Anarchism in Africa

3004: 3485: 3133: 3640: 3796: 560: 57: 2413: 490: 3923:(ZCTU), aiming to reduce industrial disputes and increase the influence that the government had over the trade union movement. But by 1987, unions again began to establish their independence from ZANU-PF, to which the government responded with police terror. The government even began to lose control over ZCTU, which increasingly criticized government policy surrounding trade unionism, eventually outright opposing the government due to its 482: 2403: 2770:, organizing the transport of anarchist materials from South Africa into Eswatini. Mandla Khoza also attempted to establish a community project in this time, but activity in the following years was limited, due to the poor living conditions of many pro-democracy activists. The year of 2008, which PUDEMO had slated to be the year of democratization, passed without any democratic reforms taking place. 2981:, the new British colonial authorities reintroduced a centralized autocratic system, appointing chiefs to rule over the Kikuyu. The last Ituĩka ceremony passed power from the Maina generation to the Mwangi generation in 1898. The next scheduled Ituĩka ceremony was eventually thwarted by the British colonial authorities, which cemented its centralized rule over the Kikuyu with the establishment of 2925: 3872:, which he described as a "flattened, chiefless hierarchy", and suggested these tendencies could help to advance anarchism in Zambia. Wilstar Choongo and a number of young members of the UNZA's Socialist Caucus moved towards anarchism, setting up the Anarchist Workers’ Solidarity Movement (AWSM) in 1998, which they considered affiliating with the South African 3413:(IWW). Led by Bright Chikezi, the IWW became particularly active among diamond miners, organizing up to 3,240 workers under their banner. They financed their activities through their mining work, while also receiving financial aid and literature from IWW branches in Britain. However, the effects of the civil war eventually came to a head in 1997, when the 3900:. The Southern Rhodesian ICU developed a substantial rural base, responding to the question of land rights with the policy of a union ownership scheme, aiming to establish a "collective, de-colonised and decommodified working class and black ownership". Although the ICU dissolved in the early 1930s, the South Rhodesian section continued to operate as the 3876:(WSF). However, Wilstar died from malaria in 1999, at the age of 35, with the AWSM apparently collapsing in the wake of his death. In 2009, a former AWSM member Malele D Phiri reflected on the new institutional role of trade unions and NGOs in Zambia's civil organization, describing it as the "dialectical opposite" of the ruling structure established by 2762:

in the bombing. The ZACF subsequently noted the emergence of an armed struggle tendency within the pro-democracy movement, but they considered this to not be a viable option for liberation, instead proposing the construction of a mass movement for a participatory economy, while not ruling out armed self-defence.

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authoritative structures which characterise the modern state. A strong value was, however, placed on traditional and "natural" values. For example, although there were no laws against rape, homicide, and adultery, a person committing those acts would be persecuted together with his or her kin. The principle of

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accused ZACF of having carried out an attack on a police vehicle during a demonstration in Manzini. This claim was denied by the ZACF, who issued a statement to the Times in which they reiterated their support for the pro-democracy movement and stated that the Swazi ZACF branch had denied taking part

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To a greater or lesser extent, all of ... traditional African societies manifested "anarchic elements" which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society.

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translates literally to "those who resist". The Balanta organize their society largely statelessly and without social stratification, with elder councils deciding on day-to-day matters. They also practice gender equality, with Balanta women taking ownership of what they themselves produced. Property

3055:, the Anti-Capitalist Convergence of Kenya (ACCK) was established in 2003, as a coalition of Kenyan anarchists and socialists. The Wiyahti Collective was established in 2004 as a specifically anarchist section of the ACCK, with ZACF also establishing contact with the Wiyathi activist Talal Cockar. 2908:

was established as a separate military district, to promote Portugal's occupation, which began to impose taxes on the indigenous population and grant concessions to foreign companies to fund its expanding occupation. During this time, Guinea-Bissau was in part used as a penal colony for anarchists

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were once ruled by a despotic king who was deposed in a popular uprising, which instituted a democratic system in the place of monarchy. This saw the establishment of the Ituĩka ceremony, a tradition in which the old guard handed over the reins of society to the next generation, to avoid the

3516:. In 2007, to strengthen its structures, ZabFed reconstituted itself as the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF, or ZabFront). The new ZACF is a unitary "federation of individuals", as opposed to a federation of collectives like ZabFed, and has recently also come under the influence of 2494:

The reason why traditional African societies are characterised as possessing "anarchic elements" is because of their relatively horizontal political structure and, in some cases, the absence of classes. In addition to that, the leadership of elders normally did not extend into the kinds of

2948:. Power instead lay in self-administering village committees, which were elected and recallable, rather than in party officials, as Cabral had stated that "we do not want any exploitation in our countries, not even by black people." In 1963, the independence struggle evolved into the 3963:

perspective for the future of Zimbabwe, proposing mass action as a means to build libertarian socialism. There has since been movements to develop a specific anarchist organisation in Zimbabwe, in the hopes of forming a broad-based libertarian movement against the Zimbabwean state.

3947:, Zimbabwean anarchists characterized the protest movement as representing a new society based on "solidarity, equality, grassroots democracy, free of all forms of oppression", identifying it with the anarchist approach to a bottom-up struggle against the state. In the wake of the 3919:. The new government responded by breaking up the strikes, suppressing and taking over existing trade unions, revoking union control of wage negotiations and instituting the party appointment of union officials. From a merger of six trade union centres, ZANU-PF established the 3939:

party line, instituted by a middle class leadership. Dissilusionment with the MDC led to libertarian socialism emerging from the opposition movement, with some Zimbabwean anarchists establishing the Uhuru Network to organise amongst working class communities.

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to the new government. In 2001, an NDA commander made contact with the South African Bikisha Media Collective and requested information on anarchist organization and tactics, to which the collective responded by directing them towards the theoretical works of

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against Spanish colonialism, but this effort was not successful. Despite the brief establishment of an anarchist movement in post-war Morocco, the movement was suppressed by the newly independent government, before finally re-emerging in the 21st century.

2744:(ZACF) began to build an underground presence in Eswatini, with Swazi members joining the organization. ZACF began to openly support the pro-democracy movement and popularised anarchist ideas among young people, with some members even working within the 2956:(FARP) led an armed guerilla war against the Portuguese colonial authorities. The FARP was itself made up of unpaid volunteers and was not hierarchically structured, instead decentralizing command as much as possible. These decentralist tendencies led 3027:

in Kenya, fighting for Kenyan independence. The KLFA was largely decentralized, with action being initiated by local cells, re-organizing the bottom-up council system that had been dissolved by colonial rule. The capture of rebel leader

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approach following the country's independence. The contemporary Nigerian anarchist movement finally emerged from the left-wing opposition to the military dictatorship in the late 1980s and saw the creation of the anarcho-syndicalist

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institution of a dictatorship. The Kikuyu subsequently lived under a system of social equality, without class or gender stratification, where a federation of councils organized society from the bottom-up. But with the arrival of the

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states such as France, the United Kingdom and United States, demanding instead that the rebels be left to "finish the problem of Qaddafi by ourselves". This sentiment was echoed by foreign anarchists, who also condemned the

3696:, the Tanzanian government began to set production quotas and enforced the sale of produce to the state at a fixed price. Mbah held that "corruption and bureaucracy are the two basic factors that led to the collapse of the 2603:, many Angolans began to develop anti-authoritarian systems of "popular power", during which people took control of and transformed their own lives while fighting against the Portuguese colonial authorities. However, once 8754: 8524: 2765:

At the December 2007 ZACF congress, it was decided to restructure the organisation, establishing the Eswatini section as its own autonomous group. Members of SWAYOCO subsequently set up an anarchist study circle in

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shot a colonel as he was addressing troops that were departing for Libya and shouted "Down with the War! Long Live Anarchy!". Anarchists also organized demonstrations and strikes to prevent troops from embarking.

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and the collection and distribution of basic necessities. The role of the Libyan People's Committees was praised by the Syrian anarchist Mazen Kamalmaz, who argued that they should form the foundation of a new

8669: 8509: 3835:(ICU) even establishing a section in Northern Rhodesia, although the ICU ended up collapsing by the early 1930s. Nevertheless, trade union organizing persisted, with African mineworkers organizing the 2755:

At the turn of 2006, 17 petrol-bombings were carried out by pro-democracy militants against state targets. Several democracy activists were arrested and charged with treason, while an article in the

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became one of the destinations for anarchists that had been exiled by successive Portuguese governments, possibly resulting in the development of a syndicalist presence in the colony. Following the

8529: 2631:. The MPLA began to arrest left-wing opposition figures, including Maoists, Trotskyists and anarchists, and broke up workers' strikes for higher pay and better working conditions. In 1977, a 3272:, which became the first known anarchist organization in the country. By the 1920s, an anarcho-syndicalist tendency had developed among Mozambican trade unions, which were allied with the 4540:

Gorman, Anthony (2010). ""Diverse in Race, Religion and Nationality...But United in Aspirations of Civil Progress": The Anarchist Movement in Egypt, 1860–1940". In Hirsch, Steven &

3268:. One of these Portuguese anarchist prisoners was the print-worker José Estevam. Upon Estevam's release from prison in the early 1900s, he established the Revolutionary League (RL) in 2944:(PAIGC) to coordinate the struggle, though he insisted the party "is not a system of chieftainship,", instead organizing along anti-elitist and anti-bureaucratic lines, in contrast to 8780: 3736:, with the modern anarchist movement being first brought to the country in the late 19th century by Italian immigrants. The contemporary anarchist movement arose as a result of the 3156:, with the daily life of rebel-held territory largely being coordinated by the local councils that were established in various cities of Libya at the outbreak of the conflict, and 8544: 6565: 8827: 8823: 4759: 3032:

on October 21, 1956, signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau. However, the rebellion survived until after Kenya's independence from Britain. The Mau Mau Uprising was described by

5528: 6112: 3587:, after which the NDA signed a deal with the government to cease hostilities. The peace deal and subsequent legalisation of opposition parties caused a fracture within the 3839:

over poor safety standards and increased taxes. In 1940, miners in Northern Rhodesia went on strike again, using the leverage of their importance to the Allied effort in

8819: 8489: 4640: 2941: 8699: 8589: 8519: 6882: 3823:. As a reaction to the introduction of British capitalism and the beginnings of a vast mining industry, workers in the region began to gravitate towards anarchist and 3347:

brought anarchism into the public light, with Senegalese anarchists establishing the Anarchist Party for Individual Liberties in the Republic (PALIR) at a congress in

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While some "anarchic" features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day.

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van der Walt, Lucien (2011). "Anarchism and syndicalism in an African port city: the revolutionary traditions of Cape Town's multiracial working class, 1904–1931".

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first migrated from Northeast Africa to present-day Guinea-Bissau, to escape drought and wars. During the 19th century, the Balanta resisted the expansion of the

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Bantu Beliefs and Magic: With particular reference to the Kikuyu and Kamba tribes of Kenya colony; together with some reflections on East Africa after the war

3526:(FAU, or Uruguayan Anarchist Federation). While committed to promoting syndicalism in the unions, ZACF work was in practice largely focused on the so-called " 8664: 8619: 8579: 2909:

that had been exiled by successive Portuguese governments. Indigenous resistance to colonial rule continued well into the 20th century. By the time that the

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and social produce were held in common. Although Nyere himself stated that "viable socialist communities can only be established with willing members," the

8784: 8654: 8574: 8564: 8479: 3628: 8714: 8624: 7748: 6043: 3051:. Following this period of political opening, left-wing ideas and groups began to re-emerge throughout Kenya. In part influenced by the materials of the 2717:

The anarchist movement first emerged in Egypt in the late nineteenth century, but collapsed in the 1940s. The movement has reemerged in the early 2010s.

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Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940: The Praxis of National Liberation, Internationalism, and Social Revolution

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as "the expression of centuries of anarchism and resistance to authoritarianism, among the Kikuyu people" although this characterization is disputed.

2748:(SWAYOCO). On October 1, 2005, eight SWAYOCO members, including the ZACF member Mandla Khoza, were arrested by police during a youth demonstration in 7423: 5413: 2724:, namely the Egyptian Libertarian Socialist Movement and Black Flag. The Egyptian anarchists have come under attack from the military regime and the 4489: 3477:, a general strike-turned-insurrection, and strongly opposed the racism of a large sector of the white strikers. The IWA meanwhile merged into the 4911: 4786: 3784: 3177: 2829:", after a number of students had been arrested by the government, with some accused of being "anarchists" for opposing the land reform program. 2825:. Some more radical Ethiopian students, who saw themselves as the true standard-bearers of the Ethiopian Revolution, came to label the Derg as " 7474: 6601: 3928: 3624: 437: 7881: 6628: 3973: 3493: 3458: 1440: 7294: 3125:. However, Mbah noted that these principles were followed "more in the breach than in practice" and criticized the Libyan government's poor 8413: 5624: 5358: 4653: 1343: 7842: 5838: 4312: 3893: 3832: 3478: 2822: 2442: 1537: 3273: 3122: 2577: 2338: 7825: 3915:, trade union activity rapidly increased, bringing with it an increase in strikes and industrial disputes, even against the wishes of 6248: 4685: 4937: 4637: 2960:

to consider Cabral as "one of the great libertarians of our age", although this libertarian socialist characterization is disputed.

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seized control of the country in a military coup and began looting from diamond workers, forcing many IWW militants into exile in

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and land are mostly held in common among the Balanta, with some personal property being allowed for subsistence farming and the

8868: 8446: 4734: 3110: 2660: 1390: 4260: 2786:, establishing the University Students Union of Addis Ababa (USUAA) in 1966 to coordinate the campaign, which culminated in a 2644: 7890: 7569: 6514: 6161: 4050: 2940:

began to agitate against the Estado Novo, advocating for the independence of Portugal's African colonies. He established the

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from these Spanish republican volunteers, which included many anarchists. In September 1943, the company was transferred to

2647:, after which the radicals were purged from the party's ranks and power was centralized further around the MPLA leadership. 4559: 3905: 3901: 3571: 2974: 2256: 1611: 2917:

in Portugal, most of Guinea-Bissau had been occupied, administered and taxed, a process that was finally completed by the

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was himself deported to Angola, where he stayed for two years, before making his way back to Portugal. In the wake of the

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was also practiced in several factories and hotels during a strike wave from 1972 to 1973 over anger at the ineffective

8863: 7778: 7752: 7726: 7707: 7478: 7427: 7408: 7151: 6835: 6542: 6308: 6273: 5917: 5684: 5513: 5396: 4763: 4738: 4719: 4693: 4438: 4382: 4193: 4070: 4019: 3489: 3414: 3295: 3052: 2741: 1462: 76: 3409:. The poor working conditions in the diamond fields eventually gave way to the rise of a Sierra Leonean branch of the 3205:

measures across Madagascar, leading to the withdrawal of police, soldiers and government bureaucrats from much of the

8408: 7874: 7626: 7531: 7457: 7240: 7115: 7069: 7023: 6977: 6931: 6573: 6477: 6431: 6385: 6344: 5892: 5787: 5711: 5443: 5259: 5222: 5121: 5053: 4883: 4848: 4816: 4790: 4760:""The soldier has fallen": Mandla Khoza, ZACF anarchist-communist and Swaziland activist, 22 May 1974 – 26 July 2019" 4405: 4357: 4289: 4103: 3920: 3873: 3306:

became a key factor in the anti-colonial resistance, although the trade union movement deradicalized and took a more

2949: 2585: 17: 3948: 6216: 3344: 3089: 930: 3383:. It is unknown what became of the PALIR in the ensuing years, due to the lack of studies on anarchism in Africa. 8235: 8110: 6669: 6642: 6609: 3944: 3924: 3620: 3410: 2552:

was also the first person from France to be arrested for publicly supporting the cause of Algerian independence.

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initially supported the factory takeovers, it later repressed them, with some analysts arguing it was a form of

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Anarchism dates back to the 1880s in South Africa, when the English anarchist immigrant Henry Glasse settled in

8296: 7312: 3608: 3522: 3392: 3206: 2604: 2206: 2821:, the Derg used the term "anarchist" to describe many of its enemies, ordering the purge of "anarchists" from 2680: 5947: 3584: 3543: 3462: 3214: 2692: 2271: 2246: 1729: 1648: 559: 208: 7774: 3277: 2910: 2565: 8858: 8853: 8175: 8029: 7867: 3812: 3109:

without any political parties, governed by its populace through local popular councils and communes (named

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Akinjogbin, Isaac Adeagbo; Osoba, Segun O. (1980). "Trade Unions in Colonial and Post-Colonial Nigeria".

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journal became the journal of the ZACF) as well as a number of other collectives that had been set up in

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Bowman, Joye L. (1987). ""Legitimate Commerce" and peanut production in Portuguese Guinea 1840s–1880s".

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Bowman, Joye L. (1987). ""Legitimate Commerce" and peanut production in Portuguese Guinea 1840s–1880s".

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Swept up in the atmosphere created by what at the time appeared to be a victorious worker revolution in

3406: 2521:) for millennia, but processes of social stratification accelerated from the fifteenth century onwards. 1724: 8584: 8439: 8370: 6377: 3425:. As a result of the coup, the international IWW lost contact with the local delegate in Sierra Leone. 3332: 3324: 3248: 3084: 3044: 2428: 2378: 2241: 1966: 1682: 1571: 1497: 173: 5587: 4575: 3927:, corruption and authoritarianism, going on to form an alliance of opposition groups which became the 1256: 8694: 8684: 7926: 7304: 6153: 5965: 3869: 3575: 3535: 3531: 3455: 3434: 3422: 3371:. The PALIR's conception of libertarian socialism took inspiration from the social formations of the 3303: 3294:

Anarchism in Nigeria has its roots in the organization of various stateless societies that inhabited

3222: 3064: 2496: 2261: 2156: 1552: 1547: 1348: 1015: 990: 940: 875: 803: 758: 618: 519: 6613: 5999:"The Libyan People's Committees should be the foundation of a new life, not just an interim measure" 3616: 2844:

and within the Ethiopian diaspora. The Horn Anarchists have been active in the campaign against the

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A Proletarian Order: Antonio Gramsci, factory councils and the origins of Italian communism 1911–21

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and bureaucracy began to take over the previously self-governing communities. At the behest of the

3588: 3539: 3351:, declaring their aim to establish a libertarian socialist society, based around the principles of 2978: 2745: 2721: 2171: 2131: 2081: 1946: 1677: 1626: 1542: 1467: 1456: 1333: 1111: 855: 6646: 4966:. Translated by Richard Handyside. New York City and London: Monthly Review Press. pp. 56–7. 4873: 4838: 3180:, which sanctioned airstrikes against Libya, and rejected the prospect of foreign intervention by 2462:

political organisation of some traditional African societies and to modern anarchist movements in

1146: 8644: 8614: 8400: 8256: 7974: 7957: 7952: 6703: 6506: 4813:"Confederation of Ethiopian Labour Union (CELU) general strikes for wages and union rights, 1974" 3715: 2728:. On October 7, 2011, the Egyptian Libertarian Socialist Movement held their first conference in 2664: 2293: 1931: 1901: 1846: 1841: 1719: 1338: 650: 630: 467: 7649:

van der Walt, Lucien (1998). "Trade Unions in Zimbabwe: for democracy, against neo-liberalism".

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Ervin, Lorenzo Kom'boa (1993). "2. Where is the Black struggle and where should it be going?".

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In the mid-1990s, the anarchist Hamba Kahle Wilstar Choongo, who worked as a librarian at the

8734: 8709: 8559: 8554: 8432: 8375: 8360: 8190: 8100: 8024: 8019: 7815: 7699: 6534: 5676: 5388: 4483: 4464:"Portrait d'oubliés. L'engagement des Espagnols dans les Forces françaises libres, 1940–1945" 4007: 3680:

village program encouraged peasants to organize self-governing communal societies, where the

3662: 3612: 3596: 3547: 3513: 3265: 3247:, Moroccan nationalists formed connections with Spanish anarchists in an attempt to ignite a 3126: 2853: 2818: 2668: 2368: 2126: 2106: 2066: 2051: 1896: 1876: 1532: 1507: 1450: 1400: 1231: 1025: 970: 835: 825: 820: 569: 493: 6831: 6249:"Anarchisme et décolonisation en Algérie. Le Mouvement libertaire nord-africain (1950–1956)" 5654: 4715: 4341: 56: 8719: 8689: 8674: 8659: 8639: 8469: 8385: 8365: 8345: 8230: 8195: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8135: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8105: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8054: 7984: 7947: 7931: 7921: 7916: 7906: 5553: 3936: 3847: 3772: 3727: 3527: 3469:

ordered the expulsion of the syndicalist faction in the party. Unaligned syndicalists like

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Schmidt, Michael (May 17, 2012). "Assessing Anarchist/Syndicalist History in Five Waves".

5505: 4617: 4374: 4145: 8: 8729: 8724: 8474: 8350: 8291: 8281: 8251: 8225: 8215: 8205: 8200: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8140: 8130: 8049: 8044: 8004: 7853: 7806: 7680: 7373: 6300: 5620: 5354: 4541: 3889: 3828: 3764: 3741: 3703: 3681: 3600: 3444: 3364: 3261: 3145: 3033: 3003: 2957: 2886: 2700: 2478: 2358: 2191: 2181: 2166: 2146: 2141: 2121: 2101: 2096: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2026: 1981: 1961: 1881: 1871: 1687: 1654: 1643: 1482: 1445: 1420: 1385: 1271: 1161: 1043: 1030: 783: 778: 689: 613: 404: 381: 203: 121: 116: 88: 7749:"Where to now Zimbabwe? An anarchist/syndicalist perspective after the dust has settled" 7495: 6783: 4618:"An Egyptian anarchist on the renewed revolution in Egypt – Workers Solidarity Movement" 3827:

ideas, organizing the country's first trade unions. During the 1920s, the first wave of

3465:(CPSA) at the latter's founding in 1921, providing many notable early figures until the 2581: 8704: 8609: 8594: 8539: 8355: 8210: 8160: 8039: 8014: 8009: 7989: 7979: 7962: 7911: 7349: 7224: 7143: 6724: 5843: 5178: 5018: 4065: 3952: 3912: 3865: 3776: 3669: 3554:. In addition to such work, the ZACF is active in organising workshops and propaganda. 3451: 3340: 2757: 2725: 2720:

The movement re-entered global view when a number of anarchist groups took part in the

2712: 2696: 2176: 2161: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2006: 1941: 1891: 1886: 1666: 1632: 1586: 1512: 1502: 1405: 1246: 1171: 543: 409: 126: 6193: 5812: 2904:, which had previously only occupied a few settlements in the area. During the 1890s, 2752:, which had been protesting against the suppression of the pro-democratic opposition. 2541: 1116: 8514: 8380: 8261: 7999: 7662: 7654: 7622: 7565: 7527: 7453: 7449: 7318: 7308: 7246: 7236: 7121: 7111: 7075: 7065: 7029: 7019: 6983: 6973: 6937: 6927: 6728: 6633: 6579: 6569: 6510: 6483: 6473: 6437: 6427: 6391: 6381: 6350: 6340: 6157: 5898: 5888: 5793: 5783: 5744: 5717: 5707: 5595: 5557: 5471: 5449: 5439: 5321: 5265: 5255: 5228: 5218: 5182: 5170: 5162: 5127: 5117: 5086: 5059: 5049: 5022: 5010: 5002: 4967: 4889: 4879: 4854: 4844: 4555: 4522: 4471: 4463: 4444: 4434: 4411: 4401: 4353: 4342: 4322: 4270: 4185: 4099: 4060: 3897: 3852: 3820: 3652: 3244: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2881: 2749: 2628: 2596:, to which they deported some anarcho-syndicalists that were involved in the strike. 2573: 2561: 2388: 2318: 2111: 2016: 1911: 1660: 1380: 1201: 1071: 1005: 865: 748: 718: 667: 141: 131: 40: 5313: 4959: 3484: 2937: 2929: 7513: 7424:"The relevance of the ICU of Africa for modern day unions and liberation movements" 7341: 7178: 7097: 7051: 7005: 6959: 6913: 6716: 6459: 6413: 6326: 6117: 6042: 5874: 5769: 5154: 4994: 4551: 4512: 3861: 3689: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3312: 3170: 3153: 3106: 3016: 2993: 2861: 2811: 2807: 2783: 2463: 2406: 2298: 1769: 1754: 1638: 1580: 1517: 1492: 1435: 1410: 1261: 1206: 1121: 1020: 980: 890: 885: 763: 701: 694: 645: 640: 635: 623: 603: 452: 376: 246: 93: 6301:"Doing the Liberation Lang-Arm: Africa and South Africa after "African Socialism"" 3780: 7616: 7555: 7517: 7475:"South African 'Workerism' in the 1980s: Learning from FOSATU's Radical Unionism" 7107: 7103: 7061: 7057: 7015: 7011: 6969: 6965: 6923: 6919: 6743: 6720: 6469: 6465: 6423: 6419: 6336: 6332: 6078: 5884: 5880: 5779: 5775: 4266: 4146:"MORAIN, Pierre - [Dictionnaire international des militants anarchistes]" 4055: 3094: 3072: 2989: 2814: 2624: 2608: 2545: 2416: 2348: 1606: 1557: 1430: 1281: 1181: 1176: 1156: 1126: 1081: 1076: 1066: 960: 840: 679: 672: 608: 499: 346: 341: 326: 291: 7197: 4344:

The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale

3132: 3067:, as part of a broader anti-militarist campaign against the expansionism of the 1236: 1056: 7290: 7139: 6661: 6503:

Voting for reform: democracy, political liberalization, and economic adjustment

6108: 6104: 4504: 4293: 3816: 3768: 3756: 3711: 3665: 3567: 3474: 3440: 3376: 3161: 3068: 3024: 2897: 2873: 2837: 2799: 2787: 2636: 2518: 2363: 2353: 1749: 1744: 1734: 1487: 1136: 1051: 985: 915: 870: 850: 845: 361: 306: 281: 276: 251: 236: 48: 7354: 7182: 5174: 5158: 5014: 4998: 4326: 3931:(MDC). However, the MDC soon strayed from its working class base, taking on a 3639: 8847: 7658: 7322: 7250: 7125: 7079: 7033: 6987: 6941: 6583: 6487: 6441: 6395: 6354: 6226: 5970: 5902: 5797: 5748: 5721: 5599: 5561: 5453: 5431: 5325: 5269: 5232: 5166: 5131: 5063: 5006: 4971: 4893: 4858: 4526: 4475: 4448: 4431:

La Nueve, 24 août 1944 : ces Républicains espagnols qui ont libéré Paris

4415: 4274: 3959:

as part of a power struggle within ZANU-PF, Zimbabwean anarchists offered an

3956: 3210: 3029: 3008: 2969: 2549: 1764: 1709: 1527: 1477: 1395: 1296: 1251: 1216: 1196: 1151: 1106: 925: 920: 900: 485: 371: 351: 321: 311: 301: 296: 198: 7848: 7826:

African Anarchism: The History of a Movement – Sam Mbah & I. E. Igariwey

7666: 7336:

Parpart, Jane L.; Freund, Bill (1983). "The Politicization of Black Labor".

5090: 3795: 3504:(ZACF, or ZabFed) was founded, drawing in the BMC and Zabalaza Books (whose 7345: 6100: 5698:

Levy, Carl (1989). "Italian Anarchism, 1870–1926". In David Goodway (ed.).

4318: 3840: 3470: 3380: 3114: 2982: 2656: 2593: 2502: 2313: 2303: 1774: 1739: 1591: 1301: 1226: 1166: 1141: 1086: 895: 830: 462: 271: 256: 136: 4297: 4073:, a period without a central government sometimes considered to be anarchy 152: 7561: 7268: 7220: 6887: 6878: 6683: 5740: 4787:"Ethiopian students protest against Emperor Selaisse's regime, 1967–1974" 4596: 4517: 3824: 3737: 3733: 3707: 3580: 3517: 3372: 3328: 3299: 3218: 3173:

in Libya, rather than just acting during the transition to a new regime.

2945: 2767: 2684: 2632: 1759: 1714: 1306: 1276: 1266: 1221: 1096: 1000: 910: 768: 442: 71: 6877: 5195:

Basil Davidson, The Liberation of Guine (Baltimore: Penguin, 1969), p.66

3985:

Anarchist Party for Individual Liberties in the Republic (Senegal), 1981

2469: 2412: 5210: 5207:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: a study in economic imperialism

5109: 5106:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: a study in economic imperialism

5041: 5038:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism

3960: 3693: 3530:", formed in South Africa in response to the perceived failures of the 3405:, various competing factions began to vie for control of the country's 3356: 3137: 2857: 2845: 2640: 2343: 2328: 2323: 1616: 1291: 995: 965: 860: 753: 8424: 7859: 7473:

van der Walt, Lucien; Byrne, Sian; Ulrich, Nicole (December 1, 2017).

4654:"Anarchist: First Conference of Egypt's Libertarian Socialists (2011)" 3280:

in Portugal, the nascent Mozambican workers' movement was suppressed.

7845:

An introduction to today's western Africa from Anarchist perspective.

7814:

by Sam Mbah and I. E. Igariwey, an anarchist critique of the African

7523: 6712: 6021: 5998: 5951: 5703: 3932: 3466: 3461:(ISL) and the Industrial Socialist League (IndSL) dissolved into the 3307: 3202: 3165: 2459: 2383: 2333: 1601: 1186: 1010: 905: 551: 366: 331: 316: 168: 163: 158: 146: 7803:"Anarchism and Revolutionary Syndicalism in South Africa, 1904–1921" 4938:"Ethiopian Anarchist Report: Nationalists Pushing for War in Tigray" 4013:

Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation (Southern Africa), 2003–2007

3176:

The Libyan anarchist Saoud Salem was among those that condemned the

3039:

Popular opposition to the arap Moi government eventually led to the

2836:

collective was established to spread anarchist ideas throughout the

2794:(CELU). This campaign against the monarchy eventually resulted in a 7093: 7047: 7001: 6955: 6909: 6813: 6455: 6409: 6322: 6149: 5975: 5870: 5765: 5534: 4214:

Zabalaza Action Group; Black, Joe; Schmidt, Michael (August 2004).

4091: 3732:

Anarchism in Tunisia has its roots in the works of the philosopher

3673: 3604: 3481:(ICU) in 1920, one reason the ICU exhibited syndicalist influence. 3080: 2849: 2841: 2676: 2474: 1621: 1211: 975: 723: 356: 286: 30: 7700:"Interview with Two Libertarian Socialist Activists from Zimbabwe" 3348: 3239:

Anarchism in Morocco has its roots in the federalism practiced by

2402: 7300: 7221:"Anarchism in Tunisia: Nicolò (Nicolantonio) Converti, 1855–1939" 6605: 6373: 4213: 3916: 3877: 3808: 3760: 3240: 2826: 2688: 2580:(CGT) was outlawed. As a result, in October 1927, the CGT leader 2373: 815: 711: 6566:

Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa

4843:. New York City: Africana Publishing Company. pp. 145–147. 3815:, what is today Zambia was brought under the direct rule of the 2856:

and a political shift to the right-wing under the government of

2623:

as its ideology and replaced the nascent "popular power" with a

7404: 5251: 5082: 4597:"Egyptian Anarchists and Revolutionary Socialists under attack" 4237: 3752: 3657: 3592: 3509: 3418: 3269: 3118: 1522: 1061: 432: 179: 7723:"Where to now, Zimbabwe? Beyond the "good" charismatic pastor" 7593: 7397:"Unite Against the Minority, then Unite Against the Majority?" 3611:

came together to form the "Sudanese Anarchists Gathering", an

3152:

was described as having used anarchic methods. These included

7837: 6561: 4400:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: France-Empire. p. 251. 3063:

Italian anarchists were among the prominent opponents to the

2877: 2729: 2510: 2506: 1286: 7681:"Zimbabwe: Land Invasions and Lessons for the Working Class" 5837:

Kirkpatrick, David D.; El-Naggar, Mona (February 20, 2011).

4686:"ZACF Member Arrested by "White" Swazi Dicatorship [ 3676:

as "indisputably anarchistic in its logic and content." The

3379:

peoples, who organized themselves without social classes or

3160:, with young volunteers self-organizing the solicitation of 7232: 6810:

Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II

6773:"Zabalaza: A Voice for Organised Anarchism in South Africa" 5839:"Qaddafi's Son Warns of Civil War as Libyan Protests Widen" 3994:

Workers' Solidarity Federation (Southern Africa), 1995–1999

3904:

until the 1950s, when the region was incorporated into the

3181: 2942:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

2924: 2803: 2616: 2514: 2505:

had already existed in some African civilisations (such as

7856:

An interview with Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt.

7519:

The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa

6192:

Filali, Brahim (October 11, 2005). Michael Schmidt (ed.).

5550:

Mau Mau from Within: An Analysis of Kenya's Peasant Revolt

4878:. New York City: Africana Publishing Company. p. 71. 3997:

Anarchist Workers’ Solidarity Movement (Zambia), 1998–1999

3991:

Anarchist Revolutionary Movement (South Africa), 1993–1995

2592:

established a concentration camp on the north bank of the

6179:

Possibilities: Essays on Hierarchy, Rebellion, and Desire

4912:"An Ethiopian Anarchist Perspective on the War in Tigray" 3892:

spread throughout much of Africa, with the South African

3831:

spread throughout much of Africa, with the South African

3767:

continued to exist within Uganda, particularly among the

3546:(LPM). It has also been involved in solidarity work with 2544:

is commonly credited with creating the first copy of the

6558:

Between Democracy and Terror: The Sierra Leone Civil War

4184: 2896:

brought the entire territory of Guinea-Bissau under the

7496:"Zimbabwe: Repression Against the Working Class Mounts" 7472: 3647:, erected in 1977 to memorialise Nyerere's declaration. 6807: 6535:"Nostalgic Tribalism or Revolutionary Transformation?" 5677:"Nostalgic Tribalism or Revolutionary Transformation?" 5389:"Nostalgic Tribalism or Revolutionary Transformation?" 3979:

Industrial Workers of Africa (South Africa), 1917–1920

3570:

to power, a coalition of opposition groups formed the

3121:

bonds remaining primary, even within the ranks of the

29:"African Anarchism" redirects here. For the book, see 7849:

Towards a Vibrant & Broad African-Based Anarchism

7296:

People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy

6883:"Sudan: Anarchists against the Military Dictatorship" 6881:; Sudanese Anarchists Gathering (December 31, 2021). 6832:"Blood, Water & Oil: Fallacies of the Darfur War" 5661:(6). Northeastern Federation of Anarchist Communists. 4373:

van der Walt, Lucien; Schmidt, Michael (April 2009).

3982:

Industrial Socialist League (South Africa), 1918–1921

3213:

visited the region, he described the formation of an

2932:, leader of the Bissau-Guinean independence movement. 7698:

Mutsaurwa, Biko; Monro, Samm Farai (June 21, 2008).

7594:"Revolutionaries, resistance and crisis in Zimbabwe" 5836: 5506:"Jalan Journal: A New Asian Anarchist Voice is Born" 4714:

Khoza, Mandla; Schmidt, Michael (December 7, 2006).

4576:"Egypt unrest: Interview with an Egyptian anarchist" 4120:"Emilie Busquant, la plus algérienne des Françaises" 4028:

Libertarian Socialist Movement (Egypt), 2011–present

3967: 3583:. The civil war was eventually ended in 2005 by the 7838:

African Anarchism, freedom and revolution in Africa

7687:(1). Bikisha Media Collective: 6–7. April 15, 2001. 7596:. LINKS: international journal of socialist renewal 6196:. Translated by Pat Murtagh. Morocco: Anarkismo.net 6099: 6044:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

4735:"ZACF Statement on Alleged Armed Struggle Tendency" 4375:"The Anarchist Movement in North Africa, 1877–1951" 4372: 4040:

Sudanese Anarchists Gathering (Sudan), 2020–present

3775:– a horticultural society made up of decentralized 3512:and Johannesburg, including a local chapter of the 7621:. Cape Town: Double Storey Books. pp. 37–55. 6856:. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, 5575:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 5492:Kikuyu: Customs and Tradition of the Kikuyu People 4000:Bikisha Media Collective (South Africa), 1999–2007 3591:, leading certain far-left tendencies inspired by 7618:Face of Courage: A Biography of Morgan Tsvangirai 7591: 7235:: Biblioteca Franco Serantini. pp. 439–442. 5648: 5646: 5436:Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu 3599:to break away from the party. In the wake of the 3189:, disputing its "humanitarian" characterization. 8845: 7512: 7265:"From the 2011 Revolution to the Revolt of 2021" 6501:Haggard, Stephan; Webb, Steven Benjamin (1994). 4321:: Mid-Atlantic Anarchist Publishing Collective. 4190:"Autonomous Action (Russia) interviews the ZACF" 3538:. The ZACF was involved in the campaigns of the 3243:communities in pre-colonial Morocco. During the 2782:began to protest against the absolutist rule of 7812:"Military Dictatorship and the State in Africa" 7167:"The struggle for workers' control in Tanzania" 6662:"95 Years of Revolutionary Industrial Unionism" 6367: 6246: 4398:Carnets de route d'un croisé de la France libre 4084: 3225:, apparently leading to a very low crime rate. 3178:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 3103:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 7822:"African Anarchism: The History of a Movement" 7697: 7443: 7229:Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani 7198:"Ibn Khaldun; a 14th Century Arab Libertarian" 6694: 6370:Topics on Nigerian Economic and Social History 6247:Le Foll Luciani, Pierre-Jean (December 2019). 6022:"The signs of the defeat of Libyan revolution" 5670: 5668: 5643: 5438:. London: Secker and Warburg. pp. 19–28. 5382: 5380: 5254:: Editorial Estampa. pp. 229–30, 251–61. 5204: 5103: 5035: 4871: 4836: 3864:. Wilstar Choongo was himself inspired by the 3850:(UNZA), began writing a series of articles in 3043:of the country in 1992 and the victory of the 2889:being held by individuals and their families. 8440: 7875: 7335: 7144:"African Anarchism: Prospects for the Future" 6735: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4031:Disobedience Movement (Tunisia), 2011–present 3302:. After the British colonization of Nigeria, 3113:). Official rhetoric disdained the idea of a 2524: 2436: 520: 7648: 7439: 7437: 7367: 7365: 7257: 7231:. Vol. 1. Translated by McNab, Nestor. 7099:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 7092: 7053:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 7046: 7007:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 7000: 6961:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 6954: 6915:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 6908: 6700: 6599: 6461:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 6454: 6415:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 6408: 6328:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 6321: 5997:Gutiérrez D., José Antonio (March 5, 2011). 5996: 5876:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 5869: 5771:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 5764: 5547: 4713: 4505:"Il était une fois la République espagnole…" 4488:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4288:Alston, Ashanti Omowali (October 24, 2003). 4096:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 4090: 3496:-organised labour seminar in Sweden in 2005. 3071:. During the campaign, the anarchist sailor 2872:Between the 10th and 14th centuries CE, the 2691:and then the United Kingdom, as part of the 2483:African Anarchism: The History of a Movement 7775:"Surviving Zimbabwe: An anarchist critique" 7340:. Temple University Press. pp. 54–74. 7338:Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt 6761: 6500: 6295: 6293: 6291: 5700:For Anarchism: history, theory and practice 5665: 5655:"The Global Influence of Platformism Today" 5652: 5377: 4533: 4462:Gaspar, Celaya, Diego (December 15, 2011). 4259:Mailer, Phil (1977). "II. The Background". 3339:, overseeing the country's transition to a 2852:", analyzing it as a product of the rising 2470:"Anarchic elements" in traditional cultures 8447: 8433: 7882: 7868: 7608: 5625:"Anarchism and Revolution in Black Africa" 5548:Barnett, Donald L.; Njama, Karari (1966). 5494:. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 5408: 5406: 5359:"Anarchism and Revolution in Black Africa" 5302:. New York City: MR Press. pp. 45–46. 4638:FEATURES: Anarchists: Preferably Stateless 4333: 4200: 4163: 3672:, was described by the Nigerian anarchist 2936:In the 1950s, the Bissau-Guinean activist 2568:, Portuguese anarchists participated in a 2443: 2429: 2339:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 527: 513: 7614: 7547: 7506: 7446:Zimbabwe: Politics, Economics and Society 7434: 7362: 7353: 5915: 5613: 5245: 4810: 4516: 4216:"Interview with South African Anarchists" 3520:, a tendency which originated within the 3421:, where they attempted to organize among 3136:Libyan rebels after entering the town of 77:Stolen African art in Western collections 7553: 7490: 7488: 7444:Stoneman, Colin; Cliffe, Lionel (1989). 7421: 7374:"Obituary: Hamba Kahle Wilstar Choongo!" 6801: 6595: 6593: 6555: 6361: 6288: 6048:"Down with the new war in North Africa!" 5734: 5619: 5430: 5353: 5347: 5338: 5297: 5282: 5205:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1985). 5104:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1985). 5036:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1985). 4872:Ottaway, Marina; Ottaway, David (1978). 4837:Ottaway, Marina; Ottaway, David (1978). 4679: 4677: 4675: 4428: 4037:Horn Anarchists (Ethiopia), 2020–present 4003:Zabalaza Books (South Africa), 1999–2007 3894:Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union 3833:Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union 3794: 3755:was largely stateless until the rise of 3638: 3603:that overthrew al-Bashir, anarchists in 3483: 3479:Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union 3131: 3083:identified anarchic elements within the 3023:(KLFA) revolted against the rule of the 3002: 2996:in Kenya, remaining active up until the 2954:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People 2923: 2880:, earning them their name, which in the 8454: 7889: 7772: 7746: 7585: 7371: 7289: 7218: 7195: 6829: 6682: 6676: 6626: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6309:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation 6176: 6143: 5922:Political Essays, Rants, and Commentary 5810: 5760: 5758: 5674: 5629:The Journal of Contemporary Revolutions 5526: 5412: 5403: 5386: 5363:The Journal of Contemporary Revolutions 5076: 4905: 4903: 4034:Feminist Attack (Tunisia), 2011–present 3502:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation 3264:began to deport anarchists to jails in 2792:Confederation of Ethiopian Labor Unions 14: 8846: 7720: 6825: 6823: 6659: 6533:Schmidt, Michael (September 9, 2008). 6191: 5675:Schmidt, Michael (September 9, 2008). 5530:Cartography of Revolutionary Anarchism 5486: 5466: 5387:Schmidt, Michael (September 9, 2008). 5343:. New York City: MR Press. p. 84. 5312: 5287:. New York City: MR Press. p. 68. 5144: 4984: 4958: 4784: 4539: 4502: 4461: 4395: 4339: 4287: 4258: 3007:Statue of the Mau Mau freedom fighter 1391:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 8428: 7863: 7557:Zimbabwe: Beyond a School Certificate 7485: 7394: 7164: 7138: 6850:"Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement" 6830:Schmidt, Michael (February 8, 2008). 6690:. London: Freedom Press. p. 262. 6590: 6214: 6068: 6019: 4935: 4909: 4811:Carpenter, Lindsay (August 3, 2011). 4672: 4310: 4051:List of anarchist movements by region 3988:Awareness League (Nigeria), 1991–1999 3896:(ICU) even establishing a section in 3688:program was eventually brought under 3097:, particularly in the concept of the 2619:government, which officially adopted 7721:Maisir, Leroy (September 17, 2016). 7422:McGregor, Warren (August 17, 2019). 7196:Plawiuk, Eugene (February 4, 2006). 6741: 6523: 5918:"Anarchism in the Libyan Revolution" 5813:"Eyewitness: Dialogue in the desert" 5755: 5697: 5318:Revolution in Guinea: Selected Texts 4964:Revolution in Guinea: Selected Texts 4900: 4732: 4683: 4262:Portugal: The Impossible Revolution? 4188:; Schmidt, Michael (December 2008). 3902:Reformed Industrial Commercial Union 3391:With the overthrow of the socialist 2975:Imperial British East Africa Company 7293:(1990). "IV. Anarchist Gardeners". 7283: 7171:Review of African Political Economy 6871: 6820: 6767: 6113:"On Libya and the Unfolding Crises" 5420:. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. 4785:Ruyter, Elena (November 12, 2011). 4733:Payn, Jonathan (December 7, 2006). 3819:, establishing the protectorate of 3763:, in the 13th century. Thereafter, 3552:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign 3105:officially stated that Libya was a 2988:During the early 20th-century, the 24: 7796: 7779:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7753:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7727:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7708:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7479:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7428:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7409:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 7395:Phiri, Malele D. (March 2, 2009). 7165:Mihyo, Paschal (January 3, 2007). 7152:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 6842: 6836:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 6543:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 6274:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 5685:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 5514:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 5476:. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. 5418:A History of the Kikuyu, 1500–1900 5397:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4764:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4739:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4720:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4694:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4383:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4314:Anarchism and the Black Revolution 4194:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 4020:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 3415:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council 3053:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 2848:, which they have described as a " 2742:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 2615:, people were disarmed by the new 25: 8880: 7831: 7773:Maisiri, Leroy (March 18, 2019). 4940:. Indigenous Anarchist Federation 4817:Global Nonviolent Action Database 4791:Global Nonviolent Action Database 4025:Black Flag (Egypt), 2010s–Present 3968:Anarchist organisations in Africa 3921:Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions 2968:According to oral tradition, the 2950:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 2695:, going on to participate in the 2586:Portuguese general strike of 1934 8755:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8525:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7766: 7747:Maisiri, Leroy (March 9, 2018). 7740: 7714: 7691: 7673: 7642: 7466: 7415: 7388: 7329: 7212: 7189: 7158: 7132: 7086: 7040: 6994: 5811:Robbins, James (March 7, 2007). 4503:Jornet, José (October 1, 2007). 4016:Wiyathi Collective (Kenya), 2004 3888:In the 1920s, the first wave of 3799:Zambian miners during the 1950s. 3473:were active in the miners' 1922 3221:, where decisions were made via 3209:region. When the anthropologist 2867: 2411: 2401: 1426:International Conference of Rome 1416:International Conference of Rome 558: 488: 480: 55: 7824:by Sam Mbah and I. E. Igariwey 7372:Schmidt, Michael (March 2002). 6948: 6902: 6670:Industrial Workers of the World 6653: 6643:Industrial Workers of the World 6620: 6610:Industrial Workers of the World 6549: 6494: 6448: 6402: 6315: 6262: 6240: 6217:"Carrying the war into Africa?" 6208: 6185: 6170: 6137: 6093: 6062: 6036: 6020:Salem, Saoud (March 17, 2011). 6013: 5990: 5958: 5936: 5909: 5863: 5830: 5804: 5728: 5691: 5653:MaRK; Schmidt, Michael (2003). 5580: 5568: 5541: 5520: 5498: 5480: 5460: 5424: 5332: 5306: 5291: 5276: 5239: 5198: 5189: 5138: 5097: 5070: 5029: 4978: 4952: 4929: 4865: 4830: 4804: 4778: 4752: 4726: 4707: 4646: 4631: 4610: 4589: 4568: 4496: 4455: 4422: 4389: 4366: 4022:(Southern Africa), 2007–present 3868:tendencies of his own tribe in 3463:Communist Party of South Africa 3428: 3411:Industrial Workers of the World 3386: 3274:General Confederation of Labour 2635:between MPLA moderates (led by 2578:General Confederation of Labour 2540:The French anarcho-syndicalist 6627:Chikezi, Bright (March 1997). 6215:Evans, Danny (November 2020). 5588:"Kenya: A Love for the Forest" 5147:The Journal of African History 4987:The Journal of African History 4875:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution 4840:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution 4716:"Swaziland after the Bombings" 4304: 4281: 4252: 4226: 4138: 4112: 4071:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 3974:International Socialist League 3929:Movement for Democratic Change 3874:Workers' Solidarity Federation 3523:Federación Anarquista Uruguaya 3459:International Socialist League 3393:First Republic of Sierra Leone 3187:NATO-led intervention in Libya 1538:Australian Anarchist Centenary 1463:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13: 1: 8869:Political movements in Africa 7227:; Bertolucci, Franco (eds.). 6181:. AK Press. pp. 157–180. 6069:Tabor, Ron (March 28, 2011). 5948:National Transitional Council 5077:Barreto, João Franco (1938). 4234:"Mário dos Santos Castelhano" 4126:(in French). January 26, 2015 4077: 4006:South African chapter of the 3710:, although the government of 3607:that had participated in the 3585:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 3255: 3192: 2790:in early 1974, called by the 1725:Decentralized planned economy 209:Organisation of African Unity 7843:An Irish anarchist in Africa 6808:Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo. 6721:10.1080/0023656x.2011.571464 6688:A Short History of Anarchism 6602:"Update on Sierra Leone IWW" 6600:Brandstatter, Kevin (1997). 5552:. New York City and London: 5085:: Impr Beleza. p. 316. 3925:neoliberal economic policies 3813:British South Africa Company 3572:National Democratic Alliance 3049:2002 Kenyan general election 3019:broke out, during which the 951:Proletarian internationalism 7: 7554:Chikuhwa, Jacob W. (2008). 5215:Manchester University Press 5114:Manchester University Press 5079:História da Guiné 1418–1918 5046:Manchester University Press 4468:Revue historique des armées 4098:. Sharp Press. p. 32. 4044: 3949:2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état 3945:2016–2017 Zimbabwe protests 3883: 3843:to demand higher salaries. 3645:Arusha Declaration Monument 3634: 3021:Kenya Land and Freedom Army 2773: 2735: 2681:Régiment de marche du Tchad 2601:Angolan War of Independence 1473:1919 United States bombings 10: 8885: 7592:Munyaradzi Gwisai (2002). 7516:; Hackland, Brian (1988). 6666:Anarcho-Syndicalist Review 6556:Abdullah, Ibrahim (2004). 6270:"Constitution of the ZACF" 6146:Debt: The First 5000 Years 5916:Anonymous (May 13, 2011). 4936:Fikir (November 6, 2020). 4684:MI; MD (October 5, 2005). 4470:(in French) (265): 46–55. 4433:. Paris: Le Cherche-Midi. 4150:militants-anarchistes.info 4094:; Igariwey, I. E. (1997). 3906:Central African Federation 3725: 3721: 3544:Landless People's Movement 3432: 3343:. This new environment of 3318: 3287: 3283: 3249:war of national liberation 3232: 3228: 3085:Third International Theory 3045:National Rainbow Coalition 2778:In the 1960s, students at 2710: 2533: 2529: 2525:Modern anarchist movements 2379:Situationist International 1683:Self-managed social center 1498:Spanish Revolution of 1936 174:Third International Theory 28: 8864:African political history 8768: 8743: 8462: 8399: 8333: 8312: 8244: 8063: 7940: 7897: 7615:Hudleston, Sarah (2005). 7183:10.1080/03056247508703265 7096:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 7050:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 7004:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6958:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6912:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6458:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6412:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6325:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 6194:"On Pre-Colonial Morocco" 6154:Melville House Publishing 5944:"Introducing the Council" 5873:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 5768:; Igariwey, I.E. (1997). 5339:Chaliand, Gerard (1969). 5298:Chaliand, Gerard (1969). 5283:Chaliand, Gerard (1969). 5159:10.1017/S0021853700029431 4999:10.1017/S0021853700029431 4429:Mesquida, Evelyn (2011). 3976:(South Africa), 1915–1921 3943:With the outbreak of the 3790: 3747: 3740:and the aftermath of the 3564:1989 Sudanese coup d'état 3532:African National Congress 3500:In 2003, the platformist 3456:revolutionary syndicalist 3435:Anarchism in South Africa 3304:revolutionary syndicalism 3298:, particularly among the 3144:The organizing among the 3111:Basic People's Congresses 2977:and establishment of the 2817:in its place. During the 2555: 2497:collective responsibility 2458:refers both to purported 1553:Really Really Free Market 1548:1999 Seattle WTO protests 1016:Temporary autonomous zone 941:Permanent autonomous zone 876:Consensus decision-making 8510:Central African Republic 7382:Bikisha Media Collective 6858:University of Notre Dame 6834:. Zabalaza. No. 8. 6742:ZACF (October 4, 2010). 6660:Hargis, Michael (2000). 5341:Armed Struggle in Africa 5300:Armed Struggle in Africa 5285:Armed Struggle in Africa 5246:Pélissier, René (1989). 4910:Anner (March 14, 2021). 4718:. Zabalaza. No. 7. 4396:Dronne, Raymond (1984). 3856:that criticized the new 3589:Sudanese Communist Party 3557: 3540:Anti-Privatisation Forum 3492:activist speaking at an 3401:and the outbreak of the 3101:. The government of the 3058: 2979:East Africa Protectorate 2963: 2746:Swaziland Youth Congress 2722:2011 Egyptian revolution 2706: 2560:From the 1890s onwards, 1780:Workers' self-management 1678:Radical environmentalism 1627:Independent Media Center 1543:Carnival Against Capital 1468:Bavarian Soviet Republic 1457:Manifesto of the Sixteen 856:Autonomous social center 438:African and Black Topics 337:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 8401:Individualist anarchism 7448:. London and New York: 6507:World Bank Publications 6177:Graeber, David (2007). 6144:Graeber, David (2011). 5924:. The Anarchist Library 5468:Hobley, Charles William 4509:Les Cahiers de Framespa 4348:. Frank Cass. pp. 4340:George, Edward (2005). 4222:. No. 224. London. 3860:and argued instead for 3625:transition to democracy 3407:diamond mining industry 3278:28 May 1926 coup d'état 3079:The Nigerian anarchist 2911:28 May 1926 coup d'état 2675:. On May 13, 1943, the 2665:Long Range Desert Group 2650: 2639:) and radicals (led by 2566:28 May 1926 coup d'état 1720:Cost the limit of price 468:Reparations for slavery 400:Ethnic groups of Africa 8096:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7816:military dictatorships 7346:10.2307/j.ctv6mtdm4.10 5966:"Building a new Libya" 5659:Northeastern Anarchist 5488:Kabetũ, Mathew Njoroge 3858:Constitution of Zambia 3837:1935 Copperbelt strike 3807:of areas north of the 3800: 3648: 3615:group that has raised 3534:(ANC) government post- 3497: 3403:Sierra Leone Civil War 3197:During the 1980s, the 3158:prefigurative politics 3150:First Libyan Civil War 3141: 3012: 2933: 2806:, which overthrew the 2780:Addis Ababa University 2673:North African campaign 2663:served as part of the 2499:was sometimes upheld. 2492: 1867:Bosnia and Herzegovina 956:Propaganda of the deed 946:Prefigurative politics 936:Participatory politics 881:Conscientious objector 458:Anti-Western sentiment 267:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 232:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 8670:São Tomé and Príncipe 8530:Republic of the Congo 7502:(4): 7. June 4, 2003. 6789:on September 23, 2015 6782:. CNT. Archived from 6616:on December 24, 2016. 6258:(in French) (39): 16. 5735:Williams, G. (1975). 5116:. pp. 82–3, 85. 4916:The Final Straw Radio 4008:Anarchist Black Cross 3798: 3759:, such as Kitara and 3663:President of Tanzania 3642: 3609:resistance committees 3597:libertarian communism 3574:(NDA), to coordinate 3548:Abahlali baseMjondolo 3514:Anarchist Black Cross 3487: 3333:Léopold Sédar Senghor 3276:(CGT). Following the 3266:Portuguese Mozambique 3135: 3006: 2998:independence of India 2927: 2915:military dictatorship 2669:French Foreign Legion 2645:attempted coup d'état 2574:military dictatorship 2487: 2485:make the claim that: 2369:Libertarian socialism 1533:Kate Sharpley Library 1508:Red inverted triangle 1451:High Treason Incident 1441:Congress of Amsterdam 1026:Voluntary association 836:Anti-authoritarianism 826:Anarchist criminology 821:Anarchist Black Cross 494:Pan-Africanism portal 8456:Anarchism in Africa 7452:. pp. 106–107. 6854:Peace Accords Matrix 6649:on October 31, 2013. 5621:Halbrook, Stephen P. 5594:. January 17, 1964. 5554:Monthly Review Press 5355:Halbrook, Stephen P. 4542:van der Walt, Lucien 4518:10.4000/framespa.442 3937:liberal-conservative 3848:University of Zambia 3728:Anarchism in Tunisia 3528:new social movements 3337:President of Senegal 3296:pre-colonial Nigeria 3290:Anarchism in Nigeria 3260:From the 1890s, the 3235:Anarchism in Morocco 2992:gained support from 2898:effective occupation 2693:2nd Armored Division 2643:), culminated in an 2613:Carnation Revolution 2536:Anarchism in Algeria 2252:Fictional characters 1673:Radical cheerleading 262:Edward Francis Small 242:Babacar Sedikh Diouf 84:Black Star of Africa 8859:Anarchism by region 8854:Anarchism in Africa 8745:States with limited 7891:Anarchism by region 7854:Anarchism in Africa 7807:Lucien van der Walt 7380:(2). South Africa: 7225:Antonioli, Maurizio 6744:"What is the ZACF?" 6568:. pp. 95–106. 6311:: 7. April 6, 2005. 6081:on January 20, 2012 5978:. February 24, 2011 5635:(1). Archived from 5369:(1). Archived from 3890:anarcho-syndicalism 3829:anarcho-syndicalism 3765:stateless societies 3742:Tunisian Revolution 3682:means of production 3661:, developed by the 3601:Sudanese Revolution 3365:means of production 3345:political pluralism 3262:Kingdom of Portugal 3215:anarchist community 3164:, establishment of 3146:anti-Gaddafi forces 3034:Stephen P. Halbrook 2958:Stephen P. Halbrook 2887:means of production 2701:Liberation of Paris 2697:Battle for Normandy 2683:was established in 2456:Anarchism in Africa 2359:Left-libertarianism 1655:No gods, no masters 1483:Kronstadt rebellion 1421:Trial of the Thirty 1386:Revolutions of 1848 415:Conflicts in Africa 405:Languages of Africa 382:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 204:Conscious Community 122:African nationalism 117:African communalism 89:Pan-African colours 41:the Politics series 8267:Dominican Republic 7110:. pp. 77–78. 6972:. pp. 49–52. 6629:"Sierra Leone IWW" 6472:. pp. 68–69. 6426:. pp. 58–59. 6339:. pp. 35–36. 6256:Histoire@Politique 6111:(March 31, 2011). 6046:(March 21, 2011). 5887:. pp. 90–91. 5844:The New York Times 5556:. pp. 42–51. 5217:. pp. 114–7. 4240:: Museum of Aljube 4066:Politics of Africa 3955:seized power from 3953:Emmerson Mnangagwa 3913:Rhodesian Bush War 3866:anti-authoritarian 3801: 3708:workers committees 3670:Arusha Declaration 3649: 3627:and following the 3613:anti-authoritarian 3498: 3341:multi-party system 3142: 3013: 2994:Indian expatriates 2934: 2921:in the mid-1930s. 2840:, particularly in 2810:and established a 2758:Times of Swaziland 2726:Muslim Brotherhood 2713:Anarchism in Egypt 2576:, after which the 2309:Anti-globalization 2242:Anarcho-punk bands 1927:Dominican Republic 1667:Property is theft! 1633:The Internationale 1587:Anarchist bookfair 1513:Labadie Collection 1503:Barcelona May Days 1406:Cantonal rebellion 733:Without adjectives 592:Schools of thought 410:Religion in Africa 127:African philosophy 8841: 8840: 8772:other territories 8545:Equatorial Guinea 8422: 8421: 7651:Capital and Class 7571:978-1-4389-0668-3 7514:Williams, Gwyneth 7450:Pinter Publishers 7200:. Le Revue Gauche 6634:Industrial Worker 6516:978-0-19-520987-7 6163:978-1-933633-86-2 5954:on June 12, 2011. 5743:. pp. 36–7. 5639:on March 7, 2005. 5373:on March 7, 2005. 5250:(in Portuguese). 5248:História da Guiné 5081:(in Portuguese). 4766:. August 21, 2019 4554:. pp. 3–31. 4511:(in French) (3). 4290:"Black Anarchism" 4186:Autonomous Action 4061:African socialism 3898:Southern Rhodesia 3821:Northern Rhodesia 3653:African socialist 3245:Spanish Civil War 3207:Central Highlands 3065:invasion of Libya 2906:Portuguese Guinea 2902:Portuguese Empire 2894:Berlin Conference 2882:Mandinka language 2629:Angolan Civil War 2453: 2452: 2389:Spontaneous order 2319:Anti-war movement 2262:Jewish anarchists 1661:Popular education 1381:French Revolution 1006:Spontaneous order 866:Classless society 791: 790: 749:Counter-economics 537: 536: 227:Ahmed Sékou Touré 142:Black nationalism 132:African socialism 112:African anarchism 18:African anarchism 16:(Redirected from 8876: 8833: 8832:(United Kingdom) 8828:Tristan da Cunha 8824:Ascension Island 8816: 8803: 8794: 8770:Dependencies and 8463:Sovereign states 8449: 8442: 8435: 8426: 8425: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7441: 7432: 7431: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7271:February 9, 2021 7261: 7255: 7254: 7219:G. Masi (2003). 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7044: 7038: 7037: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6777: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6645:. Archived from 6624: 6618: 6617: 6612:. Archived from 6597: 6588: 6587: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6530: 6521: 6520: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6297: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6121:. Archived from 6118:Z Communications 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6077:. 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Archived from 4650: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4561:978-9004188-49-5 4552:Brill Publishers 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4317:(2nd ed.). 4308: 4302: 4301: 4300:on July 1, 2007. 4296:. Archived from 4285: 4279: 4278: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4182: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4088: 3862:decentralization 3704:Workers' control 3369:direct democracy 3361:common ownership 3353:decentralization 3313:Awareness League 3270:Lourenço Marques 3171:direct democracy 3154:decentralization 3107:direct democracy 3087:proposed in the 3017:Mau Mau uprising 2862:Prosperity Party 2812:Marxist-Leninist 2808:Ethiopian Empire 2784:Haile Selassie I 2621:Marxism–Leninism 2582:Mário Castelhano 2572:against the new 2548:. The anarchist 2445: 2438: 2431: 2415: 2407:Anarchism portal 2405: 2299:Anti-consumerism 2294:Anti-corporatism 1770:Social ownership 1755:Market socialism 1730:Free association 1639:Jewish anarchism 1581:A las Barricadas 1493:Amakasu Incident 1436:Strandza Commune 1411:Haymarket affair 1031:Workers' council 1021:Union of egoists 981:Security culture 891:Decentralization 886:Critique of work 624:Total liberation 598: 597: 562: 539: 538: 529: 522: 515: 502: 492: 491: 484: 483: 453:Anti-imperialism 377:W. E. B. Du Bois 247:Cheikh Anta Diop 94:Pan-African flag 59: 36: 35: 21: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8814: 8801: 8792: 8773: 8771: 8764: 8748: 8746: 8739: 8458: 8453: 8423: 8418: 8395: 8329: 8308: 8240: 8059: 7936: 7893: 7888: 7834: 7799: 7797:Further reading 7794: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7719: 7715: 7696: 7692: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7564:. p. 100. 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7526:. p. 322. 7511: 7507: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7442: 7435: 7420: 7416: 7393: 7389: 7370: 7363: 7334: 7330: 7315: 7305:Left Bank Books 7291:Barclay, Harold 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7243: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7194: 7190: 7163: 7159: 7142:(May 5, 2004). 7137: 7133: 7118: 7108:See Sharp Press 7104:Tucson, Arizona 7091: 7087: 7072: 7062:See Sharp Press 7058:Tucson, Arizona 7045: 7041: 7026: 7016:See Sharp Press 7012:Tucson, Arizona 6999: 6995: 6980: 6970:See Sharp Press 6966:Tucson, Arizona 6953: 6949: 6934: 6924:See Sharp Press 6920:Tucson, Arizona 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6828: 6821: 6812:. Vol. 1. 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6740: 6736: 6699: 6695: 6681: 6677: 6668:. No. 28. 6658: 6654: 6625: 6621: 6598: 6591: 6576: 6554: 6550: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6499: 6495: 6480: 6470:See Sharp Press 6466:Tucson, Arizona 6453: 6449: 6434: 6424:See Sharp Press 6420:Tucson, Arizona 6407: 6403: 6388: 6380:. p. 201. 6366: 6362: 6347: 6337:See Sharp Press 6333:Tucson, Arizona 6320: 6316: 6299: 6298: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6125:on July 1, 2011 6109:Albert, Michael 6105:Shalom, Stephen 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6024:. Anarkismo.net 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 6001:. Anarkismo.net 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5914: 5910: 5895: 5885:See Sharp Press 5881:Tucson, Arizona 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5809: 5805: 5790: 5780:See Sharp Press 5776:Tucson, Arizona 5763: 5756: 5733: 5729: 5714: 5696: 5692: 5673: 5666: 5651: 5644: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5546: 5542: 5525: 5521: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5485: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5446: 5429: 5425: 5411: 5404: 5385: 5378: 5352: 5348: 5337: 5333: 5314:Cabral, Amílcar 5311: 5307: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5262: 5244: 5240: 5225: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5143: 5139: 5124: 5102: 5098: 5075: 5071: 5056: 5034: 5030: 4983: 4979: 4960:Cabral, Amílcar 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4901: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4731: 4727: 4722:. pp. 8–9. 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4636: 4632: 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7851: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7832:External links 7830: 7829: 7828: 7819: 7809: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7765: 7739: 7713: 7690: 7672: 7653:(66): 85–117. 7641: 7627: 7607: 7584: 7570: 7546: 7532: 7505: 7484: 7465: 7458: 7433: 7414: 7387: 7361: 7355:j.ctv6mtdm4.10 7328: 7313: 7282: 7256: 7241: 7211: 7188: 7157: 7131: 7116: 7085: 7070: 7064:. p. 77. 7039: 7024: 7018:. p. 51. 6993: 6978: 6947: 6932: 6926:. p. 49. 6901: 6870: 6841: 6819: 6816:. p. 745. 6800: 6760: 6734: 6693: 6675: 6652: 6619: 6589: 6574: 6548: 6522: 6515: 6493: 6478: 6447: 6432: 6401: 6386: 6360: 6345: 6314: 6287: 6261: 6239: 6207: 6184: 6169: 6162: 6136: 6092: 6071:"War in Libya" 6061: 6035: 6012: 5989: 5957: 5935: 5908: 5893: 5862: 5829: 5803: 5788: 5782:. p. 48. 5754: 5727: 5712: 5706:. p. 56. 5690: 5664: 5642: 5612: 5579: 5567: 5540: 5519: 5497: 5479: 5459: 5444: 5432:Kenyatta, Jomo 5423: 5402: 5376: 5346: 5331: 5305: 5290: 5275: 5260: 5238: 5223: 5197: 5188: 5137: 5122: 5096: 5069: 5054: 5048:. p. 22. 5028: 4977: 4951: 4928: 4899: 4884: 4864: 4849: 4829: 4803: 4777: 4751: 4725: 4706: 4671: 4660:on May 5, 2015 4645: 4630: 4609: 4588: 4567: 4560: 4532: 4495: 4454: 4440:978-2749140872 4439: 4421: 4406: 4388: 4365: 4358: 4332: 4303: 4294:Hunter College 4280: 4251: 4225: 4199: 4162: 4137: 4111: 4104: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3911:Following the 3885: 3882: 3817:British Empire 3803:Following the 3792: 3789: 3769:Lugbara people 3749: 3746: 3726:Main article: 3723: 3720: 3712:Julius Nyerere 3668:following his 3666:Julius Nyerere 3636: 3633: 3568:Omar al-Bashir 3566:which brought 3562:Following the 3559: 3556: 3542:(APF) and the 3475:Rand Rebellion 3452:Russia in 1917 3441:Port Elizabeth 3433:Main article: 3430: 3427: 3423:Guinean miners 3388: 3385: 3320: 3317: 3288:Main article: 3285: 3282: 3257: 3254: 3233:Main article: 3230: 3227: 3201:imposed harsh 3194: 3191: 3069:Italian Empire 3060: 3057: 3025:British Empire 2965: 2962: 2938:Amílcar Cabral 2930:Amílcar Cabral 2913:established a 2874:Balanta people 2869: 2866: 2838:Horn of Africa 2800:military junta 2788:general strike 2775: 2772: 2737: 2734: 2711:Main article: 2708: 2705: 2652: 2649: 2637:Agostinho Neto 2633:power struggle 2611:following the 2557: 2554: 2534:Main article: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2519:Hausa Kingdoms 2479:I. E. Igariwey 2471: 2468: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2364:Libertarianism 2361: 2356: 2354:Left communism 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2286:Related topics 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2202:United Kingdom 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917:Czech Republic 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750:Labour voucher 1747: 1745:Give-away shop 1742: 1737: 1735:General strike 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488:Makhnovshchina 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401:Hague Congress 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:González Prada 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 991:Social ecology 988: 986:Self-ownership 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 916:Horizontalidad 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 871:Class struggle 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Affinity group 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 743: 742: 738: 737: 736: 735: 730: 729: 728: 727: 726: 716: 715: 714: 699: 698: 697: 692: 682: 677: 676: 675: 670: 660: 655: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 628: 627: 626: 621: 619:Social ecology 616: 606: 596: 590: 589: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 572: 564: 563: 555: 554: 548: 547: 535: 534: 532: 531: 524: 517: 509: 506: 505: 504: 503: 496: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 362:Thomas Sankara 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 307:Julius Nyerere 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 282:Haile Selassie 279: 277:George Padmore 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:C. L. R. James 249: 244: 239: 237:Amos N. Wilson 234: 229: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 206: 201: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 80: 79: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 49:Pan-Africanism 45: 44: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8881: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8767: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:Guinea-Bissau 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8415: 8414:United States 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8371:French Guiana 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334:South America 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8297:United States 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245:North America 8243: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7630: 7628:1-77013-005-5 7624: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7595: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7535: 7533:0-415-00245-1 7529: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7459:0-86187-454-4 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7438: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7366: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7242:9788886389877 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7117:9781884365058 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7071:9781884365058 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7025:9781884365058 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6979:9781884365058 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6933:9781884365058 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6704:Labor History 6697: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6575:9782869781238 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6479:9781884365058 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6433:9781884365058 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6387:9789781360190 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6346:9781884365058 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6276:. May 5, 2013 6275: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6228: 6227:Freedom Press 6224: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6156:. p. 4. 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101:Chomsky, Noam 6096: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6023: 6016: 6000: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5971:The Economist 5967: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5894:9781884365058 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5789:9781884365058 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5713:9780415029544 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5577:(1994) p. 350 5576: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5516:. April 2009. 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5445:9780435902193 5441: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5261:9789723308303 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5224:9780719017193 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5123:9780719017193 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5055:9780719017193 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993:(1): 89, 96. 4992: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4932: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4885:9780841903623 4881: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4850:9780841903623 4846: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4577: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4407:9782704803866 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4359:9780415350150 4355: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4192:. Situation. 4191: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4105:1-884365-05-1 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957:Robert Mugabe 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3880:in Zimbabwe. 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811:river by the 3810: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:state control 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3629:military coup 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3381:tribal chiefs 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3323:In 1981, the 3316: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:David Graeber 3208: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3123:national army 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3030:Dedan Kimathi 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015:In 1952, the 3010: 3009:Dedan Kimathi 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2970:Kikuyu people 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892:In 1885, the 2890: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868:Guinea-Bissau 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832:In 2020, the 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802:known as the 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740:In 2003, the 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607:achieved its 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:failed revolt 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2550:Pierre Morain 2547: 2543: 2537: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Class systems 2500: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:United States 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1967:French Guiana 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Mutual credit 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Communization 1708: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478:Biennio Rosso 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1396:Paris Commune 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Animal rights 1327: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 921:Individualism 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901:Direct action 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 807: 805: 802: 801: 797: 796: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 740: 739: 734: 731: 725: 722: 721: 720: 717: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 683: 681: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 659: 656: 652: 651:Philosophical 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631:Individualist 629: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 599: 593: 587: 586: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 561: 557: 556: 553: 550: 549: 545: 541: 540: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 511: 510: 508: 507: 501: 497: 495: 487: 486:Africa portal 479: 478: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 424: 423: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 372:Walter Rodney 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Robert Mugabe 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 322:Marcus Garvey 320: 318: 315: 313: 312:Kwame Nkrumah 310: 308: 305: 303: 302:Julius Malema 300: 298: 297:Jomo Kenyatta 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 218: 217: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:African Union 197: 196: 193:Organizations 190: 189: 182: 181: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 154: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 103: 102: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 78: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 8820:Saint Helena 8791: 8695:South Africa 8685:Sierra Leone 8490:Burkina Faso 8455: 7927:South Africa 7898: 7821: 7811: 7802: 7782:. Retrieved 7768: 7756:. Retrieved 7742: 7730:. Retrieved 7716: 7703: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7650: 7644: 7632:. Retrieved 7617: 7610: 7598:. Retrieved 7587: 7575:. Retrieved 7556: 7549: 7537:. Retrieved 7518: 7508: 7499: 7468: 7445: 7417: 7400: 7390: 7377: 7337: 7331: 7295: 7285: 7273:. Retrieved 7259: 7228: 7214: 7202:. Retrieved 7191: 7177:(4): 62–84. 7174: 7170: 7160: 7147: 7140:Morse, Chuck 7134: 7098: 7088: 7052: 7042: 7006: 6996: 6960: 6950: 6914: 6904: 6886: 6873: 6861:. Retrieved 6853: 6844: 6809: 6803: 6791:. Retrieved 6784:the original 6779: 6763: 6751:. Retrieved 6748:zabalaza.net 6747: 6737: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6687: 6684:Nettlau, Max 6678: 6665: 6655: 6647:the original 6638: 6632: 6622: 6614:the original 6557: 6551: 6538: 6502: 6496: 6460: 6450: 6414: 6404: 6369: 6363: 6327: 6317: 6304: 6278:. Retrieved 6264: 6255: 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6220: 6210: 6198:. Retrieved 6187: 6178: 6172: 6145: 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6123:the original 6116: 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6079:the original 6074: 6064: 6052:. Retrieved 6050:. Libcom.org 6038: 6026:. Retrieved 6015: 6003:. Retrieved 5992: 5980:. Retrieved 5969: 5960: 5952:the original 5938: 5926:. Retrieved 5921: 5911: 5875: 5865: 5855:February 20, 5853:. Retrieved 5849:the original 5842: 5832: 5820:. Retrieved 5816: 5806: 5770: 5736: 5730: 5699: 5693: 5680: 5658: 5637:the original 5632: 5628: 5615: 5605:February 12, 5603:. Retrieved 5591: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5549: 5543: 5529: 5522: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5392: 5371:the original 5366: 5362: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5247: 5241: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5153:(1): 98–99. 5150: 5146: 5140: 5105: 5099: 5078: 5072: 5037: 5031: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4963: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4874: 4867: 4839: 4832: 4820:. Retrieved 4806: 4794:. Retrieved 4780: 4768:. Retrieved 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4728: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4687: 4662:. Retrieved 4658:the original 4648: 4633: 4621:. Retrieved 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4591: 4579:. Retrieved 4570: 4548: 4545: 4535: 4508: 4498: 4484:cite journal 4467: 4457: 4430: 4424: 4397: 4391: 4378: 4368: 4343: 4335: 4319:Philadelphia 4313: 4306: 4298:the original 4283: 4261: 4254: 4242:. Retrieved 4228: 4153:. Retrieved 4149: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4123: 4114: 4095: 4086: 3942: 3910: 3887: 3851: 3845: 3841:World War II 3805:colonization 3802: 3751: 3731: 3702: 3697: 3685: 3677: 3656: 3650: 3561: 3521: 3505: 3499: 3471:Percy Fisher 3449: 3443:in the then 3438: 3429:South Africa 3396: 3390: 3387:Sierra Leone 3322: 3293: 3259: 3238: 3196: 3175: 3143: 3127:human rights 3115:nation state 3098: 3088: 3078: 3062: 3038: 3014: 2987: 2983:Kenya Colony 2967: 2935: 2928:Portrait of 2891: 2878:Kaabu Empire 2871: 2833: 2831: 2795: 2777: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2719: 2716: 2657:World War II 2654: 2609:independence 2598: 2594:Kunene River 2559: 2539: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2455: 2454: 2314:Anti-statism 2304:Anti-fascism 2157:South Africa 1801: 1775:Wage slavery 1740:Gift economy 1631: 1592:Anarcho-punk 1579: 1455: 1344:Love and sex 1232:Pi i Margall 896:Deep ecology 831:Anationalism 774:Relationship 707:Collectivist 663:Postcolonial 463:Black people 272:Frantz Fanon 257:Dennis Akumu 178: 151: 137:Afrocentrism 111: 26: 8747:recognition 8700:South Sudan 8590:Ivory Coast 8325:New Zealand 8302:Puerto Rico 8272:El Salvador 8221:Switzerland 8176:Netherlands 8030:Philippines 7562:AuthorHouse 7269:CrimethInc. 6894:January 19, 6888:CrimethInc. 6879:CrimethInc. 6715:: 137–171. 6378:UNIFE Press 6075:The Utopian 5822:October 22, 5741:Pluto Press 4699:December 3, 4124:Le Monde.fr 4010:, 2002–2007 3951:, in which 3825:syndicalist 3738:Arab Spring 3734:Ibn Khaldun 3716:co-optation 3655:program of 3623:during the 3581:platformism 3518:especifismo 3445:Cape Colony 3398:coup d'état 3329:Abdou Diouf 3327:politician 3300:Igbo people 3219:Arivonimamo 3148:during the 2946:vanguardism 2919:Estado Novo 2854:nationalism 2796:coup d'état 2768:Siphofaneni 2677:9th Company 2671:during the 2661:republicans 2599:During the 2590:Estado Novo 2272:Periodicals 2172:Switzerland 2132:Puerto Rico 2117:Philippines 2082:New Zealand 2077:Netherlands 1947:El Salvador 1760:Mutual bank 1715:Cooperative 1644:Lifestylism 1446:Tragic Week 1349:Nationalism 1001:Somatherapy 911:Freethought 779:Syndicalist 769:Platformism 741:Methodology 614:Primitivist 448:Afro-Latino 72:African art 8848:Categories 8802:(Portugal) 8760:Somaliland 8680:Seychelles 8645:Mozambique 8630:Mauritania 8615:Madagascar 8570:The Gambia 8505:Cape Verde 8257:Costa Rica 7975:East Timor 7958:Bangladesh 7953:Azerbaijan 7634:August 12, 7600:August 19, 7577:August 19, 7539:August 12, 7522:. London: 7314:0939306093 6892:Retrieved 5739:. London: 5702:. London: 5211:Manchester 5175:5548859999 5110:Manchester 5042:Manchester 5015:5548859999 4664:August 11, 4327:1082117848 4267:Solidarity 4265:. London: 4220:Black Flag 4078:References 3961:anti-state 3779:, without 3694:World Bank 3576:resistance 3357:federalism 3331:succeeded 3256:Mozambique 3193:Madagascar 3166:food banks 3138:Bani Walid 3099:Jamahiriya 3090:Green Book 2858:Abiy Ahmed 2846:Tigray War 2819:Red Terror 2641:Nito Alves 2344:Dual Power 2329:Autonomism 2324:Autarchism 1932:East Timor 1902:Costa Rica 1847:Bangladesh 1842:Azerbaijan 1617:Freeganism 1334:Capitalism 1127:Feyerabend 996:Sociocracy 966:Revolution 931:Mutual aid 861:Black bloc 754:Illegalism 443:Afro-Asian 106:Ideologies 8635:Mauritius 8391:Venezuela 8341:Argentina 8320:Australia 8287:Nicaragua 8277:Guatemala 8035:Singapore 7995:Indonesia 7968:Hong Kong 7659:8168-0309 7524:Routledge 7323:466398064 7275:March 22, 7251:799624251 7204:March 22, 7126:614189872 7094:Mbah, Sam 7080:614189872 7048:Mbah, Sam 7034:614189872 7002:Mbah, Sam 6988:614189872 6956:Mbah, Sam 6942:614189872 6910:Mbah, Sam 6793:August 2, 6753:August 2, 6729:220405670 6713:Routledge 6584:900266997 6488:614189872 6456:Mbah, Sam 6442:614189872 6410:Mbah, Sam 6396:462715003 6355:614189872 6323:Mbah, Sam 6280:April 11, 6232:March 26, 6200:March 25, 6129:March 25, 6085:March 25, 6054:March 25, 6028:March 25, 6005:March 25, 5982:March 25, 5928:March 25, 5903:614189872 5871:Mbah, Sam 5798:614189872 5766:Mbah, Sam 5749:643689950 5722:455949869 5704:Routledge 5600:0040-781X 5562:557945776 5454:541972780 5326:478894218 5270:643634055 5233:933801895 5183:163145287 5167:0021-8537 5132:933801895 5064:933801895 5023:163145287 5007:0021-8537 4972:478894218 4944:March 25, 4921:March 25, 4894:252317917 4859:252317917 4822:March 25, 4796:March 25, 4527:1760-4761 4476:0035-3299 4449:903317314 4416:407120322 4275:254091732 4155:April 28, 4130:April 28, 4092:Mbah, Sam 3933:reformist 3773:West Nile 3700:system." 3536:apartheid 3467:Comintern 3325:socialist 3308:reformist 3223:consensus 3203:austerity 2384:Socialism 2334:Communism 2267:Musicians 2217:Venezuela 2152:Singapore 2087:Nicaragua 2012:Indonesia 1992:Hong Kong 1987:Guatemala 1832:Australia 1822:Argentina 1794:By region 1702:Economics 1688:Symbolism 1602:DIY ethic 1339:Education 1257:Santillán 1207:Malatesta 1177:Kropotkin 1157:Guillaume 1011:Squatting 971:Rewilding 906:Free love 784:Synthesis 719:Communist 690:Christian 685:Religious 658:Mutualism 552:Anarchism 367:Tom Mboya 332:Musa Ngum 317:Malcolm X 169:Sankarism 164:Rastafari 159:Nkrumaism 153:Négritude 147:Garveyism 8826: / 8822: / 8815:(France) 8809: / 8787: / 8783: / 8735:Zimbabwe 8710:Tanzania 8560:Ethiopia 8555:Eswatini 8535:Djibouti 8500:Cameroon 8485:Botswana 8376:Paraguay 8361:Colombia 8191:Portugal 8101:Bulgaria 8025:Mongolia 8020:Malaysia 7784:April 5, 7758:April 5, 7732:April 5, 7710:: 14–17. 7704:Zabalaza 7685:Zabalaza 7667:41136466 7500:Zabalaza 7401:Zabalaza 7378:Zabalaza 7148:Zabalaza 6863:July 16, 6814:ABC-CLIO 6771:(2011). 6686:(1996). 6539:Zabalaza 6305:Zabalaza 6150:Brooklyn 5976:Benghazi 5817:BBC News 5681:Zabalaza 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