Ainu culture - Knowledge

1044: 1425: 1215: 589: 1092: 723:. They believed that animals, plants, tools, natural phenomena (tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.), and pestilence all had their own spirituality, and that these things were inhabited by spirits called "ramak". The world was divided into the present world (Ainu Mosii company) and the world inhabited by lamats (Kamuimoshiri company), and lamats were believed to inhabit various things and came to Ainu Mosii with some kind of role. It was interpreted that Ramak would return to Kamuimoshishin after fulfilling his role. The Ainu gods were not absolute transcendents, and when Kamui acted unjustly, the Ainu would protest. 1561: 2221: 1936: 2358:, which is translated as "traditional living space". In addition to being a place to procure biological resources, the ior is unique in that it is closely related to Ainu spiritual culture, including rituals. However, since the Meiji era (1868–1912), due to government policies that lacked an understanding of Ainu culture, the lifestyle and culture of the Ainu based on Ioru has been destroyed and has been lost to this day. In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the restoration of the Ioru. 708: 283: 1603:, a German physician and naturalist living in Japan, went to the Ainu village of Hiratori, Ryusha-gun, Hokkaido, and found that "Ainu tattooing is done only on women, and begins with multiple horizontal wounds made with a small knife just above the upper lip of girls as young as seven or eight years old, where the soot is rubbed in. Once the tattoo around the mouth is done, the back of the hand and forearm are tattooed. Once a woman is married, she is no longer tattooed. 391: 2026:. In addition, in 1875, the Meiji government concluded the Karafuto-Chishima Exchange Treaty with Russia, and the Karafuto Ainu who had chosen Japanese nationality moved to Hokkaido, while those who wished to remain remained there. On the other hand, the Chishima Ainu were persuaded by officials of Nemuro Prefecture to move to Shikotan Island due to problems with the supply of daily commodities and for reasons of national defense ("Chishima Cruise Diary"). 483: 855: 2362:

Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's Hokkaido Bureau, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Hokkaido, the Organization for the Promotion of Ainu Culture and Research, and the Hokkaido Utari Association jointly established the "Council for the Promotion of Ainu Culture" to discuss measures to promote Ainu culture, including the revival of ior. In 2002, seven sites were selected as candidate sites for the revitalization of ior.

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archaeological sense, since modern Ainu do not live in Chise anymore and do not lead a fishing and gathering lifestyle. However, modern Ainu are the descendants of the people who developed the archaeological Ainu culture, and the cultural styles preserved by modern Ainu are also qualified to be called Ainu culture. In 2007, Takuro Segawa proposed that the historical "Ainu culture" from the

863: 2010:, and the Northern Territories in the same way as for the Japanese. Pioneers provided the same school education, including language, as the Japanese, and the laws that were enforced (the order to cut hair and remove swords, and the order requiring the name of the commoner's family name) were uniformly applied to the Ainu, just as they were to the Japanese. As part of the 1990:, or other Japanese-style clothing. However, when the territory came under the direct control of the Edo shogunate, the ban on wearing hats, coats, and sandals, which had been forbidden by the Matsumae clan, was lifted. At the same time, the Shogunate recommended changing their hairstyle, clothes, and names to the Japanese style. However, it did not become very popular. 1577: 693: 2212:, the organization that oversees the Utari, holds an annual Ainu cultural festival. Active representation of Ainu history has also begun, and a memorial service for Shakushain is held in Shinhidaka Town every year on September 23. Although she did not emphasize her Ainu identity, Sunazawa Bikki gained international recognition as a sculptor. 406:(small village, usually five or six houses) when the Ainu culture was first established. Later, around the 15th century, the region became more culturally and politically integrated due to trade and conflicts between the Ainu and the Japanese, and by the 17th century, the Japanese had established a number of hunting and fishing settlements ( 2045:

the Ainu. However, the Ainu language and culture were not taught in these schools, and the Ainu culture was negatively represented, further destroying the Ainu culture in the early modern period. In 1937, the Hokkaido Law for the Protection of the Former Native People of Hokkaido was amended, and Ainu schools were abolished.

561:. As the Ainu have never had a strong unified government, their laws and punishments have been greatly influenced by the authorities and the region, and if the village chief was mild, the guilty party was given lenient treatment, while if the chief was cruel, the guilty party was severely punished. There was no 2361:

In 1996, a private advisory body to the Chief Cabinet Secretary identified the revitalization of ior as one of the policy issues to be considered, and formulated a proposal to revive ior as a place for the Ainu to pass on their traditional culture in the form of a park. In 2000, the Ministry of Land,

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The Hokkaido Jōmon people, which predated the formation of the Ainu people and culture, formed from "proper Jōmon tribes of Honshu" and from "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. These two groups merged in Hokkaido, giving rise to the local Hokkaido

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It is possible that the Japanese, such as the Matsumae clan, intentionally refrained from teaching the written language to the Ainu for political reasons, fearing that their misdeeds would be written down. There is also the view that the Ainu did not accept the use of the written language from them

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The culture of Hokkaido's indigenous Ainu people is considered to have originated with the marine-centered Okhotsk culture that prevailed from the 5th century to the 9th century and Satsumon culture, which developed under strong influence from the culture of Honshu (Japan's main island) and thrived

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The Ainu used traditional patterns to decorate their clothing and tools. It is thought that these patterns may have existed at the time of the establishment of Ainu culture around the 13th century. There was also an influx of designs in the exchange with northern peoples such as the Nivkhs, such as

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In the Ainu culture, where hunting and gathering were the mainstays, farming was only a secondary element, and the development of metalware technology was limited. Therefore, rather than blacksmithing, which involved extracting, forging, and smelting metals from ores, craftsmen developed techniques

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In 1997, the "Act on the Promotion of Ainu Culture and the Dissemination and Enlightenment of Knowledge about Ainu Tradition" was passed. Kayano Shigeru, who became a member of the National Diet, worked to preserve the Ainu language by asking questions to the Diet in his native language, Ainu, and

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In 1899, the Hokkaido Law for the Protection of the Former Native People of Hokkaido was enacted, and with the establishment of Ainu schools, Ainu children were required to attend different schools than their Japanese counterparts. The Meiji government also promoted Japanese language education for

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The bodies of the dead are buried in a cemetery in the mountains away from the kotan. The cemetery is not located across the river from the village because carrying the body over the river is considered disrespectful to the water god. The grave markers are wooden stakes called Irurakamui (gods who

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In the Middle Ages, the Ainu traded dried salmon, bear and sea animal pelts, and raptor feathers for Japanese luxury goods such as silk fabrics and lacquerwares. In order to secure salmon as trade goods, there were also villages that specialized in salmon fishing as their livelihood. This kind of

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In the Ainu culture, there was no concept of private ownership of land, but instead, there were settlements and fishing grounds where the kotan had the right of membership, and the biological resources needed by the kotan were basically procured from the settlements of the kotan. These areas are

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period In light of the fact that bones of wild boars and clay figures resembling wild boars have been unearthed, we can conclude that "there existed a ritual in the Japanese archipelago during the Jomon period in which wild boars were raised for a certain period of time and their souls were sent

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enacted a ban on tattoos in October 1871, but it was not very effective because Ainu women at the time believed that if they did not have tattoos, they would incur the wrath of the gods and would not be able to marry. Therefore, in September 1876, the law was changed to imposing punishment and

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Farming was also practiced, but it was not the mainstay of their livelihood. However, this is not because farming was impossible. Farming was widely practiced during the Abramite culture, and many traces of fields from the Ainu culture have been discovered, such as the Takasago shell mound in

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Since the Ainu did not have ironworking technology, they mainly obtained iron for their ornaments and various tools from the Japanese. Although they could not manufacture advanced iron products, they knew how to repair them, and there were blacksmiths who restored iron objects. Some of these

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fittings. This is thought to have been some kind of spell tool, and was valued not because of the high cost of the raw materials or the difficulty of manufacturing and processing, but because of the powerful spiritual power that was thought to reside in this object. Treasures other than the

790:, male grave markers are Y-shaped and female grave markers are T-shaped. The concept of a "cemetery" is said to have existed around the mid-17th century. There are considerable differences between the grave system of the Abramite culture, where burials took place around or inside the house. 683:

When the Revolt of Shakushain, which was caused by the Shoba Chigyo system, ended in defeat, and the location contracting system was established, people were mobilized to work as servants for the location contractors (Japanese merchants who also acted as administrators), as well as to sell

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The academic issue is that the term "Ainu culture" can mean both "the culture of an ethnic group" and "a cultural style that existed at a certain time in history". Although the Ainu still exist as an ethnic group, it cannot be said that they have retained their culture completely in the

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for cultural reasons. For this reason, the Ainu did not record themselves in writing or compile books until schooling was made compulsory during the Meiji period. Therefore, records of the pre-Meiji Ainu culture are mainly found in books written from a Japanese perspective.

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blacksmiths settled in villages, while others traveled from village to village. However, with the massive influx of iron from Honshu in the early modern period, the need to reuse old iron products diminished, and these blacksmiths are thought to have gradually disappeared.

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transfer in 1807, the Ezochi and Wajinchi became natural domains. In 1821, all of Ezochi and Wakinchi were restored to the Matsumae domain. When Hakodate was opened in 1855, it became a natural domain again in 1856, leaving a part of Wakinchi in the southwestern part of

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Before the modern era, the Ainu prized as treasure some of the items they acquired from other cultures through trade. The Ainu treasures included swords such as the Ainu sword, silverware, Chinese silk fabrics (Ezo brocade), lacquerware, and feathers of birds of prey.

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In the case of men, there were also various tattooing customs in different regions. In some areas, men got tattoos on their shoulders, and in other areas, men got tattoos on their hands, which were said to improve their archery skills and make them better hunters.

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in response to appeals from Nivkh and the Gilemi, who lived from the lower Amur River basin to Sakhalin, causing conflicts based on trade. The Yuan invasion forced many Ainu to leave Sakhalin, but the trade using the Amur River continued.

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A rumor began to circulate between 2014 and 2015 that the Ainu people were enjoying preferential treatment for various vulnerable groups by taking advantage of their position as victims of rape by the Japanese. In response to this rumor,

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The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively

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perspective, referring to the cultural forms held by the Ainu people as an ethnic group, which includes both the culture held or created by the modern Ainu and the culture of their ancestors. The other usage, from an

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in the Medieval Period, which was carried out by the Ando clan and other powerful Ou clans with naval forces. The Matsumae clan, through the intermediary of the Ainu, traded Japanese iron products and lacquerware in

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started a program called the "Ureshipa Project" for Ainu. The main pillars of the project are a scholarship program for Ainu children, including tuition exemptions, and classes on Ainu culture and communication.

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This Iomanthe has the meaning of entertaining Ramak, who has come to Ainu Mossi Lai to deliver bear meat and bear fur in the form of a bear, with a grand feast and many souvenirs to return to Ramak's world.

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Before the 13th century, the Ainu had expanded to the mouth of the Amur River and Lake Kisi. In the "Preface to the Book of Genesis" cited in the Genbunrui, there is a description of the Ainu attacking the

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argued that "Ainu are not indigenous to Hokkaido," citing "the fact that the Ainu people did not call themselves 'Ainu' during the period of colonization." In response to Kobayashi's opinion, the critic

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became established as ceremonial clothing. Silk costumes were also imported from China through the Shantan trade, and were worn in various ways. The silk costumes were sold to the Japanese as Ezo Nishiki

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In recent years, there has been a growing movement to incorporate cultural elements from outside the adjacent cultural sphere and to interact with indigenous peoples from other regions. The musician

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has been conducting the Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Measures Project since 1976 to improve the income and living standards of Ainu people engaged in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

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suppressing religious freedom. Siebold recorded that he was asked by the Ainu people, who were bewildered by the Meiji government's ban on tattoos, if he could approach them to object to the ban.

1954:, including Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Chishima, was divided into about 80 places, which were known to vassals and became the domain of the Matsumae clan. In 1799, Eastern Ezochi was given to the 734:, which existed adjacent to the Abramian culture during the Abramian period. It has been speculated that it was probably introduced into the Ainu culture from the Okhotsk culture sphere via the 2173:, and other movements to revise the Ainu spiritual world were held in the early 1980s. As for traditional dance, there are 20 preservation societies in Hokkaido, and 17 of them were designated 1741:, and traditions were passed down orally. During the Meiji period, the Ainu continued to use the "tying rope" for arithmetic and record keeping. Similar customs include straw calculation in 624:

and often dried. This was not only important as a self-sufficient food source, but was also one of the main products that needed to be secured in large quantities for trade with the Japanese.

2052:, who left behind a vast amount of material on the Ainu language and culture, viewing the Ainu as a people to be destroyed. This situation continued until Japan's defeat in World War II. 189:

subcultures. It is suggested that Hokkaido had a continuous occupation by a people who undertook a cultural shift. This is similar to the situation in which the Japanese maintained the

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However, there are some who point out the lack of usability of the reclaimed ior system selected in this way, and it cannot be said that ior reclamation is necessarily going smoothly.

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and the Ainu living in the north, there is only one site in Hokkaido where flat-land structures and pit dwellings are mixed, the Sapporo k528 site, which is believed to be from the

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are thought to have been built between the 16th and 18th centuries. There are many unanswered questions about the purpose of their construction, but they may have been defensive

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Exchange activities with indigenous people in other regions have not been uncommon in recent years. The Sapporo-based group Ainu Art Project performed music and dance with the

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away. The Jomon people of Hokkaido and the following Jomon people also introduced wild boar piglets and imitated this ritual, and eventually the wild boar was replaced by the

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Tattoos were an important symbol of the gods associated with the belief in spirits. The traditional tattoo around the mouth of an adult Ainu woman is thought to resemble a

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in 1663. It is also thought that the Ainu specialized in trading with the Japanese, for whom they obtained large quantities of trade goods such as salmon, animal skins, and

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in the 13th century. In other words, the population remains the same, but the culture changed. Although there was not as much of a cultural break as the change from the

2064:, an English missionary, and Shujiro Ekuho (Japanese) (1849–1924), who became a teacher at the Harukoto Ainu School (established in 1891). Together, they compiled the 374:. Mummification is not practiced in the Okhotsk culture area, nor in the Ainu culture of Hokkaido. However, in northern Japan, the mummies of three generations of the 2309:

has a subordinate organization, the Ainu Culture Promotion and Research Organization, which works to promote the Ainu language and to pass on and revive Ainu culture.

1072:, but the hoe-shaped objects were never given away to others, and when their owners died, they were hidden in hidden places such as behind rocks, lost and decayed. . 1140: 804:. There are also reports that the Russian Orthodox Church proselytized to the remaining Sakhalin Ainu and others who had acquired Sakhalin from Japan through the 676:), and the residue after collecting the starch, was fermented and dried, and was also one of the staple foods. Because of this tradition of starch use, when the 3136: 2337:

wrote, "If the logic that 'because an ethnic group does not call itself "Ainu", it does not exist' holds true, then it would be impossible to say that there are

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A woman with tattoos around her mouth. She wears ninkali (ear rings) in her ears, a lektumpe (necklace) around her neck, and a tamasai (necklace) down her neck

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It is thought that the luxury goods brought by the Japanese were possessed by the wealthy as treasures, and that pedantic consumption of these goods secured

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is thought to be about 100 square meters. The dwellings built on flat land are distinct from the pit dwellings that were the main type of dwelling from the

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for the Hokkaido Ainu, but for serious crimes such as murder, some sentences were difficult to survive, such as being banished from the kotan after the

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also visited Hokkaido during her travels in Japan from June to September 1878, and left a description of Ainu life and customs at the time in her book

119:. However, while some people conceal or downplay their Ainu identity, Ainu culture is still retained among many groups. The Ainu way of life is called 831:

education. However, it is reported that many Ainu still followed the ancient beliefs of Kamui. In addition, since the Meiji era, missionaries such as

2858:"Upshoro Kut or tush (secret girdle or cord) anciently a-eshumkep (most hidden thing), a honorific. Made of hai, a kind of flax obtained from a vine… 498:(the western group) was fierce, and there were battles that resulted in many deaths. Shakshain, the chief of the Menasunkuru clan who challenged the 71: 3132: 2578: 2166: 1987: 774:, which is processed from white wood, is used for the Kamuinomi. The rituals are performed by men, and women are responsible for the preparations. 502:, also fought and killed Onibishi, the chief of the Sumunkuru clan. Other inter-tribal battles were fought, sometimes involving extensive travel. 3319: 2137:, promoted the study of Ainu culture and the collection of materials, leading to the construction of archives and museums in various locations. 3271: 1266:-like undergarment that extends down to the knees is worn, and then a jacket. Depending on the temperature of the weather, they may also wear 1785: 1591:

When this traditional tattoo is applied, the mouth of the young woman is wiped clean and disinfected with hot water infused with the bark of

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and early Meiji periods. However, only a few converts were reported, and those were ridiculed as "Ntsa Ainu" (Russian Ainu) by other Ainu.

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An Ainu hoe in the collection of the Tokyo National Museum. In Ainu language, it is called "kirau starting tamikami" (horned treasure god)

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near Hokkaido, where the Tishima Ainu, who had lived close to the Russian culture (in Uramori and Shinchi counties), migrated during the

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The Ainu ritual is called Kamuinomi, and is performed to various gods, but when starting Kamuinomi, the first prayer is to the fire god

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in modern-day New Zealand, but tattoos specific to the Ainu people have been limited to temporary tattoos applied for specific events.

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The Ainu were sometimes hostile to the Japanese. There was also periodic inter-Ainu warfare. In particular, the conflict between the

2472: 3082: 1214: 3111: 2296: 884:, and walls with few openings also made of bark or reeds, but the details differed from region to region. For example, from the 174:

perspective, refers to the cultural forms created by the indigenous peoples of Hokkaido and the northern Tohoku region after the

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was usually a square room. There was a hearth inside, and a window on the back of the upper part in front of the hearth for the

823:, has seen 336 of the Sakhalin Ainu who emigrated to Hokkaido in the early Meiji period return to their homeland. In addition, 2973: 2895: 2562: 2338: 2112:, and others appeared on the scene, and began to express the situation of the modern Ainu in the field of literature such as 541:

When a crime occurred in Ainu society, the village chief brought the defendant to justice at his own discretion. In general,

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in 2009. In addition, not only Japanese but also Koreans and other people are involved in the preservation of Ainu culture.

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There is a theory that this kind of system was not understood by the Japanese, whose court system was developed during the

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was severed. In Sakhalin Ainu society, murderers were sentenced to be buried alive along with the bodies of their victims

2771: 1441:). Consists of a string of pierced glass beads obtained from the Santan trade, and at the center, a metal plate called a 1029:, treasuries, sanctuaries for ceremonies, or places for people to view some performance or ritual. So far, more than 500 701: 2068:(Ainu Miscellaneous Records). The Ainu language has been studied and documented academically. Major researchers include 746:

clay figurines resembling wild boars, which are not native to Hokkaido, have been unearthed at sites from the Jomon and

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for salmon fishing, and extended burials. The Ainu culture is also known to have had regional differences. According to

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The mainstream theory maintains that the Ainu culture originated from the local Hokkaido-Jōmon culture, a merger of the

3209: 3108:"Fiscal 2013 Subsidy for Promoting New Business Activities "Ainu Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Promotion Project"" 3070: 2342: 2300: 2244:. The Ainu Rebels, formed by the Sakai siblings, who are half-Ainu and half-Japanese, have released works that combine 1116:. Some believe that this was to abduct the raptor feather collectors that existed in Nivkh . The Mongol Empire invaded 770:

Kamui. This is an act of rooting for the other gods through the fire gods who are close to humans. Wooden money called

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was established by the Meiji government, which created family registers (Jinshin family registers) for Ainu living in

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uniforms, brought by the visiting Primorsky people. They also exchanged iron products, glass beads, and other items.

1091: 1262:("inner belt") on the lower abdomen. This garment traces the woman's matrilineal line. To cover the upper body, a 1599:

is rubbed in. Because the procedure is quite painful, the tattoo is applied in small increments, several times.

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plates about 1 to 2 millimeters thick, processed into a V-shape, and decorated with lacquer, leather, or silver

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trading economy was established around the middle of the ninth century and was inherited by the Ainu culture.

3367: 2549: 1653:, the custom remained until the modern era. The custom of tattooing women's faces has been revived among the 1068:

hoe-shaped objects were circulated among influential Ainu people as rare goods, just like the stone coins of

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or "trial by ordeal" remained strong, and the outcome of such ordeals constituted a pact to settle a matter.

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with extremely unequal distribution of wealth has been presented. Based on literature and the results of the

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Jōmon in about 15,000 BC. The Ainu in turn formed from the local Hokkaido Jōmon and from the Okhotsk tribes.

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found on ancient artifacts in Hokkaido, but academics do not support the theory that the Ainu had a script.

2594:"Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan" 2209: 2182: 1117: 644:(piyapa) has been practiced since ancient times, and it was used to brew an alcoholic beverage similar to 457:

of tombs, Takuro Segawa has pointed out that early modern Ainu society was divided into four classes: the

3263: 3242: 3186:"Who are the monster "discriminatory hoaxes" roaming the net preying on now (Kyohira Furuya) @gendai_biz" 2306: 2061: 1773: 1645:) and fell into disuse in Japanese society with the Yamatization (Yamato Court). It remained a custom in 832: 3140: 1506:

to modify, repair, and reuse existing metalware. The majority of these items, with the exception of the

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were used for fishing and trading. There was a culture of decorating woodwork, such as sword sheaths.

1169: 1912: 1600: 454: 2509:"Origins and genetic features of the Okhotsk people, revealed by ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis" 1765:. There was a rumor or myth among the Japanese that the Ainu could not count, but this is not true. 2770:

Shinichi Furoku. Institute for International Languages and Cultures, Ritsumeikan University (ed.).

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chanting temporarily declined after the modern era, but a movement to preserve it is now underway.

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In archaeological terms, Ainu culture is marked by material cultural features such as iron pots,

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tribe of North America in 2000, and participated in the annual International Canoe Festival in

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which are found in several places of northern Honshu, mostly among the western coast and the

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Documentation and Revitalisation of two Endangered Languages in Eastern Asia: Nivkh and Ainu

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Harukoro – A manga about the growth of an Ainu girl named Harukoro. Written by Kei Ishizaka.

378:, who are said to have controlled northern trade in the late Heian period, are preserved in 2404: 2220: 1125: 881: 816: 3161: 2806:. その1（日本語版・増刷版） (1). Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University: 97–104. 2407:, set in Hokkaido and Sakhalin in the late Meiji era. It has also been made into an anime. 2081: 2049: 1560: 1075:

In 1916, four of the seven hoe-shaped objects found in Kakuda Village, Yubari County (now

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also differed from the Hokkaido Ainu, with a unique combination of chest and waist armor.

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Saku (summer) Collecting and processing tulep (bulbs of the giant lily), soaking nipesh (

1688: 1339: 843: 450: 300: 226: 1552:(knives for women), which were used for food, were also given strict female privileges. 629: 3086: 2619: 2572: 2289: 2204:, the Tiwassanke (boat-unloading ceremony) has been held. There is also a group in the 2150: 2145:

Since the late 1970s, the revival of Ainu traditional culture has gained momentum, and

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In particular, the "aishiroshi" engraved on arrowheads had a role similar to that of a

1863:, a Japanese scholar of the mid-Edo period, painted a self-portrait of himself playing 1742: 1611: 1156: 1076: 820: 787: 783: 562: 429: 425: 111:) to the present. Today, most Ainu people live a life superficially similar to that of 76: 2377:

Regional Ior – Sapporo City, Asahikawa City, Hiratori Town, Shizunai, Tokachi, Kushiro

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The custom of tattooing was seen as strange by the Japanese, and was banned by the

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The most prized item by the Ainu was a metal tool called a hoe. These were made of

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The Ainu of Tsugaru : the indigenous history and shamanism of northern Japan

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The Return of Ainu: Cultural mobilization and the practice of ethnicity in Japan

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Although there were researchers of Ainu culture, prejudice persisted, with even

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trees, has become common since the 17th century. In addition, a large amount of

932: 880:. The basic structure consisted of dug-up pillars, a roof thatched with bark or 332: 2417: 2249: 2229: 2170: 2161:. In 1983, a ceremony to send the spirits of Blakiston's fish owls was held at 2130: 1738: 1721: 1707: 1670: 1592: 1377: 805: 778:

carry them) and Kwa (staffs), made of wood that does not decay easily, such as

712: 649: 424:

was a powerful ruler who politically integrated a large area comparable to the

303:(in the archaeological context) should be called "Nibutani culture", after the 269: 126: 2525: 2508: 2299:

is implementing the "Ainu Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Project" for

1316:, a headdress made of cloth wrapped in a ring, on their heads during rituals. 442:, the political unity of the Ainu region was dismantled with the shift to the 3382: 3185: 2615: 2422: 2326: 2245: 2162: 2134: 2105: 2089: 2077: 2029: 2023: 1847: 1762: 1627: 1619: 1113: 940: 707: 637: 596:

Prior to the modern era, the Ainus' livelihood consisted of a combination of

550: 499: 495: 371: 340: 276: 273: 214: 190: 112: 40: 3213: 2800:"Religious Attitudes of the Ainu People and Issues of Cultural Transmission" 2181:

compiling an Ainu dictionary. "The Ainu traditional dance was registered as

738:. On the other hand, archaeologist Takuro Segawa, in light of the fact that 592:

Scenes of Ainu fishing grounds by Kodama Teiryo (Ezo-no-kuni Gyoba)c.1751-64

282: 3045: 2534: 2400: 2011: 1919: 1904: 1888: 1860: 1638: 1416:

material was also brought outside of Hokkaido and processed into clothing.

1355: 1173: 1136: 1109: 836: 653: 351:. In the early modern period, they retained cultural elements found in the 344: 202: 198: 60: 2985: 1978:", and the Ainu did not use the Japanese language or accessories like the 846:

in 2012, the Ainu today primarily have Buddhism as their family religion.

2547: 2069: 1908: 1825: 1540:(needle cases), which were used for clothing, food, and shelter, and the 1452: 1152: 801: 621: 609: 356: 316: 296: 246: 242: 238: 171: 104: 3065:

Toshiyuki Akizuki, Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands, pp. 227–231

1595:. The tip of a mantis (small knife) is used to make fine scratches, and 390: 343:

adopted cultural elements from surrounding cultures, such as the use of

3295: 1979: 1947: 1873: 1853:

In addition, there are studies that suggest that Genzo may have been a

1703: 1319:

Traditional Ainu clothing appears similar in tailoring to the Japanese

1303: 1229: 1172:) for silk fabrics, iron products, and glass beads, including official 1026: 870:

In the past, Ainu dwellings were unique dugout pillar buildings called

767: 752: 573: 482: 421: 364: 2811: 2303:

that are developing businesses that target Ainu culture. Cite webpage.

608:, and trading to secure the goods necessary for their livelihood. The 2804:

Report on the Actual Condition of Life of the Ainu People in Hokkaido

2730:"Rekishi to Folk Ainu", Sarashina Genzo, Shakai Shiso-sha, 1968, p133 2195: 2158: 1807: 1750: 1148: 854: 809: 739: 633: 379: 360: 324: 3234: 2799: 2208:

area that is building Itaoma fish tapes as a tourist resource. The

2116:

poetry. Their works continue to influence Ainu thought to this day.

1580:

Traditional tattoo patterns of Ainu women, with regional differences

3340:

Organization for the Promotion of Ainu Culture and Research (ed.),

3312: 3165: 2394: 2276: 2237: 2201: 2019: 2007: 2003: 1777: 1666: 1499: 1485: 1438: 1247: 1165: 1132: 962:(god) to enter and leave. On the outside of the cise, there was an 889: 797: 756: 320: 304: 230: 210: 206: 1568: 1250:) and then a jacket. Women wear a sacred girdle or belt, called a 815:

The southern part of Sakhalin, which was returned to Japan by the

307:

site, one of the most important archaeological sites in Hokkaido.

2256: 2233: 2146: 2018:

were banned, along with traditional Japanese culture such as the

2015: 1841: 1813: 1642: 1525: 1462: 1291: 1263: 1064: 727: 720: 605: 601: 597: 328: 229:. Other evidence for Ainu-speakers in Honshu is through the Ainu 100: 1649:, but disappeared as they assimilated into Japanese society. In 862: 743: 3362: 2427: 2264: 2241: 2186: 1725: 1646: 1472: 1387: 1381: 1359: 1320: 1011: 677: 665: 645: 527: 348: 222: 939:. Although pit dwellings were preserved among the Ainu of the 648:

sake called "tonoto," which was used in rituals. In addition,

532:, or fortified compounds. In addition to this, the custom of 3373: 2772:"Conversion Policy of the Ainu of the Northern Kuril Islands" 2464: 2113: 2073: 1754: 1677: 1626:

In modern times, some Ainu women paint their mouths black as

1588:, but some believe it resembles the mouth of a sacred snake. 1585: 1576: 1395: 1349: 1297: 1185: 1095:

Lacquerware displayed in the iyoiki gallery inside the cise (

1060: 925:

found from Tokachi to Kunashir Island. The maximum area of a

546: 252: 148: 2739:"Illustrated Ainu", Tsunoda Yoichi, Shinkijinsha, 2018, p197 835:, who wanted to evangelize the Ainu, were allowed to spread 3162:"Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Measures Project" 2260: 1835: 1758: 1746: 1687:), which has awakened from hibernation. Forage for Makayo ( 1596: 1482: 1435: 1343: 1326:

There are two types of jackets: grass skin jackets such as

1056: 771: 697: 669: 580:. This failure to understand led to contempt for the Ainu. 2934:"Association of Ainu People Living in Kanto - Rera no Kai" 2850:"Item description: belt; religious/ritual equipment; copy" 2193: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1489: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1442: 1429: 1411: 1367: 1333: 1327: 1309: 1301: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1251: 1233: 1219: 1201: 1195: 1030: 1020: 1004: 998: 988: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 951: 926: 920: 906: 892: 873: 858:

Cise restored at the Museum of Ainu Culture, Hiratori Town

533: 525: 519: 511: 470: 464: 458: 437: 407: 399: 146: 136: 130: 120: 3133:"Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Measures Project" 2687: 2368: 2100:

At the beginning of the 20th century, Ainu poets such as

1951: 1228:) on her head. The costume is made of cotton fabric with 1161: 1069: 398:

It is thought that the Ainu lived in social units called

3342:

Together with the Ainu People: Their History and Culture

3085:. Sapporo University, Faculty of Culture. Archived from 2675: 1911:

were carved by Yoshichika Tokugawa in 1923 at a farm in

1272:(literally "hand-on things", i.e. gloves or mittens), a 256:

Historical homeland and distribution of the Ainu people.

3137:

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

2818: 2742: 2313:

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

1942:

painting, artist unknown, painted between 1800 and 1899

1633:

The custom of tattooing flourished in Japan during the

692: 576:

and who established a modern judicial system after the

370:

The Sakhalin Ainu are also notable for their custom of

1393: 1385: 1347: 518:

were decided on the merits in open discussions called

2830: 2760:『鈴木重尚松浦武四郎唐太日記』（嘉永7年（1854年刊行）に、弘化3年当時の状況の一部の記述が見える。 2192:

Activities to restore the traditional Ainu boat, the

2175:

List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties

2039: 2014:

effort, traditional Ainu culture such as tattoos and

3012:"Life of People in the Abrasive Era I "Blacksmiths"" 2917: 2177:

in 1984 under the name of "Ainu Traditional Dance".

2133:

and others, who later became representatives in the

2084:(1882–1971). In the study of Sakhalin Ainu culture, 1772:

Currently, the Ainu language has been devised to be

1308:(an embroidered headband). Sakhalin Ainu women wear 165:

The term "Ainu culture" has two meanings. One is an

2663: 2651: 2169:ceremony was held to welcome the salmon run in the 2060:A dictionary of the Ainu language was published by 1974:was that the Ainu should "not be influenced by the 3324:History of the Ainu Nomads of the Sea and Treasure 3038:"Mogami Tokunai, "Ezo-kuni fuzoku jinjo no sassa"" 2557:. Verlag Kulturstiftung Sibirien. pp. 49–64. 2548:de Graaf, Tjeerd and Shiraishi, Hidetoshi (2013). 2500: 2267:. In 2007, Haruzo Urakawa and other Ainu from the 1864: 1854: 1839: 1829: 1819: 1811: 1801: 1354:-like jackets made from fur from animals like the 668:. Starch collected and preserved in bulk from the 141:"customs, manners"). The unique Ainu patterns and 3264:"Regeneration of Traditional Living Space (Ioru)" 2797: 1372:, which is made from fibers from the bark of the 842:According to an interview with Ainu conducted by 819:signed in 1905 as a result of the victory in the 545:was punished by ear shaving or nose shaving, and 66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 3380: 2954:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2275:to hold a Kamuinomi for traditional canoeing in 2232:, of Ainu and Japanese descent, has brought the 1512:, were made exclusively for women, and like the 486:Portrait of two Ainu men in daily life clothing. 394:Ainu sundress (collection of the British Museum) 355:in northern Hokkaido, such as the production of 193:until the 12th century, and then shifted to the 1112:around the 13th century and later fighting the 719:The pre-modern Ainu religion is categorized as 3042:Ainu Folk Information Center Activity Magazine 2022:hairstyle and carrying swords, in the name of 1403: 759:, nor do they have a culture of making idols. 755:, which is the Iomanthe. The Ainu do not have 2856:. Field Collection by: Dr Neil Gordon Munro. 2450: 2319: 1800:Traditional Ainu musical instruments include 1384:clothing was brought in by the Japanese, and 680:was introduced, it was immediately accepted. 469:(lords and nobility), the commoners, and the 2936:. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009 2577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2140: 1366:. In addition, a strong bark garment called 1218:A reproduction of an Ainu girl. She wears a 1003:, Ainu villages often also had areas called 656:(mengku) were cultivated. These were called 3298:(Shogakukan Library), 1995, ISBN 4094600671 2769: 1618:government. The Meiji Restoration and the 1288:(leggings). During ceremonies, men wear a 475:(slaves), with wealth concentrated in the 310: 2647:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. 2605: 2524: 2495:from the 7th century to the 12th century. 1683:Paikal (spring) Hunting for Kimun Kamui ( 1572:Traditional tattoo patterns of Ainu women 1528:), which were given male privileges, the 684:handicrafts and work at fishing grounds. 2219: 2124: 2055: 1934: 1737:The Ainu language does not have its own 1575: 1567: 1559: 1423: 1213: 1090: 1042: 861: 853: 706: 691: 587: 481: 389: 281: 251: 3112:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 2883: 2705: 2591: 2297:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 1724:), moyuk (Ezo raccoon dog), and isopo ( 827:spread to the Sakhalin Ainu along with 620:(original food), and was regarded as a 241:is found through Ainu loanwords in the 3381: 3318: 3305:, Akashi Shoten, 1995, ISBN 4750307203 2836: 2824: 2748: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2640: 2393:– A fighting game. The main character 2369:Candidate sites for Ior revitalization 1795: 632:, which was buried by the eruption of 264:According to Tanaka Sakurako from the 2884:Sjoberg, Katarina (31 October 2013). 2348: 2339:Native Americans in the United States 107:, from around the 13th century (late 3326:. Kodansha Sensho Metier. Kodansha. 2507:Sato, Takehiro; et al. (2007). 2506: 2215: 980:(toilet). A few to a dozen of these 711:Ainu bear sacrifice, 1870 painting ( 363:during the winter. The shape of the 237:. Evidence for Ainu speakers in the 153:) have been selected as features of 18: 2992:from the original on March 25, 2016 2918:Heinrich von Siebold (1996-02-01). 2461:An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary 1732: 1300:) on their heads, and women wear a 1035:sites have been found in Hokkaido. 1015:from the adoption of the term into 702:Kayano Shigeru Nibutani Ainu Museum 449:The theory that Ainu society was a 385: 16:Overview of the culture of the Ainu 13: 3114:Small and Medium Enterprise Agency 2890:. Routledge. pp. 69–70, 108. 2641:Tanaka, Sakurako (Sherry) (2000). 2301:small and medium-sized enterprises 2236:, a traditional instrument of the 2040:Hokkaido Old Native Protection Act 1918:, which was settled by former the 1630:, especially at important events. 1179: 1128:their authority within the tribe. 968:(a cage for keeping bear cubs), a 56:for transliterated languages, and 36:of its non-English content, using 14: 3410: 3355: 2486:"The hardship of the Ainu people" 2282: 1925: 604:, gathering (forest and marine), 3361: 2490:Mt. Apoi – UNESCO Global Geopark 2381: 2248:with traditional Ainu dance and 2092:, and Taroji Chitoku are known. 1788:is sometimes referred to as the 1475:, literally "throat-on thing"), 796:were built in the settlement of 23: 3274:from the original on 2006-10-06 3256: 3245:from the original on 2012-07-11 3227: 3202: 3178: 3154: 3125: 3100: 3075: 3059: 3030: 3004: 2978: 2962: 2926: 2911: 2877: 2842: 2791: 2763: 2754: 2733: 2724: 2699: 2467:: Methodist Publishing House. 1993: 1958:and with the Matsumae family's 1865: 1855: 1840: 1830: 1820: 1812: 1802: 1720:Mata (winter) Hunting for yuk ( 1665:The Ainu did not use a written 839:in Japan with some conditions. 505: 2634: 2585: 2541: 2478: 2119: 2072:, who recorded and translated 1502:, literally "hand-on metal"). 1455:are mainly metalware, such as 549:was punished by caning with a 266:University of British Columbia 72:multilingual support templates 1: 3292:Ainu, People Living with Gods 3083:"Ulesipa Project implemented" 2592:Natsuki, Daigo (2021-01-19). 2443: 2095: 1930: 1894: 1358:, or skin from fish like the 1190:The Ainu have a tradition of 696:Ceremonial implements called 640:feathers. The cultivation of 583: 3374:Ainu Folk Culture Foundation 3268:www.town.shiraoi.hokkaido.jp 3044:. 2007-10-17. Archived from 2986:"Hokkaido Utari Association" 2607:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009 2210:Ainu Association of Hokkaido 2194: 2183:intangible cultural heritage 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524:(mountain swords similar to 1520: 1514: 1508: 1490: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1443: 1430: 1412: 1368: 1334: 1328: 1310: 1302: 1290: 1284: 1274: 1268: 1258: 1252: 1234: 1220: 1202: 1196: 1038: 1031: 1021: 1005: 999: 989: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 927: 921: 907: 893: 874: 866:Painting of a cise from 1805 849: 534: 526: 520: 512: 494:(the eastern group) and the 471: 465: 459: 438: 408: 400: 147: 137: 131: 121: 7: 2411: 2307:Agency for Cultural Affairs 1878: 1660: 1394: 1386: 1348: 1209: 1155:, were among the Ou clan's 687: 672:(scale) of the giant lily ( 660:when cooked into rice, and 160: 10: 3415: 2798:Yoshihide Sakurai (2012). 2165:. In Sapporo in 1982, the 1946:From the beginning of the 1871: 1713:Chuk (autumn) Fishing for 1675: 1555: 1419: 1183: 1151:, which had a navy in the 986:formed a village called a 113:mainstream Japanese people 2920:Small Siebold Ezoimihonki 2526:10.1007/s10038-007-0164-z 2513:Journal of Human Genetics 2141:Cultural revival movement 1601:Philipp Franz von Siebold 1546:(iron pots and pans) and 1404: 794:Russian Orthodox Churches 2922:. Heibonsha. p. 41. 2598:Quaternary International 2374:Core Ioru – Shiraoi Town 2224:Ainu Dub Band led by OKI 2034:Unbeaten Tracks in Japan 1086: 919:, and the bark-thatched 444:place contracting system 3315:, 1996, ISBN 4062580691 1790:Hokkaido variant script 1232:patterns and is called 1079:) are preserved in the 412:) around rivers called 311:Archaeological evidence 2869:: CS1 maint: others ( 2779:Ritsumeikan University 2471:entry viewable online 2225: 1943: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1448: 1239: 1141:Northern Fujiwara clan 1100: 1048: 911:found from Shiraoi to 867: 859: 716: 704: 593: 487: 395: 291: 257: 3389:Cultural anthropology 3303:The World of the Ainu 3235:"大盛り北海道 - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)" 2433:Japanese civilization 2223: 2200:, have begun, and in 2125:Study of Ainu culture 2056:Ainu cultural studies 1938: 1676:Further information: 1669:, but instead had an 1579: 1571: 1563: 1534:(sewing needles) and 1518:(knives for men) and 1427: 1217: 1094: 1081:Tokyo National Museum 1046: 865: 857: 710: 695: 591: 485: 393: 285: 255: 117:cultural assimilation 3370:at Wikimedia Commons 3351:, Miyama Shobo, 1982 1884:the spiral pattern. 1451:The trinkets of the 905:, the reed-thatched 817:Treaty of Portsmouth 557:, or by cutting the 34:specify the language 32:This article should 3290:Hisakazu Fujimura, 3018:on December 2, 2012 2684:, pp. 190–191. 2330:Yoshinori Kobayashi 2086:Bronisław Piłsudski 1796:Musical instruments 1410:or "Ezo silk", and 1200:. The tradition of 844:Hokkaido University 434:Shakushain's revolt 301:early modern period 227:Kamchatka Peninsula 2854:The British Museum 2696:, p. 195–199. 2600:. 608–609: 49–64. 2463:, John Batchelor, 2403:– A manga work by 2349:Ior Renewal Issues 2290:Sapporo University 2226: 2149:have been held in 1970:The policy of the 1956:Tokugawa shogunate 1944: 1671:orally handed down 1612:Tokugawa shogunate 1582: 1574: 1566: 1449: 1256:("under belt") or 1240: 1157:Primorskaya Oblast 1145:Oshu Fujiwara clan 1101: 1049: 950:The interior of a 908:siariki-kitai-cise 868: 860: 821:Russo-Japanese War 717: 705: 594: 488: 426:provinces of Japan 396: 376:Oshu Fujiwara clan 325:bone hunting tools 292: 277:" in North America 258: 3399:Hokkaido Heritage 3366:Media related to 3347:Sarashina Genzo, 3322:(November 2007). 2974:978-4-0615-9750-1 2897:978-1-134-35205-0 2827:, pp. 61–65. 2751:, pp. 46–47. 2564:978-3-942883-12-2 2216:Cultural blending 2110:Moritake Takeichi 2082:Kyōsuke Kindaichi 2050:Kyōsuke Kindaichi 1984:mino (straw cape) 1757:system among the 1616:Meiji Restoration 974:(pantry), and an 829:Japanese language 736:Tobinitai culture 664:when cooked into 616:(Lady's fish) or 578:Meiji Restoration 510:Disputes between 451:disparity society 432:. However, after 286:Two Ainu hunters 217:, as well as the 155:Hokkaido Heritage 94: 93: 74:may also be used. 3406: 3365: 3337: 3301:Mitsunori Kera, 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3212:. Archived from 3210:"Nittan vol. 15" 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3139:. Archived from 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3079: 3073: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3014:. Archived from 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2609: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2528: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2454: 2320:"Ainu privilege" 2273:Native Hawaiians 2199: 1976:culture of Japan 1965:Oshima Peninsula 1868: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1845: 1844: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1733:Written language 1651:Amami and Ryukyu 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1493: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1446: 1433: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1391: 1376:(lobed elm) and 1371: 1353: 1337: 1331: 1315: 1307: 1295: 1287: 1277: 1271: 1261: 1255: 1237: 1223: 1205: 1199: 1034: 1024: 1009:, also known as 1008: 1002: 992: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 955: 945:Satsumon culture 937:Satsumon culture 930: 924: 922:yaara kitai cise 910: 899:Oshima Peninsula 896: 888:to Shiraoi, the 886:Oshima Peninsula 877: 630:Tōyako, Hokkaido 537: 531: 523: 517: 474: 468: 462: 441: 428:or to a Chinese 411: 405: 386:Social structure 337:Hoki Bunkai Yōwa 289: 272:and "beyond the 195:Kamakura culture 176:Satsumon culture 152: 140: 134: 124: 115:, partly due to 89: 86: 80: 65: 59: 55: 49: 45: 39: 27: 26: 19: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3379: 3378: 3358: 3334: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3190:Gendai Business 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3049: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2967: 2963: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2862: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2635: 2590: 2586: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2505: 2501: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2438:Okhotsk culture 2414: 2391:Samurai Spirits 2384: 2371: 2351: 2322: 2285: 2218: 2143: 2127: 2122: 2102:Yaeko Batchelor 2098: 2066:Ainu Zasshiroku 2058: 2042: 1996: 1972:Matsumae domain 1933: 1928: 1897: 1889:household crest 1881: 1876: 1859:. In addition, 1798: 1735: 1695:), and Chirai ( 1680: 1663: 1558: 1422: 1401: 1374:Ulmus laciniata 1212: 1192:oral literature 1188: 1182: 1180:Oral literature 1097:Hokkaido Museum 1089: 1041: 997:In addition to 935:through to the 917:Kunashir Island 897:found from the 852: 732:Okhotsk culture 690: 652:(munchiro) and 612:was called the 586: 567:Achilles tendon 559:Achilles tendon 508: 492:Menasunkur Ainu 420:. The Japanese 388: 359:and the use of 353:Okhotsk culture 321:sake chopsticks 313: 287: 167:anthropological 163: 143:oral literature 109:Kamakura period 90: 84: 81: 75: 63: 57: 53: 51:transliteration 47: 43: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3357: 3356:External links 3354: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3310:History of Ezo 3306: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3270:. 2006-10-06. 3255: 3241:. 2012-07-11. 3226: 3201: 3177: 3153: 3124: 3099: 3074: 3071:978-4832933866 3058: 3029: 3003: 2977: 2961: 2925: 2910: 2896: 2876: 2841: 2839:, p. 146. 2829: 2817: 2790: 2762: 2753: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2633: 2584: 2563: 2540: 2519:(7): 618–627. 2499: 2477: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418:Ainu languages 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2350: 2347: 2335:Keihira Furuya 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2293: 2284: 2283:Public support 2281: 2250:Ainu languages 2217: 2214: 2171:Toyohira River 2167:Ashiricep Nomi 2142: 2139: 2131:Shigeru Kayano 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2097: 2094: 2062:John Batchelor 2057: 2054: 2041: 2038: 1995: 1992: 1988:zori (sandals) 1932: 1929: 1927: 1926:Modern history 1924: 1896: 1893: 1880: 1877: 1797: 1794: 1782:Roman alphabet 1739:writing system 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1711: 1700: 1685:Ezo brown bear 1662: 1659: 1641:(until around 1557: 1554: 1421: 1418: 1211: 1208: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1088: 1085: 1040: 1037: 851: 848: 833:John Batchelor 806:unequal treaty 713:British Museum 689: 686: 650:foxtail millet 585: 582: 507: 504: 463:(chiefs), the 387: 384: 312: 309: 270:Northeast Asia 162: 159: 92: 91: 70:. Knowledge's 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3411: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3350: 3349:Ainu Folklore 3346: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3333:9784062584012 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:Takuro Segawa 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308:Mineo Kaiho, 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3216:on 2009-05-13 3215: 3211: 3205: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3143:on 2013-02-13 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3089:on 2011-02-24 3088: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3048:on 2014-03-26 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2713:. Shiraoi-cho 2709: 2706:Yosuke Mori. 2702: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2672:, p. 15. 2671: 2666: 2660:, p. 16. 2659: 2654: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2423:Personal name 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382:Related works 2376: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2327:Comics artist 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246:hip hop music 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:Lake Kussharo 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2135:National Diet 2132: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Hokuto Iboshi 2103: 2093: 2091: 2090:Lev Sternberg 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Mashiho Chiri 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030:Isabella Bird 2027: 2025: 2024:modernization 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998:In 1869, the 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:dugout canoes 1901: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1870: 1862: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1827: 1815: 1809: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:transcription 1770: 1766: 1764: 1763:South America 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1628:face painting 1624: 1621: 1620:Edo Shogunate 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1578: 1570: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1549:menoko makiri 1544: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114:Mongol Empire 1111: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1045: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 993: 991: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 954: 948: 946: 942: 941:Kuril Islands 938: 934: 929: 923: 918: 914: 909: 904: 900: 895: 894:ki-kitai-cise 891: 887: 883: 879: 878: 876: 864: 856: 847: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 764: 760: 758: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 714: 709: 703: 699: 694: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 590: 581: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 563:death penalty 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 536: 530: 529: 522: 516: 515: 503: 501: 500:Matsumae clan 497: 496:Sumunkur Ainu 493: 484: 480: 478: 473: 467: 461: 456: 452: 447: 445: 440: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 404: 403: 392: 383: 381: 377: 373: 372:mummification 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:Sakhalin Ainu 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 308: 306: 302: 298: 284: 280: 278: 275: 274:Bering Strait 271: 267: 262: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:Tōhoku region 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:Tōhoku region 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:Heian culture 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 172:archeological 168: 158: 156: 151: 150: 144: 139: 133: 128: 127:Ainu language 123: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 88: 78: 73: 69: 62: 52: 42: 35: 30: 21: 20: 3394:Ainu culture 3368:Ainu culture 3348: 3341: 3323: 3309: 3302: 3291: 3276:. 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