465:
non-commissioned officers they had to be white according to
Argentine law, although San Martín wanted to change the rules so that at least black soldiers would reach the ranks of corporals and sergeants. However, traditionally the Spanish colonial army had battalions of blacks divided into slave and free castes, and San Martín believed it even more difficult to gather people of color and whites fighting as a troop in the same unit. Later both groups numbers 7 and 8 will be recast in Peru in the black regiment of Río de la Plata. The number 4 of Chile, initially white Creoles, will also be converted by his slave recruit from Peru into a black regiment. So the origin of the recruit of people of color was geographically diverse, and consisted of black slaves or freedmen (whether they are Africans or Creole blacks), and in addition to free castes, called in the colony pardos and morenos.
222:
665:
498:
481:
822:
1331:
477:
under the command of
Lieutenant Colonels Ambrosio Crámer and Pedro Conde, respectively. It was agreed with the Cuyan owners that two thirds of the slaves would be incorporated into the army, with 710 being recruited in Cuyo. Thus, although a contingent arrived with number 8 from Buenos Aires, most of its troops were recruited in the provinces. However, the army was nourished mainly by slaves (which Lynch estimates at 1,554 slaves). The age for the recruitment of slaves initially imposed between 16 and 35 years, was extended between 14 and 55 years.
768:
445:
3985:
294:
1317:
704:
642:
545:
3995:
38:
661:. The temperament, the satire and the lamentable and rebellious execution of the guitar have a gypsy origin, while the choral form and the tundete have African origin. It dates back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries where this mixed musical form began to stand out in the Rímac, Barrios Altos, in neighborhoods of Callao and in bars located between the bridges, alleys and balconies of Lima.
677:
553:
the last
Peruvian mayor of Tacna before the occupation. Chilean, killed alongside his unit during the Battle of Alto de la Alianza. One of the African heroes during the war would have been 16-year-old Corporal Alfredo Maldonado Arias, who during the capture of Arica sacrificed himself by setting fire to the gunpowder of the strong Citadel when he saw Chilean troops hoisting their flag in it.
338:
393:
1520:
route also began on the western coast of Africa but took slave ships to
Argentina, more particularly to the port of Buenos Aires. From there, slaves were taken on foot across the Pampa region and the Andes to Chile. Both routes were extremely difficult, and the mortality rate could reach as much as 50 percent or even more.
469:
488:
According to the military doctrine of San Martín, the colored soldiers would serve better in the infantry branch of the three arms of the army of the Andes, in fact they will end up representing 2/3 of their number, estimating between 2,000 and 3,000 Argentine freedmen who crossed the Andes to Chile
305:
was considerable during the colonial era. The city was founded in 1570 and belonged to the
Viceroyalty of Peru and between 1824 and 1880, to the Republic of Peru. This last year was annexed to Chile, after it won the Pacific War. The city received this large number of slaves because its territory
1519:
Slaves were brought to Chile by two routes, the
Pacific and the Atlantic. The Pacific route began in the Atlantic on the western coast of Africa, continued to the northern coast of South America (especially Cartagena and Panama), and proceeded overland to the Pacific and then to Chile. The Atlantic
672:
The name "zamacueca" comes from "zamba clueca" where the "zamba" (black / Amerindian mestizo woman) makes movements like a "clueca" hen that has laid an egg. The musicologist
Nicomedes Santa Cruz indicates that, in Kimbundu, the word "zamba", or samba, means 'dance', while the word "cueca" alludes
280:
people were stolen from their lands, which in turn were exported to Peru, at a much cheaper price than that of a black slave. Although no economic benefits led to any large importation of
African slaves to Chile, roughly around 6,000 Africans were transported directly to Chile where they went into
689:
552:
The population of
African origin formed the basis of the Arica militias during the Colony and the Peruvian Republic. Thus existed the Pardos de Arica battalion, a member of the Peruvian royal army, and years later the Arica Battalion No. 27, under the command of Colonel Julio Mac-Lean, brother of
476:
In 1816 a part of the 7th
Infantry Regiment joined the army under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Conde, with 600 blacks. In December of that year, San Martín ordered the division of the regiment into two independent battalions: the 8th Infantry Battalion and the 7th Infantry Battalion,
797:
Discrimination and social exclusion have been another important issue in recent times for Afro-descendants in Chile. In the southern and southern areas of the country, the presence of blacks is almost non-existent and the majority are foreign immigrants or passing tourists. This, added to the
584:
In practice, there is no official government mechanism that allows the exact number of Afro-descendants in Chile to be measured, but steps were taken so that the “Afro-descendant” ethnic group was included in the Chilean census of 2012. Notwithstanding the initiatives of different national and
464:
The number of black soldiers in the Andean army of San Martín during the liberation of Chile from the Spanish throne was numerous and the majority of soldiers from the regiments called numbers 7, 8 and 11 of the Andes infantry were grouped together, but in said regiments all the officers and
810:, was known to public opinion in December 2010, who was fired according to their statements due to their skin color. This fact led to the resignation of the Regional Director of FOSIS and the corresponding investigations of the case, reopening the debate on ethnic inclusion in the country.
440:
and the fight against the Spaniards. As members of the infantry they were exposed to higher risks during battle. This episode of the history of Chile is very seldom mentioned and the group of blacks has never received any recognition for their contribution to the liberation of Chile.
1429:
1399:
329:, transmitted the deadly disease of malaria. Black Africans or their descendants settled in Arica were less susceptible to tropical diseases. In 1793, the book Guía del Perú was published, which reported on the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the "Partido de Arica".
407:
formed the army with 3 generals, 28 chiefs, 207 officers, 15 civilian employees, 3,778 enlisted men (made up of a majority of black and mulatto soldiers, more than half freed slaves. A specific group of blacks in Chilean history are the members of the 8th Regiment of the
509:, slavery was stopped during 1811. The law freed the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade was banned and the slaves who stayed for more than six months in Chilean territory were automatically declared
798:
absence of historical ties in the area, provokes a feeling of mistrust, rejection and the appearance of prejudices around the black community. On the other hand, in the north of Chile, the case of José Corvacho, an Afro-descendant official of the
783:. Being this region one of the main ones with Afro origins descended from Chile. Around the second half of the twentieth century the claim of the Afro populations in South America burst in with it the Tumbe del valle de azapa.
2404:
1455:
684:
In the early 1800s the dance was called "zamba" and then "zamacueca", which Africanists consider the origin of the sailor and other dances such as the "mozamala", the "cueca" or the "dance of the handkerchief".
306:
was optimal for the cultivation of cotton and sugar cane in the Azapa Valley. Most of the slaves who arrived came from the West Indies or the African continent, especially from the areas of present-day
2430:
2099:
Fuentes, Macarena; Pulgar, Iván; Gallo, Carla; Bortolini, María-Cátira; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Bedoya, Gabriel; González-José, Rolando; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Rothhammer, Francisco (March 2014).
1556:
Less frequently, Africans continued their coerced odyssey from the Río de la Plata to Valparaíso by sail, via the Magellan Straits. These inland and maritime slave routes met in Valparaíso
3705:
2356:
376:. A 1749 census in Valdivia shows that Afro-descendants had a strong presence in the area. Although most Afro-Peruvians came as convicts, Chilean slaves who arrived at the ports of
2456:
432:
landowners, because in his opinion blacks were the only people capable of participating in the infantry component of the army, and included them in the forces commanded later by
2408:
867:
700:
and mulattoes is the mother of the zamacueca and grandmother of the sailor. Also, the researcher José Durand maintains that the zamacueca is the mother of the sailor.
513:. By 1823, Chile was the second country in the Americas to prohibit slavery, after Haiti. The abolition freed close to five thousand slaves that lived in the country.
272:, among others), Europeans did not see the need to import a large contingents of black slaves, like that of the Caribbean. Another reason was that, as a result of the
4031:
1659:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
881:
775:
The Tumbe is an Afro-Descendant dance that is currently danced in northern Chile by Afroariqueñas, brought to the continent by African slaves 400 years ago in the
2434:
1661:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
589:
administration denied the inclusion of the question about the African origin for the last census., neither were they considered in the Chilean census of 2017.
1658:
600:, and mixed backgrounds. The major reason for this is the strong miscegenation that for many decades erased the African ethnic group as a distinct group via
2251:
1624:
516:
Despite the gradual emancipation of most black slaves in Chile, slavery continued along the Pacific coast of South America throughout the 19th century, as
1218:
1230:
931:
237:
from the western coast of Africa, two overland routes trafficked many enslaved Africans to the colony: one crossing west from the northern coast of
318:. In addition, after the discovery of the silver mines of Potosí, Arica became the main port of disembarkation of the slaves who were taken there.
943:
977:
4024:
967:
937:
1456:"Según estimaciones, la cantidad de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile bordea los 1,5 millones al 31 de diciembre de 2019"
221:
2360:
2460:
2382:
1478:
4475:
2676:
417:
3917:
3372:
1898:"Superphysiologic FDG Uptake in the Non-Paralyzed Vocal Cord Resolution of a False-Positive PET Result with Combined PET-CT Imaging"
1699:
4017:
3817:
3181:
1060:
3944:
3902:
2649:
1870:
1843:
1725:
4357:
4198:
3387:
489:
in 1817 with San Martín. Of those 2,500 black soldiers who began the crossing of the Andes, only 143 were repatriated alive.
3486:
2877:
1880:
1853:
1826:
1810:
1512:
4432:
4372:
4367:
813:
On April 8, 2019, the state of Chile gave legal recognition to the Afro-Chilean people through the enactment of Law 21,151.
353:
260:
Given that the type of economic activity in colonial times, for climatic reasons, was never any large tropical plantations (
1038:
4412:
4352:
3156:
3852:
3073:
2894:
2221:
4377:
1970:
1375:
4480:
4470:
3078:
2185:. University of Miami North-South Center: Music and Black Ethnicity: The Caribbean and South America. pp. 307–330.
1152:
4347:
2586:
3998:
3461:
3171:
2855:
2074:
1773:
657:
comes from the musical mestization that occurred between the gypsies and the mulattoes who inhabited Lima during the
4320:
3822:
3006:
2727:
2700:
307:
4240:
4208:
2331:
2101:"[Gene geography of Chile: regional distribution of American, European and African genetic contributions]"
4485:
4451:
2532:
1632:
1122:
561:
Currently, the majority of Afro-Chileans are concentrated in the extreme north of the country, especially in the
2669:
1066:
2247:
3563:
3526:
3426:
3357:
3343:
3087:
3021:
425:
2546:
4407:
4397:
3456:
2156:
621:
285:. By 1590 Afro-Chileans made up 20,000 people, but by the time of emancipation made up only 4,000 in 1823.
85:
4053:
3847:
3802:
3730:
3377:
2991:
1505:
Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Volume 1
1171:
885:
1400:"Primera Encuesta de Caracterización de la Población Afrodescendiente de laRegión de Arica y Parinacota"
497:
281:
mainly domestic service as a means of status for colonists and as a work force in the mining of gold in
3877:
3781:
3741:
3416:
3016:
3001:
2784:
664:
578:
193:
3988:
3628:
3481:
3476:
2662:
2612:
En la novela histórica El Mulato Riquelme de Fernando Santiván se construye un personaje negro/mulato
77:
711:
Another etymological analysis indicates that it would go back to the musical forms belonging to the
696:
The customary Fernando Romero Pintado indicates that the colonial dance called "Zamba" performed by
3531:
3255:
2966:
2705:
2405:"Funcionario despedido del Fosis: El director me dijo que no trabajaba con negros - Cooperativa.cl"
2383:"Especialistas advierten que el racismo "se ha normalizado" en Chile « Diario y Radio U Chile"
829:
Afro-Chileans have formed various entities and organizations to defend their culture and identity:
925:
4362:
3964:
3756:
3411:
3082:
421:
404:
2357:"PanoramasNews » Piden terminar con discriminación contra afroamericanos "negros" chilenos"
2183:
Black music and identity in Peru: Reconstruction and revival of Afro-Peruvian musical traditions
1802:
Under the Flags of Freedom: Slave Soldiers and the Wars of Independence in Spanish South America
480:
3882:
3677:
3436:
2912:
2860:
2850:
2838:
1224:
673:
to "clueca", the state of aggression that the hen after laying her eggs in front of the male.
4335:
3934:
3859:
3766:
3682:
3667:
3621:
3616:
3491:
3131:
3058:
3053:
2924:
2767:
2714:
2634:
2623:
2196:
1996:
1534:"Patterns in the intercolonial slave trade across the Americas before the nineteenth century"
1344:
586:
437:
433:
361:
311:
122:
2292:
1755:
1140:
4180:
3892:
3672:
3471:
3221:
1430:"Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile al 31 de diciembre 2019"
1193:
177:
2047:
1283:
735:
zamr, 'tocata'). Although possible, it is important to know that other dances such as the
368:, became soldier-settlers once they had served their term. Close contacts with indigenous
8:
4342:
4265:
3650:
3641:
3606:
3382:
3011:
2816:
1703:
1269:
821:
807:
658:
566:
413:
357:
2799:
949:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4147:
3924:
3807:
3573:
3536:
3496:
3431:
3146:
1751:
1593:
1279:
1158:
875:
728:
609:
457:
429:
2779:
1913:
1729:
1098:
613:
81:
4392:
4330:
4235:
4223:
3887:
3827:
3687:
3553:
3421:
3312:
3068:
3043:
2431:"lanacion.cl: Caso discriminación: Renuncia director del FOSIS de Arica y Parinacota"
2138:
2130:
1925:
1917:
1876:
1849:
1806:
1769:
1550:
1533:
1508:
971:
767:
525:
409:
397:
139:
107:
3092:
2599:
2116:
1677:
1054:
1026:
625:
548:
El Morro de Arica was the site of an important battle during the War of the Pacific.
4402:
4387:
4382:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4218:
4213:
4152:
4091:
4076:
3660:
3329:
3282:
3250:
3176:
3114:
3097:
3063:
2996:
2961:
2956:
2934:
2929:
2865:
2843:
2747:
2722:
2685:
2594:
2120:
2112:
1909:
1897:
1672:
1545:
1300:
1249:
1183:
1134:
1092:
1076:
1048:
1020:
987:
983:
732:
506:
436:. They were included in the Army of the Andes and received their freedom after the
428:. San Martín demanded black slaves as contribution to the Army of the Andes by the
373:
230:
98:
4009:
3585:
2570:
1044:
1006:
4280:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4203:
4142:
4132:
3611:
3543:
3466:
3348:
3324:
3292:
3287:
3238:
3211:
3201:
3107:
2986:
2806:
2789:
2752:
2742:
1800:
1354:
1349:
1254:
1104:
1080:
1070:
1032:
1016:
1010:
1000:
792:
736:
597:
126:
118:
103:
64:
1205:
1116:
392:
4295:
4270:
4245:
4228:
4137:
4122:
4101:
3954:
3939:
3451:
3441:
3399:
3367:
3362:
3302:
3206:
3151:
3141:
3102:
2944:
2939:
2828:
2737:
1177:
871:
780:
756:
601:
234:
144:
114:
2225:
608:. Genetic studies indicate that in 2014, 3.8% of the Chilean genome came from
253:. Many slaves did not survive the difficult journey in captivity. The port of
4464:
4325:
4157:
4117:
3655:
3580:
3516:
3446:
3307:
3297:
3277:
3265:
3028:
2949:
2882:
2811:
2772:
2134:
1921:
1654:
1336:
1289:
1199:
1189:
1146:
1128:
908:
891:
697:
605:
529:
444:
365:
342:
238:
197:
156:
2587:"EL ROSTRO MÁS NEGRO: LA TRAVESÍA LITERARIA DE UN BANDIDO-CIMARRÓN EN CHILE"
2100:
1768:(in Spanish). Vol. 5. University of Santiago de Chile Research Centre.
381:
254:
3912:
3907:
3746:
3404:
3394:
3126:
2732:
2142:
1929:
1322:
1294:
1086:
776:
592:
Most Afro-Chileans in modernity are descendants of immigrants, mainly from
574:
517:
326:
242:
585:
international social organizations, these have not been successful, since
3929:
3771:
3595:
3558:
3548:
3521:
3136:
3048:
2757:
1110:
617:
570:
521:
257:
was also utilized in the slave trade for maritime transport of captives.
1568:
3897:
3568:
3508:
3226:
2833:
2821:
2508:
2125:
1663:
1631:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from
468:
273:
3166:
716:
484:
Rifleman and hunter uniforms of the Regiment 7 of the Andes Infantry.
322:
321:
During that time, the Spaniards did not live mostly in Arica, as the
265:
201:
2318:
Styling Blackness in Chile: Music and Dance in the African Diaspora.
853:. These entities are coordinated through the Afro-Chilean Alliance.
688:
293:
4127:
4096:
4040:
3317:
3270:
3216:
3033:
2917:
2887:
2870:
2654:
1479:"The History and Historiography of Afro-Chileans in Colonial Chile"
771:
Representation of Tumbe by Arica Negro in the 2012 Carnaval Andino.
752:
510:
449:
377:
349:
152:
2762:
1435:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE). p. 21
703:
641:
188:
are Chilean people of African descent. They may be descendants of
4086:
4081:
3959:
3949:
1828:
Revista de Buenos Aires: historia americana, literatura y derecho
1726:"Biblioteca del Congreso - Argentina - Bibliopress #9 - página 2"
912:
895:
740:
712:
544:
532:, and forced them to perform physical labour in mines and in the
369:
277:
269:
164:
160:
668:
Zamacueca dance recorded in 1886 in Peru by the British Library.
4071:
3243:
3161:
3119:
2794:
2271:«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario
2075:"ORO NEGRO: DIRECTOR DEL INE RECHAZA CENSAR A LOS AFROCHILENOS"
748:
724:
315:
261:
246:
205:
189:
2483:
2457:"lanacion.cl: Afrochilenos exigen ley e inclusión en el Censo"
1373:
37:
3636:
3260:
803:
744:
720:
676:
593:
562:
533:
337:
332:
302:
282:
250:
148:
42:
Afro-Chilean women at Carnaval con la Fuerza del Sol in 2014.
2266:
1872:
Seamos libres y lo demás no importa nada: vida de San Martín
940:, author, screenwriter, comedian (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
2098:
453:
1477:
Newman, Mary K. | University of Oxford (1 December 2022).
1131:, footballer and coach (Afro-Peruvian naturalized Chilean)
2022:
472:
Rifleman of the 7th Infantry Battalion of the Andes Army.
2197:"Origen - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"
1257:
that features a Chilean sea captain and his slave ship.
301:
The black or Afro-descendant population of present-day
1944:
1762:
General History of Chile: The Colony from 1610 to 1700
1458:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE)
229:
The Atlantic African slaves were first brought to the
1757:
Historia General de Chile: La Colonia, de 1610 a 1700
1503:
Barbosa, Rosana; Barbosa Nune, Rosa (2008). "Chile".
2332:"Tumbe: The hidden African roots of Chilean culture"
1312:
1035:, footballer and sports commentator (Haitian father)
786:
612:, where the highest burden occurs in the regions of
4039:
1502:
2052:El Morrocotudo.cl , Noticias de Arica y Parinacota
1180:, Greco-Roman wrestler (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
719:to Chile, which would have its antecedents in the
372:meant many soldiers were bilingual in Spanish and
1113:, footballer (Afro-Colombian naturalized Chilean)
1089:, footballer (Afro-Brazilian naturalized Chilean)
4462:
1063:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian naturalized Chilean)
1977:(6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2012
1531:
501:The Abolition Journal on the Freedom of Slaves.
297:A festival taking place near El Morro of Arica.
2484:"Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Ley Chile"
1997:"La abolición de la esclavitud negra en Chile"
1845:San Martín: Soldado argentino, héroe americano
1619:
1617:
1615:
894:, conquistador (Afro-Spanish, originally from
636:
233:that is now Chile in 1536. After crossing the
225:Interior layout of an 18th century Slave ship.
4025:
2670:
2544:
1453:
1003:, footballer (Venezuelan naturalized Chilean)
816:
356:, authorities had convicts from all-over the
59:1,529 (0.0008% African-Born population 2017)
2320:2019. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2267:"zambra | Diccionario de la lengua española"
1794:
1792:
1750:
1029:, footballer (Congolese naturalized Chilean)
452:the troops who were supposed to campaign in
2584:
1612:
1532:O’Malley, Gregory E; Borucki, Alex (2017).
61:8,415 (0.05% Chilean-Born population 2013)
4032:
4018:
2677:
2663:
1647:
1208:, weightlifter (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
1174:, weightlifter (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
980:, basketball player (Afro-American father)
333:Afro-Peruvian soldier-settlers in Valdivia
36:
2598:
2580:
2578:
2124:
1798:
1789:
1676:
1653:
1549:
631:
196:, or recent migrants from other parts of
2180:
1367:
1119:, footballer (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
856:
820:
766:
702:
687:
675:
663:
640:
543:
496:
479:
467:
443:
391:
384:were two or three times more expensive.
336:
325:, a species of mosquito, present in the
292:
220:
2073:Negro, O. n g oro (22 September 2011).
1943:Nación, Biblioteca del Congreso de la.
1868:
1186:, athlete (Haitian naturalized Chilean)
645:Afro-descendants dancing the Zamacueca.
418:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
216:
4463:
4052:
2575:
1945:"Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación"
1895:
1476:
1212:
946:, musician (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
934:, singer (Haitian naturalized Chilean)
919:
539:
424:to liberate Chile and later allow the
387:
4178:
4051:
4013:
2658:
2329:
2072:
1875:(in Spanish). Ediciones Colihue SRL.
1841:
1427:
1221:, actor (Haitian naturalized Chilean)
1202:, athlete (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
928:, painter (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
861:
800:Solidarity and Social Investment Fund
416:. That was the army organized by the
3994:
2684:
2545:Dall'Orso, Caterina (2 April 2018).
2481:
2264:
1975:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1376:"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017"
1374:Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
1149:(Afro-Colombian naturalized Chilean)
1101:, footballer (Afro-Brazilian father)
1095:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian parents)
911:, activist for Afro-Chilean rights (
902:
847:Club del adulto mayor Julia Corvacho
72:Regions with significant populations
2650:Afrodescendants Foundation in Chile
2585:Barrenechea, Paulina (April 2009).
2482:Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso.
1848:(in Spanish). Grupo Planeta (GBS).
1233:, model (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
1227:, actor (Cuban naturalized Chilean)
1155:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian father)
1143:, footballer (Moroccan grandfather)
1137:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian mother)
1125:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian father)
1057:, footballer (Afro-Peruvian father)
288:
241:, and another traveling north from
13:
2407:. 29 December 2010. Archived from
2254:from the original on 26 June 2009.
2224:. 14 November 2007. Archived from
2048:"Comenzó el "Censo Afro" en Arica"
1942:
1728:. 28 February 2009. Archived from
1454:Godoy, Gloria, ed. (12 May 2020).
1421:
825:Afro-Chilean flag created in 2020.
456:. (Magazine of Rancagua, work of
396:Member of the 8th Regiment of the
364:. The convicts, many of whom were
192:who were brought to Chile via the
14:
4497:
4476:Chilean people of African descent
2643:
1799:Blanchard, Peter (29 June 2008).
1702:. 17 October 2011. Archived from
1629:Museo de Sitio Castillo de Niebla
787:Current issues and discrimination
492:
3993:
3984:
3983:
2866:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2459:. 6 January 2011. Archived from
2433:. 3 January 2011. Archived from
1805:. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
1551:10.1590/TEM-1980-542X2017v230207
1329:
1315:
448:José de San Martín reviewing in
308:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4452:Category:Ethnic groups in Chile
4179:
4041:Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile
2628:
2617:
2600:10.4067/S0718-22952009000100009
2564:
2538:
2526:
2501:
2475:
2449:
2423:
2397:
2375:
2349:
2323:
2310:
2285:
2258:
2240:
2214:
2189:
2174:
2149:
2117:10.4067/S0034-98872014000300001
2092:
2066:
2040:
2015:
1989:
1963:
1936:
1889:
1862:
1835:
1819:
1744:
1718:
1692:
1678:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
1165:
956:
2161:www.folkloretradiciones.com.ar
1586:
1561:
1525:
1496:
1470:
1447:
1392:
1161:, footballer (Jamaican mother)
1107:, footballer (Moroccan father)
831:Organización Cultural Lumbanga
1:
2591:Revista Chilena de Literatura
2359:. 24 May 2013. Archived from
1914:10.1016/s1095-0397(00)00099-6
1360:
1237:
961:
412:that fought the Spaniards in
839:Comparsa de la ONG Oro Negro
556:
536:industry of Peru and Chile.
86:Santiago Metropolitan Region
7:
1409:(in Spanish). February 2014
1308:
1041:, footballer (Cuban father)
994:
886:Chilean War of Independence
835:Colectivo de mujeres Luanda
707:Zamacueca Chilena in Chile.
637:Cueca and Zamacueca Chilena
10:
4502:
3878:African diaspora religions
3002:Indigenous Black Canadians
2001:www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/
1971:"The Antislavery Movement"
1896:Heller, M (October 2000).
1869:Galasso, Norberto (2000).
1569:"Afro-Chilean - Afropedea"
817:Afro-Chilean organizations
790:
751:have their origins in the
624:(4.5%), and the lowest in
211:
194:trans-Atlantic slave trade
4481:People of African descent
4471:African diaspora in Chile
4449:
4321:Americans & Canadians
4308:
4191:
4187:
4174:
4110:
4064:
4060:
4047:
3979:
3868:
3853:African Hebrew Israelites
3838:
3792:
3729:
3718:
3698:
3629:Afro-Asians in South Asia
3594:
3507:
3342:
3192:
2977:
2903:
2713:
2699:
2692:
2509:"Afro-Latino - Afropedea"
2201:www.memoriachilena.gob.cl
1902:Clinical Positron Imaging
1831:(in Spanish). Mayo. 1867.
1700:"Bienvenidos a Oro Negro"
952:, singer (Angolan father)
731:zámra, and this from the
715:tradition brought by the
348:Once Spanish presence in
175:
170:
137:
132:
96:
91:
78:Arica y Parinacota Region
76:
71:
52:
47:
35:
2895:Turks and Caicos Islands
2297:dictionary.cambridge.org
2157:"#FOLKLORE TRADICIONES#"
762:
2547:"La zancada de Berdine"
2181:R Romero, Raúl (1994).
2105:Revista Médica de Chile
1655:Urbina C., María Ximena
843:Comparsa Tumba Carnaval
4486:Ethnic groups in Chile
3883:Anti-African sentiment
868:Juan Beltrán de Magaña
851:Agrupación Arica Negro
826:
772:
708:
693:
681:
669:
646:
632:Cultural Contributions
569:, particularly in the
549:
518:Peruvian slave traders
502:
485:
473:
461:
401:
345:
298:
226:
3935:Civil rights movement
3823:Afro-Caribbean people
3132:Chestnut Ridge people
3054:African-American Jews
2856:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2385:(in European Spanish)
2330:NWeir (27 May 2020).
1598:Minority Rights Group
1345:Demographics of Chile
986:, basketball player (
970:, basketball player (
857:Notable Afro-Chileans
824:
770:
706:
691:
679:
667:
644:
547:
524:, primarily from the
500:
483:
471:
447:
438:crossing of the Andes
395:
362:Valdivian Fort System
354:reestablished in 1645
340:
312:Republic of the Congo
296:
224:
171:Related ethnic groups
123:Niger-Congo languages
16:Ethnic group in Chile
3893:Atlantic slave trade
3581:United Arab Emirates
2316:Wolf, Juan Eduardo.
1842:Lynch, John (2009).
1073:naturalized Chilean)
1051:naturalized Chilean)
1013:naturalized Chilean)
974:naturalized Chilean)
882:José Romero (Peluca)
610:Sub-Saharan Africans
217:Atlantic slave trade
178:Afro-Latin Americans
3782:Sierra Leone Creole
3633:India and Pakistan
2878:Trinidad and Tobago
2728:Antigua and Barbuda
2488:www.bcn.cl/leychile
2411:on 29 December 2010
2228:on 14 November 2007
2222:"Untitled Document"
1752:Barros Arana, Diego
1732:on 28 February 2009
1600:. 20 September 2017
1428:Press, ed. (2020).
1379:(Redatam WebServer)
1292:, character in the
1270:Salvador Sanfuentes
1266:Leyendas nacionales
1247:", short story in
1213:Media personalities
920:Artists and Writers
759:languages as well.
680:Zambacueca in Peru.
659:Viceroyalty of Peru
622:Region Metropolitan
540:Annexation of Arica
388:War of Independence
358:Viceroyalty of Peru
32:
4054:Indigenous peoples
3925:Black Lives Matter
3532:Ethiopian Israelis
3182:African immigrants
3157:Louisiana Redbones
3093:Chickasaw freedmen
3022:African immigrants
2790:Dominican Republic
2635:El Mulato Riquelme
2535:at FIBA.basketball
2265:ASALE, RAE-; RAE.
1706:on 17 October 2011
1304:television series.
1276:El Mulato Riquelme
1159:Lawrence Vigouroux
1141:Adrián Sahibeddine
876:Guadalajara, Spain
862:Historical figures
827:
773:
709:
694:
692:Zamacueca Peruana.
682:
670:
649:The origin of the
647:
587:Sebastián Piñera's
550:
503:
486:
474:
462:
458:Juan Manuel Blanes
434:Bernardo O'Higgins
426:liberation of Peru
422:José de San Martín
405:General San Martín
402:
346:
299:
227:
108:Caribbean dialects
24:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4007:
4006:
3975:
3974:
3888:Anti-Black racism
3828:British Jamaicans
3818:African Americans
3803:African Americans
3757:Americo-Liberians
3742:African Americans
3714:
3713:
3537:Sudanese refugees
3338:
3337:
3108:Seminole freedmen
3088:Cherokee freedmen
3069:Black Southerners
3044:African Americans
2992:African Americans
2571:Steevens Benjamin
2513:www.afropedea.org
2463:on 6 January 2011
2437:on 3 January 2011
2336:Wanderlust Dancer
1882:978-950-581-779-5
1855:978-84-9892-024-6
1812:978-0-8229-7342-3
1573:www.afropedea.org
1514:978-1-85109-446-2
1284:Fernando Santiván
1219:Steevens Benjamin
1067:Laura De La Torre
903:Political figures
884:, soldier in the
808:Parinacota Region
567:Parinacota Region
526:Marquesas Islands
410:Army of the Andes
398:Army of the Andes
341:The main Fort of
183:
182:
140:Roman Catholicism
111:
31:
4493:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4062:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4011:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3727:
3726:
3115:Creoles of color
3098:Choctaw freedmen
3064:Black Mennonites
2997:Black Mennonites
2844:Jamaican Maroons
2800:Samaná Americans
2711:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2686:African diaspora
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2582:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1635:on 4 August 2020
1621:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1301:Better Call Saul
1280:historical novel
1250:The Piazza Tales
1184:Berdine Castillo
1135:Sebastien Pineau
1093:Guillermo Larios
1077:Junior Fernandes
1061:Segundo Castillo
984:Ziomara Morrison
950:Polimá WestCoast
888:(African mother)
870:, conquistador (
733:classical Arabic
713:Gypsy-Andalusian
620:(5.0%), and the
598:Haitian-Chileans
507:Freedom of Wombs
289:Slavery in Arica
104:Chilean dialects
101:
67:population 2019)
48:Total population
40:
33:
27:
23:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4437:
4304:
4183:
4162:
4106:
4056:
4043:
4038:
4008:
4003:
3971:
3945:Genetic history
3870:
3864:
3840:
3834:
3814:United Kingdom
3788:
3767:Afro-Brazilians
3722:
3720:
3710:
3694:
3599:
3590:
3503:
3346:
3334:
3194:
3188:
3059:Alabama Creoles
2979:
2973:
2905:
2899:
2704:
2688:
2683:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2603:
2593:(74): 197–211.
2583:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1797:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1594:"Afro-Chileans"
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1355:Racism in Chile
1350:Haitian Chilean
1335:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1255:Herman Melville
1240:
1215:
1168:
1105:Nayel Mehssatou
1099:Paulo Magalhães
1049:Afro-Ecuadorian
1033:Jean Beausejour
1021:Afro-descendant
1017:Augusto Barrios
1001:Aaron Astudillo
997:
988:Afro-Panamanian
964:
959:
932:Pierre Desarmes
922:
905:
864:
859:
819:
802:(FOSIS) of the
795:
793:Racism in Chile
789:
765:
729:Hispanic Arabic
723:element of the
639:
634:
559:
542:
495:
390:
335:
291:
219:
214:
142:
127:Bantu languages
112:
82:Tarapacá Region
65:Haitian-Chilean
62:
60:
58:
43:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3955:Pan-Africanism
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Creole peoples
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3656:Black Dutchmen
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3472:United Kingdom
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3230:
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3103:Creek freedmen
3100:
3095:
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3076:
3074:Black Hispanic
3071:
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3040:United States
3038:
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2945:Miskito people
2942:
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558:
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360:construct the
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3077:
3075:
3072:
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3067:
3065:
3062:
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3049:Affrilachians
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2018:
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1337:Africa portal
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1190:Oliver Elliot
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1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
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1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:Afro-Peruvian
1008:
1007:José Balbuena
1005:
1002:
999:
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989:
985:
982:
979:
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972:Afro-American
969:
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930:
927:
926:Mario Carreño
924:
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909:Marta Salgado
907:
906:
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893:
892:Juan Valiente
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530:Easter Island
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343:Corral, Chile
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239:South America
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186:Afro-Chileans
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157:Haitian Vodou
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39:
34:
30:
25:Afro-Chileans
19:
4315:
3706:Saint Helena
3642:in Karnataka
3559:Saudi Arabia
3233:
3127:Brass Ankles
2768:Cape Verdean
2630:
2619:
2611:
2604:. Retrieved
2590:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:
2540:
2533:Darrol Jones
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2273:(in Spanish)
2270:
2260:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2108:
2104:
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2054:(in Spanish)
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2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2007:17 September
2005:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
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1938:
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1671:(2): 11–36.
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1369:
1323:Chile portal
1299:
1295:Breaking Bad
1293:
1275:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1206:Arley Méndez
1194:Afro-British
1172:Julio Acosta
1166:Other sports
1117:César Munder
1087:Willian Gama
1039:Pedro Campos
1023:grandfather)
978:Darrol Jones
957:Sportspeople
872:Afro-Spanish
850:
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777:Azapa Valley
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327:Azapa Valley
320:
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259:
243:Buenos Aires
228:
185:
184:
63:185,865 (1%
54:
29:AfroChilenos
28:
21:Ethnic group
18:
4336:Palestinian
4181:Immigration
3965:Reparations
3930:Black power
3678:New Zealand
3509:Middle East
3462:Switzerland
3422:Netherlands
3137:Dominickers
3012:Nova Scotia
2930:El Salvador
2861:Saint Lucia
2851:Puerto Rico
2126:11336/18854
2023:"Subdere |"
1684:27 December
1488:13 December
1384:21 December
1264:", poem in
1225:Juan Falcón
1192:, swimmer (
1111:Carlos Mina
968:Mack Hilton
944:Efrén Viera
938:Pepe Pelayo
618:Antofagasta
522:Polynesians
420:and led by
4465:Categories
4433:Venezuelan
4413:Paraguayan
4343:Argentines
4065:Araucanian
3898:Coromantee
3313:Paramaccan
3227:Quilombola
3167:Melungeons
2925:Costa Rica
2834:Coromantee
2624:El bandido
2606:18 October
2551:La Tercera
1981:11 October
1949:bcn.gob.ar
1781:11 October
1664:Magallania
1625:"Historia"
1407:ine.gob.cl
1361:References
1262:El bandido
1238:In fiction
1123:Joao Ortiz
962:Basketball
791:See also:
779:under the
727:(From the
520:kidnapped
382:Valparaiso
374:Mapudungun
274:Arauco War
255:Valparaíso
143:Minority:
138:Majority:
113:Minority:
97:Majority:
4428:Uruguayan
4373:Dominican
4368:Colombian
4358:Brazilian
4266:Hungarian
4153:Tehuelche
4133:Kaweshkar
4123:Atacameño
4092:Pehuenche
4077:Huilliche
3719:Secondary
3683:Sri Lanka
3661:Mardijker
3651:Indonesia
3622:Hong Kong
3617:Guangzhou
3607:Australia
3554:Palestine
3482:Liverpool
3477:Cambridge
3330:Venezuela
3202:Argentina
2957:Nicaragua
2935:Guatemala
2715:Caribbean
2693:Geography
2135:0717-6163
2079:ORO NEGRO
1922:1095-0397
717:Spaniards
651:zamacueca
606:mestizaje
581:valleys.
579:La Chimba
557:Modernity
505:With the
414:Chacabuco
323:anopheles
245:over the
202:Caribbean
92:Languages
4418:Peruvian
4393:Japanese
4378:Filipino
4353:Bolivian
4348:Armenian
4331:Lebanese
4236:Croatian
4224:Scottish
4199:Austrian
4192:European
4148:Selk'nam
4138:Quechuas
4128:Diaguita
4097:Picunche
3989:Category
3839:Asia and
3808:Haitians
3763:Nigeria
3753:Liberia
3723:diaspora
3699:Atlantic
3673:Malaysia
3574:Africans
3492:Scotland
3437:Portugal
3358:Abkhazia
3318:Saramaka
3293:Suriname
3283:Paraguay
3271:Saramaka
3239:Colombia
3217:Kalungas
3147:Garifuna
3083:Freedmen
3034:Mascogos
2967:Cimarrón
2940:Honduras
2918:Garifuna
2888:Merikins
2871:Garifuna
2785:Dominica
2743:Barbados
2723:Anguilla
2701:Americas
2556:12 March
2252:Archived
2143:25052264
1930:11348849
1754:(1999).
1657:(2017).
1462:3 August
1439:3 August
1413:17 April
1309:See also
1083:parents)
995:Football
915:parents)
753:Kimbundu
628:(0.3%).
616:(5.7%),
614:Tarapacá
511:freedmen
460:, 1872).
450:Rancagua
378:Coquimbo
350:Valdivia
249:and the
153:Buddhism
133:Religion
57:(total)
4408:Mexican
4383:Haitian
4363:Chinese
4316:African
4291:Spanish
4286:Russian
4276:Italian
4219:English
4214:British
4209:Belgian
4143:Rapanui
4102:Puelche
4087:Moluche
4082:Mapuche
3999:Commons
3960:Slavery
3950:Maroons
3869:Related
3841:Oceania
3799:France
3688:Kaffirs
3600:Oceania
3467:Ukraine
3442:Romania
3412:Ireland
3395:Germany
3378:Finland
3373:Denmark
3368:Belgium
3363:Austria
3325:Uruguay
3303:Matawai
3251:Ecuador
3222:Macombo
3207:Bolivia
3195:America
3017:Ontario
2980:America
2906:America
2904:Central
2829:Jamaica
2817:Marabou
2807:Grenada
2780:Curaçao
2748:Bermuda
2738:Bahamas
2518:19 June
2493:19 June
2467:19 June
2441:19 June
2415:19 June
2389:19 June
2367:19 June
2341:19 June
2302:19 June
2293:"samba"
2277:19 June
2248:"Cueca"
2232:19 June
2206:19 June
2166:19 June
2084:18 June
2058:18 June
2032:18 June
1955:18 June
1736:18 June
1710:19 June
1639:7 April
1604:18 June
1578:18 June
1196:father)
990:father)
913:Mulatto
896:Senegal
874:, from
757:Kikongo
741:Bolivia
721:Moorish
430:Mendoza
370:Mapuche
278:Mapuche
270:tobacco
212:History
165:Atheism
161:Animism
99:Spanish
55:195,809
4423:Romani
4403:Korean
4398:Jewish
4388:Indian
4309:Others
4281:Polish
4256:German
4251:French
4204:Basque
4158:Yaghan
4118:Aimara
4111:Others
3918:Yoruba
3871:topics
3848:Israel
3793:Europe
3738:Ghana
3731:Africa
3569:Turkey
3544:Jordan
3527:Israel
3487:London
3457:Sweden
3447:Russia
3432:Poland
3427:Norway
3405:Blacks
3400:Greece
3383:France
3349:Blacks
3344:Europe
3308:Ndyuka
3298:Kwinti
3278:Guyana
3266:Ndyuka
3244:Raizal
3212:Brazil
3177:Yoruba
3162:Lumbee
3142:Fulani
3120:Gullah
3029:Mexico
2987:Canada
2962:Panama
2913:Belize
2822:Marron
2795:Cocolo
2141:
2133:
2003:. 2020
1928:
1920:
1879:
1852:
1809:
1772:
1764:]
1511:
749:Brazil
725:zambra
698:Bozals
596:, see
316:Angola
262:cotton
247:Pampas
206:Africa
200:, the
190:slaves
176:Other
119:French
4296:Swiss
4271:Irish
4261:Greek
4246:Dutch
4241:Czech
4229:Welsh
4072:Cunco
3913:Tikar
3908:Kongo
3860:Japan
3747:Tabom
3668:Japan
3637:Siddi
3612:China
3586:Yemen
3564:Syria
3497:Wales
3452:Spain
3417:Italy
3388:Paris
3261:Aluku
3234:Chile
3193:South
3152:Igbos
2978:North
2839:Igbos
2812:Haiti
2763:Arará
2733:Aruba
1766:(PDF)
1760:[
1538:Tempo
1433:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
804:Arica
763:Tumbe
745:Samba
737:Zamba
655:Cueca
626:Aysén
594:Haiti
575:Azapa
571:Lluta
563:Arica
534:guano
303:Arica
283:Arica
266:sugar
251:Andes
149:Islam
53:Est.
4326:Arab
3903:Igbo
3772:Saro
3596:Asia
3549:Oman
3522:Iraq
3517:Iran
3288:Peru
2758:Cuba
2608:2021
2558:2024
2520:2021
2495:2021
2469:2021
2443:2021
2417:2021
2391:2021
2369:2021
2343:2021
2304:2021
2279:2021
2234:2021
2208:2021
2168:2021
2139:PMID
2131:ISSN
2086:2021
2060:2021
2034:2021
2009:2020
1983:2016
1957:2021
1926:PMID
1918:ISSN
1877:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1783:2016
1770:ISBN
1738:2021
1712:2021
1686:2019
1641:2020
1606:2021
1580:2021
1509:ISBN
1490:2022
1464:2020
1441:2020
1415:2023
1386:2020
1298:and
849:and
806:and
755:and
743:and
653:and
604:and
577:and
565:and
528:and
454:Peru
380:and
352:was
314:and
268:and
3598:and
2595:doi
2121:hdl
2113:doi
2109:142
1910:doi
1673:doi
1546:doi
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1253:by
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