
3408:
3199:
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
2991:
2517:
2408:
2345:
1434:
1420:, the idea that foul smells could cause disease. Due to the high cost of oil after the
1398:
1284:
1259:
681:
424:
327:) emissions are below 2000 mg/Nm . If the 2000 mg/Nm limit is exceeded, then
236:
4734:
4706:"Baku, Yerevan exchange statements on possibility of striking critical infrastructure"
2813:
5926:
5458:
5417:
5262:
5244:
5173:
4862:
4833:"Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective"
4584:
4572:
4373:
4150:
4138:
4130:
4078:
4020:
4008:
3958:
3899:
3812:
3491:
3479:
3412:
3400:
3194:
2995:
2983:
2962:
Tezel-Oguz, Melike Nese; Sari, Deniz; Ozkurt, Nesimi; Keskin, S. Sinan (2020-06-22).
2933:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2885:
2521:
2509:
2501:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2349:
2337:
2179:
2069:[Regulation Amending the Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution].
2003:
1661:
1533:
1495:
1394:
844:
would be a co-benefit of the main health benefits, and health improvement would be a
837:
661:
430:
235:
are the power plants with the highest health risk in a European country, followed by
4321:
3798:
3432:[Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Heath Effects] (Report) (in Turkish).
1909:
1458:
1383:
5299:
5252:
5236:
4852:
4844:
4564:
4309:
4120:
4000:
3889:
3802:
3794:
3775:"The spread of COVID-19 virus through population density and wind in Turkey cities"
3471:
3392:
3270:
3202:
2975:
2897:
2493:
2384:
2327:
2283:
1998:
1891:
1815:"Halkalı Kapıkule High Speed Train Project will Reduce Accidents and Air Pollution"
669:
283:
2497:
5526:
5501:
4958:
3894:
2314:
Sonmez, Ozlem; Taşdemir, Zeynep Atam; Kara, H. Volkan; Akçay, Sule (2020-08-01).
1279:
677:
469:
guidelines. There is no limit on PM2.5 and limits for other pollutants (except SO
434:
320:
291:
248:
80:
3929:"Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It?"
3429:
5240:
4848:
2855:"World Health Organization report raises alarm about bad air in Turkish cities"
2388:
764:
721:
713:
673:
404:
328:
312:
275:
170:
72:
59:
4568:
4004:
3475:
2979:
2782:"Covid-19 Quarantine has Cleaned the Air of Turkey, What Should be Done Next?"
177:
and some other cities, which is bad because Turkish coal is very low-quality.
6343:
5920:
5462:
5248:
4576:
4550:
4377:
4313:
4134:
4012:
3903:
3483:
3404:
3396:
2987:
2911:
2505:
2396:
2341:
1665:
1537:
1417:
49:
37:
4366:"Banning dangerous chemicals could save the US billions | Leonardo Trasande"
3989:"Air quality level, emission sources and control strategies in Bursa/Turkey"
3668:
3542:"Six coal-fired plants continue to emit thick smoke after end of suspension"
2332:
2031:"Greenpeace activists detained in Turkey for protesting thermal power plant"
1345:
and those reports are public. Pollution affects neighbouring countries. The
5266:
4986:"Istanbul ferries to run 24/7 once plan gets green light from city council"
4866:
4465:"As Earth overheats, asphalt is releasing harmful air pollutants in cities"
4142:
3835:
3816:
2919:
2708:"Turkey - state of the environment reporting — European Environment Agency"
2513:
2404:
2288:
1528:
1519:
1172:
701:
270:
76:
5941:
5519:
5474:
4677:"The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant: A time bomb at Turkey's eastern border"
1382:
deaths could be avoided per year by shutting down three power stations in
5930:
5384:(Report) (in Turkish). Chamber of Environmental Engineers. Archived from
4246:
4053:
3304:
3207:
3168:
2244:
2213:
1715:
1684:
1413:
1176:
814:
are regulated, but totals for these emissions were not reported in 2019.
760:
437:, is a danger in itself and increases the risk of respiratory infection.
253:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry § Air pollution
84:
5536:
5313:
Lignite coal – health effects and recommendations from the health sector
5225:"Environmental impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) from Turkish perceptive"
4403:"Air Pollution and Health in Turkey Facts, Figures and Recommendations"
3863:"Eastern European cities welcome first low-emission zones - Eurocities"
1847:
Sabancı University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate
832:. Because most of the air pollution is caused by burning fossil fuels,
725:
4125:
4108:
1895:
1795:
1307:, better coordinated policies need to be established and implemented.
865:
limits, but this data is not published as Turkey has not ratified the
106:
In early 2020 air pollution in major cities fell significantly due to
2209:"Turkey bans sale of hand-rolled cigarettes, sellers to be sentenced"
1390:
1193:
733:
1196:, but this is disputed for some places and more research is needed.
5435:Ülkemi̇zdeki̇ Kömür Yakitli Santrallar Çevre Mevzuatiyla uyumlu mu?
3987:
Caliskan, Burak; Özengin, Nihan; Cindoruk, S. Sıddık (2020-05-25).
2240:"More restrictions, inspections next step in fight against smoking"
1994:"Greenpeace warns about threat of Turkey's coal-fired power plants"
1316:
1189:
454:
299:
258:
4242:"Turkey's cities with thermal power plants breath 46% cleaner now"
3831:"Pant by numbers: the cities with the most dangerous air – listed"
204:
5142:"The Dirt of Istanbul: Coping With Pollution in the 19th Century"
4705:
3165:"Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions fall for second year in a row"
2608:
1425:
1326:
790:
polluted the surrounding areas with 300 kilotonnes each in 2019.
741:
737:
504:
no limit: draft legislation proposes 30 decreasing to 25 by 2029
261:
emission limits in mg/Nm (milligrams per cubic metre) have been:
92:
5494:
5318:(Report). Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL). Archived from
2748:
2665:"'Turkey should comply with WHO's new air quality limit values'"
1774:"Turkey raises taxes to discourage car imports amid virus slump"
1206:
List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration
21:
3641:
3546:
2786:
752:
705:
665:
664:
in Turkey does not include particles smaller than 2.5 microns (
446:
174:
138:
44:, with almost everyone across the country exposed to more than
33:
4109:"Air pollution, a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis"
759:
in cities such as Ankara is visible from satellites. Existing
755:
is expensive to treat and can be caused by nitrogen oxides. NO
4881:"Coronavirus Clings to Solid Particles Causing Air Pollution"
4166:
3458:
Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (2020-08-14).
1243:
856:
In 2018 air quality data was available on the website of the
5416:(in Turkish). TMMOB Maki̇na Mühendi̇sleri̇ Odasi. May 2020.
3195:"How to Deliver Free Coal to the Poor Families? Turkey Case"
2883:
1287:, so the effect of that on global warming is dominated by CO
5454:
5446:
3773:
Coşkun, Hamit; Yıldırım, Nazmiye; Gündüz, Samettin (2021).
1466:
1438:
1412:
was first smelted around 5000 BC in Anatolia and in 535 AD
1409:
689:
685:
173:
is still burnt for home heating in low-income districts of
25:
5441:(Report) (in Turkish). TMMOB Maki̇na Mühendi̇sleri̇ Odasi.
5222:
4837:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
4336:"Air pollution linked to "huge" reduction in intelligence"
3715:"Science in 5 - Episode #9 - Air pollution & COVID-19"
2961:
1524:"Europe 'failing its children' on air pollution, EEA says"
770:
and other air pollutants in cities but the first model of
189:
Health effects of coal-fired power stations in Turkey 2019
110:, but it started to rise again by the middle of the year.
1562:"New green space trend in city centers: Vertical gardens"
959:
Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 35 times in a year)
940:
Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 18 times in a year)
899:
Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 24 times in a year)
767:
338:
214:
cause severe impacts on public health. A report from the
5336:
3745:"Coronavirus outbreak exposes health risks of coal rush"
3078:
3056:"Ranking the World's Sulfur Dioxide Hotspots: 2019-2020"
2427:"Asbestos continues to threaten public health in Turkey"
1801:
5107:"Environmental History of Air Pollution and Protection"
3986:
3382:
3126:[Regulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants].
2313:
1304:
64:
5199:"Turkey: Air clears up due to measures to fight virus"
4106:
3124:"Kalıcı Organi̇k Ki̇rleti̇ci̇ler Hakkında Yönetmeli̇k"
2272:"Tobacco Epidemic Keeps Spreading Among Turkish Youth"
1179:. Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to
684:
and particles between 10 and 2.5 microns in diameter (
415:
emissions are 10, 35, and 50 mg/m, respectively.
4898:
4648:"The city in the shadow of an ageing nuclear reactor"
1496:"Air and climate - Air pollution effects - OECD Data"
3882:
Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
3772:
3364:
3352:
2126:
1343:
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
1301:
Climate Change and Air Management Coordination Board
91:
is planned to start production in 2022. Low-quality
4050:"Air pollution in big cities as harmful as smoking"
3697:
3695:
3693:
3457:
3242:(Report). Presidency of Strategy and Budget. 2020.
2745:
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)
2486:
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health
828:As of 2018 Turkey emits one percent of the world's
145:
In 2019 Istanbul had a dangerously high level of NO
4176:AR6 Climate Change 2021:The Physical Science Basis
3430:Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri
3145:
3021:"Turkey Starts New Journey in Automotive Industry"
2890:European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2835:
2762:
2483:
48:guidelines. Over 30,000 people die each year from
5300:The European environment — state and outlook 2020
3293:
3291:
3231:
3229:
2528:
1269:
231:Greenpeace Mediterranean say that the coal-fired
6341:
3690:
2814:"GHO | By category | Exposure - Country average"
1711:"Air pollution returns in Turkey's 'new normal'"
1607:
1594:Turkey's Informative Inventory Report (IIR) 2021
1242:As of 2020, industry located within the city of
805:
99:, is also a big part of the problem. As of 2023
1876:American Institute of Physics Conference Series
1389:Electric ferryboats have been proposed for the
1192:, especially in highly polluted cities such as
712:(WHO) guideline, and is at dangerous levels in
3288:
3226:
1873:
395:These limits allow more pollution than the EU
5957:
5552:
5370:(Report). Chamber of Environmental Engineers.
5072:
4803:"Diesel cars lose market share in EU, Turkey"
1972:
1941:Gacal, Funda; Stauffer, Anne (January 2021).
1940:
793:
4831:Mert, Mehmet; Caglar, Abdullah Emre (2020).
3604:Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri Kara Rapor
2377:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
440:
180:
5971:
5229:Environment, Development and Sustainability
4954:"Why cities must make more of their rivers"
2073:(29211): Appx 1 page 15. 20 December 2014.
1973:Gacal, Funda; Stauffer, Anne (2021-02-04).
1936:
1934:
851:
403:), the limits for particulate matter (PM),
242:
117:
5964:
5950:
5559:
5545:
5171:
4830:
4408:. Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL).
3875:
3192:
2269:
5566:
5532:2019 World Clean Air Congress in Istanbul
5256:
4856:
4462:
4306:Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation
4124:
3893:
3806:
3610:. 11 May 2019. p. 56. Archived from
3206:
3088:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
2901:
2373:
2331:
2287:
1771:
4363:
2739:[Continuous Monitoring Center].
2270:Kose, Elif; Ozcebe, Hilal (2017-12-01).
1931:
1559:
1341:, although it has ratified the original
1209:
858:Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
774:is planned to start production in 2022.
692:Turkey plans to meet EU limits by 2024.
433:, and secondhand smoking, also known as
198:
184:
132:
20:
5172:Atimtay, Aysel T; Incecik, Selahattin.
4169:"Chapter 6:Short-lived climate forcers"
3742:
846:co-benefit of climate change mitigation
836:would also be reduced by, for example,
129:Vehicle emission standard § Turkey
97:the country's coal-fired power stations
6342:
5310:
5139:
5104:
5016:
4966:from the original on 19 September 2020
4904:
4800:
4239:
4162:
4160:
3265:
3263:
2177:
1555:
1553:
1518:
1250:is visible in satellite measurements.
164:
5945:
5540:
5432:
5402:
4303:
4271:
4043:
4041:
3843:from the original on 23 February 2019
3554:from the original on 24 February 2021
3424:
3422:
3370:
3358:
3297:
3237:Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023)
2545:
2543:
2146:"Level of ambition with respect to SO
2132:
2077:from the original on 27 February 2019
2047:from the original on 26 December 2015
1613:
1352:
1093:
1074:
1051:
1032:
1013:
955:
933:
892:
28:in Istanbul in the early 21st century
5445:
5380:[Air Pollution Report 2019]
5191:
4916:
4768:
4048:DHA, Daily Sabah with (2020-01-06).
2794:from the original on 29 October 2021
2768:
2028:
1991:
1588:
1586:
1560:Birpınar, Mehmet Emin (2020-10-27).
1278:, which are the type of short-lived
1262:may be related to local industry in
487:World Health Organization guideline
465:Levels across the country are above
95:, burnt in cities and the oldest of
87:in cities, but the first of several
5469:
5405:Türki̇ye'ni̇n Enerji̇ Görünümü 2020
5298:
4415:from the original on 22 August 2016
4196:
4157:
4047:
3669:"The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)"
3649:from the original on 9 October 2021
3260:
3151:
2955:
2841:
2609:"Konsantrasyon: Ulusal Sınır Değer"
2580:"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines"
2534:
1977:. Health and Environment Alliance.
1948:. Health and Environment Alliance.
1550:
926:Yearly and winter (1 Oct - 31 Mar)
817:
460:
195:Coal in Turkey § Air pollution
16:Dirty air in the Republic of Turkey
13:
5520:Chamber of Environmental Engineers
5476:Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review
5451:OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2021
5311:Jensen, Genon K. (December 2018).
5283:
5073:Çetin, Ç; Karafakı, F. C. (2019).
5046:
5019:"Yetti artık İstanbul'un trafiği!"
5017:ALPHAN, Melis (20 February 2017).
4645:
4618:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
4544:
4523:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
4515:
4494:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
4486:
4265:
4038:
3939:from the original on 10 April 2019
3701:
3595:
3434:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey
3419:
3331:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
2865:from the original on 10 April 2019
2774:
2685:. TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası.
2540:
1651:Air Pollution and Health in Cities
1162:
834:greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
824:Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
747:
418:
151:greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
137:Electric buses were introduced to
112:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey
14:
6371:
5488:
4364:Trasande, Leonardo (2019-06-25).
3013:
1583:
777:
451:environmental impacts of concrete
334:emissions must be reduced to 10%.
267:Installed capacity of power plant
42:the nation's environmental issues
5925:
5916:
5915:
5216:
5165:
5133:
5098:
5066:
5040:
5010:
4978:
4946:
4910:
4873:
4824:
4794:
4762:
4727:
4698:
4669:
4639:
4602:
3876:Sevi̇moğlu, Orhan (2020-04-01).
3779:Science of the Total Environment
3068:from the original on 2021-10-29.
2903:10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.149
2029:Tuna, Banu (11 September 2014).
1981:from the original on 2021-05-09.
1332:
1155:Some industrial companies reach
399:. In China (which has a similar
56:Road transport in Turkish cities
5205:from the original on 2020-07-23
5180:from the original on 2021-10-29
5154:from the original on 2021-10-29
5140:Özeren, Deni̇z (October 2019).
5119:from the original on 2020-10-28
5087:from the original on 2021-10-29
5055:from the original on 2021-10-29
5029:from the original on 2020-12-03
4996:from the original on 2020-08-01
4931:from the original on 2021-04-15
4887:from the original on 2020-07-13
4813:from the original on 2020-09-18
4783:from the original on 2021-04-15
4751:from the original on 2020-02-09
4716:from the original on 2020-08-04
4687:from the original on 2020-08-08
4658:from the original on 2020-08-24
4628:from the original on 2020-12-03
4591:from the original on 2021-10-29
4533:from the original on 2021-10-29
4504:from the original on 2021-04-17
4475:from the original on 2020-11-03
4456:
4445:from the original on 2020-11-12
4427:
4395:
4384:from the original on 2019-07-01
4357:
4346:from the original on 2019-07-01
4328:
4297:
4286:from the original on 2021-10-29
4254:from the original on 2021-06-10
4233:
4222:from the original on 2021-10-09
4185:from the original on 2021-08-28
4100:
4089:from the original on 2021-03-22
4071:
4060:from the original on 2020-10-31
4027:from the original on 2021-10-29
3980:
3969:from the original on 2021-03-22
3951:
3921:
3910:from the original on 2020-12-13
3869:
3855:
3823:
3799:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141663
3766:
3755:from the original on 2020-04-21
3736:
3725:from the original on 2020-10-23
3707:
3679:from the original on 2020-08-20
3661:
3629:
3584:from the original on 2020-07-04
3574:"Turkey: Air Pollution | IAMAT"
3566:
3534:
3523:from the original on 2021-10-17
3509:
3498:from the original on 2021-10-29
3451:
3440:from the original on 2020-11-26
3376:
3341:from the original on 2021-04-17
3323:
3312:from the original on 2020-03-22
3249:from the original on 2020-09-25
3215:from the original on 2021-10-29
3186:
3175:from the original on 2020-04-02
3157:
3134:from the original on 2021-04-10
3116:
3105:from the original on 2019-04-10
3072:
3048:
3037:from the original on 2021-01-12
3002:from the original on 2021-10-29
2944:from the original on 2021-03-22
2926:
2877:
2847:
2824:from the original on 2020-10-27
2806:
2729:
2718:from the original on 2020-12-29
2700:
2689:from the original on 2020-06-28
2671:
2657:
2646:from the original on 2021-04-15
2626:
2615:from the original on 2020-10-12
2601:
2590:from the original on 2021-09-23
2572:
2561:from the original on 2020-08-16
2477:
2466:from the original on 2020-12-30
2448:
2437:from the original on 2021-01-23
2419:
2367:
2356:from the original on 2021-01-16
2320:Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology
2307:
2296:from the original on 2021-10-29
2276:Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology
2263:
2252:from the original on 2019-10-04
2232:
2221:from the original on 2021-01-07
2201:
2190:from the original on 2021-10-29
2178:Tang, Ling; Qu, Jiabao (2019).
2171:
2160:from the original on 2020-08-04
2138:
2115:from the original on 2021-10-09
2089:
2059:
2022:
1985:
1966:
1955:from the original on 2021-06-07
1920:from the original on 2018-10-27
1902:
1867:
1832:
1821:from the original on 2020-09-19
1807:
1802:SaygınTörTeimourzadehKoç (2019)
1784:from the original on 2021-10-29
1765:
1754:from the original on 2020-08-01
1734:
1723:from the original on 2020-09-03
1703:
1692:from the original on 2020-12-04
1572:from the original on 2020-11-09
1477:from the original on 2021-10-27
842:helping to limit climate change
695:
216:Health and Environment Alliance
5883:British Indian Ocean Territory
5346:SHURA Energy Transition Center
4557:Atmospheric Pollution Research
4463:Newburger, Emma (2020-09-02).
4272:Ozdemir, Huseyin; et al.
3993:Atmospheric Pollution Research
3464:Atmospheric Pollution Research
2968:Atmospheric Pollution Research
1878:. AIP Conference Proceedings.
1672:
1643:
1619:
1601:Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü
1512:
1488:
1451:
1322:reductions in the intelligence
1270:Relationship to climate change
1230:is visible in measurements by
1159:(GRI) 305 emissions standard.
429:More than a quarter of adults
397:Industrial Emissions Directive
233:power plants in Afşin-Elbistan
89:Turkish national electric cars
1:
5410:Turkey's energy overview 2020
4113:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
3743:Ugurtas, Selin (2020-04-17).
3385:Social Responsibility Journal
3298:Kızıl, Nurbanu (2020-01-02).
2498:10.1080/19338244.2020.1747380
1444:
1276:stratospheric sulfur aerosols
1232:Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3
989:Maximum daily 8-hour average
812:persistent organic pollutants
806:Persistent organic pollutants
788:Afşin-Elbistan power stations
772:Turkish national electric car
4240:Şimşek, Barış (2021-05-31).
4204:"Emission standards: Turkey"
3895:10.16984/saufenbilder.586655
2097:"Emission standards: Turkey"
1347:Armenian Nuclear Power Plant
1310:
473:) are above WHO guidelines:
360:50 MW ≤ capacity < 100 MW
7:
5515:European Environment Agency
5481:International Energy Agency
5304:European Environment Agency
4919:"Air pollution in Istanbul"
4801:Sandık, Ufuk (2020-08-10).
4771:"Air pollution in Istanbul"
4435:"Fossil Fuel Support - TUR"
4212:International Energy Agency
2679:"Air Pollution Report 2018"
2634:"Air Pollution in Istanbul"
2456:"Asbestos Hill: a cover-up"
2105:International Energy Agency
1294:
1221:
1169:Right to Clean Air Platform
1157:Global Reporting Initiative
862:Right to Clean Air Platform
10:
6376:
5378:Hava Kirliliği Raporu 2019
5277:
5241:10.1007/s10668-020-00933-5
4849:10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
3193:HALİSÇELİK, Ergül (2017).
2389:10.1007/s11356-019-06586-w
1992:Üzüm, İpek (28 May 2014).
1404:
1203:
821:
800:volatile organic compounds
794:Volatile organic compounds
422:
349:5 MW ≤ capacity < 50 MW
246:
192:
126:
122:
6321:
6273:
6235:
5977:
5911:
5870:
5830:
5572:
5433:Aytaç, Orhan (May 2020).
5368:Air Pollution Report 2018
4917:Kara, Orkide Nur (2018).
4769:Kara, Orkide Nur (2018).
4569:10.1016/j.apr.2019.12.015
4005:10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.016
3476:10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.011
2980:10.1016/j.apr.2020.06.014
1253:
1199:
1181:World Health Organization
1115:
1099:
1005:
999:
985:
974:
901:
710:World Health Organization
700:Like in other countries,
635:
608:
571:
544:
519:
494:
467:World Health Organization
449:production is one of the
441:Industry and construction
336:
307:
302:(MW) ≤ capacity < 5 MW
212:coal-fired power stations
181:Coal-fired power stations
46:World Health Organization
6350:Air pollution by country
5632:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5495:Official Air Quality Map
5348:(Report). Archived from
5105:Mosley, Stephen (2014).
4735:"Constitution of Turkey"
4314:10.14744/ejmi.2019.56609
3397:10.1108/SRJ-11-2019-0377
3277:(in Turkish). 2023-03-23
2737:"Sürekli İzleme Merkezi"
1772:Bloomberg (2020-08-31).
1237:
1075:Total organic compounds
852:Monitoring and reporting
830:greenhouse gas emissions
243:Flue gas emission limits
118:Sources of air pollution
101:health impact assessment
5972:Air pollution in Europe
5893:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2333:10.4103/ejop.ejop_52_20
1840:"Turkey Energy Outlook"
1459:"Regional Outlook 2021"
1285:burnt over 30 years ago
810:The emission levels of
203:Yeniköy Power Plant in
103:is not done in Turkey.
6020:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3128:www.resmigazete.gov.tr
2316:"Tobacco and COVID-19"
2289:10.5152/ejp.2017.27880
1379:
1359:Constitution of Turkey
1215:
1186:respiratory infections
784:Kemerköy power station
309:Desulfurisation system
225:
207:
190:
142:
71:Cars and lorries emit
40:is the most lethal of
29:
6360:Environment of Turkey
5567:Air pollution in Asia
2741:www.havaizleme.gov.tr
1431:COVID-19 restrictions
1366:
1213:
798:As of 2014 levels of
220:
202:
188:
136:
108:COVID-19 restrictions
24:
5807:United Arab Emirates
5479:(Technical report).
5285:"Turkey 2019 Report"
4962:. 3 September 2020.
4681:www.duvarenglish.com
3839:. 13 February 2017.
3208:10.11611/yead.373439
2861:. 15 February 2017.
2433:. 30 December 2019.
2431:www.duvarenglish.com
1437:(a leading cause of
1424:, cities burnt more
943:250 (200 from 2024)
688:). According to the
668:), but does include
311:not required if the
6355:Pollution in Turkey
6236:States with limited
5834:limited recognition
5292:European Commission
5023:www.hurriyet.com.tr
4843:(26): 32933–32943.
4683:. 13 January 2020.
4079:"Plots | OCO-3 SAM"
3959:"Plots | OCO-3 SAM"
3791:2021ScTEn.751n1663C
3096:2018EGUGA..2017257T
2934:"Plots | OCO-3 SAM"
2859:Hürriyet Daily News
2555:Hürriyet Daily News
2036:Hürriyet Daily News
2010:on 26 December 2015
1888:2018AIPC.1991b0014K
1658:State of Global Air
1339:Gothenburg Protocol
1175:, such as coal and
873:
867:Gothenburg Protocol
477:
445:Air pollution from
257:Since January 2020
165:Heating and cooking
5525:2020-10-20 at the
5512:Turkey fact sheets
5500:2020-10-12 at the
4742:global.tbmm.gov.tr
4083:ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov
3963:ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov
3645:. 13 August 2020.
2938:ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov
1435:tropospheric ozone
1353:Proposed solutions
1260:multiple sclerosis
1216:
872:
838:low emission zones
682:tropospheric ozone
476:
425:Indoor air quality
237:Soma power station
208:
191:
159:Sabancı University
143:
141:in the early 2020s
30:
6337:
6336:
5939:
5938:
5876:other territories
5423:978-605-01-1367-9
4126:10.1111/ane.13223
3999:(12): 2182–2189.
3470:(12): 2350–2360.
3030:. February 2020.
3028:Investment Office
2974:(12): 2379–2389.
2790:. 22 April 2020.
2712:www.eea.europa.eu
2154:www.eea.europa.eu
2041:Doğan Media Group
2004:Feza Publications
1896:10.1063/1.5047887
1395:low-emission zone
1258:A higher rate of
1151:
1150:
1141:Tl and compounds
1130:Cd and compounds
1119:Pb and compounds
1116:In settling dust
1097:Short-term limit
1086:Short-term limit
1067:Short-term limit
1044:Short-term limit
1017:Short-term limit
662:air quality index
658:
657:
481:Pollutant (μg/m)
401:income per person
393:
392:
377:capacity ≥ 100 MW
337:Nitrogen oxides (
6367:
6274:Dependencies and
5978:Sovereign states
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5888:Christmas Island
5574:Sovereign states
5561:
5554:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5484:
5466:
5442:
5440:
5427:
5415:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5371:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5307:
5295:
5289:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5235:(5): 7573–7580.
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5111:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5001:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4614:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4128:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3935:. 1 March 2019.
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3897:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2747:. Archived from
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2383:(2): 2248–2263.
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1849:. Archived from
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1660:(Report). 2022.
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1463:
1455:
1422:1970s oil crisis
1144:Long-term limit
1133:Long-term limit
1122:Long-term limit
1108:Long-term limit
1025:Long-term limit
1003:Long-term limit
918:Long-term limit
874:
871:
818:Greenhouse gases
670:nitrogen dioxide
478:
475:
461:Types and levels
264:
263:
155:the rail network
6375:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6317:
6275:
6269:
6255:Northern Cyprus
6237:
6231:
6152:North Macedonia
5973:
5970:
5940:
5935:
5907:
5875:
5866:
5847:Northern Cyprus
5833:
5826:
5568:
5565:
5527:Wayback Machine
5502:Wayback Machine
5491:
5438:
5424:
5413:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5341:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5294:(EC). May 2019.
5287:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5221:
5217:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5170:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5041:
5032:
5030:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4959:Financial Times
4952:
4951:
4947:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4661:
4659:
4646:Mersom, Daryl.
4644:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4527:treaties.un.org
4521:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4505:
4498:treaties.un.org
4492:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4302:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4238:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4105:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4028:
3985:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3550:. 2 July 2020.
3540:
3539:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3436:. August 2020.
3428:
3427:
3420:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3335:treaties.un.org
3329:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3275:BBC News Türkçe
3269:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1990:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1407:
1355:
1335:
1313:
1297:
1290:
1280:climate forcers
1272:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1229:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1165:
1163:Medical dangers
1055:
937:
896:
854:
826:
820:
808:
796:
780:
758:
750:
748:Nitrogen oxides
698:
678:carbon monoxide
612:
575:
548:
484:Averaging time
472:
463:
443:
435:passive smoking
431:smoke in Turkey
427:
421:
419:Passive smoking
414:
410:
332:
326:
321:sulfur trioxide
318:
287:
279:
255:
249:Air quality law
245:
210:Emissions from
197:
183:
167:
148:
131:
125:
120:
81:nitrogen oxides
17:
12:
11:
5:
6373:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6329:European Union
6325:
6323:
6322:Other entities
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6276:other entities
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6227:United Kingdom
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Czech Republic
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5490:
5489:External links
5487:
5486:
5485:
5473:(March 2021).
5467:
5443:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5400:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5334:
5308:
5296:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5215:
5190:
5164:
5132:
5097:
5065:
5047:Kaynak, Mert.
5039:
5025:(in Turkish).
5009:
4992:. 2020-01-27.
4977:
4945:
4909:
4897:
4872:
4823:
4793:
4761:
4726:
4697:
4668:
4638:
4601:
4563:(4): 667–678.
4543:
4514:
4485:
4455:
4439:stats.oecd.org
4426:
4394:
4356:
4342:. 2018-10-11.
4340:UN Environment
4327:
4296:
4264:
4232:
4195:
4156:
4119:(5): 431–437.
4099:
4070:
4037:
3979:
3950:
3920:
3888:(2): 389–405.
3868:
3854:
3822:
3765:
3735:
3706:
3689:
3660:
3628:
3617:on 6 June 2019
3594:
3565:
3533:
3508:
3450:
3418:
3391:(6): 899–915.
3375:
3373:, p. 240.
3363:
3361:, p. 239.
3351:
3322:
3287:
3259:
3225:
3185:
3171:. 2020-03-31.
3156:
3154:, p. 241.
3144:
3115:
3071:
3047:
3012:
2954:
2925:
2896:(3): 128–137.
2876:
2846:
2844:, p. 199.
2834:
2805:
2773:
2761:
2728:
2699:
2683:www.cmo.org.tr
2670:
2656:
2625:
2600:
2571:
2557:. 2020-08-15.
2539:
2527:
2492:(8): 464–470.
2476:
2460:theblacksea.eu
2447:
2418:
2366:
2306:
2282:(3): 139–146.
2262:
2248:. 2019-10-03.
2231:
2217:. 2020-07-01.
2200:
2170:
2147:
2137:
2135:, p. 241.
2125:
2088:
2058:
2021:
1984:
1965:
1930:
1916:. 2020-02-16.
1901:
1866:
1831:
1806:
1794:
1764:
1733:
1719:. 2020-07-07.
1702:
1688:. 2020-03-25.
1671:
1642:
1618:
1606:
1582:
1549:
1522:(2023-04-23).
1511:
1487:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1406:
1403:
1354:
1351:
1334:
1331:
1312:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1271:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1201:
1198:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:Settling dust
1091:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
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1018:
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1007:
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993:
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987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
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931:
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927:
923:
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907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
878:
853:
850:
822:Main article:
819:
816:
807:
804:
795:
792:
779:
778:Sulfur dioxide
776:
765:diesel exhaust
763:vehicles emit
756:
749:
746:
697:
694:
674:sulfur dioxide
656:
655:
652:
650:
646:
645:
643:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
627:
623:
622:
619:
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613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
600:
596:
595:
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590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
470:
462:
459:
442:
439:
420:
417:
412:
408:
405:sulfur dioxide
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
335:
330:
324:
316:
313:sulfur dioxide
306:
303:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
244:
241:
182:
179:
166:
163:
146:
124:
121:
119:
116:
73:diesel exhaust
60:coal in Turkey
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6372:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:Faroe Islands
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:South Ossetia
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
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6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Liechtenstein
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
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6068:
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6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:South Ossetia
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
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5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
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5720:
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5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
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5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
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5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5391:on 2020-05-21
5387:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5355:on 2020-08-01
5351:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5325:on 2018-12-11
5321:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4942:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4907:, p. 14.
4906:
4905:Jensen (2018)
4901:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4730:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4411:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3865:. 4 May 2023.
3864:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3704:, p. 93.
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3578:www.iamat.org
3575:
3569:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2771:, p. 61.
2770:
2765:
2751:on 2019-08-20
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2537:, p. 44.
2536:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
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2432:
2428:
2422:
2414:
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2402:
2398:
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2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:Today's Zaman
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:(1): 020014.
1881:
1877:
1870:
1856:on 2023-06-01
1852:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1804:, p. 16.
1803:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1747:. p. 9.
1743:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:Harvey, Fiona
1515:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:International
1330:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1286:
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1277:
1267:
1265:
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1235:
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1187:
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1129:
1128:
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1080:
1077:
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1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
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942:
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928:
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920:
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908:
904:
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891:
887:
884:
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879:
876:
875:
870:
868:
863:
859:
849:
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843:
839:
835:
831:
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815:
813:
803:
801:
791:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
766:
762:
754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
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630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
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587:
583:
580:
577:
570:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
543:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:Turkey limit
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
474:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
432:
426:
416:
406:
402:
398:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
347:
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333:
322:
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310:
304:
301:
297:
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293:
290:
288:
282:
280:
274:
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269:
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265:
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201:
196:
187:
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152:
140:
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115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
61:
57:
53:
51:
50:air pollution
47:
43:
39:
38:air pollution
35:
27:
23:
19:
6265:Transnistria
6216:
5872:Dependencies
5802:Turkmenistan
5796:
5767:Saudi Arabia
5475:
5409:
5404:
5393:. Retrieved
5386:the original
5357:. Retrieved
5350:the original
5345:
5327:. Retrieved
5320:the original
5306:(EEA). 2019.
5232:
5228:
5218:
5207:. Retrieved
5193:
5182:. Retrieved
5167:
5156:. Retrieved
5135:
5127:
5121:. Retrieved
5100:
5089:. Retrieved
5068:
5057:. Retrieved
5042:
5031:. Retrieved
5022:
5012:
5004:
4998:. Retrieved
4989:
4980:
4970:17 September
4968:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4939:
4933:. Retrieved
4912:
4900:
4889:. Retrieved
4875:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4815:. Retrieved
4806:
4796:
4785:. Retrieved
4764:
4753:. Retrieved
4741:
4729:
4718:. Retrieved
4709:
4700:
4689:. Retrieved
4680:
4671:
4660:. Retrieved
4651:
4641:
4630:. Retrieved
4616:
4604:
4593:. Retrieved
4560:
4556:
4546:
4535:. Retrieved
4526:
4517:
4506:. Retrieved
4497:
4488:
4477:. Retrieved
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6303:Isle of Man
6238:recognition
6212:Switzerland
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5931:Asia portal
5832:States with
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5692:South Korea
5687:North Korea
5582:Afghanistan
5507:Methane map
4807:Daily Sabah
4652:www.bbc.com
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4054:Daily Sabah
3847:24 February
3719:www.who.int
3305:Daily Sabah
3169:Daily Sabah
2769:OECD (2021)
2584:www.who.int
2245:Daily Sabah
2214:Daily Sabah
2081:22 February
2051:25 December
2014:25 December
1716:Daily Sabah
1685:Daily Sabah
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1566:Daily Sabah
1414:Justinian I
1399:green space
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6344:Categories
6182:San Marino
6142:Montenegro
6122:Luxembourg
6102:Kazakhstan
6005:Azerbaijan
5812:Uzbekistan
5787:Tajikistan
5702:Kyrgyzstan
5682:Kazakhstan
5602:Bangladesh
5592:Azerbaijan
5453:(Report).
5395:2020-09-21
5359:2019-12-26
5329:2019-04-10
5302:(Report).
5209:2020-08-22
5184:2020-09-22
5158:2020-09-21
5123:2020-09-14
5091:2020-09-21
5059:2020-09-14
5033:2020-09-14
5000:2020-12-02
4935:2020-09-21
4891:2020-09-21
4817:2020-09-21
4787:2020-09-21
4755:2020-09-20
4720:2020-09-17
4691:2020-09-17
4662:2020-09-17
4632:2021-07-21
4595:2020-08-23
4537:2020-08-22
4508:2020-08-22
4479:2020-11-28
4449:2020-11-28
4388:2019-07-01
4350:2019-07-01
4290:2020-10-25
4258:2021-08-26
4226:2019-11-25
4189:2021-08-26
4093:2020-11-18
4064:2020-08-23
4031:2020-08-23
3973:2020-11-18
3914:2020-09-20
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3759:2020-04-18
3749:Al-Monitor
3729:2020-11-18
3683:2020-08-21
3588:2020-07-04
3527:2021-10-17
3502:2020-10-25
3444:2020-08-12
3345:2021-03-31
3316:2020-10-23
3281:2023-03-24
3253:2020-09-20
3219:2020-10-11
3179:2020-08-21
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3109:2019-04-10
3041:2020-08-21
3006:2020-09-13
2948:2020-11-18
2842:EEA (2019)
2828:2020-10-24
2755:2020-08-22
2722:2020-09-17
2693:2020-09-17
2650:2020-09-21
2619:2021-09-23
2594:2021-09-23
2565:2020-08-22
2535:IEA (2021)
2470:2020-10-23
2441:2020-10-23
2360:2020-09-23
2300:2020-09-23
2256:2020-09-23
2225:2020-09-23
2194:2020-08-22
2164:2020-08-23
2119:2019-11-25
1959:2021-07-20
1924:2020-09-23
1860:2020-12-08
1825:2020-08-22
1788:2020-10-23
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1727:2020-09-17
1696:2020-09-17
1636:2024-07-22
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6117:Lithuania
5898:Hong Kong
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5772:Singapore
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5249:1573-2975
4585:213971565
4577:1309-1042
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4135:1600-0404
4021:219734716
4013:1309-1042
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2342:2148-5402
2326:(4): 12.
1666:2578-6881
1603:(Report).
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1194:Zonguldak
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910:24 hours
882:Duration
734:Gaziantep
515:no limit
6313:Svalbard
6298:Guernsey
6245:Abkhazia
6197:Slovenia
6192:Slovakia
6167:Portugal
6025:Bulgaria
5921:Category
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5792:Thailand
5747:Pakistan
5727:Mongolia
5722:Maldives
5717:Malaysia
5617:Cambodia
5523:Archived
5498:Archived
5449:(2021).
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4281:Archived
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4087:Archived
4058:Archived
4025:Archived
3967:Archived
3943:10 April
3937:Archived
3908:Archived
3841:Archived
3817:32866831
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3677:Archived
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3438:Archived
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3100:Archived
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3032:Archived
3000:Archived
2942:Archived
2920:32372589
2869:10 April
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2822:Archived
2792:Archived
2716:Archived
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2641:Archived
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2464:Archived
2435:Archived
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2110:Archived
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1950:Archived
1918:Archived
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1910:"Turkey"
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615:24 hour
589:24 hour
534:24 hour
509:24 hour
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411:) and NO
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6222:Ukraine
6172:Romania
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967:Yearly
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649:8 hour
626:Hourly
599:Hourly
578:Annual
561:8 hour
523:Annual
498:Annual
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6177:Russia
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6137:Monaco
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6075:Greece
6060:France
6035:Cyprus
5862:Taiwan
5797:Turkey
5762:Russia
5697:Kuwait
5677:Jordan
5667:Israel
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1254:Ereğli
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1177:diesel
888:Limit
761:diesel
753:Asthma
740:, and
714:Batman
706:PM 2.5
666:PM 2.5
654:10000
495:PM2.5
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139:Samsun
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6283:Åland
6202:Spain
6127:Malta
6097:Italy
5903:Macau
5822:Yemen
5782:Syria
5757:Qatar
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5647:India
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5622:China
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