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hair behind their backs like cows’ tails. This clearly has reference to pigtails, and the people must be from the continent. The heroes who appear in the yukar epics are all named after the localities they rule, such as Iyochi, Ishikari, Chupka, Omanpeshka, or
Repunshir. Strangely, all of these places appear to be areas within the sphere of the so-called Okhotsk culture, where Okhotsk-type pottery is excavated. In other words, the yukar are tales of wars between two peoples: the yaunkur (“people of the land,” “mainlanders,” “natives of Hokkaido”), based in Hokkaido, and the repunkur, who came over the seas from the continent and maintained their bridgeheads in various parts of Hokkaido extending from the central part of the Japan Sea coast to the Okhotsk Sea coast. The arena of these wars is a broad area centering around the central, northern, and eastern parts of Hokkaido and including the Kuriles, Sakhalin, Rishiri, Rebun, and the northern Asian continent. Thus, one can understand that the contents of the yukar deal with the ethnic conflicts which actually took place at that period.
352:
605:
parallels are often striking – for example, in almost all households of the
Okhotsk Culture, bear crania are gathered in the sacred rear part of the house and placed on a special raised platform shrine – this may have formed a sacred area where likely only certain members of the group are given access. Many Okhotsk Culture sites also contain abundant evidence for a much wider repertoire of elaborate and deeply respectful animal-related mythology, including animal burials, clusters of animal bones subjected to ritualised treatments, with some clusters found in association with elaborate carved objects, that together may have been utilised as part of specific rituals.
551:
main styles of pottery. Given the challenges associated with the dating of
Okhotsk culture assemblages – as most datable materials are heavily exposed to marine reservoir effects – most chronological work on the Okhotsk is based on comparative analyses of pottery and seriation. The most distinctive and common external feature of Okhotsk ceramic containers is the thick residual organic residue inside and outside the orifice and on the upper part of the walls, and sometimes in the lower part as well. Phosphate chemical analysis of the residue reveals a high content of
617:
sending rites. This tradition aligns well with the material culture and settlement patterning witnessed at numerous
Okhotsk sites, where shell middens accumulate around the habitats and other social spaces. Plenty of material evidence suggests that rituals were performed around these areas, and for instance at the Hamanaka 2 site several human and dog burials were documented in shell midden contexts. The Okhotsk may therefore have regarded shell middens similarly, or even passed on this tradition to the Ainu in the early 2nd millennium.
571:
technological changes that occurred in the late stage of the
Okhotsk culture, spanning the 10th to 13th centuries. During this period a growth in the use of imported metal items took place. Some sites contain evidence of iron cauldrons obviously used for cooking. Such containers are much more effective and long-Iasting than non-hermetic and fragile ceramic vessels. Considering the harsh climatic conditions of Sakhalin, which is problematic for pottery making, the gradual decline of this craft with the arrival of metal pots is likely.
27:
559:
249:(Aston 1972, II, 58). The anachronistic use of ‘Sushen’ in Japanese records a thousand years after the name was first used in China was an attempt to give legitimacy to Japan's early state. In the Japanese context, the term Sushen is probably best interpreted as a traditional label for a ‘northern people’ rather than a specific ethnic group from Manchuria. According to later entries in the Nihon Shoki, the Sushen also lived in Hokkaido. During the reign of the
601:
rituals. This is important because bears probably became ‘‘socially valued goods’’ in
Okhotsk society and a DNA analysis of brown bear remains from Kafukai has shown that juvenile bears were brought by boat from southwest Hokkaido to Rebun Island. Bear rituals were important in Okhotsk households but there is no evidence (from burials for example) that female status increased because of their involvement in shamanistic activities related to bear ceremonies.
78:
543:
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that pointed to intensive marine hunting, fishing, and gathering activities. Stable nitrogen isotope studies in human remains also point to a diet with rich protein intake derived from marine organisms. Collagen analysis of human bones revealed a relative contribution of marine protein in a range of 60 to 94% for individuals from
519:
to suggest the importance of long-distance trade or specialized production for exchange. Objects clearly obtained through trade with areas outside the
Okhotsk culture are rare. Most such objects come from two sites, Menashi-domari and Moyoro, and few trade goods have been found at Okhotsk sites in the
600:
Ten ivory figurines depicting females with elaborate clothing are known from
Okhotsk sites in both northern and eastern Hokkaido. A baby quadruped on a figurine from the Hamanaka 2 site on Rebun has been interpreted as a bear cub by Maeda. If correct, this may link women with the raising of bears for
528:
demonstrate that
Okhotsk populations living in the remote Kuril Islands had broader and more dense exchange networks as compared to Epi-Jomon populations. In particular, obsidian sourcing demonstrates the extensive procurement and use of Kamchatka obsidian by Okhotsk populations inhabiting the remote
604:
Like the Ainu, the
Okhotsk also appear to have engaged in the rearing of live bear cubs, and these earlier traditions appear to be the origins of later Ainu practices. Many interpretations of the significance of Okhotsk human-animal interactions draw on direct historical analogies with the Ainu. The
435:. The findings show that the Okhotsk people are genetically closer to populations currently living around the lower regions of the Amur River as well as to the Ainu people of Hokkaido. Moreover, the study indicates that the Okhotsk people were also affected by gene flow from the Kamchatka peninsula.
518:
Kikuchi has shown that many of the bronzes and other exotic artifacts found in Okhotsk sites originated in Manchuria and the Russian Far East. At the same time, it has long been suggested that trade in animal furs was a significant component of the Okhotsk economy. However, there is little evidence
443:
A distinctive trait of the Okhotsk culture was its subsistence strategy, traditionally categorised as a specialised system of marine resource gathering. This is in accord with the geographic distribution of archeological sites in coastal regions and confirmed by studies of animal remains and tools,
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There was rapid disappearance of Okhotsk sites and artifacts from the Kuril archipelago. As identified in the radiocarbon record of the Kuril Islands, a drastic decline in radiocarbon dates occurs around 800 BP with almost no radiocarbon samples providing a date between 600 and 400 BP. In Hokkaido,
324:
The antagonists of the Ainu in these wars are a foreign people called the rep-un-kur, which means “people from overseas.” Among them there appear people from Santan (Santa-un-kur), and among these people from Santan there are some called Tuima-Santa-un-kur (people from distant Santa) who wear their
574:
Some sites attributed to the Okhotsk reveal the remains of thermal structures used for heating and cooking. These structures were built of clay or stone slabs and located inside pit houses. Thermal structures for heating and cooking are known in archaeological sites on Hokkaido dated to the 6th or
550:
Pottery produced by the Okhotsk is flat based and has a plain body. Decoration is concentrated around the exterior of the rim showing several types of easily distinguishable decorative motifs. The Okhotsk cultural sequence can be divided into four stages in northern Hokkaido, according to the four
222:
At Cape Minabe, on the northern side of the Island of Sado, there arrived men of Su-shen in a boat and stayed there. During the spring and summer, they caught fish, which they used for food. The men of that island said they were not human beings. They also called them devils and did not dare to go
616:
shells, which are not viewed as discarded food or refuse, but rather sacred areas belonging to the spirits and ancestors. In and around these shell middens, animals, plants, tools, and other objects important to the Ainu are deposited – and sent back to the deities – through the celebration of
273:
Abe no Omi was sent on an expedition with a fleet of 200 ships against the land of Su-shen. Abe no Omi made some Yemishi of Michinoku embark on board his own ship. They arrived close to a great river. Upon this over a thousand Yemishi of Watari-shima assembled … saying:- ‘The Su-shen fleet has
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did not provide the necessary access to materials or exchange partnerships to remain viable in the central and north central regions. With increasing long winters, more difficult travel conditions and potentially less demand or increased costs for marine products, the incentives for continued
575:
7th to the 12th or 13th centuries. These data may be interpreted as probable evidence that the Okhotsk people were acquainted with the principles of thermal processes and built special thermal structures not only for heating and cooking but also for primitive metalworking and pottery firing.
570:
Pottery assemblages from the late stage of the Okhotsk culture provide evidence of certain innovations. These include the somewhat diminishing role of large cooking vessels and the appearance of a series of small, wide-mouthed pots. This phenomenon may be explained by social, ecological, and
884:
Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021-08-19).
970:[Web Magazine Kamui Mintara-Hokkaido's Climate and Culture: Okhotsk Culture People and Moyoro Shell Midden Abashiri Three generations of fathers and sons and researchers fascinated by the mysteries and romance of the ancient people who came with the drift ice].
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habitation in the remote Kurils may have declined. Given the concurrent combination of economic, social and environmental factors constraining habitation of this region, Okhotsk populations may simply have chosen to abandon their settlements in the Kuril Islands.
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or on Sakhalin. The available archaeological and documentary evidence, therefore, lends little support to suggestions that the Okhotsk people were heavily involved in trading sea mammal products to Manchuria or Japan. Compositional analysis of pottery and
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and from 80 to 90% for individuals from eastern Hokkaido. However, there is enough evidence to suggest that the Okhotsk people's diet was much more diverse than isotopic data suggests. Their diet was probably complemented with terrestrial mammals, such as
465:. Cut marks in domesticated dog bones suggest they were also part of the diet, and remains of domestic pigs are limited to the north of Hokkaido. There is also evidence of the use of cultivation of barley and foraging of wild plants, including
395:, which were shared among the Lower Amur populations at high frequencies, were commonly detected among Okhotsk skeletal remains (Sato et al. 2009b), which suggests that the Okhotsk people originated in the Lower Amur region. The
427:, 43.2%. Thus, in the mitochondrial gene pool of the Okhotsk people, haplogroup Y was major. This genetic feature is similar to those of populations currently living around the lower regions of the Amur River, such as the
265:), was sent on several military expeditions to the north by the Yamato state based in western Japan. During these expeditions, the main enemies of Abe no Omi were the Sushen, who were attacking the
1346:"Dietary Reconstruction of the Okhotsk Culture of Hokkaido, Japan, Based on Nitrogen Composition of Amino Acids: Implications for Correction of 14C Marine Reservoir Effects on Human Bones"
1412:
Leipe, Christian; Sergusheva, Elena A.; Müller, Stefanie; Iii, Robert N. Spengler; Goslar, Tomasz; Kato, Hirofumi; Wagner, Mayke; Weber, Andrzej W.; Tarasov, Pavel E. (29 March 2017).
612:. Again, there appears to be deep continuity between traditions of the Okhotsk and Ainu cultures. In the Ainu culture, shell middens comprise a wide range of marine fauna, such as
363:
Basin and in northern Sakhalin, but also hinting to a more heterogenous makeup. Full genome analyses of Okhotsk remains found them to be derived from three major sources, notably
546:
Examples of the four most common primary decorative motifs for the Northern Hokkaido Okhotsk Culture pottery, present at the Hamanaka 2 site in layers V, IV, IIIa-e and IIb-c.
636:"Cultural adaptations and island ecology: Insights into changing patterns of pottery use in the Susuya, Okhotsk and Satsumon phases of the Kafukai sites, Rebun Island, Japan"
1242:
Leipe, Christian; Sergusheva, Elena A.; Müller, Stefanie; Spengler, Robert N.; Goslar, Tomasz; Kato, Hirofumi; Wagner, Mayke; Weber, Andrzej W.; Tarasov, Pavel E. (2017).
855:
795:
Trekhsviatskyi, Anatolii (2007). "At the far edge of the Chinese Oikoumene: mutual relations of the indigenous population of Sakhalin with the Yuan and Ming dynasties".
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the absence of Okhotsk remains after 800 BP is largely considered to be a product of assimilation of Okhotsk culture into the neighboring and contemporaneous expanding
1161:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu"
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of Japan. An admixture analysis revealed them to carry c. 54% Ancient Northeast Asian, c. 22% Ancient Paleo-Siberian, and c. 24% Jōmon ancestries respectively.
1414:"Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in the Okhotsk culture (5th–10th century AD) of northern Japan and the role of cultivated plants in hunter–gatherer economies"
1344:
Yoneda, Minoru; Ono, Hiroko; Amano, Tetsuya; Ishida, Hajime; Dodo, Yukio; Honch, Noah V.; Shibata, Yasuyuki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Ohkouchi, Naohiko (2010).
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Bill, Finlayson (2017). "Okhotsk and Sushen: history and diversity in Iron Age Maritime hunter-gatherers of northern Japan". In Warren, Graeme (ed.).
1837:"Building a high-resolution chronology for northern Hokkaido – A case study of the Late Holocene Hamanaka 2 site on Rebun Island, Hokkaido (Japan)"
1717:
1635:
288:("people of the sea") in Ainu oral traditions. Donald L. Philippi states that, at the same time the stories frequently mention wars between the
1835:
Junno, Ari; Dury, Jack P. R.; Leipe, Christian; Wagner, Mayke; Tarasov, Pavel E.; Hirasawa, Yu; Jordan, Peter D.; Kato, Hirofumi (April 2021).
359:
Morphological studies of the skeletal remains of the Okhotsk people have suggested broad similarity to populations currently living around the
1996:
704:
The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time: Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait
1159:
Sato, Takehiro; Amano, Tetsuya; Ono, Hiroko; Ishida, Hajime; Kodera, Haruto; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Yoneda, Minoru; Masuda, Ryuichi (2009).
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during the last half of the first millennium to the early part of the second. The Okhotsk are often associated to be the ancestors of the
1991:
887:"Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan"
1213:
Hudson, Mark J. (14 June 2007). "The perverse realities of change: world system incorporation and the Okhotsk culture of Hokkaido".
351:
1780:
Watanobe, Takuma; Ishiguro, Naotaka; Okumura, Naohiko; Nakano, Masuo; Matsui, Akira; Hongo, Hitomi; Ushiro, Hiroshi (March 2001).
555:, which indicates an animal origin of organic matter rich in fat. The main function of this pottery was cooking animal products.
1248:) in the Okhotsk culture (5th–10th century AD) of northern Japan and the role of cultivated plants in hunter–gatherer economies"
1215:
1934:
Ohyi, Haruo (1975). "The Okhotsk Culture, a Maritime Culture of the Southern Okhotsk Sea Region". In Fitzhugh, William (ed.).
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1951:
1379:"Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of human and dog diet in the Okhotsk culture: perspectives from the Moyoro site, Japan"
1037:
1004:
1733:"Ancient DNA Analysis of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Remains from the Archeological Site of Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan"
1573:"Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East using portable XRF"
396:
634:
Junno, Ari; Ono, Hiroko; Hirasawa, Yu; Kato, Hirofumi; Jordan, Peter D.; Amano, Tetsuya; Isaksson, Sven (2022-06-20).
1320:
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712:
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Networked glass : lithic raw material consumption and social networks in the Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia
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Of pots and people : investigating hunter-gatherer pottery production and social networks in the Kuril Islands
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Japan. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Okhotsk culture proper originated in the 5th century AD from the
946:
186:
2001:
338:, it can be hypothesized that the exchange relationships the Kuril Okhotsk maintained with populations in
1104:"Embodying Okhotsk Ethnicity: Human Skeletal Remains from the Aonae Dune Site, Okushiri Island, Hokkaido"
510:. Little is known about the role of these plants in the economy or if they had dietary or ritual roles.
2016:
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who appear in Chinese records as early as the 6th century BC. The name Sushen is believed to denote a
797:
942:
355:
Admixture graph based on the genomic data of Okhotsk (NAT002), Jomon (F23), and modern populations
1383:
1309:
Pacific northeast Asia in prehistory: hunter-fisher-gatherers, farmers, and sociopolitical elites
364:
190:
825:
589:) from the Hokkaido mainland for ceremonial activities, while also practicing small-scale pig (
500:
368:
296:("people of the land", i.e. the Ainu themselves), or rather between the hero Poiyaunpe and the
258:
182:
826:"On the Origin of the Okhotsk Population of Northern and Eastern Hokkaido: Cranial Evidence"
86:
2006:
1427:
1261:
684:"Theme C: Learning about and enjoying the symbiosis between humans and nature from history"
642:. Holocene Environments, Human Subsistence and Adaptation in Northern and Eastern Eurasia.
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The Okhotsk culture is named after the eponymous Sea of Okhotsk, which is named after the
8:
683:
339:
214:, while others suggest that the term Mishihase described a different group or one of the
1431:
1265:
316:. Regarding the yukar and stories, especially those concerning Poiyaunpe, Ainu linguist
1970:
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Aikens, C. Melvin; Rhee, Song Nai; Circum-Pacific Prehistory Conference, eds. (1992).
968:"ウェブマガジン カムイミンタラ ～北海道の風土・文化誌 ：オホーツク文化人とモヨロ貝塚 網走 流氷とともにやってきた古代民族の謎とロマンに魅せられた父子三代と研究者たち"
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1947:
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1782:"Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Reveals the Origin of Sus scrofa from Rebun Island, Japan"
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Matsumura, Hirofumi; Hudson, Mark J; Koshida, Kenichiro; Minakawa, Yoichi (2006).
945:[The 4th Ancient History of Hokkaido and the Iburi Region] (in Japanese).
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Bone needle case from the Okhotsk culture period (excavated from Benten Island in
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of southern and western Hokkaido. With the onset of yet another cold period, the
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tribes. The Nihon Shoki (AD 720) includes the following entry for the year 544:
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1885:"Hunter-Gatherer Social Costs and the Nonviability of Submarginal Environments"
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The Okhotsk culture is inferred to have formed on Sakhalin by the admixture of
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55:
1943:
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Bringing Home Animals: Final-Stage Jomon and Okhotsk Culture Food Technologies
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1532:"The compositional analysis of hunter-gatherer pottery from the Kuril Islands"
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frequencies in 37 Okhotsk skeletal remains from a 2009 study were as follows:
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suggests that the people of the Okhotsk culture were recorded under the name
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Another dimension to human-animal cosmological relations is the sanctity of
566:, Hokkaido). The surface is engraved with a pattern depicting whale hunting.
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arrived in great force and threatens to slay us.’ (Aston 1972, II, 263–264)
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130:
129:, a practice shared by various Northern Eurasian peoples, the Ainu and the
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Yoneda, Minoru; Ishida, Hajime; Naito, Yuichi I.; Tsutaya, Takumi (2014).
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1054:"Chiri Mashiho chosaku shū - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
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The name is written with Chinese characters referring to a people from
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133:, was an important element of the Okhotsk culture but was uncommon in
77:
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The Okhotsk from Rebun Island transported adult bears and bear cubs (
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culture that developed around the southern coastal regions of the
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5th–10th-century archaeological culture around the Sea of Okhotsk
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Songs of gods, songs of humans: the epic tradition of the Ainu
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194:
1961:
Okada, Atsuko (1998). "Maritime Adaptations in Hokkaido".
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Masuda, Ryuichi; Amano, Tetsuya; Ono, Hiroko (July 2001).
707:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. p. 91.
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Prehistoric Maritime Adaptations of the Circumpolar Zone
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Tiina, Spangen, Marte Salmi, Anna-Kaisa Äikäs (2015).
121:, while others argue them to be identified with early
1571:
Phillips, S. Colby; Speakman, Robert J. (June 2009).
1834:
1343:
633:
1158:
830:Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia
738:"Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time"
1983:
1570:
1500:Amano, Tetsuya (1978). "道東における「オホーツク文化」年代観の改訂".
141:of southern Sakhalin and northwestern Hokkaido.
284:The Okhotsk people were likely depicted as the
1730:
1027:
794:
312:woman and married Nisap Tasum, who was also a
1481:Kikuchi, Toshihiko (1976). "オホーツク文化に見られる靺鞨".
736:Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2013-04-26).
1716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1634:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1610:Colby., Phillips, Stephen (February 2011).
1515:Katō, Shinpei (1975). "海獣狩猟民: オホーツク文化の源流".
735:
1841:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1674:11370/df08ed08-d9a8-408b-a57b-92db0302ff86
1654:Junno, Aripekka Oskari (26 October 2020).
1536:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1028:Philippi, Donald L.; Snyder, Gary (1979).
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97:is an archaeological coastal fishing and
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153:river, which is in turn named after the
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1984:
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1216:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
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996:The diversity of hunter-gatherer pasts
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1698:. Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi.
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308:, Poiyaunpe himself was the son of a
1997:Archaeological cultures of East Asia
1933:
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1889:Journal of Anthropological Research
1658:(Thesis). University of Groningen.
269:people. In the third month of 660:
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1992:Archaeological cultures of Siberia
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1201:
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89:, the ruins of the Okhotsk culture
14:
2028:
1927:
1577:Journal of Archaeological Science
1530:Gjesfjeld, Erik (February 2018).
688:Mt. Apoi Geopark Promotion Concil
241:people who were ancestral to the
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300:Ainu heroes frequently married
1786:Journal of Molecular Evolution
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383:Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
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1:
947:Tomakomai Komazawa University
824:Moiseyev, V.G. (March 2008).
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2012:History of the Kuril Islands
1854:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102867
1549:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.049
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7:
578:
125:. It is suggested that the
10:
2033:
842:10.1016/j.aeae.2008.04.003
537:
532:
513:
172:
159:
1944:10.1515/9783110880441.123
1589:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.014
1363:10.1017/S0033822200045690
1229:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.05.002
61:
51:
33:
24:
1901:10.1086/jar.49.1.3630629
1895:(1): 39–71. April 1993.
798:Journal of Asian History
701:Zgusta, Richard (2015).
640:Quaternary International
397:mitochondrial haplogroup
365:Ancient Northeast Asians
1665:10.33612/diss.134868900
1384:Anthropological Science
1165:Anthropological Science
369:Ancient Paleo-Siberians
208:on the Japanese record
191:Ancient Northeast Asian
183:Ancient Paleo-Siberians
567:
547:
501:Phellodendron amurense
356:
327:
320:arguments as follows:
282:
279:Nihon Shoki, Book XXVI
231:
200:Kisao Ishizuki of the
90:
1798:10.1007/s002390010156
1120:10.1353/asi.2006.0010
561:
545:
354:
322:
271:
228:Nihon Shoki, Book XIX
220:
80:
1077:Gjesfjeld., Erik W.
1058:catalogue.nla.gov.au
187:Chukotko-Kamchatkans
2002:History of Hokkaido
1963:Arctic Anthropology
1938:. pp. 123–58.
1695:Arctic Anthropology
1432:2017PLoSO..1274397L
1266:2017PLoSO..1274397L
903:10.1093/gbe/evab192
304:women. In the epic
169:) meaning "river".
21:
1750:10.2108/zsj.18.741
1737:Zoological Science
1398:10.1537/ase.140604
1311:. Pullman, Wash.:
1178:10.1537/ase.081202
1108:Asian Perspectives
1032:. Tokyo: Univ.Pr.
943:"第4回 北海道と胆振地方の古代史"
568:
548:
357:
202:Sapporo University
193:geneflow from the
91:
87:Abashiri, Hokkaidō
34:Geographical range
19:
2017:Hokkaido Heritage
1953:978-3-11-088044-1
1039:978-0-86008-235-4
1006:978-1-78570-591-5
195:Amur River region
189:) and subsequent
81:The Moyoro Shell
75:
74:
66:Tobinitai culture
2024:
1978:
1957:
1921:
1920:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1583:(6): 1256–1263.
1568:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:(25): 81 to 106.
1497:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1443:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1067:
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1044:
1043:
1025:
1019:
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990:
984:
983:
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979:
972:kamuimintara.net
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
939:
933:
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852:
846:
845:
821:
815:
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792:
786:
785:
775:
757:
733:
727:
726:
698:
692:
691:
680:
674:
673:
655:
631:
595:Canis domesticus
332:Satsumon culture
280:
229:
185:(represented by
168:
162:
161:
29:
22:
18:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1982:
1981:
1954:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1833:
1829:
1778:
1774:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1708:
1690:
1681:
1652:
1643:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1426:(3): e0174397.
1410:
1406:
1375:
1371:
1342:
1338:
1323:
1305:
1301:
1260:(3): e0174397.
1246:Hordeum vulgare
1240:
1236:
1211:
1202:
1157:
1153:
1100:
1096:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
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1022:
1007:
999:. Oxbow Books.
991:
987:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
941:
940:
936:
882:
875:
865:
863:
854:
853:
849:
822:
818:
793:
789:
734:
730:
715:
699:
695:
682:
681:
677:
632:
628:
623:
591:Sus scrofa inoi
581:
540:
535:
516:
441:
381:
349:
347:Archaeogenetics
281:
278:
263:Hokuriku region
230:
227:
175:
147:
109:, northeastern
99:hunter-gatherer
95:Okhotsk culture
20:Okhotsk culture
17:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1980:
1979:
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1952:
1929:
1928:External links
1926:
1923:
1922:
1876:
1827:
1792:(3): 281–289.
1772:
1743:(5): 741–751.
1723:
1679:
1641:
1602:
1563:
1522:
1519:(6): 47 to 90.
1507:
1492:
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1369:
1356:(2): 671–681.
1336:
1321:
1299:
1234:
1223:(3): 290–308.
1200:
1171:(3): 171–180.
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1045:
1038:
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1005:
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836:(1): 134–141.
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431:, Nivkhi, and
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336:Little Ice Age
276:
253:(r. 655–661),
251:empress Saimei
225:
181:of Japan with
174:
171:
146:
143:
139:Susuya culture
103:Sea of Okhotsk
73:
72:
63:
59:
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56:Susuya culture
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1542:: 1025–1034.
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1055:
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1016:
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997:
989:
974:(in Japanese)
973:
969:
963:
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930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
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839:
835:
831:
827:
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799:
791:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
748:(4): e62243.
747:
743:
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732:
724:
720:
716:
714:9789004300439
710:
706:
705:
697:
689:
685:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
626:
618:
615:
611:
610:shell middens
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
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576:
572:
565:
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386:
376:
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344:
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321:
319:
318:Chiri Mashiho
315:
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192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
167:
156:
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Ainu-speakers
120:
116:
115:Kuril Islands
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
79:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1969:(1): 340–9.
1966:
1962:
1935:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1740:
1736:
1726:
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1605:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1489:: 31 to 117.
1486:
1482:
1476:
1423:
1417:
1407:
1391:(2): 89–99.
1388:
1382:
1372:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1308:
1302:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1079:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1029:
1023:
995:
988:
976:. Retrieved
971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
937:
894:
890:
864:. Retrieved
862:(in Russian)
859:
850:
833:
829:
819:
802:
796:
790:
745:
741:
731:
703:
696:
687:
678:
643:
639:
629:
607:
603:
599:
586:Ursus arctos
584:
582:
573:
569:
549:
521:Soya Straits
517:
505:
499:
492:
466:
446:Rebun Island
442:
382:
373:Jōmon people
358:
328:
323:
313:
309:
306:Kutune Sirka
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
272:
261:(modern-day
232:
221:
209:
199:
179:Jōmon people
176:
148:
135:Jomon period
105:, including
94:
92:
70:Ainu culture
2007:Ainu people
1350:Radiocarbon
1129:10125/17243
1114:(1): 1–23.
952:22 February
860:Вода России
597:) rearing.
593:) and dog (
439:Subsistence
379:Haplogroups
211:Nihon Shoki
62:Followed by
52:Preceded by
1986:Categories
1847:: 102867.
1704:1234133274
1063:2024-09-09
1015:1162258707
621:References
553:phosphorus
255:Abe no Omi
223:near them.
113:, and the
1917:160093657
1909:0091-7710
1871:233526353
1863:2352-409X
1806:0022-2844
1759:0289-0003
1712:cite book
1630:cite book
1622:741329774
1597:0305-4403
1558:2352-409X
1450:1932-6203
1313:WSU Press
1244:"Barley (
1187:0918-7960
1138:1535-8283
1089:894716423
911:1759-6653
764:1932-6203
723:912504787
670:244902084
662:1040-6182
646:: 19–34.
529:islands.
489:crowberry
476:Actinidia
472:Polygonum
423:, 10.8%;
415:, 24.3%;
340:Kamchatka
298:repunkur,
235:Manchuria
206:Mishihase
145:Etymology
127:bear cult
1975:40316474
1814:11428465
1767:86086736
1468:28355249
1419:PLOS ONE
1331:26403218
1294:28355249
1253:PLOS ONE
1195:84011111
1146:53332214
929:34410389
811:41933457
782:23638014
742:PLOS ONE
690:. Japan.
579:Religion
526:obsidian
484:Sambucus
433:Negidals
419:, 5.4%;
411:, 5.4%;
407:, 2.7%;
403:, 8.1%;
314:repunkur
310:repunkur
302:repunkur
292:and the
290:repunkur
286:repunkur
277:—
239:Tungusic
226:—
111:Hokkaido
107:Sakhalin
46:Sakhalin
38:Hokkaido
1822:8382857
1517:Dorumen
1459:5371317
1428:Bibcode
1285:5371317
1262:Bibcode
920:8449830
866:15 June
856:"Охота"
773:3637396
614:abalone
538:Pottery
533:Culture
514:Economy
507:Juglans
463:martens
459:rabbits
294:yaunkur
247:Jurchen
173:History
1973:
1950:
1915:
1907:
1869:
1861:
1820:
1812:
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1483:北方文化研究
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1185:
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909:
809:
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721:
711:
668:
660:
564:Nemuro
504:, and
468:Aralia
461:, and
391:, and
371:, and
267:Emishi
151:Okhota
131:Nivkhs
119:Nivkhs
83:Midden
44:, and
42:Kurils
40:, the
1971:JSTOR
1913:S2CID
1867:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1763:S2CID
1502:考古学研究
1191:S2CID
1142:S2CID
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807:JSTOR
666:S2CID
494:Rubus
480:Vitis
455:foxes
429:Ulchi
259:Koshi
216:Nivkh
157:word
1948:ISBN
1905:ISSN
1859:ISSN
1810:PMID
1802:ISSN
1755:ISSN
1718:link
1700:OCLC
1636:link
1618:OCLC
1593:ISSN
1554:ISSN
1464:PMID
1446:ISSN
1327:OCLC
1317:ISBN
1290:PMID
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1134:ISSN
1085:OCLC
1034:ISBN
1011:OCLC
1001:ISBN
980:2019
954:2011
925:PMID
907:ISSN
868:2020
778:PMID
760:ISSN
719:OCLC
709:ISBN
658:ISSN
451:deer
361:Amur
245:and
243:Mohe
166:okat
160:окат
155:Even
93:The
1940:doi
1897:doi
1849:doi
1794:doi
1745:doi
1670:hdl
1660:doi
1585:doi
1544:doi
1454:PMC
1436:doi
1393:doi
1389:122
1358:doi
1280:PMC
1270:doi
1225:doi
1173:doi
1169:117
1124:hdl
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915:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
