Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey

1885: 249: 904: 398: 363: 816: 981: 640: 320:(IPCC) defines three methodological tiers to measure emissions. Tier 1 uses global defaults and simplified assumptions, so is the easiest but least accurate. Tier 2 uses country specific values and more detailed data. Tier 3 uses the most detailed data and modelling, so is the most difficult to compile but the most accurate. To make best use of human resources each nation may decide to only use higher tiers to estimate its particular "key categories". Turkstat selects these categories depending on either the absolute level of emissions from that category, or whether it is trending, or uncertain. For example, 1594:

by about 20%, mainly by discouraging coal. A more detailed 2020 study said that the electricity sector is key, and that low cost abatement is possible in the building sector. The same study said that low levels of abatement in agriculture would be cheap, but high levels very expensive. A 2021 study by Shura said that energy transition could increase national income by more than 1%, the largest part being wage increases due to higher skilled jobs, such as in wind and solar power. According to the study socioeconomic benefits, such as better health and wages, would be three times the financial cost.

502: 202: 22: 1897: 462: 1510: 973: 2188:, much detailed emissions data in Turkey is not public. Quantitative estimates of the impact of individual government policies on emissions have not been made or are not publicly available; neither are projections of long-term policy impacts. An expert review published on 2 April 2024 of Turkey's GHG report published in 2023 noted that over 50 recommendations made in previous expert reviews had not yet been addressed. Space-based measurements of the signs of emissions has allowed public monitoring of the 2053:

otherwise be lost to the CBAM remains in the country: NGOs and academics have such plans, however a February 2022 government-led "Climate Council" of all those groups and others issued over 200 recommendations, but not one for coal phase out. European Climate Action Network Turkey complained that civil society is not properly represented in decision making and in particular that there were no organizations such as theirs in the " Emission Reduction Commission" of the Climate Council.

1100:. Along with cement the electricity sector is forecast to be the hardest hit by the CBAM. According to thinktank Ember building new wind and solar power is cheaper than running existing coal plants which depend on imported coal. But they say that there are obstacles to building utility scale solar plants such as: lack of new capacity for solar power at transformers, a 50-MW cap for any single solar power plant's installed capacity, and large consumers being unable to sign long term 13305: 13751: 13315: 1853:, expected to be partially operational by 2023. As of 2019, the government aimed to keep the share of coal in the energy portfolio at around the same level in the medium and long term. This was explained, in part, because of Turkey's desire to have a diverse mix of energy sources. Rather than increase imports of gas, it wanted to retain domestic coal, albeit with safeguards to reduce the impact on human health and the environment. İklim Haber ( 1043:

demand. By the mid-2020s the gas price is forecast to have fallen considerably, as Turkey's production from the Black Sea will be more than enough to meet national demand. However, according to a 2021 study the electricity sector is financially unable to transform itself in response to the CBAM, and "to avoid market failure, the government must step in by designing a general decarbonization program for electricity production in Turkey". A

13739: 1421: 1483:, which is estimated to total 3.5 billion tonnes at 30 centimetres (12 in) soil depth, with 36 t/ha in agricultural fields. Soil organic carbon has been mapped: this is important because carbon emissions from soil are directly related to climate change, but vary according to soil interaction with low levels of soil organic carbon increasing the risk of 683:(compared to 10% in the EU). However more use of biofuels may not be sustainable. Fuel quality and emissions standards for new cars are less strict than those in the EU; and in 2019 about 45% of cars were over 10 years old and energy-inefficient. The market share of electric vehicles was below world average in 2020. Domestic flights emitted 3 Mt of CO 1694:. Turkey received by far the most EU climate-change financing in 2018: also the EBRD is investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy, and has offered to support an equitable transition from coal. Although there is no carbon price, other taxes in 2021 covered 39% of emissions and were equivalent to a carbon price of 22.50 euros. 7018: 2148:

say that the NDC should have promised an immediate actual reduction. Academics doubt that emissions could be reduced from a 2038 peak to zero by 2053, and say that delaying Turkey's energy transition is more expensive than starting it at once. The 2053 target was reportedly set without consulting the

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In 2022 the country promised, in its updated first nationally determined contribution(NDC), to cut greenhouse gas emissions 41% compared to business-as-usual by 2030: however this means Turkey's carbon footprint could increase to about 700 Mt by 2030, with emissions peaking by 2038 or before. Because

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from carbon-intensive assets, such as coal, is lacking. Similarly, it is hard for livestock farmers to make a profit, so a sudden removal of subsidies would be an economic shock. But, unlike in neighbouring Greece, there have been no public debates about a just transition. According to former Economy

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in 2019 totalled over 25 billion lira (US$ 4.4 billion), nearly 1% of GDP. Economics professor Ebru Voyvoda has criticised growth policies based on the construction and real estate sectors, and said that moving from fossil fuels to electricity is important. According to a 2020 report by the

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studies show that improving the energy efficiency of buildings and replacing fossil fuelled power plants with renewables are usually the most cost-effective ways of reducing carbon emissions. A 2017 study concluded that a US$ 50/tonne carbon price (similar to the 2021 EU price) would reduce emissions

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and the increase in emissions decoupled somewhat. Since the 1970s the energy intensity of economic growth has fluctuated around 1kWh per 2011 USD, whereas the carbon intensity of energy has fallen from 300g per kWh to 200g per kWh. In 2018, the government forecast that GHG emissions were expected to

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Direct geothermal heating (not to be confused with heat pumps) installed capacity totaled 3.5 GW thermal (GWt) in 2020, with the potential for 60 GWt, but it is unclear how much is low-carbon. According to a 2020 report commissioned by the environment ministry and the EBRD further research

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per person each year (which is more than the world average), and the country produced 1 million tonnes of beef in 2021. There are about 18 million cattle (including 8 million dairy cattle and a few buffalo), 45 million sheep and 11 million goats in the country: livestock are subsidized. US$ 411

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emitted 75 Mt (13%) of GHG. But, as of 2019, estimates of the effects of government policy on industrial emissions are lacking. IEA head Fatih Birol has said that the country has a lot of potential for renewable energy. Some sugar factories, such as some owned by Türkşeker and Konya Seker, burn

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could increase already high unemployment there. A 2021 study estimated the mining sector would employ 21 thousand fewer people, 14% of total mining employment in 2018. The study also forecast job losses in textiles, agriculture and food processing, because such labour-intensive sectors would not be

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emissions could be reduced by 32% from 2018 to 2030. And that the share of renewable resources other than hydroelectricity in installed power could be increased from 17 per cent in 2018 to 50 per cent in 2030 and 77 per cent in 2050. According to the plan, Turkey could increase the total wind/solar

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Emissions could be reduced considerably by switching from coal to existing gas-fired power stations: as there is enough generating capacity to allow the decommissioning of all coal-fired power stations and still meet peak energy demand, as long as hydropower as well as gas is used to meet peaks in

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would give a total over 10% higher, as manufacturing the products imported to Turkey emits more GHG than manufacturing its exports. Turkstat sends the data and accompanying report to the UNFCCC each April, about 15 months after the end of the reported year. Emissions from fuels sold in the country

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is not to reduce emissions but instead an increase of over 30% by 2030. However emissions may have peaked in 2021. Unless Turkey's climate and energy policies are changed the 2053 net zero target will be missed and exporters of high carbon products, such as cement and electricity, will have to pay

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in the UK, as opponents said much of the coal would be exported to Turkey. In 2021 Turkey again asked to be removed from Annex 1 (developed countries) of the UNFCCC, "in order to make our fight against climate change more effective and to have access to climate finance". Some business people

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by 2030. The OECD recommends carbon pricing for all sectors, but road fuel is currently Turkey's only major carbon pricing. Taxes meet the social cost of road-transport carbon but not, however, the social cost of the country's air pollution. However, all other sectors have a large gap between the

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was a subsidy of 6.7 billion lira (US$ 1.2 billion), the largest of Turkey's fossil fuel subsidies that year. Petcoke is used in cement production. In other countries fossil fuel subsidies have been successfully scrapped by good communication from government, immediate cash transfers to

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e in 2021. It is difficult for them to compete with coal partly due to the lack of a carbon price. Electricity generation from gas tends to increase when hydropower is limited by droughts. Import costs for natural gas are expected to fall during the mid-2020s with the start of production from the

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was the largest contributor to fossil-fuel emissions in 2021, followed by oil and natural gas. That year, Turkey's energy sector emitted over 70% of the country's GHG, mostly through electricity generation, followed by transport. In contrast agriculture contributed 13% of emissions and industrial

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The national energy plan published in 2022 expected 1.7 GW more coal power to be built, but the opposition CHP had already said that no more fossil fuel power plants should be built and that there should be carbon trading. Businesses say the country needs to decarbonize so that money which would

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and offset 34 Mt of the country's emissions in 2021. The government said in 2015 that by 2050 "forests are envisioned to stretch across over four-fifths of the country's territory". However warmer and drier air in the south and west may make it difficult to sustain the present forest cover. But,

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Turkey signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 but did not ratify it. In 2015 Turkey declared its intention to achieve "up to a 21% reduction in GHG emissions from the Business as Usual level by 2030". But because "Business as Usual" was assumed to be such a large increase, the "21% reduction" is an

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was created to coordinate government departments, and includes three business organisations. The Environment Ministry chairs it, though other ministries have considerable influence over climate change policy. The Energy Ministry has an Environment and Climate Department (responsible for the GHG

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are the largest energy consumers, and there are substantial opportunities for energy savings in both new build and renovations. There is a roadmap, which says that as of 2021 three quarters of building stock is pre-21st century, that is pre energy standards. A typical residential building emits

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The government says that, as a developing country having less than 1% responsibility for historical greenhouse gas emissions, Turkey's position under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement is not fair at all. However some academics say that low historical greenhouse gas emissions can only be used as a

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is unclear, and taxis could be better integrated with public transport. However Istanbul taxi regulations are politically deadlocked. The central government has drafted enabling regulations for low-emission zones, and at least one municipality is considering creating one. According to Shura

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Later in 2021 Istanbul Policy Center, a thinktank which is part of Sabancı University, released a summary of their own plan. The plan says that net zero by 2050 is possible and that the key to decarbonization is increasing the share of solar and wind in electricity generation. It says that

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emissions are estimated at around 12 Gt, which is less than 1% of the world's cumulative total (Turkey's population is about 1% of world population). Turkey's emissions can be looked at from different perspectives to the standard IPCC classification: for example a 2021 study by

1059:, but if they were scrapped (as suggest by environment minister Şimşek) wind and solar power could expand faster. Relying simply on battery storage would be insufficient to decarbonise electricity, as periods of high and low demand last for two to three weeks. Ramping down 2008:

to the streets and online, including children demanding action and petitioning the UN. The Industrial Development Bank of Turkey says that it has implemented a sustainable business model, and sustainability-themed investments have a 74% share of the bank's loan portfolio.

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could be an alternative to wood, coal and bottled gas: but buying a heat pump is rare as it is very expensive for householders as there is no subsidy. However, owners of larger properties such as shopping centres, schools and government buildings have shown more interest.

12291:"Statement of the Spokesperson of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Hami Aksoy, in Response to a Question Regarding Turkey's Putting on the Record its Determination to Obtain a Fair Position Under the International Climate Change Regime in the G20 Leaders' Declaration" 1757:

However, until production from large gas fields under the Black Sea begins in the mid-2020s, some in Turkey see burning local lignite as essential to lessen the high gas import bill. Likewise, until local production of solar panels and electric vehicles, and mining

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have been estimated at $ 800 million for Turkey in the year 2028 alone. As of 2022 investment in green energy is far smaller than the country's potential. Academics have estimated that if Turkey and other countries invested in accordance with the

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e by 2030. The government intended to complete its review of long-term (2030 to 2050) policy, and publish a new National Climate Change Action Plan with sector specific targets and monitoring mechanisms by 2023, but it did not. Turkey argues that as a

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is calling for an end to coal burning and the phasing out of all fossil-fuel use by 2050. Electricity generated from lignite is often described by politicians and the media as generated from "local resources" and added to the renewables percentage.

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sheep, goats and cattle belch methane. Fertilizers can emit the GHG nitrous oxide, but estimates of the effects of government policy on the agricultural and waste sectors' emissions are lacking. Turkey is one of the top ten nitrous oxide emitters.

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Although the transition to clean energy increases employment in Turkey as a whole, for example in wind and solar power and energy efficiency of buildings, lost jobs may be concentrated in certain locations and sectors. For example, closing

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said that "local climate action planning takes place independent from the national efforts yet with a commitment to international agreements" and that better co-ordination between local and national government would help planning for

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it burns, which differs from mine to mine. Although road transport is a key category, it is not split between cars and lorries as is done in some countries. In 2021 the UNFCCC asked Turkey why it reported negligible indirect GHGs

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producer in the world and the largest in Europe. In 2020 Turkey exported 30 million tonnes, worth almost US$ 1 billion, and was the largest source of EU cement imports. Cement (clinker) production in 2021 emitted 44 Mt

10448: 2108:. They say that almost all G20 countries, including Turkey, should reduce their emissions below the 2010 level. Nevertheless, the same academics say that countries with higher historical emissions should reduce emissions more. 1569:

for domestic aviation was cut, and oil and gas were discounted. Almost all the stimulus was detrimental to the environment; according to a 2021 report, only Russia's was less green. Turkey has received climate finance from the

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The government says the waste sector contributed 16 Mt (3%) of Turkey's 2022 GHG. However Climate Trace estimates that it was over 145 Mt (almost 20%) in 2022. It is unclear why there is such an enormous difference.

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Some suggest that limiting emissions through directives to the state-owned gas and electricity companies would be less effective than a carbon price, but would be more politically acceptable. Turkish citizens are taking

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has not yet decided whether to hear the case of Duarte Agostinho and Others v. several countries including Turkey, brought by children and young adults. The Paris Agreement was ratified by parliament shortly before the

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While the government has pledged to buy 30,000 locally made electric cars, there were few explicit green measures in the 2020 package designed to aid recovery from the country's COVID-19 recession. On the contrary the

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Unless Turkey's energy policy is changed, European Union (EU) emissions per person are forecast to fall below Turkey's during the 2020s. Since the EU is Turkey's main trading partner, a comparison with targets in the

6699: 1690:(ETS) is ongoing. The 12th Development Plan (2024 to 2028) says that there will be an ETS. Without a carbon tax or emissions trading, the country is vulnerable to carbon tariffs imposed by the EU, the UK and other 1095:

emissions of some Turkish geothermal power is not yet clear. National and international investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency are being made; for example, the EBRD is supporting the installation of

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Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental

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Emissions from international trips are not included in a country's emissions total, but fuel sales for international aviation can be found in Common Reporting Format category 1.A.3.a.1A. Turkey has joined the

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According to him, Turkey's problem is not that it doesn't take climate change seriously, but that it downplays its share in creating the problem and sees industrialized Western countries as solely responsible

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of electricity generated in Turkey by coal-fired power stations in 2010. This power station aims to generate just over 12.5 TWh (gross) per year. The calculation in the EIA assumes an emission factor of

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from wastewater treatment and discharge was a key category for 2021 solely because of its quickly rising emissions. Nevertheless, most of the key categories selected in 2021 are the largest emitting sectors,

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The EU's planned carbon border tax .... will affect Turkey's trade relations with the EU if Turkey fails to decarbonise its economy ... Turkish cement and electricity sectors are expected to be the worst

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facility) on the European side of Istanbul to be the biggest waste single emitter at over 6 Mt in 2022. Organic waste sent to landfills emits methane, but the country is working to improve sustainable

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will be technically possible, at times when solar or wind increases or electricity demand drops, but would be expensive because of high fixed costs and lost sales revenue. However, after upgrading,

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Fatih Dönmez said that Turkey planned to increase the share of renewables to two thirds of total electricity generation by 2023. Dönmez expressed Turkey's strong desire to add nuclear power to its

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Mevcut planlanan sahaların rezerv geliştirme sürecinde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve güçlükler dikkate alındığında, 2030 yılına kadar 1,7 GW yerli kömür santralinin sisteme dahil olacağı öngörülmüştür.

13569: 13529: 13489: 13392: 13199: 13174: 13069: 13019: 12979: 1120:(OECD) has said that more could be done to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, and that tax incentives offered for this would create jobs. Turkey was a co-leader of the group discussing 13680: 13504: 13285: 13164: 13159: 11023: 4190: 4121: 10726: 773:

has estimated the contributions of individual factories, sometimes from kiln heat visible from satellites, and says that Gönen and Silifke cement plants emitted more than 1.5 Mt each in 2022.

752:(CBAM) in the European Green Deal may include a carbon tariff on Turkish steel produced in blast furnaces, but the CBAM could help arc furnaces compete against products such as Chinese steel. 493:, "Our country aims to use our energy resources efficiently, effectively and in a way that has a minimum impact on the environment within the scope of the sustainable development objectives." 13700: 13685: 13632: 13584: 13579: 13554: 13412: 13229: 13179: 13134: 13114: 10239: 2092:

and is awaiting presidential approval. As of 2021 it has not been ratified, but there are some restrictions on selling these gases, and tightening of the 2018 regulation is being considered.

1822:, said that Turkey saw industrialised Western countries as solely responsible. While discussing their limited actions on climate change, Turkey and other countries cited the forthcoming 2020 13670: 6342: 1371:, to provide information to investors about the risks of climate change to companies. Some manufacturers which export to the EU are adding their own solar power to reduce emissions, and the 13609: 13519: 13472: 13467: 13437: 13432: 13417: 13397: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13119: 13099: 12984: 12974: 11650: 7430: 3890: 2542: 10066: 9884: 2120:

said that Turkey does not need more climate funding in order to meet its current commitments, so should ratify the Paris Agreement and stop building coal power in order to avoid the CBAM.

13695: 13637: 13574: 13549: 13524: 13494: 13462: 13422: 13084: 13064: 13054: 13014: 12999: 12994: 7496: 4885: 12503: 11058: 5238: 1934:, many people will benefit from the green transition, but the losses will be concentrated on specific groups, making them more visible and politically disruptive.At the municipal level, 1011:

and energy efficiency, for example in smaller companies. In 2021 the government pledged to prepare a new plan for reducing emissions, but as of 2022 there is no plan to reduce coal use.

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Since "national communications" are required every four years, the fifth biennial report and eighth national communication may be combined as one document (as was the case previously).

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generally convert less than half of the heat energy into electrical energy, their numbers for grid emission intensity are much greater than the emission intensity figures shown above.

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Bayazıt, Yıldırım; Bakış, Recep; Koç, Cengiz (19 February 2021). "A study on transformation of multi-purpose dams into pumped storage hydroelectric power plants by using GIS model".

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emissions of one of the richest 10% of people in Turkey is more than double that of someone in the rest of the population, as richer people tend to fly more and buy gasoline-fuelled

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Greenhouse gas per person, before and after absorption by forests. The greater net dip in 2019 is because forest cover was resurveyed and found to be more than previously thought.

236:. According to them 730 million tonnes of GHG was emitted in 2022. 2023 military emissions have been estimated at 4.7 million tonnes, but this estimate may not have used official 11681: 11440: 8890: 7527: 5468: 7931: 4590: 9593: 8250: 4059: 12065: 11739: 9525: 4960: 1779: 138:. Although greenhouse gas totals are reported some details, such as the split between cars and lorries, are not published. Turkey has not yet sent a long-term strategy to the 12132: 7957: 7790: 1803: 4769: 2513: 11716: 11505: 11296:

Peker, Ender; Ataöv, Anlı (2021). "Barriers to Implementing Local Climate Action Plans in Turkey: Searching for a Potential Way Out". In Peker, Ender; Ataöv, Anlı (eds.).

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said in 2016 that carbon taxes alone do not generally act fast enough against dirty technologies, but that subsidising research into clean technologies is also necessary.

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despite regional variations, forests are expected to remain an overall carbon sink. Almost all Turkey's forest land belongs to the state and cannot be privatised. Private

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has pledged to convert all existing buildings to zero emissions by 2050. Such energy efficiency improvements can be made in the same programme as increasing resilience to

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is cheaper than electricity generated by coal and gas, so the Chamber of Engineers says that without subsidies coal-fired power stations would be gradually shutdown. The

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Turkey's Energy Efficiency Action Act, which came into force in 2018, commits nearly US$ 11 billion to efficiency and could significantly limit emissions. And the

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Wei, Yi-Ming; Han, Rong; Wang, Ce; Yu, Biying; Liang, Qiao-Mei; Yuan, Xiao-Chen; Chang, Junjie; Zhao, Qingyu; Liao, Hua; Tang, Baojun; Yan, Jinyue (14 April 2020).

9190:"Electricity production based forecasting of greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey with deep learning, support vector machine and artificial neural network algorithms" 7549: 3413: 1674:

projects are in Turkey: mostly wind, hydro, and landfill methane projects. As elsewhere wildfires are a threat to forest carbon offsets. The main standards are the

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argue that Turkey should have been grouped with non-Annex developing countries, which can receive climate finance from the Green Climate Fund. Turkey ratified the

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by Environment Minister Murat Kurum back in 2019. Also following on from the droughts, all parties in parliament, including smaller opposition parties like the

12729: 10421: 8850: 8295:"Have your say – Published initiatives -EU Green Deal (carbon border adjustment mechanism) – Feedback from: Turkish Industry and Business Association (TUSIAD)" 7080: 6993: 5982: 4817: 4222: 579:, are added to those from coal-fired electricity generation, over 30% of Turkey's annual emissions come from coal. In 2021, burning coal emitted 153 Mt CO 7360: 992:

by 2053. But Climate Action Tracker said in 2021 that critical details on scope, target architecture and transparency are missing from the net zero goal. The

12697: 9009:"Spatial and temporal evaluation of soil erosion in Turkey under climate change scenarios using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model" 2365: 1725:. Annual fossil fuel import cost savings of approximately $ 17 billion by meeting Paris Agreement goals have been estimated. Turkish-American economist 1639:

at a guaranteed price of US$ 50–55/MWh until the end of 2027, despite coal power subsidies being economically irrational. Coal miners' wages are subsidised.

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Steckel, Jan C.; Dorband, Ira I.; Montrone, Lorenzo; Ward, Hauke; Missbach, Leonard; Hafner, Fabian; Jakob, Michael; Renner, Sebastian (23 September 2021).

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Burning coal, petrol, diesel and natural gas is putting far more carbon dioxide into the air than forests can take out. There is some correlation with the

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economic growth and emissions, by expanding the country's renewable-energy capacity and investing in energy efficiency with a sustainable energy policy.

1368: 1179:. Although the country has enough of these materials, most cement kilns (there are 54) use coal, petcoke or lignite as their primary energy source. More 401:

Emissions from gas increased, but remain far below coal. Emissions from oil products, such as petrol and diesel, increased more slowly than gas and coal.

1782:. When the treaty was signed in 1992 Turkey had much lower emissions per person, and no historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. So, the 1642:

The Petroleum Market Law provides incentives for investors to explore for oil and produce it. According to the OECD, in 2019 the fuel tax exemption for

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are the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey at 103 Mt (about 20% of national emissions – see pie chart) in 2021. Over a kilogram of CO

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three-quarters of emissions in the transport sector come from road freight transport. Sales of fossil-fuelled road vehicles will be banned from 2040.

285: 11592: 11242: 10716: 10642: 10491: 8835: 8725: 8597: 7203: 4390: 3765: 3390: 2005: 1823: 490: 277: 11099:"Enhancing Turkey's policy framework for energy efficiency of buildings, and recommendations for the way forward based on international experiences" 10229: 7400: 2789: 2025:(the smaller party in the governing coalition) said that climate change is a national security issue. The threat of climate change had already been 12096:"Turkey has approved the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol to gradually reduce the fluorinated gases that negatively affect climate change" 10362: 6334: 6159: 3062:"An environmentally extended global multi-regional input–output analysis of consumption-based and embodied import-based carbon emissions of Turkey" 1004: 839:

management.Cattle emit almost half of the GHG from agriculture. - (Total 72 Mt: 27 Mt enteric fermentation 61% of 9 Mt manure management = 32 Mt).

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estimated that food, "from farm to fork", accounts for about a third of national emissions. This is similar to the global emissions share of food.

11642: 10185:"Climate Change Mitigation – The Paris Agreement, Turkey's Ambiguous Position, And Need For Policy Change In Various Areas – Environment – Turkey" 8357: 8190: 7422: 6132: 6018: 5440: 4860: 3882: 3869:/year)" and "yıllık ortalama brüt üretimi yaklaĢık 12.506 GWh olarak planlanmaktadır." (translated "planned annual generation is 12,506 GWh gross) 2948: 563:

than other countries' lignites. Although imported hard coal has a lower emission intensity when burnt, because it is transported much further its

12904: 12825: 10058: 9874: 2368:(UNFCCC), "up to 21 percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions from the Business as Usual level by 2030" and aiming to emit 929 Mt of CO 2177:-MACRO. On 2021 trends the OECD expects emissions to double from 2015 to 2030. A "Climate Change Platform" is planned to share studies and data. 925:(UNEP) says a faster decarbonisation is needed, and emissions per person per year would need to be cut by more than half to about 2–2.5 t CO 12407: 10392: 8619:

Berberoglu, Suha; Donmez, Cenk; Cilek, Ahmet (5 April 2021). "Modelling climate change impacts on regional net primary productivity in Turkey".

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Hoştut, Sibel; Deren van het Hof, Seçil (1 January 2020). "Greenhouse gas emissions disclosure: comparing headquarters and local subsidiaries".

13716: 13614: 12511: 11048: 2026: 1280:, few electric cars are sold. Chinese EVs are subject to a 50% import tariff. In 2023 about 10% of cars sold were electric, including hybrids. 99:. The 2022 National Energy Plan forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030. Even without a carbon price 4911: 289:

for international aviation and shipping are accounted separately in reports to the UNFCCC, and are not included in a country's total. In 2021

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installed power to 35 GW by 2030 by constructing an average of 3 GW of solar and 2.5 GW of wind power plants every year. The plan says that

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Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) includes sharing information and lessons learned, which strengthens the trust of international

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Yücedağ, Cengiz; Ayan, Sezgin; Farhat, Perla; Özel, Halil Barış (2021). "Juniperus L. for Restoration of Degraded Forest Lands in Turkey".

6394: 4415: 2851: 2377: 1301: 11397: 9163: 4330: 3915: 910:

Turkey's GHG emissions are not in line with the Paris Agreement objective to limit temperature rise to well below 2 °C. According to

663:

dominated emissions with 86 Mt (including agricultural vehicles). Over three-quarters of Turkey's road-transport emissions come from

13139: 12919: 4678: 3977: 513: 11796: 11462: 10685: 10367: 8535: 7692: 3271: 2920: 2719: 12671: 11673: 11430: 11135: 11018: 9306: 8880: 5780: 5461: 4656: 1884: 229: 9560: 7923: 7519: 6893:(Report). Ministry of Environment and Urbanization of the Republic of Turkey and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 4580: 12848: 11191: 9586: 9008: 5337: 4049: 2637: 2112: 1808: 1372: 1316: 1087:

in the future because of climate change. Solar farms are being co-located with hydropower to maintain generation in case of drought.

823:

Agriculture accounted for 72 Mt which was 13% of Turkey's total 2021 GHG, including 61% of its methane emissions and 78% of its

317: 10613: 9507: 9130: 6172: 4956: 4635:"The Impact of European Green Deal on Turkey's Iron and Steel Industry: Decomposition Analysis of Energy-Related Sectoral Emissions" 2308: 1218:

In the 2000s transport emission intensity improved, but this gain was partially lost in the 2010s due to the growing preference for

853: 716:

The European steel industry has complained that steel imports from Turkey are unfair competition, because they are not subject to a

12122: 12013: 11899: 10952: 9852: 8030: 7136: 7114: 5858: 5805: 5057: 2644: 2165:, expert judgement and local integrated assessment modelling is used for non-energy projections. Emissions from industry have been 1602: 12890: 8062: 8048: 7953: 7780: 7666: 5928: 5688: 4081: 3560: 13219: 13079: 13074: 12969: 10588: 9947: 8621: 7052: 5042: 2185: 1636: 1610:, Turkey would break even around 2060. A 2023 IMF working paper says that carbon pricing can be designed to support poor people. 1464:

have been suggested for reforestation because of their hardiness, but are said to need help to regrow quickly. But, according to

12329:"National 'fair shares' in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law" 11814: 11704: 11495: 10886: 8779: 6098: 4613:

Methodology and detailed results: The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey

3023: 2065:

has said that the top 20 emitting countries should reduce emissions immediately. Turkey and some other member countries say the

13509: 13351: 13089: 12989: 10326: 8269: 3294: 2181: 1771: 1675: 1531: 1332: 1223: 615: 77: 10638: 8977:

Proceedings 10th International Soil Congress: Successful Transformation toward Land Degradation Neutrality: Future Perspective

8462: 6700:"World Bank Provides $ 265 million Boost to Improve Earthquake Resilience and Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings in Turkey" 6133:"New energies: How the European Green Deal can save the EU's relationship with Turkey – European Council on Foreign Relations" 4182:

Saygın, Değer; Tör, Osman Bülent; Teimourzadeh, Saeed; Koç, Mehmet; Hildermeier, Julia; Kolokathis, Christos (December 2019).

2483: 13039: 11313: 10820: 9755: 9442: 9372: 8991: 6671: 6266: 6199: 6137: 5391: 2820: 2390: 2030: 10978: 8531: 7901: 7452: 5942: 3475:

Having an emissions trading market is critical for a successful implementation of the carbon capturing technology in Turkey.

2037:, agreed to set up a Parliamentary Research Commission to combat climate change and drought. A draft climate law, including 1288:, which have incentives. However the special consumption tax is 10% or more. As well as cutting GHG, creation of a domestic 13104: 13004: 12946: 12379: 12295: 11991: 10721: 10124: 9793: 8757: 8558: 8228: 7603: 6758:"Sustainable housing: Analysis of energy performance potential in Turkey with translation of building standards of Austria" 5007: 4713: 3533:"IEA calls on companies, governments and regulators to take urgent action to cut methane emissions from oil and gas sector" 3146: 1783: 1307:

Petrol and diesel taxes are lower than in the neighbouring EU but higher than in oil-producing countries to the south. The

1253:

locally, and plans to increase production for use in batteries. A battery factory is planned by Aspilsan, which is part of

922: 12042: 10657: 9639: 9493: 9285: 4438: 1701:

says G20 countries should make their high-emitting companies pay a carbon price, which should rise to $ 75 per tonne of CO

13559: 13457: 13442: 13402: 13387: 13204: 12184: 9587:

Technical Assistance for Developed Analytical Basis for Formulating Strategies and Actions Towards Low Carbon Development

8752: 7576: 6904: 5171:"Investigation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy recovery potential from municipal solid waste management practices" 4291: 1457: 233: 169: 12756:

Report on the individual review of the inventory submission of Türkiye submitted in 2023. Note by the expert review team

8489: 7728: 5553: 5506: 4744: 1186:

Further decarbonisation of cement production would depend heavily on carbon capture and storage (CCS). Despite Turkey's

13594: 13564: 13544: 13447: 13249: 13149: 11364: 10147: 7750: 6218: 5090: 1356: 1167:, which is only half clinker. The second-largest reduction could be made by switching half the fuel from hard coal and 955: 749: 182: 104: 12254: 11770: 10784: 7255: 5618: 2041:, was considered in 2021 and a revised draft in 2023, but as of 2023 there is no emissions trading. In 2023 there was 914:, if all government targets were like Turkey's, global warming would exceed 4 °C by the end of the 21st century. 13776: 13589: 13484: 13059: 13034: 13009: 11831: 11161: 10583: 10262: 3658:"The usage of renewable energy sources and its effects on GHG emission intensity of electricity generation in Turkey" 2089: 1210:

should be mandatory on new buildings, and say that installation on apartment block roofs is hindered by bureaucracy.

12722: 7073: 6980: 5972: 5732: 5078:

https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news-environment/news/article/5592/study-warns-of-alarming-rise-in-long-lived-greenhouse-gas

4215: 4004:

Akyazı, Pınar Ertör; Sperfeld, Franziska; Helgenberger, Sebastian; Şahin, Ümit; Nagel, Laura, eds. (December 2020).

2266:

emitted for each unit of heat produced by burning a fuel. In contrast, the grid emission intensity is the mass of CO

842:

About three quarters of red meat production in Turkey is beef. Turks eat an average of 15 kilograms (33 lb) of

13044: 1913: 1862: 1691: 190: 96: 81: 12686: 7288: 6886: 5885: 5309: 4612: 4252:"Energy Transition and Sustainable Road Transportation in Turkey: Multiple Policy Challenges for Inclusive Change" 2115:

lobbied for ratification of the Paris Agreement. The non-ratification was used as an argument against approval of

2069:

should be changed to help with decarbonization, but because changes must be unanimous this is unlikely to happen.

1762:

for batteries all greatly increase, it is hard to avoid importing a lot of petroleum to make diesel and gasoline.

1237:

Although Turkey's ferries (unlike some other countries') are still fossil-fuelled, the world's first all-electric

529: 380: 8386:"World Bank Provides $ 341 Million Boost to Advance Green and Competitive Growth of Turkey's Agricultural Sector" 7634: 5739: 4679:"The European Green Deal's Border Carbon Adjustment: Potential impacts on Turkey's exports to the European Union" 3734: 3446: 2292: 2097: 2081: 1667: 1203: 1068: 997: 856:, such as for in agriculture, may release significant GHG in future. National GHG inventories do not yet include 9549:"Understanding Marginal Abatement Cost Curve in Turkish Economy on The Way to Reduce of Greenhouse Gas Emission" 9464:

Overview of recently adopted mitigation policies and climate-relevant policy responses to COVID-19 – 2020 Update

6948: 6523: 6482: 5753: 5689:"Cop26 is creating false hope for a 1.5C rise – the stark reality is very different| Bill Hare and Niklas Höhne" 4545: 4151: 3738: 1900: 1682:. Earlier academic assessment suggested a revenue-neutral carbon tax might be best for the Turkish economy, but 333:

for example. Turkey uses Tier 2 and Tier 3 methodology for some key categories, for example a power plant might

8950: 8033:[Air Quality and Responsibilities of Municipalities within the Scope of Sustainable Development Goals] 2661: 2288: 2184:(MRV) system and said in 2021 that it covers half of total emissions, unlike the public sharing of data in the 2137: 2125: 2105: 1858: 1164: 9286:

Seventh National Communication (version 2) of Turkey under the UNFCCC (this is also the third biennial report)

2073:(TPAO) is in discussions with private-sector companies about investment in Black Sea fossil gas. China funded 9398: 4886:"Polish Cement Association predicts fall in cement sales in 2021 and reviews challenges of carbon neutrality" 3600: 3487: 2724: 2468: 1449: 1281: 1125: 269: 150: 108: 9973: 2061:

Murat Kurum has said that global cooperation is key to tackling climate change, and US climate change envoy

1947: 967: 847:

million worth of cattle were imported in 2020. VAT on meat and dairy is 1% like other "staple foods". Being

12534:"The Requirement to Exhaust Domestic Remedies and the Future of Climate Change Litigation before the ECtHR" 10522: 4005: 3592:

Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 – 2021 common reporting format (CRF) tables [TurkStat tables]

2242: 1826:(not knowing at that time that the US would rejoin early the following year) . Turkey was the 16th largest 1799: 1504: 720:, and alleges that the natural gas used to produce some steel is subsidised. Turkish steel, primarily from 441: 257: 157: 11582: 11232: 10761: 10478: 9364:

Smaller World, Bigger Issues: Ch. 19. Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions and Income Inequality in Turkey

9189: 8589: 7956:[How will digitalisation affect the taxi sector] (in Turkish). Yeşil Lojistikçiler. October 2018. 7314: 6831: 5037: 473:

Subsidised coal burnt by poor families gives off black carbon (a contributor to climate change) and other

8165:"More Chilling Than Ever – Tackling Europe's ongoing illegal trade in HFC climate super pollutants - EIA" 7392: 6988: 6926: 6569:

https://wrisehirler.org/sites/default/files/Turkiye%20Building%20Sector%20Decarbonization%20Roadmap...pdf

5643: 5426: 3537: 1698: 1571: 1525:. And from the 1990s to the 2010s they were correlated with electricity generation. But during the 2010s 1522: 996:

has estimated the cost and benefits, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning. In 2024

705: 11742:[Parliament acts on climate change, drought and efficient use of water resources] (in Turkish). 7340:"İstanbul Sürdürülebilir Hareketlilik Planı | Herkes için erişilebilir, kolay, güvenli ve adil istanbul" 6188: 5351: 4982: 3012: 2739: 1538:, energy demand is also expected to grow. Nevertheless, Carbon Tracker says that it will be possible to 13729: 13344: 12481: 11116: 9311: 9159: 6007: 5648: 4850: 3418: 2074: 2022: 1850: 1254: 1088: 1072: 951: 884: 876: 696: 411: 347: 253: 100: 12777: 11264: 8681: 6581: 6454: 5212: 3657: 3354: 2764: 11740:"Meclis iklim değişikliği, kuraklıkla mücadele ve su kaynaklarının verimli kullanılması için devrede" 10614:"'Gamechanger': judge rules in favor of young activists in US climate trial | Montana | The Guardian" 10155:

Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM) Energy and Climate Change Climate Action Paper

10116: 9819: 9389: 8314:

Everest, Bengü (11 May 2020). "Farmers' adaptation to climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in NW Turkey".

7163: 6637: 6261:(Technical report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). 5175: 3266: 2101: 1984: 1383: 1285: 1152:

on Turkish geothermal is needed: specifically how to limit carbon dioxide venting to the atmosphere.

1080: 1037: 918: 832: 177: 10211: 7107:"Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making for Geological Carbon Dioxide Storage Area in Turkey" 5278:"Types of waste in the context of waste management and general overview of waste disposal in Turkey" 4312: 2838:"Global climate policy forecast predicts 'well below 2°C' Paris Agreement climate goals will be met" 12961: 12939: 11900:"Turkey balks at coal phaseout amid growing energy woes - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 9696:"Self-preservation strategy for approaching global warming targets in the post-Paris Agreement era" 6516:"Turkey: New wind and solar power now cheaper than running existing coal plants relying on imports" 5859:"Turkey balks at coal phaseout amid growing energy woes - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 5383: 3355:"Carbon footprints of omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan diets based on traditional Turkish cuisine" 2158: 1687: 1679: 1663: 1328: 1101: 660: 294: 281: 248: 221: 92: 49: 41: 10000: 9333: 8254: 6806:"Turkey's Strategic Energy Efficiency Plan-an Ex Ante Impact Assessment of the Residential Sector" 5585: 3760: 3414:"Global food system emissions alone threaten warming beyond 1.5°C – but we can act now to stop it" 1432:

Turkey has 23 million hectares of forest covering quarter of the country, though over 40% is

728:

per tonne of steel produced. Although this average is less polluting than China, three steelworks—

506: 374:. Per-person gross emissions are above the world average, at 6.6 t in 2022. Turkey's cumulative CO 12477:"How children are taking European states to court over the climate crisis – and changing the law" 6173:

https://www.carbongate.io/en/blog/yesil-donusum-icin-buyuk-adim-turkiye-ye-karbon-kredisi-geliyor

4585: 3843:

Afşin C Termik Santrali, Açik Kömür İşletmesi ve Düzenli Depolama Alani Projesi: Nihai ÇED raporu

2046: 1979: 1722: 1683: 1590: 1539: 1448:

permits have been issued however, to encourage tree planting in areas where tree density is low.

1076: 1060: 485:

such as coal and natural gas to heat commercial and institutional buildings emitted 14 Mt CO

474: 130:

is 1.3%. Annual per person emissions since the late-2010s have varied around six and a half

120: 8164: 6734: 4407: 1775: 1241:

began working in Istanbul's harbour in 2020, electric lorries are manufactured, and an electric

205:

As in most countries carbon dioxide, mostly from burning fossil fuels, is the main long-term GHG

12452: 11882: 11217: 10881: 9632:"Socioeconomic Impact of the Power System Transition in Turkey • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi" 9362: 9148: 7841: 6555: 4365: 4316: 4184:

Transport sector transformation: Integrating electric vehicles into Turkey's distribution grids

3703: 3328: 3235: 2042: 1738: 1628: 1364: 1219: 1180: 911: 903: 186: 12384: 8784: 7785: 7581: 7457: 5810: 3967: 3941: 1671: 1530:

increase in parallel with GDP growth over the next decade. Once economic growth resumes after

1199: 779:

contracted at the end of 2018 and so used less cement. Cement producers in the EU have to buy

13755: 13337: 12909: 12880: 11926:"COP27 İklim Zirvesi: Türkiye 2053'te net sıfır emisyon hedefine ulaşmak için neler yapmalı?" 11237: 10909: 10357: 9700: 8829: 8523: 7022: 3261: 3024:

https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230710-NATO-GHG-Methodology.pdf

2687: 2543:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies" 2275: 2121: 2066: 1619: 1598: 1575: 1395: 1133: 1055:

are the cheapest generating technologies, but are underdeveloped. Fossil fuel subsidies risk

1048: 799:

estimated 2022 at over 3 Mt, but have very low confidence in the accuracy of their estimate.

524:

of electricity generated in Turkey by coal-fired power stations. If operated at the targeted

453: 370:

Turkey emitted 558 Mt of GHG in 2022, which is higher than would be sustainable under a

189:

about a draft climate law which aims to keep the tariff money within the country by starting

85: 12693: 7074:"EU Carbon Capture and Storage Directive Preliminary Regulatory Impact Assessment (Pre-RIA)" 6219:"Priority Areas for a National Hydrogen Strategy for Turkey • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi" 4634: 3455: 1819: 1655:

poor people, energy price smoothing and energy transition support for households and firms.

946:

on exports such as steel and cement. Public and private sector working groups discussed the

12560:"Turkey set to submit Paris climate pact to parliament next month: President – Turkey News" 11587: 11398:"Activists in Turkey demonstrate with call to 'unite behind the science' on climate change" 10517: 10094: 9709: 9548: 9023: 8693: 8630: 8562: 8425: 7226:"Zero emissions on top of Busworld Turkey's agenda. Isuzu, Karsan, Otokar in the spotlight" 7058: 6843: 6582:"Carbon footprint assessment of residential buildings, a review and a case study in Turkey" 6291: 5184: 3805: 3628: 3510: 3073: 2583: 2149:

Energy Ministry, and as of 2023 that ministry has not published a decarbonization roadmap.

2010: 1917: 1399: 1296:

is hoped to reduce vehicle running costs, create jobs, and reduce oil imports. Introducing

1121: 1052: 934:

it should be exempt from net emission reduction targets, but other countries do not agree.

828: 795:

production was under 1 Mt but the emission factor used in the calculation is confidential.

745: 592: 552: 371: 26: 9663:"New study finds incredibly high carbon pollution costs – especially for the US and India" 8976: 8224:"Promoting Energy-Efficient Motors in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey" 5327: 4514:"Turkey's steel imports into Europe a 'problem' for the industry, says Liberty House boss" 4006:

Cobenefits Policy Report: Unlocking the co-benefits of decarbonising Turkey's power sector

3731:

Global Electricity Review 2021: Turkish coal generation fell for a second consecutive year

3641: 3616: 1879: 8: 13259: 12932: 12723:"EU Emission Trading System Directive Preliminary Regulatory Impact Assessment (Pre-RIA)" 12447: 12066:"Turkey Announces Rules For Use Of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Listed in Kyoto Protocol" 11676:[MHP's Kalyoncu: Climate change is more dangerous than international terrorism]. 9260: 9007:

Berberoglu, Suha; Cilek, Ahmet; Kirkby, Mike; Irvine, Brian; Donmez, Cenk (7 July 2020).

8299: 8031:

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları Kapsamında Hava Kalitesi ve Belediyelerin Sorumlulukları

7635:"Tesla reportedly pulls out of Turkish expansion plan due to new Trump trade war tariffs" 6949:"Abstract on the potential GHG emissions reduction in Turkey through the cement industry" 6040:"Potential effects of the EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism on the Turkish economy" 5714: 4298: 2334: 2045:

about this draft, the draft aims to keep the tariff money within the country by starting

1480: 1476: 1207: 1172: 947: 939: 800: 604: 56:

emit the most carbon dioxide, and other significant sources are road vehicles running on

11857: 10942: 9842: 9769: 9713: 9027: 8697: 8634: 8429: 7813:"How will the Turkish Battery Electric Vehicle market evolve over the forecast horizon?" 7111:

Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A- Applied Sciences and Engineering

7106: 6847: 6295: 5833: 5188: 3809: 3794:"An integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in Turkey" 3632: 3077: 2587: 1921:

able to keep up with efficiency gains in other sectors. Because carbon pricing would be

815: 293:, supplied at Turkish airports and burnt by international flights, emitted 8.39 Mt 21: 12885: 12817: 11319: 11269: 11104:. Buildings Performance Institute Europe and SHURA Energy Transition Center. June 2019. 10717:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol" 10557: 9732: 9695: 9423: 9217: 9055: 8717: 8662: 8339: 7195: 6867: 6787: 6609: 6315: 6072: 6039: 5902: 4495: 3685: 3382: 3353:Üçtuğ, Fehmi Görkem; Günaydin, Dorukhan; Hünkar, Beliz; Öngelen, Cansu (1 April 2021). 3102: 3061: 2619: 2238: 2116: 1991:

the country was persuaded by a 3.2 billion dollar loan from France and Germany for its

1975: 1889: 1838: 1579: 1535: 1403: 1008: 931: 556: 112: 12616:"Turkey's new climate target does not take the country's 2053 net-zero goal seriously" 10575: 9235: 6659: 2790:"'The beginning of the end for fossil fuels; Turkey should seize this transformation'" 433: 13329: 13314: 12821: 12809: 12801: 12127: 11771:"Turkey update: draft climate law and other developments parallel to EU's Green Deal" 11323: 11309: 10920: 10876: 10850: 10561: 10549: 10449:"Turkey – Economic Policy Reforms 2021: Going for Growth: Shaping a Vibrant Recovery" 9929: 9737: 9517: 9427: 9415: 9368: 9221: 9209: 9073: 9059: 9047: 9039: 8987: 8721: 8709: 8705: 8666: 8654: 8646: 8443: 8343: 8331: 8198: 7339: 7199: 7187: 6871: 6859: 6805: 6791: 6779: 6667: 6613: 6601: 6470:

Typical emission factors at power plant commissioning range from 1,000 to 1,300 g/kWh

6319: 6307: 6262: 6195: 6153: 6077: 6059: 5514: 5387: 4499: 4487: 4273: 3689: 3677: 3386: 3374: 3141: 3107: 3089: 2958: 2623: 2611: 2162: 2085: 2038: 1992: 1963: 1834: 1643: 1583: 1554: 1518: 1348: 1250: 1231: 1187: 1084: 989: 648: 624: 572: 306: 161: 116: 12687:"Decarbonization Pathways for Turkey 2020–2050 – Modelling Study Terms of Reference" 6921: 2245:), respectively, of lignite burnt in Turkish power stations in 2021 was as follows: 1967: 1601:

are costly, even without carbon tariffs from other countries. The short-term health

1425: 1415: 397: 146: 12924: 12793: 12588: 11925: 11551:"Turkey's industrial development bank spearheads transition to zero-carbon economy" 11500: 11301: 10910:"Turkey's Climate Policies Have Reached a Deadlock: It Takes Courage to Resolve It" 10539: 10531: 9919: 9727: 9717: 9407: 9201: 9031: 8815: 8701: 8638: 8433: 8323: 7260: 7179: 6851: 6832:"Underground thermal heat storage and ground source heat pump activities in Turkey" 6769: 6756:

Hatipoglu, Hatice Kalfaoglu; Cetin, Rukiye; Hatipoglu, Atilla (21 September 2022).

6593: 6299: 6067: 6051: 5834:"Climate change: Whisper it cautiously... there's been progress in run up to COP26" 5289: 5192: 4646: 4479: 4263: 3813: 3669: 3636: 3366: 3097: 3081: 2601: 2591: 2361: 2145: 1436: 1367:, but further research is needed. As of 2021 there are almost no supporters of the 1320: 1289: 1266: 1227: 1156: 639: 392: 154: 12797: 11300:. The Urban Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–42. 10812: 9411: 9205: 8294: 8090:"COP26: Major automakers, govts fail to sign 2040 zero-emissions transport pledge" 7183: 6855: 6597: 6552:

Decarbonization of Turkey's economy: long-term strategies and immediate challenges

6303: 4931: 11402: 10516:

Acemoglu, Daron; Akcigit, Ufuk; Hanley, Douglas; Kerr, William (8 January 2016).

10032: 10005: 9338: 8747: 8037:(Report) (in Turkish). Marmara Municipalities Union. 22 January 2020. p. 23. 7980:"Istanbul's taxis on the battleground between Turkey's government and its rivals" 7893: 7868:"Syrian oil smuggling network unites Turkey, Syrian Kurds and the Barzani family" 5590: 5379: 5197: 5170: 3673: 2953: 2304: 2271: 2166: 1926: 1842: 1670:

for Turkey's energy and environmental policy. Over 400 (about 9%) of the world's

1607: 1566: 1526: 1492: 1433: 1352: 857: 704:

sugar and sometimes to generate electricity. Some industrial companies reach the

675:/km, Turkey has no target.In 2018, Turkey had no measures in place to reduce the 544: 525: 343: 339: 265: 173: 12641:"Decarbonization Pathway for Turkey: Sectoral Cost-Benefit Analysis (2020-2030)" 12038: 11983: 11305: 11080: 10393:"Carbon Pricing in Times of COVID-19: What Has Changed in G20 Economies? - OECD" 9974:"Analysis of the Turkish Energy Sector with the BUEMS Energy Modeling Framework" 8975:

Namlı, Dr. Ayten; Turgay, Prof. Dr. Oğuz Can; Akça, Muhittin Onur, eds. (2019).

4391:"Dr. Fatih Birol: "Turkey can grow close to 65% in renewable energy in 5 years"" 3818: 3793: 3136: 2376:

absorbed by forests) in 2030. The country will probably meet this "unambitious"

1931: 603:

are not published for individual power stations, as Turkey has not ratified the

11956: 11743: 11712: 11369: 11338:"EU's looming carbon tax nudged Turkey toward Paris climate accord, envoy says" 10234: 9908:"Policy Monitor—Principles for Designing Effective Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms" 9722: 9447: 9035: 8642: 8438: 8413: 8327: 7492: 6055: 5277: 5117:"Scientists push to add "huge" fish trawling emissions to national inventories" 4292:

Turkey 2020 Report (see chapters: 15 Energy, 27 Environment and Climate change)

3448:

Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage in the Context of Turkish Energy Market

3128: 3085: 3035: 2596: 2571: 2255: 1922: 1787: 1726: 1647: 1631:

investment." A MWh of electricity from Turkish lignite emits over a tonne of CO

1509: 1465: 1297: 1270: 1246: 1168: 1160: 1137: 1056: 972: 741: 583:

in total. Methane leaks from coal mines in 2021 were equivalent to 6 Mt CO

501: 421:

From 2023 Turkey expects to greatly increase gas production. In 2021, IEA head

406: 209: 165: 45: 33: 12640: 8851:"Wildfires in Izmir: a green plan for the city, an urban plan for the forests" 6365:"General Electric to make turbines for 1 GW pumped storage HPP in Turkey" 4651: 4367:

Report on the technical review of the seventh national communication of Turkey

4216:"EU Fuel Quality Directive Preliminary Regulatory Impact Assessment (Pre-RIA)" 4114:"Turkish Petroleum mulls partnerships for multi-billion Black Sea gas project" 3370: 1394:

and some other shade-loving vegetables. President Erdoğan has called for more

1269:

are planned by 2030. Building codes are being changed to mandate electric car

1159:

of cement. Emissions from cement production could be lessened by reducing its

13765: 13743: 13308: 12899: 12805: 10924: 10854: 10553: 9933: 9521: 9512: 9443:"Turkey launches national auto industry with electric-car factory 24.07.2020" 9419: 9213: 9043: 8713: 8650: 8501: 8447: 8335: 8202: 7720: 7191: 6863: 6783: 6605: 6335:"The key to improving efficiency in Turkey's hydro power plants? Cooperation" 6311: 6063: 5518: 5294: 4491: 4483: 4277: 4268: 4251: 3681: 3378: 3093: 2962: 2885: 2615: 2488: 1995:, and Turkey's chief negotiator said the threat of the EU CBAM was a factor. 1491:; it has been suggested that waste from the industry could capture carbon by 1445: 1360: 1324: 943: 895:. Some refrigerants are sent to Turkey from other countries for destruction. 824: 796: 770: 676: 548: 521: 426: 418:. The GHG emission intensity of energy consumption is higher than in the EU. 351: 225: 73: 65: 16:

Climate-changing gases from Turkey: sources, amounts, and mitigation policies

12914: 10979:"With climate absent from Ankara's agenda, Turkey's Greens sense an opening" 10690: 7423:"Produced in Turkey, Anadolu Isuzu NPR10 first domestic EV Electric Vehicle" 1896: 596: 91:

Economists say that major reasons for Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions are

12813: 12123:"Türkiye emisyonları azaltmayı hedefleyen 'Kigali Değişikliği'ni onaylıyor" 11535: 11435: 10426: 10422:"High greenhouse gas emitters should pay for carbon they produce, says IMF" 10417: 10294:"Questions raised about EU climate financing as Turkey takes biggest share" 9741: 9667: 9051: 8658: 8005: 7697: 7667:"Turkey Moves to Counter Rising Tide of Chinese EV Imports - BNN Bloomberg" 7365: 7361:"Istanbul ferries to run 24/7 once plan gets green light from city council" 6774: 6551: 6424:"Turkey only outranked by China in direct utilization of geothermal energy" 6081: 5977: 5332: 3972: 3885:[C plant would increase Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions by 10%]. 3841: 3111: 1959: 1484: 1387: 1262: 1116:

almost 50 kgCO2eq/m2/year, mostly due to the energy used by residents. The

1097: 892: 780: 701: 680: 600: 588: 482: 477:. Residential fuel, such as natural gas and coal, contributed 50 Mt CO 415: 290: 201: 12849:"How to Track the Emissions of Every Power Plant on the Planet from Space" 9924: 9907: 8820: 8088:

Kinch, Diana; Burgess, Henry Edwardes-Evans and James (10 November 2021).

5420: 4331:"Paris İklim Anlaşması TBMM'de: Kaynaklar inşaata mı iklime mi ayrılacak?" 1754:

has been used to declare laws that support fossil fuels unconstitutional.

1686:

is more likely to be accepted politically, and technical work for a pilot

1226:

and many are exported, fewer than 100 were in use in the country in 2021.

1129: 461: 13318: 11674:"MHP'li Kalyoncu: İklim değişikliği uluslararası terörden daha tehlikeli" 11646: 11619: 11555: 11463:"Turkey's 11-year-old activist demands grown-up action on climate change" 11053: 10544: 9879: 8885: 8467: 6884: 6251:

Difiglio, Prof.Carmine; Güray, BoraŞekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020).

5558: 4912:

Turkey could face over $ 900 million in CBAM-related export costs: Report

4550: 4054: 1971: 1718: 1440: 1375:

has asked the EU for funding to help strengthen alignment with the CBAM.

1258: 1044: 664: 576: 422: 330: 217: 69: 61: 12475:

Daly, Aoife; Leviner, Pernilla; Stern, Rebecca Thorburn (8 April 2021).

12125:[Turkey aims to reduce emissions and approve Kigali Amendment]. 11643:"Natural gas share of Turkey's electricity output down over 37% in 2019" 10789: 2606: 980: 12428:"New coal power plant projects have decreased by 76 percent since 2015" 12354:"Coal from planned Cumbria mine may go outside UK and EU, inquiry told" 12217:

ODS and F-gas Regulation in Turkey and the Link to the Kigali Amendment

10662: 9820:"Doubling Back and Doubling Down: G20 scorecard on fossil fuel funding" 8390: 7520:"Aspilsan Energy breaks ground for Turkey's first Li-ion battery plant" 7048: 6704: 6395:"Turkey expands renewables capacity in gigawatts rather than megawatts" 5718: 4916: 4082:"Turkey's power output from gas up 21 pct due to drought – Latest News" 2889: 2062: 2034: 1846: 1721:; thus emitters do not bear the actual cost of most GHG, violating the 1144: 1064: 993: 836: 717: 599:

emits over 1% from its Bekirli coal-fired power stations. Emissions of

429:

in their climate pledges, for example the United States is doing this.

362: 334: 302: 12754: 10088:

Yadav, Kanchan; Favasuli, Silvia; Sebastian, Vandana (6 August 2021).

10059:"A Voluntary Carbon Market in need of Carbon Pricing Policy in Turkey" 9107: 8358:"World Bank approves $ 341 mln loan to Turkey for 'green' agriculture" 6830:

Cetin, Aysegul; Kadioglu, Yusuf Kagan; Paksoy, Halime (1 April 2020).

3865:

which will be emitted to the atmosphere: ... = 61,636,279.98 t CO

3590: 3506:"Turkey to begin field tests at Sakarya gas find next month: minister" 3237:

Report on the technical review of the fourth biennial report of Turkey

2463:

Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 - 2021 [TurkStat report]

2461: 2136:

Hakan Mining and Generation Industry & Trade Inc. is constructing

733: 679:

impact of petrol and diesel vehicles, except for a requirement for 3%

366:

Coal-fired power stations emit the most, followed by cars and lorries.

12895: 11496:"What the climate petition filed by 16 kids at the U.N. really means" 8940:"Turkey's National Geospatial Soil Organic Carbon Information System" 8191:"An EU scheme to limit the use of dangerous gases runs into problems" 6008:"Optimum electricity generation capacity mix for Turkey towards 2030" 5886:"Turkey's Decarbonization Pathway Net Zero in 2050 Executive Summary" 5664:"Turkey to follow up climate deal ratification with action: Official" 5141: 4855: 4143: 3132: 3013:

https://www.tni.org/files/2024-07/Climate%20in%20the%20Crosshairs.pdf

2988: 2262:

emission intensity (or emission factor) shown above is the mass of CO

2231: 2217:

Under IPCC guidelines, the energy sector includes fuel for transport.

2015: 1951: 1904: 1242: 1191: 1091:

totalled 1.6 GW in 2020 and more is planned, but the lifetime CO

628: 551:

of Turkish lignite shows that it is high in ash and moisture, low in

12589:"COP 27: Türkiye'nin yeni iklim hedefini uzmanlar nasıl yorumluyor?" 10787:[Republican People's Party explains climate change report]. 10090:"Turkey's forest fires kindle larger questions on offset permanence" 9307:"Emissions inequality: there is a gulf between global rich and poor" 8939: 7550:"Ford Otosan starts all-electric Transit model production in Turkey" 6453:

Akın, Serhat; Orucu, Yasemin; Fridriksson, Thrainn (February 2020).

6252: 2886:"The Climate Question - Why are climate scientists receiving abuse?" 1925:

economists say that poor people should be compensated. Policy for a

1798:

In a 2011 dispute over air pollution in Turkey, the main opposition

1136:. However, in 2020 gas was subsidized. Increasing the proportion of 10983: 10535: 9153:

modelling: are regulatory policies important in Turkish economies?"

7639: 6038:

Acar, Sevil; Aşıcı, Ahmet Atıl; Yeldan, A. Erinç (31 August 2021).

4792: 4518: 3848:

Afşin C power station, Opencast Mine and Landfill: Final EIA report

2925: 2189: 2157:

Sabancı University's Shura Energy Transition Center is researching

1988: 1461: 1363:

could help with hard to decarbonise industries, such as cement and

1195: 872: 848: 804: 792: 737: 721: 644: 57: 12014:"The Energy Charter Treaty: A Real Threat to Climate Action Plans" 5282:

International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences

4873:

cement production ... shows the extent of activity in construction

4221:. Consortium led by Hulla & Co Human Dynamics KG. p. 15. 3883:"C Santrali, Türkiye'nin sera gazı emisyonunu yüzde 10 arttıracak" 2949:"Transcript: The Path Forward: Al Gore on Climate and the Economy" 2192:

of Istanbul and high emitting power plants since the early-2020s.

1955: 309:

from Turkish ports powering international shipping 1.89 Mt CO

12408:"Turkey will pay a tax if it fails to ratify the Paris Agreement" 11192:"Greece to establish company for transforming coal land property" 11117:"In without Social Security Conditions Şırnak Coal Mines Workers" 11049:"Turkey looks to raise share of renewables to two-thirds by 2023" 10230:"Pollution Costs at Decade High Squeeze Industry, Coal in Europe" 8362: 7693:"Turkey's electric car sales surge eightfold in 2023, data shows" 6632: 5943:"Country Focus: Turkey: LNG Intake Rises [LNG Condensed]" 4822: 3329:"Are per capita CO₂ emissions above or below the global average?" 2349:

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

2248: 1939: 1935: 1759: 1751: 1651: 1337:

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

1277: 1238: 1176: 888: 875:

is the most common waste-disposal method. Climate Trace estimate

729: 540: 536:

per year, more than one-tenth of the country's entire emissions.

11984:"Climate change: Kerry urges top polluters to cut emissions now" 11615:"Turkey boosts share of renewables in power generation: Erdoğan" 10751: 6981:"Promoting Low Cost Energy Efficient Wooden Buildings in Turkey" 5903:"Türkiye'nin 2050'ye kadar 'karbonsuz ekonomiye' geçmesi mümkün" 5781:"EBRD to assist Turkey in corporate and bank climate governance" 5441:"Republic of Turkey Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" 3861:

Miktarı: ... = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl" (translated "Amount of CO

2852:"The Challenge of Decarbonisation and EU-Turkey Trade Relations" 2688:"EDGAR - The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research" 2307:, whereas Turkey's current annual emissions are 506 megatonnes. 1140:

has been suggested, as has adopting some EU building standards.

667:. Average emissions of new cars in 2016 were about 120 g CO 425:

called for fossil-fuel producing countries to include limits on

12761: 12432: 12412: 12069: 10756: 10686:"Turkish environment minister dubs climate change a 'pandemic'" 10189: 8983: 8780:"Turkey plants 11 million saplings on National Forestation Day" 6757: 5246: 4777: 4375: 4003: 3245: 3205: 3173: 2794: 2514:"Turkey's Climate Plan Points to 32% Rise in Emissions by 2030" 2303:

62 megatonnes would be emitted annually if run at the targeted

2174: 1907:: Turkey's first coal mining region would need help to give up. 1488: 880: 761: 466: 37: 8682:"Legal framework of private afforestation: The case of Turkey" 6887:

Cumulative Impact Assessment of Geothermal Resources in Turkey

6466:

Proceedings, 45th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering

5619:"Turkey Adopts Action Plan to Comply with European Green Deal" 5532: 5091:"Plastic use in agriculture is contributing to climate change" 1815:

increase of over 7% per year to around double the 2020 level.

1553:. Nevertheless 2019 studies disagree on whether Turkey's high 12504:"Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Other States" 11467: 10298: 6189:

Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector

3839: 3617:"Methods of Improving the Efficiency of Thermal Power Plants" 2572:"Distributional impacts of carbon pricing in developing Asia" 2227: 1943: 1802:

criticised the government for prioritising fossil fuels. The

1635:. Some electricity from these power stations is purchased by 1578:, and various bilateral funding, but is not eligible for the 1517:

During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, growth of the

1472:

sometimes replants when it should wait for regrowth instead.

1391: 131: 7489:"Lithium revolution and Turkey's potential in energy sector" 5462:"Brown to Green: the G20 Transition to a Low-carbon Economy" 2254:

The extremely low-quality lignite is explained in detail in

1987:. Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement in 2021: according to 11528:"Communication to the Committee on the Rights of the Child" 10486: 10453: 10148:"Assessing the Potential Effects of a Carbon Tax in Turkey" 9847: 9774: 9006: 8881:"Turkish soil at risk as worldwide desertification spreads" 8270:"Turkey adds 1.3 GW in solar power capacity in April alone" 7289:"Domestic production electric buses hit the road in Samsun" 6885:

Stantec Mühendislik ve Müşavirlik Ltd.Şti (December 2020).

5510: 4818:"Turkey's economy tips into recession as lira crisis bites" 4684:. SHURA Energy Transition Center & Agora Energiewende. 2070: 1708: 1550: 1293: 1117: 988:

Emissions may have peaked in 2021 and Turkey is aiming for

843: 237: 10641:[2019–2023 Strategic Plan] (Report) (in Turkish). 9972:

Kumbaroğlu, Gürkan; Or, Ilhan; Isik, Mine (21 June 2017).

9188:

Sevgül Bakaya, Melahat; Ağbulut, Ümit (20 February 2021).

7721:"Turkey plans to create domestic car with electric engine" 7019:"Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier" 5454: 5239:"Enhancing Climate Action in Turkey: Zero Waste Programme" 5008:"World Beef Consumption Per Capita (Ranking of Countries)" 3916:"CFB in Turkey: The right timing for the right technology" 3352: 2569: 12667:"China's Response to Türkiye's Volatile Authoritarianism" 11953:"Turkey: Pandemic stresses need for green transformation" 10947: 10515: 10325:

Gündoğan, Arif Cem; Turhan, Ethemcan (10 November 2016).

9496:(Report). Finance for Biodiversity Initiative. July 2021. 5806:"European bank backs green investments by SMEs in Turkey" 4148:

Urban Vehicle Access Regulations & Low Emission Zones

4050:"Lira weakness weighs on Turkish coal generation margins" 4008:(Report). International Climate Initiative: IASS IPC/UfU. 2325: 1402:. There are no international waters adjacent to Turkey's 449: 243: 12853:

IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News

11951:

Turapoglu, Zehra Aydin; Bir, Burak (16 September 2020).

9948:"3 essential steps towards ending fossil fuel subsidies" 9794:"A country outside of the global climate policy: Turkey" 8063:"Fossil fuel buses and lorries face sales ban from 2040" 7781:"Turkey projected to have 2.5 mln electric cars by 2030" 7256:"Vilnius signs contract to buy its first electric buses" 7162:

Isik, Mine; Sarica, Kemal; Ari, Izzet (1 October 2020).

4957:"Turkey's greenhouse emissions decrease by 3.1% in 2019" 4189:(Report). SHURA Energy Transition Center. Archived from 4181: 1750:

A similar clause in the constitution of the US state of

1420: 1028:

emissions could be reduced to 132 million tons by 2050.

942:

is important to help Turkish businesses avoid future EU

671:/km Although the EU has a 2021 target of 95 g of CO 469:. Coal is still burnt to heat older buildings in cities. 196: 10843:"How climate targets compare against a common baseline" 8919:[Sol Organic Carbon Project technical summary] 8115:"Turkish Airlines launches new carbon offset programme" 6755: 6558:

Europe, SEE Change Net, TEPAV. TR2015/DG/01/A5-02/147A.

5065:

Presidency of the Republic of Turkey: Investment Office

4469: 3060:

Mangır, Nizamettin; Şahin, Ülkü Alver (20 March 2022).

2857:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

2171:

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

1873: 1230:

are manufactured, but cities could be improved to make

807:

have published figures for 2019 and 2021 respectively.

13359: 12782:

satellite monitoring for climate governance: A review"

10087: 5617:

Arseven, E. Benan; Baydar, C. Hazal (17 August 2021).

3942:"Turkey | Partner Country | Global Methane Initiative" 2337:

of Turkish lignite varies from 1,000 to 6,000 kcal/kg.

2311:, 62 megatonnes is more than 10% of 506+62 megatonnes. 1833:

During the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit on achieving

1118:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

860:, as the IPCC has yet to issue accounting guidelines. 432:

Production of public heat and electricity emitted 148

13727: 10943:"Climate change: 'Trump effect' threatens Paris pact" 9875:"The Petcoke Podcast: Turkey's cement sector in 2020" 8805: 8618: 7842:"Turkish Oil Industry Association Sector Report 2019" 7604:"Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Will Be Required" 7137:"Türkiye can expand solar by 120 GW through rooftops" 6729:[Zero energy and passive house association]. 6726: 5448:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4932:"Emissions - Asset 18654112 - Turkey - Climate TRACE" 3561:"Examining the NDC: Methane from Oil and Natural Gas" 2366:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2124:

became more active in the 2020s, but as of 2021, the

414:

is not economically viable, since the country has no

274:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

84:; cows alone produce half of the greenhouse gas from 12954: 12765:(Technical report). 2 April 2024. FCCC/ARR/2023/TUR. 11769:Çiğdemtekin, Gamze; Ersoy, Dr Çiçek (22 June 2021). 11231:

Derviş, Kemal; Strauss, Sebastian (20 August 2019).

11160:

Gündüzyeli, Elif; Kutluay, Duygu (7 February 2020).

10660:[Ford Otosan invests in electric vehicles]. 10327:"Turkey: Notes from a state of (climatic) emergency" 10001:"Carbon offset market progresses during coronavirus" 9906:

Rentschler, Jun; Bazilian, Morgan (1 January 2017).

9187: 8559:"What can Africa learn from Turkey's reforestation?" 8463:"Climate at the center of new global transformation" 8049:"Türkiye ekonomisini 30 yılda karbonsuzlaştırabilir" 7393:"Coastlink Conference – Navtek to Sponsor Coastlink" 7164:"Driving forces of Turkey's transportation sector CO 6628:"12 global initiatives to beat back climate threats" 6452: 5929:"Türkiye ekonomisini 30 yılda karbonsuzlaştırabilir" 4745:"EU presses ahead with tariff on embedded emissions" 4581:"How an EU Carbon Border Tax Could Jolt World Trade" 1804:

Climate Change and Air Management Coordination Board

819:

Almost half of agricultural emissions are from cows.

12776:Pan, Guanna; Xu, Yuan; Ma, Jieqi (1 January 2021). 12101:

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)

11705:"Climate change is national security issue: Turkey" 11162:"Turkey's dilemma: risky coal or clean development" 11011:"Track #7: Infrastructure, Cities and Local Action" 10817:

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)

9828:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

8498:

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)

7453:"Turkey to become battery production hub: Minister" 6829: 6250: 6131:Dennison, Asli Aydıntaşbaş, Susi (22 August 2021). 3852:

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)

2270:e produced per unit of electricity supplied to the 1818:In 2019, Ümit Şahin, who teaches climate change at 1625:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

1369:

Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures

1351:smuggling from Turkey to the EU remains a problem. 1171:(petcoke) to a mixture of rubber from waste tires, 11431:"Turkey's first digital strike is for the climate" 10874: 10228:Morison, Rachel; Hodges, Jeremy (24 August 2018). 9905: 7924:"BCAP invests in Turkish rideshare company Scotty" 6099:"Karapınar Solar Energy Plant goes online, Turkey" 2144:the government says BAU is 1175 Mt CO2eq, whereas 1978:and climate plans. A 2021 academic study of local 12905:Live carbon emissions from electricity generation 12380:"Turkey seeks change in climate change agreement" 11159: 10815:[Organizational Structure] (in Turkish). 10643:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey) 9361:Hale, Kirer Silva L.; Eser, Rüya (20 July 2020). 5276:İkizoğlu, Bahar; Koçak, Emel (15 December 2020). 4379:(Technical report). 17 June 2019. FCCC/IDR.7/TUR. 3766:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey) 2006:individual and political action on climate change 1824:United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement 1183:could be used for building, instead of concrete. 647:, one of the few major European cities without a 539:Almost all coal burnt in power stations is local 440:e in 2021, mainly through coal burning. In 2020, 13763: 12474: 11768: 11365:"How to Talk to a Populist About Climate Change" 10363:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 10183:Ardiyok, Sahin; Köksal, Emin (2 February 2021). 9971: 8414:"The potential of Agrivoltaic systems in Turkey" 5715:Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 3249:(Technical report). 2 June 2021. FCCC/TRR.4/TUR. 2921:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2022" 2720:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2021" 2320:On average, somewhat over a million tonnes of CO 1513:Recent economic growth emits less carbon dioxide 1475:Three-quarters of Turkey's land is deficient in 1005:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 571:) from coal used by industry and buildings, and 128:share of current global greenhouse gas emissions 8974: 7954:"Dijitalleşme taksi sektörünü nasıl etkiliyor?" 7577:"Turkey aims to create electric vehicle market" 6459:Emissions from Turkish Geothermal Power Plants" 6281: 6037: 5785:Econostrum | Economic News in the Mediterranean 5586:"John Kerry warns EU against carbon border tax" 4410:[They will buy 45,000 tonnes of coal]. 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 3791: 567:are similar to lignite. When carbon dioxide (CO 232:to quantify large emission sources, like major 12255:"Setting up a new F-gas legislation in Turkey" 10722:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10324: 9147:Kılavuz, Emine; Dogan, Ibrahim (August 2020). 6483:"Analysis: Smart energy investments in Turkey" 3761:"Climate Change and International Negotiation" 1406:, of which about 4% is marine protected area. 13345: 12940: 11738:Uslu, Sinan; Ekiz, Aynur (25 February 2021). 11230: 10919:. Vol. Special Issue 2. pp. 24–30. 10318: 10227: 10182: 9818:Geddes, Anna; et al. (9 November 2020). 9388:Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal (1 August 2019). 9074:"Recycling waste-derived marble powder for CO 8834:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 7161: 6941: 6580:Atmaca, Adem; Atmaca, Nihat (15 March 2022). 6186: 5616: 5275: 4714:"Turkey cement exports reach US$ 1bn in 2020" 3585: 3583: 3581: 3295:"Children today must emit eight times less CO 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2333:/TJ Although the average is about 2,200, the 2131:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1468:associate professor Serdar Gökhan Senol, the 1454:Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion 107:argues that there should be a legal limit on 36:, cars and lorries vent more than a third of 12252: 12213: 11950: 10908:Şahin, Ümit; Türkkan, Seçil (January 2019). 10907: 9912:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 9693: 9387: 9146: 8087: 7517: 6579: 6246: 6244: 6158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5646:[Green Deal Action Plan published]. 5554:"EU mills push for tariffs on Turkish flats" 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 4249: 4166: 3840:Çınar Engineering Consultancy (March 2020). 3127: 3066:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2378:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 2287:The objectives they are referring to may be 1837:by 2050, Turkey co-led the coalition on the 1378: 954:published an action plan in response to its 687:e in 2021 and their VAT rate was cut to 1%. 659:e in 2021, a bit over one tonne per person. 496: 12664: 12326: 9390:"The nexus between income inequality and CO 9149:"Economic growth, openness, industry and CO 9125: 9123: 8490:"National System Of Marine Protected Areas" 8316:Environment, Development and Sustainability 7487:Nuroglu, Prof. Dr. Elif (9 February 2021). 7315:"Vestel steps up e-bike battery production" 7071: 6182: 6180: 6044:Environment, Development and Sustainability 5352:"Türkiye Report 2023 - European Commission" 3503: 3059: 2180:Although the OECD praised the government's 2152: 1892:– "This is how they earn their daily bread" 1424:These existing trees are being added to by 1143:In rural areas without a piped gas supply, 610: 410:processes and product use (IPPU) also 13%. 29:, are the largest source of greenhouse gas. 13352: 13338: 12947: 12933: 12672:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 12665:Ergenç, Ceren; Göçer, Derya (5 May 2023). 12262:Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 12225:Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 11671: 11295: 11019:United Nations Human Settlements Programme 10658:"Ford Otosan'dan elektrikli araç yatırımı" 9660: 9291:Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 9113:Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 8917:Toprak Organik Karbonu Projesi Teknik Özet 8557:Ngalame, Elias Ntungwe (29 October 2015). 7047: 6194:(Report). SHURA Energy Transition Center. 4851:"Turkish industrial production grows 7.9%" 4313:Overview of the Turkish Electricity Market 3656:Sahin, Habip; Esen, Hikmet (1 June 2022). 3578: 3292: 1666:has developed a decision-support tool and 810: 270:Turkish government's Statistical Institute 230:space-based measurements of carbon dioxide 12613: 11832:"CHP: Hızla harekete geçilmesi gerekiyor" 11493: 10785:"CHP iklim değişikliği raporunu açıkladı" 10543: 9923: 9731: 9721: 9508:"What is the cheapest way to cut carbon?" 9494:Greenness of Stimulus Index – 6th Edition 9462:Moisio, Mia; et al. (October 2020). 8819: 8437: 8411: 8267: 7892:Paracha, Zubair Naeem (23 January 2020). 7865: 7104: 6773: 6241: 6071: 5486: 5325: 5310:"Workshop on Kigali Implementation Plans" 5293: 5196: 5058:"Why invest in Turkish agrifood industry" 4650: 4639:Celal Bayar University Journal of Science 4267: 3817: 3792:Atilgan, Burcin; Azapagic, Adisa (2016). 3655: 3640: 3101: 2605: 2595: 2405: 2113:Turkish Industry and Business Association 2082:Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol 2056: 1373:Turkish Industry and Business Association 1317:International Civil Aviation Organization 1302:Turkish electricity distribution networks 1038:Energy in Turkey § Energy transition 357: 318:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 111:, much of which comes from car and lorry 11981: 11737: 10291: 9798:Observatoire de la Turquie contemporaine 9360: 9131:Scaling Up Climate Action series: Turkey 9120: 9102: 9100: 9098: 8460: 7574: 7518:Petrushevska, Dragana (5 October 2020). 7313:Schaik, Jan-Willem van (16 March 2023). 6731:Sıfır Enerji ve Pasif Ev Derneği – SEPEV 6428:Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News 6177: 6130: 5644:"Yeşil Mutabakat Eylem Planı Yayımlandı" 5374: 5372: 5038:Turkey Livestock and Products Semiannual 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3444: 2645:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2380:(INDC) which it submitted to the UNFCCC. 1895: 1883: 1772:Justice and Development Party (AK Party) 1717:in 2018) and the tax with this negative 1613: 1603:co-benefits of climate change mitigation 1508: 1505:Air pollution in Turkey § Economics 1419: 979: 971: 814: 638: 500: 491:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 460: 396: 361: 247: 200: 40:'s six hundred million tonnes of annual 20: 12846: 12775: 12583: 12581: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12063: 11777:. Çiğdemtekin Çakırca Arancı Law Office 11395: 11298:Governance of Climate Responsive Cities 11003: 10976: 10972: 10970: 10940: 10746: 10744: 10711: 10709: 10473: 10471: 10387: 10385: 10358:"The EBRD's just transition initiative" 10260: 9791: 9787: 9785: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9580: 9578: 9261:"Carbon intensity of energy production" 9136:(Report). Climate Action Tracker. 2019. 9016:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8947:Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon 8914: 8910: 8908: 8622:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8556: 8461:Birpınar, Mehmet Emin (29 April 2021). 8313: 7891: 7836: 7834: 7632: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7286: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6510: 6508: 6213: 6211: 6126: 6124: 6093: 6091: 6033: 6031: 6002: 6000: 5853: 5851: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5043:United States Department of Agriculture 4305: 3965: 3850:] (Technical report) (in Turkish). 3787: 3785: 3783: 1273:in new shopping centres and car parks. 1190:, CCS may be technically feasible in a 968:Climate change litigation § Turkey 276:(UNFCCC) reporting guidelines, so uses 93:subsidies for coal-fired power stations 25:Coal-fired power stations, such as the 13764: 12847:Couture, Heather D. (11 August 2020). 12195:from the original on 20 September 2020 11963:from the original on 18 September 2020 11672:Bakırmekik, Melis (26 February 2021). 11583:"Greens in Turkey Launch Green Party!" 11508:from the original on 27 September 2019 11410:from the original on 24 September 2019 11362: 11277:from the original on 23 September 2020 11210: 10977:Yackley, Ayla Jean (27 October 2020). 10782: 10416: 10370:from the original on 26 September 2020 10352: 10350: 10348: 10263:"Carbon Tariffs: A Climate Necessity?" 10145: 9817: 9756:"Climate Mitigation Policy in Türkiye" 9599:from the original on 20 September 2020 9461: 8937: 8679: 8587: 7793:from the original on 23 September 2020 7465:from the original on 19 September 2020 7312: 7236:from the original on 27 September 2020 6418: 6416: 6333:Ulku, Saadet Muge (10 February 2020). 5356:neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu 4742: 4708: 4706: 4632: 4575: 4573: 4451:from the original on 18 September 2018 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4284: 4245: 4243: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3910: 3908: 3359:Sustainable Production and Consumption 3274:from the original on 19 September 2020 3259: 3230: 3228: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2880: 2878: 2182:monitoring, reporting and verification 1523:environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis 1047:factory began production in 2020; and 827:emissions. These are due primarily to 244:Monitoring, reporting and verification 54:The nation's coal-fired power stations 13333: 12928: 12859:from the original on 30 November 2020 12045:from the original on 10 February 2019 11750:from the original on 27 February 2021 11719:from the original on 12 December 2019 11684:from the original on 27 February 2021 11494:Teirstein, Zoya (25 September 2019). 11475:from the original on 4 September 2019 11428: 11233:"The real obstacle to climate action" 11220:(Report). Climate Transparency. 2020. 11133: 10991:from the original on 10 November 2020 10764:from the original on 25 November 2019 10056: 9998: 9980:from the original on 6 September 2020 9855:from the original on 12 November 2020 9440: 9095: 8848: 7894:"After Oman, Careem exits Turkey too" 7866:al-Khaled, Ahmad (10 December 2020). 7647:from the original on 20 February 2019 7499:from the original on 26 February 2021 7433:from the original on 26 November 2020 6284:International Journal of Green Energy 6187:Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2018). 5369: 5257:from the original on 14 November 2019 5213:"Odayeri Çöp Gazı Santrali - Biyogaz" 5168: 5164: 5162: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4724:from the original on 22 December 2020 4111: 3893:from the original on 13 November 2020 3826: 3728: 3614: 3488:"European Innovation Scoreboard 2022" 3411: 3213:from the original on 12 November 2019 3149:from the original on 24 November 2020 3123: 3121: 2815: 2813: 2740:"Per capita greenhouse gas emissions" 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2565: 2563: 2537: 2535: 2508: 2506: 2391:Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia 2075:Emba Hunutlu coal-fired power station 1265:in 2022. Over a quarter of a million 595:) emits over 2% of Turkey's GHG, and 197:Estimates ahead of official inventory 12828:from the original on 3 November 2020 12614:Tramullas, Nina (15 November 2022). 12578: 12315: 12303:from the original on 28 January 2021 12296:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey) 12234:from the original on 7 November 2019 12165:from the original on 23 January 2021 12064:Arseven, Moroglu (23 January 2018). 11396:Neumann, Laura (21 September 2019). 11245:from the original on 30 October 2020 11115:Elçi, Dicle Özcan Elçi (June 2018). 11114: 11061:from the original on 7 November 2020 11041: 10967: 10868: 10741: 10706: 10678: 10649: 10594:from the original on 9 February 2020 10468: 10382: 10273:from the original on 11 October 2018 10013:from the original on 28 October 2020 9887:from the original on 7 December 2020 9782: 9675:from the original on 8 February 2019 9611: 9575: 9474:from the original on 26 October 2020 8956:from the original on 11 October 2018 8931: 8925:Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 8905: 8861:from the original on 25 January 2020 8569:from the original on 22 January 2019 8229:United Nations Development Programme 7960:from the original on 20 October 2018 7831: 7761:from the original on 21 January 2021 7477: 6737:from the original on 3 December 2020 6660:Renewables 2020 Global Status Report 6549: 6538: 6505: 6332: 6208: 6121: 6109:from the original on 27 October 2020 6088: 6028: 5997: 5895: 5848: 5578: 5439: 5400: 5319: 5088: 4622:(Report). December 2020. p. 58. 4546:"Eurofer seeking CVD on Turkish HRC" 4526:from the original on 15 October 2019 4144:"Urban Access Regulations in Europe" 4124:from the original on 9 February 2021 3980:from the original on 5 February 2019 3780: 2946: 1998: 1888:Children's models commemorating the 1874:Local politics and a just transition 1470:Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 923:United Nations Environment Programme 921:strategy is lacking as of 2023. The 744:and thus emit more than those using 13772:Greenhouse gas emissions by country 12786:Journal of Environmental Management 12246: 11799:[Draft climate change law] 11702: 11595:from the original on 1 October 2020 10655: 10345: 10333:from the original on 2 October 2018 10306:from the original on 2 October 2018 10267:Kluwer Regulating for Globalization 10164:from the original on 2 October 2018 10109: 9661:Nuccitelli, Dana (1 October 2018). 9584: 6922:"Cement – Fuels & Technologies" 6636:. 23 September 2019. Archived from 6522:. 27 September 2021. Archived from 6493:from the original on 2 October 2018 6413: 6024:from the original on 17 April 2021. 5973:"All coal plants can be shut down!" 5340:from the original on 13 April 2020. 5142:"Country Inventory - Climate TRACE" 4703: 4633:Bektaş, Abdulkadir (1 March 2021). 4570: 4436: 4349: 4240: 4100: 3992: 3905: 3262:"Carbon budgets: Where are we now?" 3225: 3181:from the original on 10 August 2020 2989:"Country Inventory - Climate TRACE" 2976: 2904: 2875: 1545:On average the consumption-based CO 1390:has been suggested as suitable for 1386:is being studied and financed, and 961: 565:life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions 456:is hampered by subsidies for coal. 234:coal-fired power stations in Turkey 13: 13360:Greenhouse gas emissions by Europe 12891:Nationally Determined Contribution 12735:from the original on 30 April 2019 12703:from the original on 17 April 2021 12271:from the original on 1 August 2020 12155:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 11994:from the original on 11 March 2021 11797:"İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ KANUNU TASLAĞI" 11563:from the original on 17 April 2021 11443:from the original on 23 April 2020 11377:from the original on 30 March 2019 11029:from the original on 17 April 2021 10955:from the original on 24 April 2019 10823:from the original on 22 April 2019 10497:from the original on 1 August 2020 10127:from the original on 31 March 2019 10069:from the original on 1 August 2020 9563:from the original on 25 March 2020 9528:from the original on 21 March 2021 9441:Bilen, Seda Sezer (24 July 2020). 9304: 9169:from the original on 17 April 2021 8938:Sonmez; et al. (March 2017). 8893:from the original on 30 March 2019 8760:from the original on 22 April 2018 8748:"Forester's Association of Turkey" 8728:from the original on 17 April 2021 8538:from the original on 14 March 2021 8412:Atıl Emre, Coşgun (16 June 2021). 7934:from the original on 1 August 2020 7904:from the original on 1 August 2020 7731:from the original on 27 March 2019 7614:from the original on 17 April 2021 7530:from the original on 17 April 2021 7403:from the original on 1 August 2020 7373:from the original on 1 August 2020 7268:from the original on 27 March 2019 7206:from the original on 17 April 2021 7117:from the original on 30 April 2019 7086:from the original on 30 April 2019 6999:from the original on 1 August 2020 6961:from the original on 21 March 2019 6727:"Sıfır Enerji ve Pasif Ev Derneği" 6434:from the original on 27 April 2020 6345:from the original on 1 August 2020 5598:from the original on 21 March 2021 5566:from the original on 1 August 2020 5507:OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2021 5422:Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review 5159: 5114: 5025: 4963:from the original on 30 March 2021 4949: 4863:from the original on 17 April 2021 4848: 4830:from the original on 21 March 2019 4691:from the original on 17 April 2021 4659:from the original on 17 April 2021 4439:"Coal & Climate Change – 2017" 4418:from the original on 23 March 2019 4228:from the original on 30 April 2019 4154:from the original on 10 March 2021 4062:from the original on 17 April 2021 4042: 4030:from the original on 17 April 2021 4020:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 3604:(Technical report). 14 April 2023. 3393:from the original on 17 April 2021 3309:from the original on 17 April 2021 3293:Hausfather, Zeke (17 April 2019). 3137:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 3118: 2810: 2705: 2680: 2560: 2532: 2503: 2472:(Technical report). 14 April 2023. 1851:Turkey's first nuclear power plant 1780:Annex I (developed) countries 1532:the debt crisis that began in 2018 1357:small and medium-sized enterprises 1300:is important to avoid overloading 1083:, even allowing for more frequent 956:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 902: 750:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 655:Transport emitted 91 Mt of CO 559:. So Turkish lignite emits more CO 514:Turkey's coal-fired power stations 452:countries. Investment in wind and 170:nationally determined contribution 14: 13788: 12874: 12076:from the original on 2 March 2019 11653:from the original on 16 July 2020 11172:from the original on 16 July 2020 10941:McGrath, Matt (3 December 2018). 10889:from the original on 14 June 2018 10729:from the original on 19 July 2020 10584:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 10292:Chadwick, Vince (18 April 2018). 10261:Ireland, Robert (13 March 2018). 10242:from the original on 11 June 2019 9999:Gross, Anna (29 September 2020). 9546: 8590:"Province-based Forest Cover (%)" 7633:Lambert, Fred (31 October 2018). 7072:Glomazic, Rade; Raptsun, Mykola. 6229:from the original on 1 April 2021 5953:from the original on 7 April 2020 5883: 5760:from the original on 1 March 2019 5474:from the original on 2 March 2019 5326:Timperley, Jocelyn (3 May 2018). 4793:"Comparison Tool - Climate TRACE" 4593:from the original on 15 July 2020 4558:from the original on 12 June 2020 3426:from the original on 1 March 2021 2662:"Türkiye Electricity Review 2023" 2138:Gisagara peat-fired power station 1658: 1335:. Turkey is participating in the 1309:legality of ridesharing companies 769:, 8% of the country's total GHG. 711: 634: 78:Turkey's gas-fired power stations 13749: 13737: 13313: 13304: 13303: 12955:Greenhouse gas emissions by Asia 12840: 12769: 12747: 12715: 12679: 12658: 12633: 12607: 12552: 12526: 12496: 12468: 12440: 12420: 12400: 12372: 12346: 12327:Nicolas.Fux (9 September 2021). 12283: 12207: 12177: 12147: 12135:from the original on 31 May 2019 12115: 12088: 12057: 12031: 12006: 11982:Harrabin, Roger (8 March 2021). 11975: 11944: 11918: 11892: 11875: 11850: 11824: 11807: 11789: 11762: 11731: 11696: 11665: 11635: 11607: 11575: 11543: 11520: 11487: 11455: 11422: 11389: 11363:Dibley, Arjuna (29 March 2019). 11356: 11330: 11289: 11257: 11224: 11184: 11153: 11127: 11108: 11091: 11073: 10934: 10901: 10875:Climate Action Tracker, Turkey. 10835: 10805: 10776: 10631: 10606: 10568: 10518:"Transition to Clean Technology" 10509: 10441: 10410: 10285: 10254: 10221: 10204: 10176: 10139: 10081: 10050: 10025: 9992: 9965: 9940: 9899: 9867: 9835: 9811: 9762: 9748: 9687: 9654: 9553:Turkish Journal of Energy Policy 9540: 9500: 9486: 9455: 9434: 9381: 9354: 9326: 9298: 9278: 9253: 9228: 9181: 9140: 9066: 9000: 8968: 8873: 8849:Verri, Selene (7 January 2020). 8842: 8799: 8772: 8753:Foresters' Association of Turkey 8740: 8706:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104673 8673: 8612: 8600:from the original on 17 May 2018 8581: 8550: 8516: 8482: 8454: 8405: 8378: 8350: 8307: 8287: 8261: 8243: 8216: 8183: 8157: 8132: 8107: 8081: 8055: 8041: 8023: 7998: 7972: 7946: 7916: 7885: 7859: 7805: 7773: 7743: 7713: 7685: 7659: 7626: 7596: 7575:Çelikkan, Erdinç (15 May 2021). 7568: 7542: 7511: 7445: 7415: 7385: 7353: 7332: 7306: 7280: 7248: 7218: 7155: 7129: 7098: 7065: 7041: 7011: 6973: 6914: 6897: 6878: 6823: 6798: 6749: 6719: 6692: 6680:from the original on 24 May 2019 6652: 6620: 6573: 6562: 6475: 6455:"Characterizing the Declining CO 6446: 6387: 6357: 6326: 6275: 6166: 5985:from the original on 5 July 2020 5965: 5935: 5921: 5877: 5826: 5798: 5778: 5772: 5746: 5725: 5707: 5681: 5656: 5636: 5610: 5546: 5525: 5433: 5344: 5302: 5269: 5231: 4112:Ersoy, Ercan (8 February 2021). 3966:Pearce, Rosamund; Evans, Simon. 3889:(in Turkish). 12 November 2020. 3504:O'Byrne, David (21 April 2021). 3465:from the original on 14 May 2019 2383: 2354: 2021:After the 2020/21 droughts, the 1880:Coal in Turkey § Employment 1863:public opinion on climate change 1809:Ministry of Treasury and Finance 1487:. Turkey is a major producer of 1458:Foresters' Association of Turkey 887:. One third of organic waste is 724:, averages about one tonne of CO 164:by 2053. But it has no plan for 11703:Bir, Burak (11 December 2019). 10146:Bavbek, Gökşin (October 2016). 9334:"Confronting carbon inequality" 9108:Turkey's fourth biennial report 8528:General Directorate of Forestry 8526:[Official Statistics]. 8268:Todorović, Igor (17 May 2024). 7054:How to Avoid a Climate Disaster 6375:from the original on 7 May 2020 5733:Türkiye Electricity Review 2024 5205: 5134: 5108: 5089:Diaz, Clarisa (11 April 2022). 5082: 5071: 5050: 5000: 4975: 4924: 4904: 4878: 4842: 4810: 4785: 4762: 4743:Gordon, Noah J. (19 May 2021). 4736: 4671: 4626: 4605: 4538: 4506: 4463: 4430: 4400: 4383: 4323: 4256:Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 4208: 4136: 4074: 4012: 3959: 3934: 3875: 3753: 3722: 3696: 3649: 3642:10.1088/1742-6596/1449/1/012001 3608: 3596:(TUR_2023_1990_14042023_093739) 3553: 3525: 3497: 3480: 3438: 3412:Lynch, John (5 November 2020). 3405: 3346: 3321: 3286: 3253: 3193: 3161: 3053: 3028: 3017: 3006: 2940: 2844: 2830: 2782: 2757: 2732: 2340: 2314: 2297: 2293:Sustainable Development Goal 13 2281: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2169:by the Energy Ministry and the 2098:international environmental law 2018:calls natural gas "blue gold". 1409: 1224:manufacturers of electric buses 1163:content—for example, by making 1069:pumped-storage hydroelectricity 791:The official estimate for 2021 386: 278:production-based GHG accounting 220:are by far the biggest part of 101:renewable electricity in Turkey 82:methane is belched by livestock 13271:British Indian Ocean Territory 12595:(in Turkish). 16 November 2022 11815:"TÜRKİYE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN" 10656:Tan, Fatih (2 December 2020). 10057:Duyan, Özlem (19 March 2020). 7751:"The EV of the World's Desire" 5467:. Climate Transparency. 2018. 5328:"Carbon Brief Profile: Turkey" 3445:Esmaeili, Danial (June 2018). 2654: 2630: 2484:"CO2 Emissions: Turkey - 2021" 2476: 2360:In 2015, Turkey submitted its 2289:Sustainable Development Goal 7 2126:European Court of Human Rights 2106:small island developing states 1865:prefers solar and wind power. 1859:KONDA Research and Consultancy 1222:. Although Turkey has several 1165:Limestone Calcined Clay Cement 1000:said there was no clear plan. 591:(via Eren Enerji's coal-fired 222:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 151:electric vehicle manufacturing 123:and carbon dioxide emissions. 1: 12886:UNFCCC Turkey other documents 12798:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111423 11932:(in Turkish). 4 November 2022 11838:(in Turkish). 13 October 2021 11429:Tekin, Aynur (3 April 2020). 9792:Voyvoda, Ebru (22 May 2021). 9636:SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi 9412:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.169 9399:Journal of Cleaner Production 9206:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125324 9194:Journal of Cleaner Production 8915:Karagöz; et al. (2018). 8680:Gençay, Gökçe (1 July 2020). 7184:10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.07.006 6856:10.1016/j.solener.2018.12.055 6598:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130691 6586:Journal of Cleaner Production 6304:10.1080/15435075.2020.1865362 6223:SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi 4959:. İlke Haber. 30 March 2021. 4472:Social Responsibility Journal 4250:Cevheribucak, Gülfem (2021). 3601:Turkish Statistical Institute 2765:"Long-term strategies portal" 2725:Turkish Statistical Institute 2469:Turkish Statistical Institute 2399: 2096:fairness justification under 2071:Turkish Petroleum Corporation 1637:the state electricity company 1359:are becoming more efficient. 1342: 1276:Partially due to high import 1249:produces small quantities of 1126:2019 UN Climate Action Summit 1104:for new solar installations. 1067:and adding a small amount of 898: 885:waste and resource management 661:Road transport in the country 505:Some old power stations like 448:/kWh, around the average for 381:Izmir University of Economics 299:e (carbon dioxide equivalent) 80:, homes and workplaces. Much 12253:Kleinschmidt, Julia (2019). 11883:"KOMİSYON TAVSİYE KARARLARI" 10523:Journal of Political Economy 8808:South-east European Forestry 7168:emissions: An LMDI approach" 5754:"Current Policy Projections" 5198:10.1016/j.envdev.2019.100484 4337:(in Turkish). 5 October 2021 3674:10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.141 3260:Dalman, Axel (11 May 2020). 3201:"Preparation of NCs and BRs" 2084:, which limits emissions of 1811:leads on climate financing. 1498: 1282:Turkey's automotive industry 1213: 1107: 1089:Geothermal-electric capacity 777:Turkey's construction sector 760:Turkey is the sixth-largest 708:GRI 305 emissions standard. 532:would add over 60 Mt CO 489:e in 2021. According to the 286:consumption-based accounting 119:in cities would both reduce 7: 12920:Hydrogen strategy (Turkish) 12214:Tümöz Gündüz, Özge (2019). 12131:(in Turkish). 16 May 2019. 11306:10.1007/978-3-030-73399-5_3 11136:"Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi" 10783:Demirci, Elif; Top, Turaç. 9843:"Fossil Fuel Support – TUR" 9770:"Fossil Fuel Support – TUR" 8257:. 20 July 2021. p. 29. 8140:"Who volunteers for CORSIA" 7701:(in Turkish). 24 April 2024 6989:Global Environment Facility 6927:International Energy Agency 6550:Ayas, Ceren (August 2020). 5652:(in Turkish). 16 July 2021. 5427:International Energy Agency 5169:Yaman, Cevat (March 2020). 4718:International Cement Review 4414:(in Turkish). 3 July 2018. 3920:www.powerengineeringint.com 3819:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.055 3729:Brown, Sarah (March 2021). 1914:Şırnak Silopi power station 1732: 1699:International Monetary Fund 1668:integrated assessment model 1582:because of its status as a 1572:Global Environment Facility 1450:Civil society organizations 1416:Reforestation § Turkey 706:Global Reporting Initiative 690: 509:pollute but are subsidized. 256:, such as a dip during the 105:Right to Clean Air Platform 10: 13793: 10885:. Climate Action Tracker. 10694:(in Turkish). 17 June 2021 9723:10.1038/s41467-020-15453-z 9160:Nuh Naci Yazgan University 9036:10.1007/s10661-020-08429-5 8643:10.1007/s10661-021-09031-z 8439:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.017 8328:10.1007/s10668-020-00767-1 6487:Smart Energy International 6103:Construction Review Online 6056:10.1007/s10668-021-01779-1 5756:. Climate Action Tracker. 5649:Ministry of Trade (Turkey) 3086:10.1007/s11356-022-19290-z 2597:10.1038/s41893-021-00758-8 2234:), oxidation factor and CO 2186:EU emission trading system 2023:Nationalist Movement Party 1877: 1502: 1413: 1035: 965: 697:Turkey's industrial sector 412:Carbon capture and storage 390: 348:volatile organic compounds 254:economic history of Turkey 13709: 13661: 13623: 13365: 13299: 13258: 13218: 12960: 12508:Climate Change Litigation 10639:2019–2023 Stratejik Planı 10212:"Nat Dev Plan in turkish" 8824:(inactive 12 April 2024). 7287:Adelita (8 August 2021). 5380:Emissions Gap Report 2020 5176:Environmental Development 5115:Lo, Joe (17 March 2021). 4920:(Report). 12 August 2021. 4652:10.18466/cbayarfbe.823265 4408:"45.000 ton kömür alacak" 3371:10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.027 3267:Carbon Tracker Initiative 2102:least developed countries 2031:Peoples' Democratic Party 1985:climate change adaptation 1800:Republican People's Party 1384:Climate-smart agriculture 1255:Turkey's defence industry 1102:power purchase agreements 1081:variable renewable energy 1073:hydropower dams in Turkey 1031: 990:net zero carbon emissions 919:climate change mitigation 755: 497:Coal-fired power stations 280:to compile the country's 162:net zero carbon emissions 97:price on carbon pollution 68:the third most polluting 48:and part of the cause of 13777:Climate change in Turkey 13020:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12018:Turkish Policy Quarterly 11196:Balkan Green Energy News 10576:"Constitution of Turkey" 9116:(Report). December 2019. 8594:Climate Change in Turkey 8532:tr:Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 8274:Balkan Green Energy News 6399:Balkan Green Energy News 6369:Balkan Green Energy News 5836:. BBC. 25 September 2021 5384:UN Environment Programme 5295:10.31015/jaefs.2020.4.17 4484:10.1108/SRJ-11-2019-0377 4269:10.3389/frsc.2021.631337 3299:than their grandparents" 3169:"Reporting requirements" 2195: 2159:decarbonization pathways 2153:Research and data access 1868: 1793: 1765: 1688:emissions trading system 1680:Verified Carbon Standard 1329:Verified Carbon Standard 1155:There is no data on the 863: 786: 616:Gas-fired power stations 611:Gas-fired power stations 282:greenhouse gas inventory 145:The government supports 50:climate change in Turkey 42:greenhouse gas emissions 13281:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11218:Turkey, Country Profile 11081:"Turkey Climate Survey" 10121:turkishcarbonmarket.com 10037:turkishcarbonmarket.com 8923:(Report) (in Turkish). 8251:Climate Policy Factbook 6910:. Climate Transparency. 5046:(Report). 7 April 2022. 4586:Boston Consulting Group 3968:"Global coal power map" 3615:Zhang, Tongjun (2020). 2892:. Event occurs at 2:30 2643:(Report) (in Turkish). 2088:, has been approved by 2047:carbon emission trading 1980:climate change politics 1901:Çatalağzı power station 1723:polluter pays principle 1684:carbon emission trading 1672:voluntary carbon offset 1618:According to the OECD, 1591:marginal abatement cost 1379:Agriculture and fishing 1077:dispatchable generation 1061:nuclear power in Turkey 1007:(EBRD) is investing in 891:, but others argue for 811:Agriculture and fishing 530:units at Afşin Elbistan 272:(Turkstat) follows the 191:carbon emission trading 178:limiting climate change 13408:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12453:Climate Action Network 12448:"Europe in transition" 10882:Climate Action Tracker 9470:(Report). p. 29. 9294:(Report). August 2019. 6775:10.14256/JCE.3332.2021 6666:(Report). p. 62. 6556:Climate Action Network 4317:PricewaterhouseCoopers 3857:Atmosfere Verilecek CO 2692:edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu 2372:(before subtracting CO 2324:was emitted for every 2276:thermal power stations 2057:International politics 1950:, Eskişehir Tepebaşı, 1916:and the coal mines in 1908: 1893: 1748: 1629:state-owned enterprise 1514: 1429: 1396:marine protected areas 1220:sport utility vehicles 1181:cross-laminated timber 985: 977: 912:Climate Action Tracker 907: 879:(even though it has a 820: 652: 545:bituminous (hard) coal 510: 470: 402: 367: 358:Greenhouse gas sources 261: 206: 158:electricity generation 30: 11591:. 21 September 2020. 11559:. 20 September 2020. 11134:Özcan, Dicle (2016). 10095:S&P Global Platts 9701:Nature Communications 9468:New Climate Institute 8821:10.15177/seefor.21-01 8524:"Resmi İstatistikler" 8169:eia-international.org 7105:Firtina Ertiş, İrem. 6891:www.jeotermaletki.com 6259:iicec.sabanciuniv.edu 6254:Turkey Energy Outlook 6105:. 30 September 2020. 3511:S&P Global Platts 3040:www.carbon-turkey.org 2576:Nature Sustainability 2122:Environmental lawyers 2067:Energy Charter Treaty 1899: 1887: 1743: 1620:fossil fuel subsidies 1614:Fossil fuel subsidies 1576:Clean Technology Fund 1512: 1423: 1286:electric cars locally 1245:is planned for 2022. 1134:earthquakes in Turkey 1122:zero-carbon buildings 983: 976:Greenhouse gas target 975: 906: 854:Production of plastic 818: 746:electric arc furnaces 642: 618:emitted 46 Mt CO 520:is emitted for every 504: 464: 400: 365: 251: 204: 86:agriculture in Turkey 24: 13195:United Arab Emirates 12915:Fossil fuel registry 12778:"The potential of CO 12436:. 15 September 2021. 12333:NewClimate Institute 12299:. 22 November 2020. 11588:Green Party (Turkey) 11539:. 23 September 2019. 9952:World Economic Forum 9642:on 17 September 2021 9516:. 22 February 2021. 9394:emissions in Turkey" 8563:World Economic Forum 8197:. 25 February 2022. 8144:aviationbenefits.org 7789:. 24 December 2019. 7059:Penguin Random House 6640:on 27 September 2019 6526:on 29 September 2021 5533:"iklimportal.gov.tr" 5425:(Technical report). 4720:. 21 December 2020. 3708:Climate Transparency 2947:Capehart, Jonathan. 2638:National energy plan 2309:By simple arithmetic 2226:The carbon content ( 2080:Ratification of the 2077:started up in 2022. 2011:Turkey's Green Party 1776:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1739:Turkish Constitution 1400:international waters 829:enteric fermentation 593:ZETES power stations 372:global carbon budget 284:. As of 2015, using 258:2001 economic crisis 185:. In 2023 there was 160:; and is aiming for 95:, and the lack of a 76:; which is burnt in 27:ZETES power stations 13624:States with limited 13222:limited recognition 12645:ipc.sabanciuniv.edu 12566:. 22 September 2021 12564:Hürriyet Daily News 12416:. 4 September 2021. 12385:Hürriyet Daily News 11858:"Final Declaration" 10618:amp.theguardian.com 10479:"Taxing Energy Use" 9925:10.1093/reep/rew016 9714:2020NatCo..11.1624W 9342:. 23 September 2020 9339:Oxfam International 9028:2020EMnAs.192..491B 8785:Hürriyet Daily News 8698:2020LUPol..9604673G 8635:2021EMnAs.193..242B 8430:2021EnRep...7..105C 8300:European Commission 8006:"Turkey | Croner-i" 7930:. 16 January 2020. 7786:Hürriyet Daily News 7582:Hürriyet Daily News 7458:Hürriyet Daily News 7397:www.coastlink.co.uk 7369:. 27 January 2020. 6848:2020SoEn..200...22C 6339:blogs.worldbank.org 6296:2021IJGrE..18..308B 5947:naturalgasworld.com 5811:Hürriyet Daily News 5386:. 9 December 2020. 5189:2020EnvDe..3300484Y 4620:Shura Energy Centre 4299:European Commission 4086:Hürriyet Daily News 3810:2016EnPol..93..168A 3633:2020JPhCS1449a2001Z 3621:J. Phys.: Conf. Ser 3078:2022ESPR...2954813M 3072:(36): 54813–54826. 2821:"Electric Insights" 2588:2021NatSu...4.1005S 2335:net calorific value 1861:found in 2018 that 1841:of land transport. 1807:inventory) and the 1664:Boğaziçi University 1481:soil organic carbon 1477:soil organic matter 1361:Low-carbon hydrogen 1200:Diyarbakır Province 1173:refuse-derived fuel 1113:Buildings in Turkey 1071:, there are enough 948:European Green Deal 940:European Green Deal 801:Kazan Soda Elektrik 702:heat needed to make 605:Gothenburg Protocol 481:e in 2021. Burning 475:local air pollution 335:analyse the lignite 121:local air pollution 44:, which are mostly 12896:Emissions estimate 12694:Sabancı University 12360:. 7 September 2021 12039:"Kigali Amendment" 11904:www.al-monitor.com 11862:iklimsurasi.gov.tr 11471:. 12 August 2019. 11270:Covenant of Mayors 11198:. 3 September 2021 11166:Europe Beyond Coal 9305:Beuret, Nicholas. 9236:"Energy intensity" 8119:Business Traveller 8069:. 10 November 2021 7461:. 28 August 2020. 7143:. 11 December 2023 6489:. 29 August 2017. 5863:www.al-monitor.com 5562:. 9 October 2019. 4987:Turkish Animal Pro 4849:Mercan, Muhammet. 4058:. 13 August 2020. 3741:on 27 October 2021 3456:Sabancı University 2798:. 14 December 2023 2520:. 15 November 2022 2239:emission intensity 2117:Woodhouse Colliery 1976:sustainable energy 1909: 1894: 1890:Soma mine disaster 1820:Sabancı University 1737:Article 56 of the 1586:under the UNFCCC. 1580:Green Climate Fund 1536:COVID-19 recession 1534:and the country's 1515: 1434:degraded woodland. 1430: 1404:territorial waters 1128:, and the city of 1085:droughts in Turkey 1009:climate governance 986: 978: 932:developing country 908: 833:agricultural soils 821: 653: 607:on air pollution. 557:emission intensity 511: 471: 442:emission intensity 403: 368: 262: 207: 136:the global average 117:Low-emission zones 109:fine airborne dust 31: 13725: 13724: 13327: 13326: 13264:other territories 12881:Reports to UNFCCC 11344:. 6 November 2021 11315:978-3-030-73399-5 11140:calismatoplum.org 11121:Çalışma ve Toplum 10849:. 7 August 2021. 10813:"Teşkilat Yapısı" 10063:Climate Scorecard 10033:"Carbon Projects" 9585:Raptsun, Mykola. 9374:978-3-631-80226-7 9265:Our World in Data 9240:Our World in Data 8993:978-605-63090-4-5 8588:Ömer Lütfi, Şen. 8010:app.croneri.co.uk 7986:. 10 October 2021 7846:www.petder.org.tr 7757:. 16 April 2020. 7727:. 23 March 2019. 7673:. 8 December 2023 7264:. 27 March 2019. 7232:. 14 March 2020. 6954:. Cementis GmbH. 6673:978-3-948393-00-7 6401:. 8 February 2021 6371:. 13 April 2020. 6268:978-605-70031-9-5 6201:978-605-2095-61-4 5695:. 9 November 2021 5594:. 12 March 2021. 5393:978-92-807-3812-4 5121:Climate Home News 4983:"Red Meat sector" 4826:. 11 March 2019. 4088:. 8 February 2021 3541:. 18 January 2021 3333:Our World in Data 3142:Our World in Data 2744:Our World in Data 2582:(11): 1005–1014. 2163:Linear regression 2146:climate activists 2086:fluorinated gases 2039:emissions trading 1999:National Politics 1993:energy transition 1835:carbon neutrality 1652:petroleum bitumen 1584:developed country 1555:income inequality 1349:hydrofluorocarbon 1267:charging stations 1251:lithium carbonate 1232:cycling in Turkey 781:EU carbon credits 649:low-emission zone 643:A traffic jam in 625:Sakarya Gas Field 573:methane emissions 444:was about 440 gCO 331:cement production 307:residual fuel oil 216:) emissions from 134:, which is about 64:. After coal and 13784: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13733: 13662:Dependencies and 13366:Sovereign states 13354: 13347: 13340: 13331: 13330: 13317: 13307: 13306: 13276:Christmas Island 12962:Sovereign states 12949: 12942: 12935: 12926: 12925: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12734: 12727: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12702: 12691: 12683: 12677: 12676: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12585: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12510:. Archived from 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12482:The Conversation 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12350: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12324: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12270: 12259: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12239: 12233: 12222: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11649:. 21 June 2020. 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11131: 11125: 11124: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11057:. 17 June 2019. 11045: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11015: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10914: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10748: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10713: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10593: 10580: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10547: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10496: 10483: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10420:(18 June 2021). 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10389: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10354: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10329:. Climate Home. 10322: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10163: 10152: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10117:"Carbon Markets" 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9927: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9789: 9780: 9779: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9725: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9638:. Archived from 9628: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9312:The Conversation 9302: 9296: 9295: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9157: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9127: 9118: 9117: 9104: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9013: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8981: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8944: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8922: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8889:. 19 June 2018. 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8833: 8825: 8823: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8500:. Archived from 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8322:(3): 4215–4235. 8311: 8305: 8304: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8094:www.spglobal.com 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7261:The Baltic Times 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7172:Transport Policy 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7025:. Archived from 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6985: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6777: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6577: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6547: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6463: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6430:. 4 April 2020. 6420: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6050:(6): 8162–8194. 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6012: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5981:. 12 July 2019. 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5503: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5417: 5398: 5397: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5146:climatetrace.org 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5034: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4936:climatetrace.org 4928: 4922: 4921: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4890:globalcement.com 4882: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4797:climatetrace.org 4789: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4654: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437:Algedik, Önder. 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4412:Enerji Ekonomisi 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4362: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4196:on 1 August 2020 4195: 4188: 4179: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4109: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3837: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3789: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737:. Archived from 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3662:Renewable Energy 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3419:The Conversation 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3135:(11 June 2020). 3125: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2993:climatetrace.org 2985: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2917: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2728:. 29 March 2023. 2716: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2609: 2599: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2458: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2362:emissions target 2358: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2318: 2312: 2301: 2295: 2285: 2279: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 1828:emitting country 1784:Foreign Ministry 1712: 1599:carbon emissions 1557:causes higher CO 1479:. This contains 1437:Turkey's forests 1321:Turkish Airlines 1290:electric vehicle 1157:carbon intensity 962:Path to net zero 393:Energy in Turkey 327: 13792: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13781: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13750: 13748: 13738: 13736: 13728: 13726: 13721: 13705: 13663: 13657: 13643:Northern Cyprus 13625: 13619: 13540:North Macedonia 13361: 13358: 13328: 13323: 13295: 13263: 13254: 13235:Northern Cyprus 13221: 13214: 12956: 12953: 12877: 12872: 12862: 12860: 12845: 12841: 12831: 12829: 12781: 12774: 12770: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12738: 12736: 12732: 12725: 12721: 12720: 12716: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12689: 12685: 12684: 12680: 12663: 12659: 12649: 12647: 12639: 12638: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12612: 12608: 12598: 12596: 12593:BBC News Türkçe 12587: 12586: 12579: 12569: 12567: 12558: 12557: 12553: 12543: 12541: 12540:. 26 April 2021 12532: 12531: 12527: 12517: 12515: 12514:on 27 June 2021 12502: 12501: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12473: 12469: 12459: 12457: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12426: 12425: 12421: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12391: 12389: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12337: 12335: 12325: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12196: 12183: 12182: 12178: 12168: 12166: 12159:treaties.un.org 12153: 12152: 12148: 12138: 12136: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12106: 12104: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12037: 12036: 12032: 12022: 12020: 12012: 12011: 12007: 11997: 11995: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11930:BBC News Türkçe 11924: 11923: 11919: 11909: 11907: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11876: 11866: 11864: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11841: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11808: 11800: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11780: 11778: 11767: 11763: 11753: 11751: 11736: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11701: 11697: 11687: 11685: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11623:. 10 March 2021 11613: 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11530: 11526: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11461: 11460: 11456: 11446: 11444: 11427: 11423: 11413: 11411: 11403:Middle East Eye 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11336: 11335: 11331: 11316: 11294: 11290: 11280: 11278: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11229: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11201: 11199: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11132: 11128: 11113: 11109: 11101: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11064: 11062: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10994: 10992: 10975: 10968: 10958: 10956: 10939: 10935: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10873: 10869: 10859: 10857: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10750: 10749: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10715: 10714: 10707: 10697: 10695: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10669: 10667: 10654: 10650: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10622: 10620: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10391: 10390: 10383: 10373: 10371: 10356: 10355: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10323: 10319: 10309: 10307: 10290: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10193: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10086: 10082: 10072: 10070: 10055: 10051: 10041: 10039: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10016: 10014: 10006:Financial Times 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9802: 9800: 9790: 9783: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9692: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9630: 9629: 9612: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9547:Aydın, Levent. 9545: 9541: 9531: 9529: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9460: 9456: 9439: 9435: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9375: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9303: 9299: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9186: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9155: 9152: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9121: 9106: 9105: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9011: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8847: 8843: 8827: 8826: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8686:Land Use Policy 8678: 8674: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8504:on 15 June 2021 8488: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8471: 8459: 8455: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8366:. 31 March 2022 8356: 8355: 8351: 8312: 8308: 8303:. 1 April 2020. 8293: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8266: 8262: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7874: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7840: 7839: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7755:Lubes'N'Greases 7749: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7573: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7485: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7427:en.rayhaber.com 7421: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7319:www.bike-eu.com 7311: 7307: 7297: 7295: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7230:Sustainable Bus 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7167: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7029:on 28 July 2018 7017: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6883: 6879: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6764:(in Croatian). 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6548: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6461: 6458: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6331: 6327: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6249: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6167: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6141: 6129: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5907:BBC News Türkçe 5901: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5721:. 13 June 2022. 5713: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5591:Financial Times 5584: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5505: 5504: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5419: 5418: 5401: 5394: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5167: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5036: 5035: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4631: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4554:. 29 May 2020. 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4319:. October 2021. 4311: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4248: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4024:treaties.un.org 4018: 4017: 4013: 4002: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3922:. December 2017 3914: 3913: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3887:Elbistanın Sesi 3881: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3838: 3827: 3790: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3654: 3650: 3613: 3609: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3258: 3254: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3129:Ritchie, Hannah 3126: 3119: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2954:Washington Post 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2668:. 13 March 2023 2660: 2659: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2568: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2460: 2459: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2305:capacity factor 2302: 2298: 2286: 2282: 2272:electrical grid 2269: 2265: 2261: 2251:: 30, 0.97, 104 2237: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2155: 2059: 2001: 1927:just transition 1918:Şırnak Province 1882: 1876: 1871: 1843:Energy Minister 1839:decarbonization 1796: 1768: 1735: 1716: 1713:per tonne of CO 1707: 1704: 1692:export partners 1661: 1634: 1616: 1608:Paris Agreement 1560: 1548: 1527:economic growth 1519:Turkish economy 1507: 1501: 1493:calcium looping 1418: 1412: 1381: 1353:Electric motors 1345: 1271:charging points 1261:started making 1216: 1188:earthquake risk 1110: 1094: 1040: 1034: 1027: 1018: 970: 964: 928: 901: 866: 858:bottom trawling 813: 789: 768: 758: 727: 714: 693: 686: 681:ethanol in fuel 674: 670: 658: 637: 621: 613: 586: 582: 570: 562: 535: 526:capacity factor 519: 499: 488: 480: 465:Pollution over 447: 439: 395: 389: 377: 360: 344:nitrogen oxides 340:carbon monoxide 325: 321: 312: 298: 266:climate finance 246: 215: 199: 174:Paris Agreement 17: 12: 11: 5: 13790: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13759: 13758: 13756:Climate change 13746: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13717:European Union 13713: 13711: 13710:Other entities 13707: 13706: 13704: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13667: 13665: 13664:other entities 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13629: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13615:United Kingdom 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13428:Czech Republic 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13334: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13311: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13267: 13265: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12966: 12964: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12876: 12875:External links 12873: 12871: 12870: 12839: 12779: 12768: 12746: 12728:. p. 26. 12714: 12678: 12657: 12632: 12606: 12577: 12551: 12525: 12495: 12467: 12439: 12419: 12399: 12388:. 23 July 2021 12371: 12345: 12314: 12282: 12245: 12206: 12191:(in Turkish). 12176: 12146: 12114: 12087: 12056: 12030: 12005: 11974: 11957:Anadolu Agency 11943: 11917: 11906:. 4 March 2022 11891: 11874: 11849: 11823: 11806: 11788: 11761: 11744:Anadolu Agency 11730: 11713:Anadolu Agency 11695: 11680:(in Turkish). 11664: 11634: 11606: 11574: 11542: 11519: 11486: 11454: 11421: 11388: 11370:Foreign Policy 11355: 11329: 11314: 11288: 11265:"Action plans" 11256: 11223: 11209: 11183: 11152: 11126: 11123:(48): 169–197. 11107: 11090: 11072: 11040: 11002: 10966: 10933: 10900: 10867: 10834: 10804: 10775: 10740: 10705: 10677: 10648: 10630: 10605: 10567: 10536:10.1086/684511 10508: 10467: 10440: 10409: 10381: 10344: 10317: 10284: 10253: 10220: 10203: 10175: 10138: 10108: 10080: 10049: 10024: 9991: 9964: 9939: 9918:(1): 138–155. 9898: 9866: 9834: 9810: 9781: 9761: 9747: 9686: 9653: 9610: 9574: 9539: 9499: 9485: 9454: 9448:Deutsche Welle 9433: 9391: 9380: 9373: 9353: 9325: 9297: 9277: 9252: 9227: 9180: 9150: 9139: 9119: 9094: 9075: 9065: 8999: 8992: 8967: 8930: 8904: 8872: 8841: 8798: 8771: 8739: 8672: 8611: 8580: 8549: 8530:(in Turkish). 8515: 8494:www.mpa.gov.tr 8481: 8453: 8418:Energy Reports 8404: 8377: 8349: 8306: 8286: 8260: 8242: 8215: 8182: 8171:. 7 April 2024 8156: 8131: 8106: 8080: 8054: 8040: 8022: 7997: 7971: 7945: 7915: 7884: 7858: 7830: 7819:. 28 June 2022 7817:LMC AUTOMOTIVE 7804: 7772: 7742: 7712: 7684: 7658: 7625: 7608:raillynews.com 7595: 7567: 7556:. 7 April 2022 7541: 7510: 7493:Anadolu Agency 7476: 7444: 7414: 7384: 7352: 7331: 7305: 7279: 7247: 7217: 7165: 7154: 7128: 7097: 7064: 7040: 7010: 6972: 6940: 6913: 6896: 6877: 6822: 6797: 6768:(8): 647–659. 6748: 6733:(in Turkish). 6718: 6691: 6672: 6651: 6619: 6572: 6561: 6537: 6504: 6474: 6456: 6445: 6412: 6386: 6356: 6325: 6290:(3): 308–318. 6274: 6267: 6240: 6207: 6200: 6176: 6165: 6120: 6087: 6027: 5996: 5964: 5934: 5920: 5894: 5876: 5865:. 4 March 2022 5847: 5825: 5814:. 29 June 2021 5797: 5771: 5745: 5724: 5706: 5680: 5655: 5635: 5609: 5577: 5545: 5524: 5485: 5453: 5432: 5399: 5392: 5368: 5343: 5318: 5301: 5288:(4): 520–527. 5268: 5230: 5204: 5158: 5133: 5107: 5081: 5070: 5067:. 4 July 2021. 5049: 5024: 4999: 4974: 4948: 4923: 4903: 4877: 4841: 4809: 4784: 4761: 4735: 4702: 4670: 4625: 4604: 4569: 4537: 4505: 4478:(6): 899–915. 4462: 4429: 4399: 4382: 4348: 4322: 4304: 4283: 4239: 4207: 4165: 4135: 4099: 4073: 4041: 4011: 3991: 3958: 3946:global methane 3933: 3904: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3825: 3779: 3752: 3721: 3695: 3648: 3607: 3577: 3552: 3524: 3496: 3479: 3458:. p. 15. 3437: 3404: 3345: 3320: 3296: 3285: 3252: 3224: 3192: 3160: 3117: 3052: 3036:"What is MRV?" 3027: 3016: 3005: 2975: 2939: 2903: 2874: 2843: 2829: 2809: 2781: 2756: 2731: 2704: 2679: 2653: 2629: 2559: 2531: 2502: 2475: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2353: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2313: 2296: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256:Coal in Turkey 2253: 2252: 2235: 2219: 2210: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2154: 2151: 2058: 2055: 2043:misinformation 2000: 1997: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1795: 1792: 1788:Kyoto Protocol 1767: 1764: 1734: 1731: 1727:Daron Acemoğlu 1714: 1702: 1660: 1659:Carbon pricing 1657: 1648:petroleum coke 1632: 1615: 1612: 1558: 1546: 1500: 1497: 1466:Ege University 1452:, such as the 1411: 1408: 1380: 1377: 1365:petrochemicals 1344: 1341: 1325:carbon offsets 1298:smart charging 1247:Eti Mine Works 1215: 1212: 1169:petroleum coke 1138:passive houses 1109: 1106: 1092: 1057:carbon lock-in 1033: 1030: 1025: 1016: 963: 960: 952:Trade Ministry 944:carbon tariffs 926: 900: 897: 865: 862: 812: 809: 788: 785: 766: 757: 754: 742:blast furnaces 725: 713: 712:Iron and steel 710: 692: 689: 684: 672: 668: 656: 636: 635:Transport fuel 633: 619: 612: 609: 584: 580: 568: 560: 533: 517: 498: 495: 486: 478: 445: 437: 416:carbon pricing 407:coal in Turkey 388: 385: 375: 359: 356: 346:, non-methane 323: 310: 296: 245: 242: 213: 210:Carbon dioxide 198: 195: 187:misinformation 183:carbon tariffs 166:coal phase out 46:carbon dioxide 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13789: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13757: 13747: 13745: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13676:Faroe Islands 13674: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13648:South Ossetia 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13622: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13500:Liechtenstein 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13355: 13350: 13348: 13343: 13341: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13310: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13261: 13257: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13245:South Ossetia 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12938: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12900:Climate Trace 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12843: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12772: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12757: 12750: 12731: 12724: 12718: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12682: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12661: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12565: 12561: 12555: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12471: 12456: 12454: 12449: 12443: 12435: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12387: 12386: 12381: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12334: 12330: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12302: 12298: 12297: 12292: 12286: 12267: 12263: 12256: 12249: 12230: 12226: 12219: 12218: 12210: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12118: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12019: 12015: 12009: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11947: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11884: 11878: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11816: 11810: 11803:(in Turkish). 11798: 11792: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11734: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11709:www.aa.com.tr 11706: 11699: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11638: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11578: 11562: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11523: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11425: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11392: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11359: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11292: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11227: 11219: 11213: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11100: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11044: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11012: 11006: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10973: 10971: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10871: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10847:The Economist 10844: 10838: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10747: 10745: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10712: 10710: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10681: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10577: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10545:1721.1/101754 10541: 10537: 10533: 10530:(1): 52–104. 10529: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10419: 10418:Harvey, Fiona 10413: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10241: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10224: 10213: 10207: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10179: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10084: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9995: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9830: 9829: 9821: 9814: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9579: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9513:The Economist 9509: 9503: 9495: 9489: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9384: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9357: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9281: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9143: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8971: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8195:The Economist 8192: 8186: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8068: 8067:Londra Gazete 8064: 8058: 8050: 8044: 8032: 8026: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7481: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7158: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7014: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6982: 6976: 6957: 6950: 6944: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6906: 6905:"Turkey 2020" 6900: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6255: 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March 2021. 5428: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5217:Enerji Atlası 5214: 5208: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5013: 5012:beef2live.com 5009: 5003: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4417: 4413: 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