407:
146:
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34:
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to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. This led to a rapid expansion of cities that resulted in social strains and disturbances. For instance, economic grievances associated with this industrialization fed later revolutions such as those that transpired from 1848. New social classes emerged including those that began to reject orthodox politics. This is demonstrated by the rise of the urban
735:. The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state. Furthermore, it is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred and as a defining moment in the histories of both Europe and the Americas. The rebellion began with a revolt of black African slaves in August 1791. It ended in November 1803 with the French defeat at the
2002:, former ALP Prime Minister, wrote that "Eureka was more than an incident or passing phase. It was greater in significance than the short-lived revolt against tyrannical authority would suggest. The permanency of Eureka in its impact on our development was that it was the first real affirmation of our determination to be masters of our own political destiny." (from
838:
559:"French society, like others in much of Western Europe, was undergoing a colossal transformation. The ultra-intellectual Enlightenment of Montesquieu and Voltaire, Bach and Mozart, Isaac Newton and Adam Smith was just the tip of a vast change that was happening throughout society and producing an expanding, educated, literate and ambitious bourgeoisie."
1335:
working class. An account described the German experience as less concerned with national issues, although it succeeded in breaking down class barriers. There was a previously prevalent view that there was only one revolutionary event in
Germany but recent scholarship pointed to a fragmented picture of several revolutions happening at the same time.
1406:(that area is now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in
2060:
commented in 1963 that "Eureka became a legend, a battlecry for nationalists. republicans, liberals, radicals, or communists, each creed finding in the rebellion the lessons they liked to see." ..."In fact the new colonies' political constitutions were not affected by Eureka, but the first
Parliament
949:
Scholars have characterized the
Serbian War of Independence and subsequent national liberation as a revolution because the uprisings were started by broad masses of rural Serbian people who were in severe class conflict with the Turkish landowners as a political and economic masters at the same time,
563:
Part of this ambition was to enter a political scene that was always locked behind a door to which only the monarchy, clergy, and nobility had the keys. The durable shift here was that, by the time the
Estates general convened, their knowledge of law gave them the tools to enter the political scene.
548:
These were young men from commoner families who were not sustenance farmers and whose families could afford to send their sons to either study the law or take over the family business. When talking about these young (mainly) lawyers from this segment of society, one is also talking about products of
539:
It was also a question of numbers. The population of nobles versus that of the rest of France wildly disparate: nobles = .4-1.5% out of total population of ca. 28 million. The population of clergy versus the rest of France was even less: about 120,000 clergy total, out of which were 139 powerful and
387:
The
Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It marked a major turning point in history and almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began
535:
Centralizing monarchical power, i.e. Royal absolutism, onward from Louis XIII in 1614 inward to the royal court in
Versailles led to a snowball effect that ended up alienating both nobility and bourgeoisie. There was a tendency to play favorites with the tax regime, especially by exempting nobility
505:
The French
Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed
1377:
of
Ballarat fired upon the stockade. The miners fired back and lasted 20 minutes before their stockade was stormed by British troops. Most of the miners were arrested by the British colonial authorities, and taken to trial. If found guilty, they would hang for high treason. All were eventually
1334:
The political impact of the 1848 revolutions was more evident in
Austria in comparison to the revolution's effects in countries like Germany. This is attributed to the way the upheavals in Vienna resulted in greater loss of life and gained stronger support from intellectuals, students, and the
1410:
on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the
British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great
1330:
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year,
1998:'Dr. H.V. Evatt, leader of the ALP, wrote that "The Eureka Stockade was of crucial importance in the making of Australian democracy"; Robert Menzies, later Liberal Prime Minister, said that "the Eureka revolution was an earnest attempt at democratic government";
506:
by the clergy and aristocracy grew amidst an economic crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests, motivating demands for change. These were couched in terms of Enlightenment ideals and caused the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789.
1338:
The 1848 revolutions were also notable because of the increased participation of women. While women rarely participated in revolutionary activities, there were those who performed supportive and auxiliary roles such as the cases of the women's political club in
1158:. A series of revolts, starting in 1821, began the conflict. The Ottoman Empire sent in forces to suppress the revolts. By 1827, forces from Russia, Great Britain, and France entered the conflict, helping the Greeks drive the Turkish forces off the
1365:. After the imposition of Gold Mining Licences, that being that a person had to have one of these to mine gold, and which cost 30 shillings a month to own a license, the miners decided that it was too much. The Ballarat miners started rallies at
464:
of some kind became the emblem of virtually every emerging nation, and European (or indeed world) politics between 1789 and 1917 were largely the struggle for and against the principles of 1789, or the even more incendiary ones of 1793.
1402:, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of
1343:, which demanded revolutionary measures from the Austrian Constituent Assembly, and the Parisian women who protested and proposed their own solutions to social problems, particularly those involving their rights and crafts.
914:), ending with a ceasefire. During the later period (1815–1835) a peaceful consolidation of political power developed in the increasingly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by
392:, which became a powerful force so that they had to be integrated into the political system. The upheavals also led to old political ideas that were directed against the social arrangements of the preindustrial regime.
485:
of measurement for most countries. The ideology of the modern world first penetrated the ancient civilizations which had hitherto resisted European ideas through French influence. This was the work of the French
753:
The war was known for cruelty on both sides, and extensive guerrilla warfare. French forces showed no mercy, as they were fighting blacks, who were not considered to be worthy opponents of the French army.
305:
in 1814–15, in an attempt to prevent future revolutions, and also restored the previous monarchies. Nevertheless, Spain was considerably weakened by the Napoleonic Wars and could not control its
438:
and checks and balances. Those include but are not limited to an elected head of state, property rights, due process rights, and the rights of free speech, the press and religious practice.
1448:
in the late 18th and early 19th century, under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French Revolution. In 1869 the
757:
The French army suffered from severe outbreaks of disease, and the Haitians were under-equipped. Top leaders of both sides were killed, and the leader of the Haitians died in captivity.
2061:
that met under Victoria's new constitution was alert to the democratic spirit of the goldfields, and passed laws enabling each adult man in Victoria to vote at elections, to vote by
1543:
426:. This was the first European colony to claim independence. It was the birth of the United States of America, ultimately leading to the drafting and ratification of a
3261:
341:, also called the Spring of Nations. The democratic demands of the revolutionaries often merged with independence or national unification movements, such as in
1054:
class; these were often wealthy citizens that held high positions of power but were still poorly respected by the European-born Spaniards. One such Creole was
1373:, elected Peter Lalor as their rebellion leader, and built a stockade (a makeshift fort) around the diggings. Eventually, the British troops, led by Governor
3251:
3126:
1378:
acquitted. The Eureka Rebellion is controversially identified with the birth of democracy in Australia and interpreted by many as a political revolt.
1577:
898:, and finally the modern Serbian state. The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1815, was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the
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3291:
2636:
2028:
509:
The precipitating event was that the King went public that the French state was essentially bankrupt, and because of that he convened the
366:
20:
1456:
was established in 1870/1872 for the Bulgarian diocese wherein at least two-thirds of Orthodox Christians were willing to join it. The
1067:
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98:
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597:
582:
70:
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2008:
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1039:
1029:
310:
185:
1398:
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the
536:
from taxation. This led to a feeling of discrimination among the bourgeoisie, which itself was an engine of the Revolution
306:
1449:
591:
77:
1594:
Matson, Cathy (July 2005). "The Atlantic Economy in an Era of Revolutions: An Introduction". William and Mary Quarterly.
1771:
1503:
1197:
1109:
989:
792:
674:
51:
3372:
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3347:
3311:
1933:
1843:
1731:
1706:
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1653:
1538:
1285:
1223:
1135:
1015:
818:
732:
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346:
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by conquering most of continental Europe. Although Napoleon imposed on his conquests several modern concepts such as
117:
1486:
government that controlled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871. It was established by radicalized defectors from the
1205:
1117:
997:
800:
682:
406:
3141:
2502:
84:
3382:
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3241:
3176:
2221:
2432:
1983:
1958:
1815:
1528:
1432:
1201:
1113:
993:
796:
678:
350:
55:
907:
66:
2585:
1033:
244:
3407:
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3181:
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wealthy bishops (.0005% of total pop.); the majority of parish priests were as poor as their parishioners.
354:
868:, which discriminated against Catholics and Presbyterians in Ireland. The rebellion failed and led to the
742:
One-third of French overseas trade and revenue came from Haitian sugar and coffee plantations. During the
2602:
2113:
145:
918:
in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy. The adoption of the first written
3362:
3337:
2473:
2196:
1428:
1399:
853:
318:
266:(1765–1783) is usually considered the starting point of the Age of Revolution. It in turn inspired the
220:
1312:. It was followed eighteen years later by another and much stronger wave of revolutions known as the
1050:, creating new nations. These movements were generally led by the ethnically Spanish but locally born
3121:
3081:
2522:
1801:
1149:
951:
330:
278:
1612:
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2609:
1412:
1387:
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978:
915:
781:
663:
494:
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Estates general) to replenish state coffers. The Estates-General was made up of 3 estates/orders:
477:
for most of the world. France provided the first great example, the concept and the vocabulary of
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2907:
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2201:
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1487:
1190:
1102:
1063:
982:
911:
849:
832:
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667:
294:
282:
44:
2036:
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The French tax regime was regressive, and traditional noble and bourgeois allies felt shut out.
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1424:
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903:
895:
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91:
1761:
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credits the French Revolution with giving the 19th century its ideology and politics, stating:
235:
is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant
3281:
3256:
3186:
2869:
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2328:
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1724:
From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War
1599:
1159:
605:
382:
175:
1894:
Clive H. Church, "Forgotten Revolutions: recent work on the revolutions of 1830 in Europe."
481:. France provided the codes of law, the model of scientific and technical organization, the
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2922:
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2841:
2770:
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2631:
2626:
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1760:
Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2012).
1508:
1277:
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in the hopes of creating an independent Irish republic. The rebellion was initiated by the
746:
the island was ignored, allowing the revolt to have some initial successes. However, after
435:
259:
181:
137:
8:
3301:
3166:
3036:
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2512:
2485:
2468:
2456:
2278:
2234:
1491:
1453:
1325:
1313:
1305:
1267:
865:
864:, news of the success of the French Revolution, and resentment at the British-instituted
857:
631:
617:
611:
415:
401:
342:
338:
334:
314:
274:
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197:
193:
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3021:
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2723:
2653:
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2575:
2529:
2439:
2353:
2167:
2088:
1281:
1273:
1055:
881:
869:
714:
302:
3151:
3053:
3041:
3026:
3006:
2917:
2864:
2836:
2818:
2621:
2497:
2490:
2251:
2229:
2157:
1979:
1954:
1929:
1839:
1811:
1767:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1649:
1547:
1293:
935:
891:
861:
743:
474:
470:
447:
419:
267:
248:
151:
3296:
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between 1810 and 1820. Revolution then spread back to southern Europe in 1820, with
2912:
2902:
2728:
2676:
2580:
2444:
2333:
2283:
2261:
2256:
2187:
2067:
2057:
1352:
1258:. Unlike the wars of 1830, these wars tended to be in the outer regions of Europe.
623:
461:
2004:
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that took place between 1804 and 1835, during which the territory evolved from an
574:
357:, etc. The violent repression of the Spring of Nations marked the end of the era.
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3226:
3111:
2959:
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2932:
2852:
2806:
2563:
2517:
2415:
2392:
2375:
2348:
2133:
1581:
1297:
1289:
934:. The term "Serbian Revolution" was coined by a German academic historiographer,
551:
423:
322:
286:
3316:
3236:
3191:
3131:
3096:
2888:
2801:
2706:
2614:
2405:
2239:
2162:
1523:
1513:
1445:
1374:
1370:
1301:
1155:
899:
731:, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the
728:
290:
270:
of 1789, which rapidly spread to the rest of Europe through its wars. In 1799,
3331:
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3156:
3071:
3016:
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2796:
2691:
2541:
2534:
2427:
2380:
2273:
2129:
2062:
2029:"Contested Memories of Eureka: Museum Interpretations of the Eureka Stockade"
1479:
1473:
1059:
1051:
482:
453:
361:
298:
289:, his rigorous military occupation triggered national rebellions, notably in
207:
2098:
1058:, who led several revolutions throughout South America and helped establish
886:
The Serbian Revolution was a national uprising and constitutional change in
460:
France made its revolutions and gave them their ideas, to the point where a
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3011:
2857:
2831:
2740:
2422:
2410:
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2318:
2313:
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1533:
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389:
252:
750:
became the first consul of France, he sent troops to suppress the revolt.
3246:
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2507:
2343:
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Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848
1999:
1803:
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
1441:
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1309:
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1331:
reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.
2777:
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2735:
2701:
2641:
2323:
1437:
931:
236:
942:, published in 1829. These events marked the foundation of the modern
333:. Continental Europe was shaken by two similar revolutionary waves in
219:
French Revolution: 150,000+ Napoleonic Wars: 3,500,000–7,000,000 (see
3211:
3048:
2783:
2745:
2338:
2152:
1483:
923:
727:
The Haitian Revolution was a slave rebellion in the French colony of
719:
326:
202:
155:
1357:
The Eureka Rebellion was a 20-minute shootout between the miners of
1242:
The Revolutions of 1820 were a series of revolutionary uprisings in
1175:
1162:. The Turks finally recognized Greece as a free nation in May 1832.
1087:
967:
770:
652:
33:
3201:
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2400:
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1251:
1047:
747:
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431:
271:
240:
957:
860:. The revolt was motivated by a combination of factors, including
3116:
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1407:
927:
723:
Attack and siege of the CrĂŞte-Ă -Pierrot during Haitian revolution
1411:
Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the
555:
chief foreign affairs columnist and author Ian Davidson puts it:
3136:
2017:, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic., 1965, pages 125–6)
1418:
1381:
1340:
1255:
887:
523:
3rd Estate: Wealthier, better educated non-nobility (commoners)
466:
430:
that included a number of original features within a federated
3101:
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1951:
The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction
1807:
1403:
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and burnt their licenses, took an oath under the flag of the
1247:
1243:
1043:
297:. After Napoleon's defeat, European great powers forged the
3231:
1575:
https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775
1071:
1042:
in the early 19th century that separated the colonies from
1949:
Evans, Robert John; von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (2002).
1766:(6th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 296.
1763:
Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People
1759:
837:
739:. Haiti became an independent country on January 1, 1804.
225:
Over 3,687,324–7,187,324 casualties (other wars excluded)
1544:
Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849
1077:
360:
The expression was popularized by the British historian
3216:
1978:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
1276:
in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "
760:
1836:
The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny
1676:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 85.
1154:
Greece in the early 1800s was under the rule of the
1948:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1490:, which had been mobilized to defend Paris in the
395:
875:
642:
3329:
1953:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 132.
441:
1909:Europe in 1830: Revolution and political change
958:Latin American Wars of Independence (1808–1833)
1926:The 1848 Revolutions in German-Speaking Europe
2128:
2114:
2095:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2017.
1593:
239:movements occurred in most of Europe and the
2074:. Melbourne University Press. pp. 56–7.
1648:. New Orleans: Quid Pro Books. p. 311.
1419:Bulgarian revolts and liberation (1869–1878)
1382:First War of Indian Independence (1857–1858)
567:
1204:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1116:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
996:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
681:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
527:
2121:
2107:
2065:, to stand for the Legislative Assembly."
1884:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 290–295.
1674:The Industrial Revolution: Steam and Steel
1346:
469:provided the vocabulary and the issues of
243:. The period is noted for the change from
2026:
1224:Learn how and when to remove this message
1136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1016:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:Learn how and when to remove this message
701:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1879:
1833:
1799:
902:with three armed uprisings taking place(
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718:
489:
405:
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1973:
1701:. New York: Hodder Arnold. p. 35.
1643:
1632:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
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1068:United Provinces of the RĂo de la Plata
367:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
22:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
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1568:
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2035:. History Cooperative. Archived from
2015:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement
1919:
1917:
1866:
1864:
1829:
1827:
1748:The American Enlightenment, 1750–1820
1721:
1671:
1553:Spanish American wars of independence
1078:Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
1030:Spanish American wars of independence
247:to representative governments with a
1923:
1726:. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
1667:
1665:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1462:re-establishment of Bulgaria in 1878
1202:adding citations to reliable sources
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1114:adding citations to reliable sources
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994:adding citations to reliable sources
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848:In 1798, a revolt broke out against
797:adding citations to reliable sources
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679:adding citations to reliable sources
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56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1976:The European Revolutions, 1848–1851
1565:
1450:Internal Revolutionary Organization
418:brought about independence for the
258:Influenced by the new ideas of the
186:Latin American wars of independence
13:
2082:
2011:from the original on 8 March 2017.
1914:
1861:
1824:
1788:The American Revolution: A History
1504:List of revolutions and rebellions
1494:(19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871).
1070:and became the first president of
761:United Irishmen's Rebellion (1798)
14:
3419:
3312:Western European and Others Group
1662:
1619:
1539:Timeline of national independence
1296:. There also were revolutions in
1286:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
549:the Enlightenment. As the former
1928:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 107.
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1086:
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144:
32:
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2020:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1901:
1888:
1873:
1852:
1793:
1780:
1062:. Another important figure was
396:American Revolution (1765–1783)
43:needs additional citations for
2027:Sunterass, Anne Beggs (2003).
1838:. United States: . p. 9.
1753:
1740:
1715:
1690:
1637:
1587:
1529:Political history of the world
1433:National awakening of Bulgaria
876:Serbian Revolution (1804–1835)
643:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
543:
167:22 March 1765 – 4 October 1849
1:
3403:19th century in South America
3398:18th century in South America
3393:19th century in North America
3388:18th century in North America
1646:Theory of Collective Behavior
1558:
1452:was initiated. An autonomous
1034:War of Independence of Brazil
598:National Legislative Assembly
583:National Constituent Assembly
442:French Revolution (1789–1799)
311:proclaimed their independence
217:American Revolution: 37,324+
206:Widespread implementation of
1394:Indian independence movement
1238:Revolutions during the 1820s
179:Multiple revolutionary waves
7:
1924:Hahn, Hans Joachim (2014).
1800:Anderson, Benedict (1991).
1497:
1460:indirectly resulted in the
844:during 1798 Irish rebellion
475:radical-democratic politics
10:
3424:
1974:Sperber, Jonathan (2005).
1471:
1429:Bulgarian National Revival
1422:
1400:British East India Company
1391:
1385:
1350:
1323:
1265:
1235:
1147:
1038:Latin America experienced
1027:
904:The First Serbian Uprising
894:into a rebel territory, a
879:
854:Society of United Irishmen
830:
712:
445:
399:
380:
221:Napoleonic Wars casualties
18:
16:Period in the 18th century
3082:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
3062:
2980:
2817:
2652:
2523:Standard Average European
2391:
2220:
2140:
2072:The Rush That Never Ended
1699:The Industrial Revolution
1413:First War of Independence
1150:Greek War of Independence
568:Constitutional chronology
279:French Revolutionary Wars
213:
171:
163:
143:
135:
3373:History of South America
3368:History of North America
3353:19th-century revolutions
3348:18th-century revolutions
3222:Lancaster House Treaties
2712:Christian existentialism
2672:Ancient Roman philosophy
2662:Ancient Greek philosophy
2007:. National Republicans.
1722:Owens, Geoffrey (2017).
1634:, London, Abacus (1962).
1388:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1066:, who helped create the
1040:independence revolutions
940:Die Serbische Revolution
908:HadĹľi Prodan's rebellion
528:King's weakened position
495:Storming of the Bastille
3000:Equality before the law
2207:Romano-Germanic culture
1896:European Studies Review
1880:Cirkovic, Sima (2008).
1810:. pp. 7, 192–195.
1519:Long nineteenth century
1347:Eureka Rebellion (1854)
930:, and made the country
912:Second Serbian Uprising
896:constitutional monarchy
850:British rule in Ireland
833:Irish Rebellion of 1798
592:Constitutional Monarchy
283:equality before the law
3383:19th century in Europe
3378:18th century in Europe
3162:Eastern European Group
2751:Continental philosophy
2682:Judeo-Christian ethics
2667:Hellenistic philosophy
2148:Cradle of civilization
2005:"The Eureka Rebellion"
1834:Davidson, Ian (2016).
1644:Smelser, Neil (2011).
1607:Cite journal requires
1458:April Uprising of 1876
1425:April Uprising of 1876
944:Principality of Serbia
845:
842:Battle of Vinegar Hill
724:
561:
502:
488:
452:The British historian
411:
309:, almost all of which
251:, and the creation of
154:: The storming of the
3282:Three Seas Initiative
3257:Pacific Islands Forum
3122:British–Irish Council
2870:Greek Orthodox Church
2329:Industrial Revolution
2299:Scientific Revolution
1672:Wolfe, James (2015).
1488:French National Guard
1160:Peloponnese Peninsula
840:
722:
557:
493:
458:
409:
383:Industrial Revolution
377:Industrial Revolution
245:absolutist monarchies
176:Industrial Revolution
3277:Special Relationship
2687:Christian philosophy
2632:Western Christianity
2294:Age of Enlightenment
2168:Hellenistic Kingdoms
1746:Robert A. Ferguson,
1697:Hudson, Pat (1992).
1509:Atlantic Revolutions
1482:was a revolutionary
1468:Paris Commune (1871)
1361:, Victoria, and the
1278:romantic nationalist
1198:improve this section
1110:improve this section
990:improve this section
870:Act of Union in 1801
793:improve this section
675:improve this section
520:2nd Estate: Nobility
436:separation of powers
275:took power in France
249:written constitution
182:Atlantic Revolutions
138:Age of Enlightenment
52:improve this article
3408:Revolutionary waves
3302:West Nordic Council
3167:Eastern Partnership
2756:Analytic philosophy
2457:Classical tradition
2279:Early modern period
2235:Classical antiquity
2230:European Bronze Age
2089:Israel, Jonathan I.
1898:7.1 (1977): 95-106.
1492:Franco-Prussian War
1454:Bulgarian Exarchate
1326:Revolutions of 1848
1320:Revolutions of 1848
1314:Revolutions of 1848
1280:" revolutions, the
1268:Revolutions of 1830
1262:Revolutions of 1830
1166:Revolutions of 1820
952:Greece in 1821–1832
858:Theobald Wolfe Tone
737:Battle of Vertières
612:National Convention
416:American Revolution
410:American Revolution
402:American Revolution
370:, published in 1962
264:American Revolution
198:Revolutions of 1848
194:Revolutions of 1830
190:Revolutions of 1820
132:
67:"Age of Revolution"
2761:Post-structuralism
2724:Christian humanism
2354:Universal suffrage
1580:2022-12-03 at the
1282:Belgian Revolution
1274:revolutionary wave
1064:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
922:in 1835 abolished
882:Serbian Revolution
846:
725:
715:Haitian Revolution
517:1st Estate: Clergy
503:
412:
303:Congress of Vienna
277:and continued the
130:
19:For the book, see
3363:History of Europe
3338:Age of Revolution
3325:
3324:
3152:Council of Europe
3054:International law
3007:Constitutionalism
2865:Eastern Orthodoxy
2371:Post–Cold War era
2304:Age of Revolution
2158:Greco-Roman world
2068:Blainey, Geoffrey
1907:Clive H. Church,
1548:Christopher Clark
1234:
1233:
1226:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1026:
1025:
1018:
936:Leopold von Ranke
862:Irish nationalism
829:
828:
821:
744:French Revolution
733:Republic of Haiti
711:
710:
703:
448:French Revolution
428:U.S. Constitution
420:Thirteen Colonies
307:American colonies
268:French Revolution
233:Age of Revolution
229:
228:
152:French Revolution
131:Age of Revolution
128:
127:
120:
102:
3415:
3197:EU Customs Union
2729:Secular humanism
2677:Christian ethics
2627:East–West Schism
2610:Physical culture
2334:Great Divergence
2284:Age of Discovery
2123:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2076:
2075:
2058:Geoffrey Blainey
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:on 26 April 2007
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3287:UKUSA Agreement
3227:Lublin Triangle
3112:Baltic Assembly
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2518:Eurolinguistics
2387:
2376:Information age
2349:Interwar period
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2707:Existentialism
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2033:Labour History
2019:
1991:
1984:
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1959:
1941:
1934:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1823:
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1792:
1779:
1773:978-0495904991
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1609:|journal=
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1524:Pax Britannica
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1514:Modern history
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1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1444:emerged under
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1386:Main article:
1383:
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1375:Charles Hotham
1371:Southern Cross
1351:Main article:
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1324:Main article:
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1302:Italian states
1266:Main article:
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1236:Main article:
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1156:Ottoman Empire
1148:Main article:
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938:, in his book
900:Ottoman Empire
880:Main article:
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63:Find sources:
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41:This article
39:
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3307:Western Bloc
3107:AUSCANNZUKUS
3063:Contemporary
3012:Human rights
2858:Latin Church
2832:Christianity
2782:
2741:Conservatism
2586:contemporary
2423:Architecture
2359:World War II
2319:Emancipation
2314:Abolitionism
2303:
2202:Romanization
2197:Roman legacy
2178:Roman Empire
2092:
2071:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2032:
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1600:cite journal
1589:
1534:Risorgimento
1477:
1446:Ottoman rule
1436:
1397:
1363:British Army
1356:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1271:
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1211:
1196:Please help
1184:
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1108:Please help
1096:
1037:
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988:Please help
976:
948:
939:
920:Constitution
885:
847:
815:
806:
791:Please help
779:
756:
752:
741:
726:
697:
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673:Please help
661:
632:First Empire
608:(1792–1804)
594:(1791–1792)
581:
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534:
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499:Bastille Day
497:on July 14 (
459:
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390:middle class
386:
371:
365:
364:in his book
359:
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136:Part of the
114:
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88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
21:
3247:Open Balkan
3065:integration
2995:Rule of law
2990:Natural law
2967:Agnosticism
2945:Hellenistic
2923:Anglo-Saxon
2853:Catholicism
2792:Atlanticism
2697:Rationalism
2503:Immigration
2486:Esotericism
2344:World War I
2309:Romanticism
2289:Reformation
2269:Renaissance
2247:Middle Ages
2212:Christendom
2141:Foundations
2043:22 December
2000:Ben Chifley
1442:nationalism
1367:Bakery Hill
1310:Switzerland
950:similar to
856:and led by
638:(1804–1814)
626:(1799–1804)
620:(1795–1799)
614:(1792–1795)
600:(1791–1792)
586:(1789–1791)
578:(pre–1789)
544:Bourgeoisie
486:Revolution.
479:nationalism
3332:Categories
3267:Rio Treaty
2778:Relativism
2736:Liberalism
2702:Empiricism
2654:Philosophy
2642:Secularism
2593:Philosophy
2530:Literature
2324:Capitalism
2013:, quoting
1985:0521839076
1960:0199249970
1817:0860915468
1806:. London:
1559:References
1392:See also:
866:Penal laws
287:civil code
78:newspapers
3212:Five Eyes
3207:EU–UK TCA
3049:Democracy
2938:Old Norse
2827:Abrahamic
2784:Peritrope
2766:Tolerance
2746:Socialism
2576:Mythology
2564:Classical
2513:Languages
2491:Astrology
2339:Modernism
2153:Old World
1882:The Serbs
1484:socialist
1438:Bulgarian
1214:June 2020
1185:does not
1126:June 2020
1097:does not
1006:June 2020
977:does not
924:feudalism
809:June 2020
780:does not
691:June 2020
662:does not
624:Consulate
618:Directory
462:tricolour
315:uprisings
203:feudalism
156:Tuileries
3272:Schengen
3202:Eurozone
3042:Property
3037:Religion
2928:Frankish
2918:Germanic
2898:Paganism
2819:Religion
2807:European
2719:Humanism
2622:Religion
2581:Painting
2547:Internet
2498:Folklore
2469:Clothing
2440:Calendar
2416:Cyrillic
2401:Alphabet
2364:Cold War
2070:(1963).
2009:Archived
1578:Archived
1498:See also
1359:Ballarat
1306:Portugal
1288:and the
1252:Portugal
1048:Portugal
932:suzerain
910:and the
748:Napoleon
636:Napoleon
432:republic
319:Portugal
272:Napoleon
241:Americas
3117:Benelux
3022:Thought
2972:Atheism
2913:Finnish
2889:Culture
2884:Judaism
2846:Eastern
2842:Western
2837:Culture
2771:Paradox
2637:Decline
2598:Science
2474:History
2462:Studies
2445:Cuisine
2433:Periods
2393:Culture
2222:History
2188:Eastern
2183:Western
2134:culture
1750:(1997).
1440:modern
1408:Gwalior
1284:in the
1206:removed
1191:sources
1118:removed
1103:sources
998:removed
983:sources
928:serfdom
801:removed
786:sources
683:removed
668:sources
501:), 1789
471:liberal
355:Hungary
347:Germany
301:at the
295:Germany
285:, or a
201:End of
172:Outcome
92:scholar
3137:CANZUK
3027:Speech
2955:Slavic
2933:Gothic
2908:Celtic
2903:Baltic
2802:Values
2603:Values
2163:Greece
1982:
1957:
1932:
1911:(1983)
1842:
1814:
1790:(2003)
1786:Wood,
1770:
1730:
1705:
1680:
1652:
1431:, and
1341:Vienna
1294:France
1256:Greece
1254:, and
1052:Creole
888:Serbia
467:France
351:Poland
331:Greece
329:, and
262:, the
214:Deaths
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3292:USMCA
3147:CEFTA
3102:AUKUS
3092:ANZUS
3087:ANZUK
3032:Press
2950:Roman
2615:Sport
2559:Chant
2554:Music
2542:Media
2535:Canon
2481:Dance
2411:Latin
2406:Greek
2252:early
1808:Verso
1404:Delhi
1248:Italy
1244:Spain
1044:Spain
343:Italy
327:Italy
323:Spain
291:Spain
99:JSTOR
85:books
3252:OSCE
3232:NATO
3177:EFTA
3142:CBSS
3127:BSEC
3017:Life
2569:Folk
2450:Diet
2262:late
2257:high
2173:Rome
2132:and
2045:2006
1980:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1613:help
1584:>
1478:The
1308:and
1189:any
1187:cite
1101:any
1099:cite
1072:Peru
1046:and
1032:and
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926:and
784:any
782:cite
666:any
664:cite
473:and
414:The
339:1848
337:and
335:1830
293:and
231:The
164:Date
71:news
3242:OAS
3187:ESA
3182:EPC
3172:EEA
3077:AER
2982:Law
2960:Neo
2508:Law
2428:Art
1546:by
1292:in
1200:by
1112:by
992:by
795:by
677:by
422:of
317:in
54:by
3334::
3217:G7
3192:EU
2091:.
2031:.
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1963:.
1938:.
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1776:.
1736:.
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