437:. The IOM committee advocated for "a sustained global subsidy of artemisinin co-formulated with other antimalarial drugs in order to reduce malaria mortality ("saving lives") and delay resistance ("buying time")" until new categories of antimalarials could be developed. The proposed buyer co-payment for quality-assured ACTs would be available to both the public and private sectors. Arrow explained, "When I discovered that 70% of chloroquine was distributed commercially, I immediately came to the conclusion that ACTs would have to be distributed through the private sector if we wanted nearly universal coverage." Subsequent analyses published in
385:(AQ), which usually cost less than US$ 1. Therefore, unsubsidized, quality-assured ACTs are not affordable by many of the people who need them in malaria-endemic countries. This leads to avoidable complications or death, since people either do not receive treatment or use cheaper, less effective antimalarials. Further, if patients use artemisinin monotherapies, this increases the risk of widespread resistance to artemisinin.
24:
485:
two years); Phase 1 of the AMFm will be assessed via an independent technical evaluation; the findings of this evaluation would be reviewed by the Global Fund Board in 2010 to decide whether to proceed to global roll out of the AMFm. Following this approval, preparations began for the launch of the AMFm in 2009.
484:
was invited to host the AMFm and, in 2008, the Global Fund Board approved the implementation plan and policy framework for a limited Phase 1 of the AMFm: the launch of the AMFm would be phased, beginning with a limited number of countries (approximately 290 million ACT treatments to be supplied over
257:
to the artemisinin in ACTs. It includes three elements: (i) price reductions through negotiations with ACT manufacturers, (ii) a buyer subsidy through a 'co-payment' at the top of the global supply chain and (iii) supporting interventions at the country level to promote the appropriate use of ACTs.
233:
sectors which are the more traditional routes for development assistance in malaria control. Its goal is to drive down the price of the most effective malaria medicines so that millions of people can afford to buy them. The program has been called "one of the most important recent advances in
304:
In
November 2012 the Global Fund Board decided to modify the existing AMFm business line by integrating lessons learned from Phase 1 into Global Fund core grant management and financial processes. The AMFm was subsequently renamed the Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism.
493:
AMFm Phase 1 has three elements: (i) price reductions through negotiations with ACT manufacturers, (ii) a buyer subsidy through a 'co-payment' at the manufacturer level of the global supply chain and (iii) supporting interventions to promote appropriate use of ACTs.
330:
is the species of the malaria parasite that causes the vast majority of severe disease and death. In 2010, there were about 216 million cases of malaria globally, and about 655,000 deaths – mostly among children in Africa. Yet, malaria is preventable and treatable.
297:. There are early signs AMFm Phase 1 is effectively increasing availability and decreasing prices of ACTs; however the Global Fund Board will only take a decision on the future of AMFm at the end of 2012 on the basis of an independent evaluation. As part of the
741:
502:
AMFm Phase 1 was formally launched in April 2009 and began operations in July 2010. Eleven countries were invited to participate in the pilot and eight countries (nine pilots) were ultimately approved by
January 2010:
675:
392:
were routed. Whereas the commercial private sector plays a significant, sometimes dominant, role in many countries, donor-funded ACTs have been traditionally channeled mostly through the public sector and
397:
private sector. These factors, combined with an insufficiency of ACTs relative to the burden of malaria, resulted in poor access to ACTs at country level and persistent use of inappropriate alternatives.
301:
2012, a panel of leading economists concluded that the AMFm was "one of the best returns on health that could be made globally" and ranked it two of 16 priority solutions to advance global welfare.
745:
469:
361:. However, ACTs account for only one in five antimalarial treatments taken and, until the advent of the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm), were provided almost entirely by the
373:
but, before the AMFm, the private sector only accounted for about 5 percent of all ACTs provided. ACTs are more expensive than the less-effective first-line malaria treatments, such as
683:
714:
261:
AMFm Phase 1 was formally launched in April 2009 and began operations in July 2010. AMFm Phase 1 is being implemented through nine pilot programs in eight countries:
1305:
539:. Given the delays associated with the startup of AMFm Phase 1, the Global Fund Board extended the implementation period of AMFm Phase 1 by six months to end 2012.
253:, with measures to support its implementation, will save lives and reduce malaria-related mortality by increasing access to ACTs, and delay the onset of widespread
481:
841:
1263:
354:
235:
34:
956:
100:
72:
815:
1237:
1211:
357:, the largest global funding source for malaria control, began reprogramming all approved grants to procure ACTs in areas with high levels of
48:
of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
480:, initiated work in 2006 to implement the IOM proposal; the key technical design principles of the AMFm were developed and endorsed in 2007.
444:
Better access to ACTs is an essential part of the comprehensive package of interventions required to fight malaria that includes prevention (
79:
165:
Innovative financing mechanism to expand access to the most effective treatment for malaria, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
1090:"Up to $ 500 Million Needed Annually for Subsidy to Make Artemisinin Combination Therapy the First-Line Treatment for Malaria Worldwide"
894:
388:
The challenges noted above have been compounded by a mismatch between country realities and the channels through which ACTs financed by
1300:
86:
789:
68:
867:
226:
1128:
718:
988:
1045:"Antimalarial drug resistance, artemisinin-based combination therapy, and the contribution of modeling to policy choices"
477:
1185:
617:
119:
845:
585:
93:
1267:
346:
1295:
230:
45:
963:
1089:
234:
fighting malaria" and "a triumph of international cooperation." The AMFm is hosted and managed by the
41:
819:
378:
189:
Phase 1: Cambodia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania (mainland and
Zanzibar), Uganda
57:
1018:
1241:
1215:
1044:
449:
895:"Global Fund Grants for Malaria: Lessons Learned in the Implementation of ACT Policies in Nigeria"
426:
419:
342:
229:, ACTs). It works primarily through the commercial private sector, in addition to the public and
222:
767:
438:
394:
1146:"Will A Global Subsidy of New Antimalarials Delay The Emergence of Resistance And Save Lives?"
901:
742:"Global Fund-led initiative slashes cost of anti-malaria medicines in many African countries"
407:
326:
793:
560:
298:
1042:
198:
8:
335:
1063:
645:
53:
871:
633:
1167:
1124:
637:
49:
1157:
1118:
1067:
1055:
1043:
Yeung, Sheunmay; Wirichada
Pongtavornpinyo; Ian M. Hastings; Anne J. Mills (2004).
927:
649:
629:
457:
676:"$ 225 million partnership to bring effective malaria drugs to all who need them"
389:
358:
254:
992:
842:"WHO releases new malaria guidelines for treatment and procurement of medicines"
453:
370:
221:
is a financing mechanism intended to expand access to affordable and effective
1059:
1289:
1238:"Report of the AMFm Ad Hoc Committee (18th Meeting of the Global Fund Board)"
1162:
1145:
1120:
Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of
Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance
618:"Universal access to malaria medicines: innovation in financing and delivery"
435:
Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of
Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance
430:
422:. This call stemmed from the recommendations of the IOM committee chaired by
362:
1171:
641:
445:
1266:. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Archived from
1214:. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Archived from
1240:. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Archived from
588:. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Archived from
423:
382:
374:
338:
243:
1189:
589:
516:
473:
411:
321:
274:
680:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
Malaria Press Release
317:
1143:
532:
528:
504:
290:
286:
262:
715:"Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria Frequently Asked Questions"
524:
366:
313:
282:
250:
40:
Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
441:
reconfirmed the potential impact of the IOM committee proposal.
536:
415:
294:
239:
520:
512:
508:
320:
that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected
278:
270:
266:
1019:"Malaria subsidy pilot soars, but some see turbulence ahead"
1264:"Decision Points of 22nd Meeting of the Global Fund Board"
1144:
Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Mead Over; David L. Smith (2006).
957:"Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria Technical Design"
334:
The most effective treatment for malaria are ACTs which
482:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
Malaria
249:
The premise of the AMFm is that a factory-gate global
35:
notability guidelines for companies and organizations
355:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
Malaria
236:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
Malaria
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
369:areas access anti-malarial treatment through the
1306:International organisations based in Switzerland
1287:
868:"The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria"
133:The Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm)
1188:. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. Archived from
670:
668:
666:
616:Adeyi, Olusoji; Rifat Atun (27 November 2010).
615:
698:
586:"Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm)"
1123:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
663:
219:Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm)
1112:
1110:
818:. World Health Organization. Archived from
792:. World Health Organization. Archived from
611:
609:
607:
1212:"Eighteenth Board Meeting Decision Points"
349:as first-line treatment for uncomplicated
1161:
1012:
1010:
928:"Advances in the Management of Malaria –"
739:
365:. Over 60 percent of patients in malaria
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1107:
604:
554:
552:
316:is a life-threatening disease caused by
1087:
561:"Plan Tries to Lower Malaria Drug Cost"
559:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (17 April 2009).
414:toward purchases of ACTs by first-line
227:artemisinin-based combination therapies
69:"Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria"
1288:
1016:
1007:
951:
949:
947:
768:"Copenhagen Consensus 2012 - Outcomes"
558:
1116:
925:
549:
460:) and treatments for severe malaria.
17:
1088:Stencel, Christine (20 July 2004).
1054:. 71 (Suppl 2) (2_suppl): 179–186.
944:
892:
478:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
470:Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership
13:
14:
1317:
1301:Organizations established in 2007
497:
456:techniques and in development of
1094:News from the National Academies
463:
22:
1256:
1230:
1204:
1178:
1137:
1081:
1036:
981:
919:
886:
860:
834:
682:. 17 April 2009. Archived from
347:World Health Organization (WHO)
808:
782:
760:
733:
578:
345:. ACTs are recommended by the
1:
744:. Global Fund. Archived from
634:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61189-0
542:
308:
231:non-governmental organization
149:(launched) and July 2010
1186:"Global Malaria Action Plan"
472:, in collaboration with the
7:
790:"World Malaria Report 2011"
488:
406:In 2004, the United States
10:
1322:
1017:Maxmen, Amy (4 May 2012).
433:, which were published in
401:
353:malaria and, in 2004, the
42:reliable secondary sources
31:The topic of this article
1060:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.179
379:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
193:
183:
169:
161:
137:
33:may not meet Knowledge's
1163:10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.325
450:indoor residual spraying
446:insecticide-treated nets
1117:Arrow, Kenneth (2004).
343:antimalarial medication
223:antimalarial medication
207:/privatesectorcopayment
926:Coll-Seck, Awa Marie.
770:. Copenhagen Consensus
439:peer-reviewed journals
1296:Malaria organizations
1052:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
408:Institute of Medicine
327:Plasmodium falciparum
429:economist Professor
410:called for a global
299:Copenhagen Consensus
995:on 8 September 2011
989:"ACT Watch Results"
874:on 7 September 2011
628:(9755): 1869–1871.
176:Geneva, Switzerland
134:
1244:on 3 February 2016
1218:on 3 February 2016
822:on 17 October 2011
796:on 10 January 2012
686:on 23 October 2011
565:The New York Times
420:drug manufacturers
157:(began operations)
132:
37:
1130:978-0-309-09218-0
215:
214:
130:
129:
122:
104:
32:
1313:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1270:on 6 August 2011
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
968:
962:. Archived from
961:
953:
942:
941:
939:
937:
932:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
906:
900:. Archived from
899:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
870:. Archived from
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
848:on 10 March 2010
844:. Archived from
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
717:. Archived from
711:
696:
695:
693:
691:
672:
661:
660:
658:
656:
613:
602:
601:
599:
597:
592:on 18 April 2009
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
556:
458:malaria vaccines
211:
208:
206:
204:
202:
200:
156:
154:
148:
146:
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
26:
25:
18:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1192:on 10 July 2011
1184:
1183:
1179:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
969:on 12 July 2011
966:
959:
955:
954:
945:
935:
933:
930:
924:
920:
910:
908:
907:on 12 July 2011
904:
897:
893:Shretta, Rima.
891:
887:
877:
875:
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
816:"Facts on ACTs"
814:
813:
809:
799:
797:
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
740:Press Release.
738:
734:
724:
722:
713:
712:
699:
689:
687:
674:
673:
664:
654:
652:
614:
605:
595:
593:
584:
583:
579:
569:
567:
557:
550:
545:
500:
491:
466:
404:
390:development aid
359:drug resistance
311:
197:
186:
179:
152:
150:
144:
142:
141:April 2009
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
39:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1229:
1203:
1177:
1156:(2): 325–336.
1150:Health Affairs
1136:
1129:
1106:
1080:
1035:
1006:
980:
943:
918:
885:
859:
833:
807:
781:
759:
732:
721:on 6 July 2011
697:
662:
603:
577:
547:
546:
544:
541:
531:(mainland and
499:
498:Implementation
496:
490:
487:
465:
462:
454:vector control
418:directly from
403:
400:
395:not-for-profit
371:private sector
310:
307:
289:(mainland and
213:
212:
201:.theglobalfund
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
173:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
139:
128:
127:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1318:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
994:
990:
984:
965:
958:
952:
950:
948:
929:
922:
903:
896:
889:
873:
869:
863:
847:
843:
837:
821:
817:
811:
795:
791:
785:
769:
763:
748:on 5 May 2012
747:
743:
736:
720:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
685:
681:
677:
671:
669:
667:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
591:
587:
581:
566:
562:
555:
553:
548:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
495:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:Establishment
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:Kenneth Arrow
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
399:
396:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:public sector
360:
356:
352:
351:P. falciparum
348:
344:
341:with another
340:
337:
332:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
196:
192:
188:
182:
175:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
140:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
29:
20:
19:
16:
1274:30 September
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1258:
1248:30 September
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1232:
1222:30 September
1220:. Retrieved
1216:the original
1206:
1196:30 September
1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1180:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1119:
1099:30 September
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1083:
1073:30 September
1071:. Retrieved
1051:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
999:30 September
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
983:
973:30 September
971:. Retrieved
964:the original
936:30 September
934:. Retrieved
921:
911:30 September
909:. Retrieved
902:the original
888:
878:30 September
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
862:
852:30 September
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
836:
826:30 September
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:the original
784:
772:. Retrieved
762:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
735:
725:30 September
723:. Retrieved
719:the original
690:30 September
688:. Retrieved
684:the original
679:
655:30 September
653:. Retrieved
625:
621:
594:. Retrieved
590:the original
580:
568:. Retrieved
564:
501:
492:
467:
443:
434:
405:
387:
350:
333:
325:
312:
303:
260:
248:
218:
216:
185:Area served
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
15:
383:amodiaquine
375:chloroquine
339:artemisinin
244:Switzerland
46:independent
1290:Categories
622:The Lancet
543:References
517:Madagascar
474:World Bank
412:co-payment
322:mosquitoes
309:Background
275:Madagascar
255:resistance
110:March 2014
80:newspapers
54:redirected
381:(SP) and
318:parasites
44:that are
1172:16522574
800:30 April
642:20940074
596:30 April
533:Zanzibar
529:Tanzania
505:Cambodia
489:Elements
476:and the
452:, other
427:Laureate
291:Zanzibar
287:Tanzania
263:Cambodia
170:Location
1068:5642756
650:9497597
525:Nigeria
402:Origins
367:endemic
336:combine
314:Malaria
283:Nigeria
251:subsidy
194:Website
153:2010-07
151: (
145:2009-04
143: (
138:Founded
94:scholar
58:deleted
1170:
1127:
1066:
1028:24 May
1023:Nature
774:14 May
648:
640:
570:24 May
537:Uganda
535:) and
416:buyers
377:(CQ),
295:Uganda
293:) and
240:Geneva
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
50:merged
1064:S2CID
1048:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
752:2 May
646:S2CID
521:Niger
513:Kenya
509:Ghana
424:Nobel
279:Niger
271:Kenya
267:Ghana
162:Focus
101:JSTOR
87:books
56:, or
1276:2011
1250:2011
1224:2011
1198:2011
1168:PMID
1125:ISBN
1101:2011
1075:2011
1030:2012
1001:2011
975:2011
938:2011
913:2011
880:2011
854:2011
828:2011
802:2012
776:2012
754:2012
727:2011
692:2011
657:2011
638:PMID
598:2012
572:2012
468:The
217:The
203:.org
73:news
1158:doi
1056:doi
630:doi
626:376
238:in
205:/en
199:www
1292::
1166:.
1154:25
1152:.
1148:.
1109:^
1092:.
1062:.
1050:.
1021:.
1009:^
946:^
700:^
678:.
665:^
644:.
636:.
624:.
620:.
606:^
563:.
551:^
527:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
507:,
448:,
324:.
285:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
246:.
242:,
52:,
1278:.
1252:.
1226:.
1200:.
1174:.
1160::
1133:.
1103:.
1077:.
1058::
1032:.
1003:.
977:.
940:.
915:.
882:.
856:.
830:.
804:.
778:.
756:.
729:.
694:.
659:.
632::
600:.
574:.
225:(
209:/
155:)
147:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
60:.
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.