Antimalarial medication

2606:

schizonticidal drugs with independent modes of action and different biochemical targets in the parasite'. There is much evidence to support the use of combination therapies, some of which has been discussed previously, however several problems prevent the wide use in the areas where its use is most advisable. These include: problems identifying the most suitable drug for different epidemiological situations, the expense of combined therapy (it is over 10 times more expensive than traditional mono-therapy), how soon the programmes should be introduced and problems linked with policy implementation and issues of compliance.

1372:. It was not recommended for use during the first trimester, although considered safe during the second and third trimesters; nevertheless, in October 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed its recommendation and approved use of Mefloquine for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria in all trimesters, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) changed its categorization from C to B. Mefloquine frequently produces side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and dizziness. Several associations with neurological events have been made, namely 2215:

red blood cell for the duration of the time necessary for its normal action." Resistance to antimalarial drugs is common. In most instances this refers to parasites that remain following on from an observed treatment; thus, it excludes all cases where anti-malarial prophylaxis has failed. In order for a case to be defined as resistant, the patient in question must have received a known and observed anti-malarial therapy while the blood drug and metabolite concentrations are monitored concurrently; techniques used to demonstrate this include

2484:

concern, as the rate at which new drugs are produced by no means matches the rate of the development of resistance. In addition, the most newly developed therapeutics tend to be the most expensive and are required in the largest quantities by some of the poorest areas of the world. Therefore, it is apparent that the degree to which malaria can be controlled depends on the careful use of the existing drugs to limit, insofar as it is possible, any further development of resistance.

4784: 2779:

non-artemesinin based therapy. It produces a very rapid reduction in the parasite biomass with an associated reduction in clinical symptoms and is known to cause a reduction in the transmission of gametocytes thus decreasing the potential for the spread of resistant alleles. At present there is no known resistance to Artemesinin (though some resistant strains may be emerging) and very few reported side-effects to drug usage, however this data is limited.

2259:

effectively inhibit the process of haem polymerization (that is necessary to prevent buildup of the toxic byproducts formed by haemoglobin digestion). This theory has been supported by evidence showing that resistance can be effectively reversed on the addition of substances which halt the efflux. The resistance of other quinolone anti-malarials such as amodiaquine, mefloquine, halofantrine and quinine are thought to have occurred by similar mechanisms.

2627: 2541: 2419: 2294: 2158: 2059: 1923: 1802: 1619: 1506: 1417: 1263: 1156: 1028: 920: 826: 621: 357: 66: 168: 25: 4270: 2527:. This could have enormous public health benefits, providing a cost-effective and easily applicable approach to preventing not only the onset of malaria but the transmission of gametocytes, thus reducing the risk of resistance developing. Anti-malarial therapy also could be diversified by combining a potentially effective vaccine with current chemotherapy, thereby reducing the chance of vaccine resistance developing. 3102:(IM) artesunate is recommended. Quinine is an acceptable alternative if parenteral artesunate is not available. Parenteral antimalarials should be administered for a minimum of 24 h in the treatment of severe malaria, irrespective of the patient's ability to tolerate oral medication earlier. Thereafter, it is recommended to complete treatment by giving a complete course of any of the following: 5529: 273:(injectable) drugs, expanding from there into the many classes of available modern drugs. Incidence and distribution of the disease ("malaria burden") is expected to remain high, globally, for many years to come; moreover, known antimalarial drugs have repeatedly been observed to elicit resistance in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring 1886:. It is still a useful drug and can be used in patients that are known to be free of heart disease and that have severe and resistant forms of acute malaria. A popular drug based on halofantrine is Halfan. The level of governmental control and the prescription-only basis on which it can be used contributes to the cost, thus halofantrine is not frequently used. 1758:. The dosage recommended by the WHO is a five or seven day course (depending on the predicted adherence level) of 4 mg/kg for three days (usually given in combination with mefloquine) followed by 2 mg/kg for the remaining two or four days. In large studies carried out on over 10,000 patients in Thailand no adverse effects have been shown. 2235:

factors can be involved in the processes including problems with non-compliance and adherence, poor drug quality, interactions with other pharmaceuticals, poor absorption, misdiagnosis and incorrect doses being given. The majority of these factors also contribute to the development of drug resistance.

3715:

Dicko, Alassane; Roh, Michelle E; Diawara, Halimatou; Mahamar, Almahamoudou; Soumare, Harouna M; Lanke, Kjerstin; Bradley, John; Sanogo, Koualy; Kone, Daouda T; Diarra, Kalifa; Keita, Sekouba; Issiaka, Djibrilla; Traore, Sekou F; McCulloch, Charles; Stone, Will J R; Hwang, Jimee; Müller, Olaf; Brown,

2994:

Pyramax developed by Shin Poong Pharmaceutical and Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV). This is a first fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy to be granted a positive scientific opinion for efficacy, safety and quality from European Medicines Agency (EMA) under Article 58 for the treatment

2503:

Preventing malaria infections developing has a substantial effect on the potential rate of development of resistance, by directly reducing the number of cases of malaria thus decreasing the need for anti-malarial therapy. Preventing the transmission of resistant parasites limits the risk of resistant

2133:

Clindamycin should be given in conjunction with quinine as a 300 mg dose (in adults) four times a day for five days. The only side effects recorded in patients taking clindamycin are nausea, vomiting and abdominal pains and cramps. However these can be alleviated by consuming large quantities of

1889:

A dose of 8 mg/kg of halofantrine is advised to be given in three doses at six-hour intervals for the duration of the clinical episode. It is not recommended for children under 10 kg despite data supporting the use and demonstrating that it is well tolerated. The most frequently experienced

1881:

that cause plasmodial membrane damage. Despite being effective against drug resistant parasites, halofantrine is not commonly used in the treatment (prophylactic or therapeutic) of malaria due to its high cost. It has very variable bioavailability and has been shown to have potentially high levels of

1712:

phase, thus preventing progression of the disease. Semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate, artemether) are easier to use than the parent compound and are converted rapidly once in the body to the active compound dihydroartemesinin. On the first day of treatment 20 mg/kg is often

889:

is a 4-aminoquinolone anti-malarial drug similar in structure and mechanism of action to chloroquine. Amodiaquine has tended to be administered in areas of chloroquine resistance while some patients prefer its tendency to cause less itching than chloroquine. Amodiaquine is now available in a combined

581:

are the two most commonly used alkaloids related to quinine in the treatment or prevention of malaria. Quinimax is a combination of four alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine). This combination has been shown in several studies to be more effective than quinine, supposedly due to

331:

infection), since this offers advantages including reduced risk of treatment failure, reduced risk of developed resistance, as well as the possibility of reduced side-effects. Prompt parasitological confirmation by microscopy, or alternatively by rapid diagnostic tests, is recommended in all patients

2848:

This has been used as an efficacious first-line treatment regimen in areas of Thailand for many years. Mefloquine is known to cause vomiting in children and induces some neuropsychiatric and cardiotoxic effects. These adverse reactions seem to be reduced when the drug is combined with artesunate, it

2700:

This fixed-dose combination has been used for many years, causes few adverse effects, is cheap and effective in a single dose, thus decreasing problems associated with adherence and compliance. In technical terms Fansidar is not generally considered a true combination therapy since the components do

2487:

Provisions essential to this process include the delivery of fast primary care where staff are well trained and supported with the necessary supplies for efficient treatment. This in itself is inadequate in large areas where malaria is endemic thus presenting an initial problem. One method proposed

1734:

derivative of dihydroartemesinin. It is similar to artemesinin in mode of action but demonstrates a reduced ability as a hypnozoiticidal compound, instead acting more significantly to decrease gametocyte carriage. Similar restrictions are in place, as with artemesinin, to prevent the development of

753:

infections, and thus it may still remain useful even when resistance is more widespread. According to a report on the Science and Development Network website's sub-Saharan Africa section, there is very little drug resistance among children infected with malaria on the island of Madagascar, but what

681:

Chloroquine was, until recently, the most widely used anti-malarial. It was the original prototype from which most methods of treatment are derived. It is also the least expensive, best tested and safest of all available drugs. The emergence of drug-resistant parasitic strains is rapidly decreasing

2893:

This combination has been extensively tested in 16 clinical trials, proving effective in children under five and has been shown to be better tolerated than artesunate plus mefloquine combinations. There are no serious side effects documented but the drug is not recommended in pregnant or lactating

2377:

The use of anti-malarials developed from similar basic chemical compounds can increase the rate of resistance development, for example cross-resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine, two 4-aminoquinolones and mefloquine conferring resistance to quinine and halofantrine. This phenomenon may reduce

2366:

The biological influences are based on the parasites ability to survive the presence of an anti-malarial thus enabling the persistence of resistance and the potential for further transmission despite treatment. In normal circumstances any parasites that persist after treatment are destroyed by the

2234:

and recover from an acute clinical episode when a suitable treatment has been given is anti-malarial resistance in its true form. Drug resistance may lead to treatment failure, but treatment failure is not necessarily caused by drug resistance despite assisting with its development. A multitude of

2214:

has been defined as: "the ability of a parasite to survive and/or multiply despite the administration and absorption of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within tolerance of the subject. The drug in question must gain access to the parasite or the infected

2254:

or multiple mutations. In most instances a mutation will be fatal for the parasite or the drug pressure will remove parasites that remain susceptible, however some resistant parasites will survive. Resistance can become firmly established within a parasite population, existing for long periods of

562:

secretion; this occurs in therapeutic doses and therefore it is advised that glucose levels are monitored in all patients every 4–6 hours. This effect can be exaggerated in pregnancy and therefore additional care in administering and monitoring the dosage is essential. Repeated or over-dosage can

3073:

is quinine plus clindamycin to be given for seven days. In second and third trimesters, it is recommended to give ACTs known to be effective in the country/region or artesunate plus clindamycin for seven days, or quinine plus clindamycin to be given for seven days. Lactating women should receive

2849:

is suggested that this is due to a delayed onset of action of mefloquine. This is not considered a viable option to be introduced in Africa due to the long half-life of mefloquine, which potentially could exert a high selection pressure on parasites. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

2778:

Artemesinin has a very different mode of action than conventional anti-malarials (see information above), which makes it particularly useful in the treatment of resistant infections. However, to prevent the development of resistance to this drug it is only recommended in combination with another

2483:

importance. It can be assumed that no therapy currently under development or to be developed in the foreseeable future will be totally protective against malaria. In accordance with this, there is the possibility of resistance developing to any given therapy that is developed. This is a serious

2605:

and mortality. Thus a balance must be reached that attempts to achieve both goals while not compromising either too much by doing so. The most successful attempts so far have been in the administration of combination therapy. This can be defined as, 'the simultaneous use of two or more blood

2392:

The pharmacokinetics of the chosen anti-malarial are key; the decision of choosing a long half-life over a drug that is metabolised quickly is complex and still remains unclear. Drugs with shorter half-life's require more frequent administration to maintain the correct plasma concentrations,

2492:

is the privatisation of some areas, thus enabling drugs to be purchased on the open market from sources that are not officially related to the health care industry. Although this is now gaining some support there are many problems related to limited access and improper drug use, which could

2040:

infections. This is due to its slow onset. Unlike doxycycline it is not used in chemoprophylaxis. For tetracycline, 250 mg is the recommended adult dosage (it should not be used in children) for five or seven days depending on the level of adherence and compliance expected. Oesophageal

2258:

The first type of resistance to be acknowledged was to chloroquine in Thailand in 1957. The biological mechanism behind this resistance was subsequently discovered to be related to the development of an efflux mechanism that expels chloroquine from the parasite before the level required to

596:

in 1834, which included quinine as a key ingredient. In the 19th-century it was a well-known anti-malarial drug. Although originally sold as a secret medicine, Warburg's tincture was highly regarded by many eminent medical professionals who considered it as being superior to quinine (e.g.

1753:

derivative of the active metabolite dihydroartemisin. Currently it is the most frequently used of all the artemesinin-type drugs. Its only effect is mediated through a reduction in the gametocyte transmission. It is used in combination therapy and is effective in cases of uncomplicated

3003:

in adults and children over 20 kg based on five multi-centre phase III trials conducted in Africa and South-East Asia. Pyramax has been shown to be highly efficacious (greater than 97%) in both species and only ACT approved by stringent regulatory authority for treatment of both

1764:

is the active metabolite to which artemesinin is reduced. It is the most effective artemesinin compound and the least stable. It has a strong blood schizonticidal action and reduces gametocyte transmission. It is used for therapeutic treatment of cases of resistant and uncomplicated

2354:

There is no single factor that confers the greatest degree of influence on the spread of drug resistance, but a number of plausible causes associated with an increase have been acknowledged. These include aspects of economics, human behaviour, pharmacokinetics, and the biology of

1588:

infections a single dose of 0.75 mg/kg repeated seven days later is sufficient. This treatment method is only used in conjunction with another effective blood schizonticidal drug. There are few significant side effects although it has been shown that primaquine may cause

1234:(PABA) and compete with PABA to block its conversion to dihydrofolic acid. Sulfonamides act on the schizont stages of the erythrocytic (asexual) cycle. When administered alone sulfonamides are not efficacious in treating malaria but co-administration with the antifolate 2279:

is recommended to be used only in combination with another anti-malarial compound as the selection of resistant parasites occurs very quickly when used in mono-therapy. Resistance is thought to originate from a single-point mutation in the gene coding for cytochrome-b.

897:

The drug should be given in doses between 25 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg over three days in a similar method to that used in chloroquine administration. Adverse reactions are generally similar in severity and type to that seen in chloroquine treatment. In addition,

3093:

malaria, it is recommended that rapid clinical assessment and confirmation of the diagnosis is made, followed by administration of full doses of parenteral antimalarial treatment without delay with whichever effective antimalarial is first available. For adults,

2977:. An experimental program in the Comoros islands employed the protocol. At the outset, more than 90% of the inhabitants of some villages had malaria. On one island the number of cases fell by 95%. In 2012, on the second island, the number of cases fell by 97%. 3506: 2752:

This combination retains a high cure rate in many areas. Problems with this regime include the relatively complicated drug regimen, where quinine must be taken every eight hours for seven days. Additionally, there are significant side effects with quinine

4336:

website hosts constantly updated country-specific information on malaria. The advice on this website is less detailed, is very cautious and may not be appropriate for all areas within a given country. This is the preferred site for travelers from the

2021:

When treating acute cases and given in combination with quinine; 100 mg of doxycycline should be given per day for seven days. In prophylactic therapy, 100 mg (adult dose) of doxycycline should be given every day during exposure to malaria.

2396:

The pharmacokinetics of anti-malarials is important when using combination therapy. Mismatched drug combinations, for example having an 'unprotected' period where one drug dominates can seriously increase the likelihood of selection for resistant

1707:

has a very rapid action and the vast majority of acute patients treated show significant improvement within 1–3 days of receiving treatment. It has demonstrated the fastest clearance of all anti-malarials currently used and acts primarily on the

1367:

A dose of 15–25 mg/kg is recommended, depending on the prevalence of mefloquine resistance. The increased dosage is associated with a much greater level of intolerance, most noticeably in young children; with the drug inducing vomiting and

1573:. It is the only known drug to cure both relapsing malaria infections and acute cases. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but it is thought to block oxidative metabolism in Plasmodia. It can also be combined with methylene blue. 1126:(in areas where there is no chloroquine resistance). 3 mg/kg is the advised dosage per day, (hence approximate adult dosage is 200 mg). The pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs indicates that a half dose, twice daily maintains the 308:

Specifically, antimalarial drugs may be used to treat malaria in three categories of individuals, (i) those with suspected or confirmed infection, (ii) those visiting a malaria-endemic regions who have no immunity, to prevent infection via

686:

countries. It is now suggested that it is used in combination with other antimalarial drugs to extend its effective usage. Popular drugs based on chloroquine phosphate (also called nivaquine) are Chloroquine FNA, Resochin and Dawaquin.

4307:

is a global collaboration generating quality-assured, timely information to track the emergence and spread of antimalarial resistance — critical information for ensuring that anyone infected with malaria receives safe and effective

702:

to hemozoin by inhibiting the biocrystallization of hemozoin, thus poisoning the parasite through excess levels of toxicity. Other potential mechanisms through which it may act include interfering with the biosynthesis of parasitic

2894:

women due to limited safety testing in these groups. This is the most viable option for widespread use and is available in fixed-dose formulas thus increasing compliance and adherence. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

2757:') and tetracyclines are contraindicated in children and pregnant women (these groups should use clindamycin instead). With the advent of artemisinin-combination therapies, quinine-based treatment is less popular than previously. 261:, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women. As of 2018, modern treatments, including for severe malaria, continued to depend on therapies deriving historically from 1713:

given, and the dose then reduced to 10 mg/kg per day for the six following days. Few side effects are associated with artemesinin use. However, headaches, nausea, vomiting, abnormal bleeding, dark urine, itching and some

2393:

therefore potentially presenting more problems if levels of adherence and compliance are unreliable, but longer-lasting drugs can increase the development of resistance due to prolonged periods of low drug concentration.

2924:

This is a well tolerated combination but the overall level of efficacy still depends on the level of resistance to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine thus limiting is usage. It is recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

3197:– a not-for-profit organization which is managing the largest–ever portfolio of over 50 antimalarial projects in collaboration with over 100 pharmaceutical, academic, and endemic-country partners in 38 countries. 2403:

The treatment regime prescribed can have a substantial influence on the development of resistance. This can involve the drug intake, combination and interactions as well as the drug's pharmacokinetic and dynamic

281:, where resistance has now been observed in Southeast Asia. As such, the needs for new antimalarial agents and new strategies of treatment (e.g., new combination therapies) remain important priorities in 2367:

host's immune system, therefore any factors that act to reduce the elimination of parasites could facilitate the development of resistance. This attempts to explain the poorer response associated with

2029:(although this is only relevant during the period of tooth development during the first decade of life), transient depression of bone growth, gastrointestinal disturbances and some increased levels of 1095:; a synthetic derivative of pyrimidine. It was developed in 1945 by a British Antimalarial research group. It has many mechanisms of action but primarily is mediated through conversion to the active 694:

compound with a complicated and still unclear mechanism of action. It is believed to reach high concentrations in the vacuoles of the parasite, which, due to its alkaline nature, raises the internal

2727:

This combination has been shown to produce a faster rate of clinical recovery than SP and chloroquine, but is clearly inferior to artemisinin-based combinations (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria.

2374:

There has been evidence to suggest that certain parasite-vector combinations can alternatively enhance or inhibit the transmission of resistant parasites, causing 'pocket-like' areas of resistance.

2742:

This single dose pill offered obvious advantages of convenience over more complex regimes but it has not been recommended for use for many years owing to widespread resistance to the components.

1130:

levels with a greater level of consistency, thus giving a greater level of protection. The proguanil- chloroquine combination does not provide effective protection against resistant strains of

4300:– for information on the largest–ever portfolio of over 50 antimalarial projects, working in collaboration with over 100 pharmaceutical, academic, and endemic-country partners in 38 countries. 3069:. The choice of ACT in a country or region will be based on the level of resistance to the constituents in the combination. For pregnant women, the recommended first-line treatment during the 1739:. It should be administered in a 7-day course with 4 mg/kg given per day for three days, followed by 1.6 mg/kg for three days. Side effects of the drug are few but include potential 2130:

infections and not as a prophylactic. Being more toxic than the other antibiotic alternatives, it is used only in cases where the Tetracyclines are contraindicated (for example in children).

2609:

The combinations of drugs currently prescribed can be divided into two categories: non-artemesinin-based combinations and artemesinin based combinations. It is also important to distinguish

2955:

Has been studied mainly in China, Vietnam and other countries in SEAsia. The drug has been shown to be highly efficacious (greater than 90%). It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

2269:

combination drugs, the most commonly used being sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. Two gene mutations are thought to be responsible, allowing synergistic blockages of two enzymes involved in

496:

The treatment regimen of quinine is complex and is determined largely by the parasite's level of resistance and the reason for drug therapy (i.e. acute treatment or prophylaxis). The

1134:. There are very few side effects to proguanil, with slight hair loss and mouth ulcers being occasionally reported following prophylactic use. Proguanil hydrochloride is marketed as 420:

tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day and a collection of derivatives that are still frequently used in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Quinine is an

1769:. 4 mg/kg doses are recommended on the first day of therapy followed by 2 mg/kg for six days. As with artesunate, no side effects to treatment have thus far been recorded. 761:

superior regime, recommended by the WHO, involves giving an initial dose of 10 mg/kg followed 6–8 hours later by 5 mg/kg, then 5 mg/kg on the following two days. For

1249:

Sulfonamides are not recommended for chemoprophylaxis because of rare but severe skin reactions experienced. However it is used frequently for clinical episodes of the disease.

1114:

therefore is not used in the prevention of relapse. It has a weak blood schizonticidal activity and is not recommended for therapy of acute infection. However it is useful in

2856:

The standard dose required is 4 mg/kg per day of Artesunate plus 25 mg/kg of Mefloquine as a split dose of 15 mg/kg on day two and 10 mg/kg on day three.

1783:. The recommended dosage is 150 mg/kg per day for three days given by IM injections. With the exception of a small number of cases demonstrating neurotoxicity following 4771: 1403:

Mefloquine can only be taken for a period up to six months due to side effects. After this, other drugs (such as those based on paludrine/nivaquine) again need to be taken.

3086:. In infants and young children, it is recommended to give ACTs for first-line treatment, with attention to accurate dosing and ensuring the administered dose is retained. 3718:"Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial" 2230:

Drug resistant parasites are often used to explain malaria treatment failure. However, they are two potentially very different clinical scenarios. The failure to clear

2813:

This combination has been tested and proved to be efficacious in many areas where amodiaquine retains some efficacy. A potential disadvantage is a suggested link with

3460:

Kuecken, Maria; Thuilliez, Josselin; Valfort, Marie-Anne (2020). "Disease and Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from the Roll Back Malaria Partnership in Africa".

332:

suspected of malaria before treatment is started. Treatment solely on the basis of clinical suspicion is considered when a parasitological diagnosis is not possible.

4103:"Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial in African children and adolescents with uncomplicated 4076: 894:) and is among the artemisinin-combination therapies recommended by the World Health Organization. Combination with sulfadoxine=pyrimethamine is not recommended. 500:

recommendation for quinine is 20 mg/kg first times and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for five days where parasites are sensitive to quinine, combined with

4818: 4761: 1870: 1717:

have been reported by a small number of patients. Some cardiac changes were reported during a clinical trial, notably non specific ST changes and a first degree

343:

It is practical to consider antimalarials by chemical structure since this is associated with important properties of each drug, such as mechanism of action.

1878: 520:

routes. The suggested course of action is determined by the need for therapy and the available resources (i.e. sterilised needles for IV or IM injections).

2613:

combination therapies (in which two or more drugs are co-formulated into a single tablet) from combinations achieved by taking two separate antimalarials.

2033:. Due to its effect of bone and tooth growth it is not used in children under 8, pregnant or lactating women and those with a known hepatic dysfunction. 3209:– a regional network of national malaria control programs that conduct antimalarial drug efficacy surveillance and other activities to address malaria. 2766:

Artemisinin-based combination therapies should be used in preference to amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated

4329:

provides country-specific advice on malaria prevention. HPA and WHO advice are broadly in line with each other (although there are some differences).

1492:

by travelers and used to treat falciparum malaria in developed countries. A liquid oral suspension of Atovaquone is available under the name Mepron.

543: 2400:

Ecologically there is a linkage between the level of transmission and the development of resistance, however at present this still remains unclear.

586:, thus having similar anti-malarial properties to the parent compound. Quinidine is recommended only for the treatment of severe cases of malaria. 1995:. The tetracyclines were one of the earliest groups of antibiotics to be developed and are still used widely in many types of infection. It is a 1750: 711:

complex. The most significant level of activity found is against all forms of the schizonts (with the obvious exception of chloroquine-resistant

4315: 1898:. Halofantrine is not recommended for use in pregnancy and lactation, in small children, or in patients that have taken mefloquine previously. 1360:

The major commercial manufacturer of mefloquine-based malaria treatment is Roche Pharmaceuticals, which markets the drug under the trade name "

3775: 2520:. Chemoprophylaxis is also important in the transmission of malaria infection and resistance in defined populations (for example travelers). 3796: 2126:, with a slow action against blood schizonticides. It is only used in combination with quinine in the treatment of acute cases of resistant 313:, and (iii) or in broader groups of individuals, in routine but intermittent preventative treatment in regions where malaria is endemic via 4895: 2712:

High levels of resistance to one or both components means this combination is effective in few locations and it is not recommended by the

4811: 2601:

The problem of the development of malaria resistance must be weighed against the essential goal of anti-malarial care; that is to reduce

535:, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms. Neurological effects are experienced in some cases due to the drug's 574: 765:: 5 mg/kg/week (single dose) or 10 mg/kg/week divided into six daily doses is advised. Chloroquine is only recommended as a 597:

Surgeon-General W. C. Maclean, Professor of Military Medicine at British Army Medical School, Netley). Warburg's tincture appeared in

130: 3849:

van Vugt M, Brockman A, Gemperli B, Luxemburger C, Gathmann I, Royce C, Slight T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F (January 1998).

3206: 102: 2644: 2562: 2440: 2315: 2175: 2080: 1944: 1823: 1636: 1523: 1438: 1280: 1177: 1049: 941: 847: 642: 374: 83: 38: 3851:"Randomized comparison of artemether-benflumetol and artesunate-mefloquine in treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria" 2045:

and depression of bone growth are known to occur. The majority of side effects associated with doxycycline are also experienced.

599: 2389:

was exhibited, allowing the rapid development of resistance to a new drug, even if the drug has not been previously experienced.

1011:

and reproduction. It acts primarily on the schizonts during the erythrocytic phase, and nowadays is only used in concert with a

4804: 3065:

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended antimalarial treatments for uncomplicated malaria caused by

1866: 109: 4796: 4165: 3821: 3323: 5483: 4251: 4218: 3652: 3568: 3444: 3307: 3143: 4666: 2932:

It is recommended in doses of 4 mg/kg of Artesunate per day for three days and a single dose of 25 mg/kg of SP.

2014:

in areas where chloroquine resistance exists. It can also be used in combination with quinine to treat resistant cases of

1102:. This inhibits the malarial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. Its most prominent effect is on the primary tissue stages of 4297: 3194: 539:

properties. These actions are mediated through the interactions of quinine causing a decrease in the excitability of the

116: 2701:

not possess independent curative activity. Fansidar should no longer be used alone for treatment of falciparum malaria.

4721: 1333:. It is thought to act by forming toxic heme complexes that damage parasitic food vacuoles. Mefloquine is effective in 5126: 4362: 3909: 3036: 2760:

Quinine 10 mg/kg doses every eight hours and tetracycline in 4 mg/kg doses every six hours for seven days.

2666: 2588: 2466: 2341: 2197: 2106: 1970: 1849: 1658: 1545: 1464: 1302: 1203: 1075: 967: 873: 785:

effects have been reported during this time; therefore, it is considered very safe to use during pregnancy. However,

668: 396: 229: 211: 149: 52: 2570: 2448: 2323: 2088: 1952: 1831: 1446: 1185: 1057: 949: 855: 650: 193: 98: 5500: 4751: 4746: 3353:"CDC - Malaria - Diagnosis & Treatment (United States) - Treatment (U.S.) - Guidelines for Clinicians (Part 1)" 2140: 1983:

Probably one of the more prevalent antimalarial drugs prescribed, due to its relative effectiveness and cheapness,

1357:. Chloroquine/proguanil or sulfa drug-pyrimethamine combinations should be used in all other plasmodia infections. 4604: 314: 3047:

Antimalarial drugs and combinations may also be sorted according to the type of malaria in which they are used.

5355: 4688: 3489: 2973:

This protocol involves three doses of Artequick, spaced a month apart. The first dose is accompanied by one of

2648: 2566: 2444: 2319: 2179: 2084: 1948: 1827: 1700:, and this method is still in use today. The active compound was first isolated in 1971 and named artemisinin. 1640: 1527: 1442: 1284: 1181: 1053: 983:

is used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. It is particularly useful in cases of chloroquine-resistant

945: 851: 646: 582:

a synergistic action among the four cinchona derivatives. Quinidine is a direct derivative of quinine. It is a

378: 178: 87: 4027:"Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia" 4919: 4766: 4741: 4539: 1684:, with the first documentation as a successful therapeutic agent in the treatment of malaria is in 340 AD by 1565:

gametocytes but also acts on merozoites in the bloodstream and on hypnozoites, the dormant hepatic forms of

5549: 4651: 4405: 3035:

appeared efficacious in trials from the late 90s and 2000s, but the problem of haemolysis in patients with

2250:

benefit, thus giving the anti-malarial used a reduced level of sensitivity. This can be caused by a single

1877:

parasites. Its mechanism of action is similar to other anti-malarials. Cytotoxic complexes are formed with

44: 4285: 3556: 2504:

malarial infections becoming endemic and can be controlled by a variety of non-medical methods including

1779:

derivative of dihydroartemisinin. It is used in combination therapy for cases of uncomplicated resistant

489:. Quinine is also used in post-exposure treatment of individuals returning from an area where malaria is 477:. It is especially useful in areas where there is known to be a high level of resistance to chloroquine, 5519: 4716: 1224: 3716:

Joelle M; Srinivasan, Vinay; Drakeley, Chris; Gosling, Roly; Chen, Ingrid; Bousema, Teun (June 2018).

1735:

resistance, therefore it is only used in combination therapy for severe acute cases of drug-resistant

1400:

being consistently recorded in 68% of patients treated with mefloquine (in one hospital-based study).

5199: 4756: 4233: 4200: 3426: 3200: 2828:) recommended as 4 mg/kg of Artesunate and 10 mg/kg of Amodiaquine per day for three days. 2713: 497: 123: 4312: 4683: 4532: 3352: 3324:"Updating the WHO G6PD classification of variants and the International Classification of Diseases" 2551: 2513: 2429: 2304: 2135: 2069: 1933: 1812: 1678:) that has been used in the treatment of fevers for over 1,000 years. It is derived from the plant 1427: 1166: 1038: 930: 836: 631: 3767: 5488: 5350: 5327: 5094: 4736: 4474: 4422: 4170: 3800: 2984: 2637: 2555: 2433: 2308: 2168: 2073: 1937: 1816: 1629: 1516: 1431: 1273: 1170: 1042: 992: 934: 840: 635: 547: 367: 322: 189: 185: 76: 2516:, environmental controls (such as swamp draining) and personal protective methods such as using 473:; however, it is still very effective and widely used in the treatment of acute cases of severe 5338: 5214: 5170: 4886: 4826: 2144:) has also developed in some patients; this condition may be fatal in a small number of cases. 1873:, chemically related to Quinine and acts acting as a blood schizonticide effective against all 1718: 1227:

in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway of malaria parasites. They are structural analogs of

1220: 1012: 490: 2010:

subunit thus preventing the 50s and 30s units from bonding. Doxycycline is used primarily for

5344: 4693: 4661: 4469: 4435: 4417: 4355: 3178: 3059: 2386: 2356: 2026: 757:

Children and adults should receive 25 mg of chloroquine per kg given over three days. A

589: 454: 327: 3901:

Pharmacological Potential of Selected Natural Compounds in the Control of Parasitic Diseases

3023:

Several other anti-malarial combinations have been used or are in development. For example,

335:

Anti-malaria aid campaigns have a globally positive impact for health outcomes and beyond.

5264: 4589: 4118: 2243: 1385: 1323: 4322:

website as a PDF file and includes detailed country-specific information for UK travelers.

2273:

synthesis. Regional variations of specific mutations give differing levels of resistance.

1322:

and is chemically related to quinine. It was developed to protect American troops against

8: 5465: 4831: 4646: 4549: 4522: 4456: 4449: 3203:– a regional USAID project in 11 countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. 3189: 2497: 2011: 1489: 1373: 1334: 1228: 1115: 766: 440: 318: 310: 278: 4275: 4122: 3290:

Mittra, Robert A.; Mieler, William F. (2013). "Drug Toxicity of the Posterior Segment".

2381:

The resistance to anti-malarials may be increased by a process found in some species of

1337:

and for acute therapy. It is now used solely for the prevention of resistant strains of

5437: 5244: 5026: 4929: 4726: 4711: 4656: 4141: 4102: 4053: 4026: 4002: 3975: 3744: 3717: 3697: 3299: 3267: 3242: 3155: 3139: 2937: 2730:

10 mg/kg of Amodiaquine per day for three days with a single standard dose of SP.

2719:

Chloroquine 25 mg/kg over three days with a single dose of SP as described above.

2517: 1894:, occasionally causing death are seen when high doses are administered. This is due to 1891: 1761: 1714: 1590: 1364:". Lariam is fairly expensive at around three € per tablet (pricing of the year 2000). 902:, itching, nausea, vomiting and some abdominal pain have been recorded. Some blood and 801: 683: 568: 462: 298: 3951: 3926: 3875: 3850: 3734: 3524: 1909:

is a relative of halofantrine that is used in some combination antimalarial regimens.

4975: 4911: 4673: 4247: 4214: 4146: 4058: 4007: 3956: 3905: 3880: 3749: 3701: 3689: 3648: 3564: 3507:"Fact check: Hydroxychloroquine is not the same as quinine and can't be made at home" 3440: 3303: 3272: 2368: 2000: 1697: 777:

strains. Chloroquine has been used in the treatment of malaria for many years and no

746: 532: 282: 3538: 2018:

but has a very slow action in acute malaria, and should not be used as monotherapy.

469:

heme. Quinine is less effective and more toxic as a blood schizonticidal agent than

5033: 5012: 4787: 4559: 4527: 4442: 4428: 4400: 4390: 4348: 4237: 4204: 4136: 4126: 4048: 4038: 3997: 3987: 3946: 3938: 3870: 3862: 3832: 3739: 3729: 3681: 3469: 3430: 3295: 3262: 3254: 3125: 2493:

potentially increase the rate of resistance development to an even greater extent.

2030: 1895: 1602: 1397: 1377: 762: 733: 691: 434: 5533: 5401: 4731: 4594: 4566: 4319: 4131: 3899: 3493: 3070: 2524: 2211: 1992: 1680: 1004: 758: 254: 1784: 789:

can occur at intolerable level and Chloroquinine can be a provocation factor of

5494: 5153: 5004: 4835: 3183: 3024: 2489: 2251: 1996: 1393: 564: 285:. As well, despite very positive outcomes from many modern treatments, serious 4993: 3685: 3258: 2523:

A hope for future of anti-malarial therapy is the development of an effective

682:

its effectiveness; however, it is still the first-line drug of choice in most

317:. Practice in treating cases of malaria is most often based on the concept of 5543: 5469: 5134: 4937: 4827: 4544: 4507: 4395: 3992: 3161: 3099: 3066: 2910: 2480: 2036:

Tetracycline is only used in combination for the treatment of acute cases of

1740: 1235: 1008: 980: 805: 778: 555: 517: 486: 250: 523:

Use of quinine is characterised by a frequently experienced syndrome called

5455: 5441: 5290: 5270: 5103: 5089: 4966: 4942: 4900: 4876: 4839: 4678: 4517: 4150: 4062: 4043: 4011: 3960: 3753: 3693: 3276: 3083: 2862: 2224: 2042: 1988: 1906: 1862: 1728: 1243: 1127: 742: 704: 593: 583: 540: 505: 3884: 2488:

that aims to avoid the fundamental lack in certain countries' health care

1584:

0.15 mg/kg should be given for 14 days. As a gametocytocidal drug in

5409: 5319: 5295: 5280: 5275: 5229: 5178: 5139: 5047: 5021: 5016: 4947: 4870: 4859: 4618: 4554: 3866: 3473: 3212: 3131: 3095: 2941: 2906: 2814: 2797: 2505: 2496:

There are two general approaches to preventing the spread of resistance:

2231: 2119: 2041:

ulceration, gastrointestinal upset and interferences with the process of

1984: 1883: 1776: 1709: 1704: 1671: 1369: 1319: 1216: 1139: 1123: 1099: 988: 899: 886: 809: 782: 513: 509: 501: 470: 302: 294: 290: 286: 274: 4209: 3619: 3592: 3435: 1890:

side-effects include nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and itch. Severe

1721:(these disappeared when the patients recovered from the malarial fever). 5332: 5260: 5239: 5224: 5117: 5063: 5037: 4952: 4623: 4599: 4489: 4484: 4412: 4242: 3079: 3032: 2974: 2834: 2754: 2651: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2378:

the usefulness of newly developed therapies prior to large-scale usage.

2276: 2266: 2182: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2123: 1746: 1724: 1643: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1558: 1530: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1477: 1342: 1315: 1287: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1119: 1111: 1096: 1000: 720: 536: 524: 482: 478: 381: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 270: 266: 2242:

species. It is generally accepted to be initiated primarily through a

5285: 5234: 5183: 5158: 5147: 5073: 5042: 4848: 4628: 4479: 4464: 3942: 2602: 2247: 1772: 1675: 1381: 1330: 1092: 1088: 790: 578: 466: 2626: 2540: 2418: 2293: 2157: 2058: 1922: 1801: 1618: 1505: 1416: 1262: 1155: 1027: 919: 825: 620: 356: 196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 65: 3848: 3487: 2704:

25 mg/kg of sulfadoxine and 1.25 mg/kg of pyrimethamine.

2238:

The generation of resistance can be complicated and varies between

2007: 1481: 1389: 1239: 551: 528: 459: 425: 421: 417: 3555:

Scholar, Eric (2007-01-01), Enna, S. J.; Bylund, David B. (eds.),

5427: 5068: 4385: 4371: 3165: 3146:, where chloroquine resistance is common (up to 20% resistance). 3075: 3028: 2867: 2773: 2509: 1685: 1598: 1594: 903: 559: 445: 409: 262: 258: 4333: 2479:

The prevention of anti-malarial drug resistance is of enormous

2270: 1485: 1361: 996: 429: 5317: 4326: 3351:

Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2023-06-28).

1561:

is a highly active 8-aminoquinolone that is effective against

4772:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

4571: 2968:

Fast Elimination of Malaria through Source Eradication (FEMSE

1731: 906:

disorders have also been seen in a small number of patients.

3074:

standard antimalarial treatment (including ACTs) except for

2825: 2806: 2227:

testing, and more recently developed molecular techniques.

891: 786: 699: 413: 4340: 3768:"Rectal artemisinins rapidly eliminate malarial parasites" 2500:, and preventing the transmission of resistant parasites. 1480:

is available in combination with proguanil under the name

4512: 4227: 4194: 3420: 2025:

The most commonly experienced side effects are permanent

2004: 1246:

effects sufficient to cure sensitive strains of malaria.

1238:, most commonly as fixed-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( 708: 603:

from 1883 until about 1920. The formula was published in

289:

can impact some individuals taking standard doses (e.g.,

3967: 4762:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

4304: 4024: 3459: 3039:(G6PD) deficiency is likely to prevent widespread use. 812:, making it more tolerable than Chloroquine by itself. 754:

drug resistance there is exists against chloroquinine.

707:

and the formation of a chloroquine-haem or chloroquine-

695: 4101:

Premji Z, Umeh RE, Owusu-Agyei S, et al. (2009).

3714: 1601:

activity and abdominal pains. In cases of over-dosage

1329:. It is a very potent blood schizonticide with a long 5517: 4100: 3668:

Markus, MB (2018). "Biological Concepts in Recurrent

3241:

Ashley, Elizabeth A.; Phyo, Aung Pyae (25 May 2018).

2616: 546:. This often results in functional impairment of the 3904:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. 3486:

Sparkes, Roland. Article, www.belmonthistory.org.uk

1696:). Ge Hong extracted the artemesinin using a simple 995:

in the parasite thus preventing the biosynthesis of

3898:Velebny, Samuel; Hrckova, Gabriela (Dec 13, 2012). 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4230:Management of severe malaria: a practical handbook 3539:"Preparation method of hydroxychloroquine sulfate" 1787:administration no side effects have been recorded. 4305:Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 5541: 3642: 3561:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 2817:. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated 2362:The most influential causes are examined below: 1396:effects have been recorded with bradycardia and 444:. As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food 2371:individuals, pregnant women and young children. 3897: 2774:Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) 1608: 4812: 4356: 4025:Lim P; Alker AP; Khim N; et al. (2009). 3797:"The History of Traditional Chinese Medicine" 3369: 3225: 346: 4018: 3973: 3918: 3289: 3124:Further information in treatment section of 3058:Further information in treatment section of 1593:, nausea, vomiting, cramps, chest weakness, 4166:"Plasmodium Infection in Poultry - Poultry" 3976:"Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview" 3842: 3142:) region and the geographically contiguous 3138:malaria, except in Indonesia's Irian Jaya ( 3109:artesunate plus clindamycin or doxycycline; 2569:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2447:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2322:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2087:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1951:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1830:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1694:A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 1445:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1184:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1056:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 948:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 854:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4819: 4805: 4363: 4349: 4334:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3636: 3350: 3240: 1999:agent that acts to inhibit the process of 1865:is a relatively new drug developed by the 257:, that can be used to treat or to prevent 4241: 4208: 4140: 4130: 4052: 4042: 4001: 3991: 3950: 3874: 3743: 3733: 3434: 3266: 2667:Learn how and when to remove this message 2589:Learn how and when to remove this message 2467:Learn how and when to remove this message 2342:Learn how and when to remove this message 2198:Learn how and when to remove this message 2107:Learn how and when to remove this message 1971:Learn how and when to remove this message 1850:Learn how and when to remove this message 1659:Learn how and when to remove this message 1546:Learn how and when to remove this message 1465:Learn how and when to remove this message 1303:Learn how and when to remove this message 1204:Learn how and when to remove this message 1076:Learn how and when to remove this message 968:Learn how and when to remove this message 874:Learn how and when to remove this message 669:Learn how and when to remove this message 397:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 4157: 3924: 3112:quinine plus clindamycin or doxycycline. 4311:2007 guidelines are available from the 4197:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 4163: 3554: 3525:"New preparation of hydroxychloroquine" 3423:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 2824:Dosage is as a fixed-dose combination ( 2283: 737:as well as the immature gametocytes of 600:Martindale: The complete drug reference 16:Agents used in the treatment of malaria 5542: 3667: 2749:Quinine plus tetracycline/doxycycline 2530: 1867:Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 1380:, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, 1223:are specific inhibitors of the enzyme 698:. It controls the conversion of toxic 465:, thus facilitating an aggregation of 4800: 4344: 4164:Wettere, Arnaud J. Van (2020-02-25). 3855:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3614: 3612: 3587: 3585: 3550: 3548: 3149: 3050: 3042: 3018: 2134:water and food when taking the drug. 804:was derived in the 1950s by adding a 796: 741:. Chloroquine also has a significant 4667:National Malaria Eradication Program 4296:Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) 3563:, New York: Elsevier, pp. 1–4, 3134:remains the treatment of choice for 2649:adding citations to reliable sources 2620: 2567:adding citations to reliable sources 2534: 2445:adding citations to reliable sources 2412: 2320:adding citations to reliable sources 2287: 2180:adding citations to reliable sources 2151: 2085:adding citations to reliable sources 2052: 1949:adding citations to reliable sources 1916: 1828:adding citations to reliable sources 1795: 1641:adding citations to reliable sources 1612: 1528:adding citations to reliable sources 1499: 1443:adding citations to reliable sources 1410: 1285:adding citations to reliable sources 1256: 1182:adding citations to reliable sources 1149: 1054:adding citations to reliable sources 1021: 946:adding citations to reliable sources 913: 852:adding citations to reliable sources 819: 647:adding citations to reliable sources 614: 567:and death through depression of the 379:adding citations to reliable sources 350: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 4722:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 3831:. November 13, 2008. Archived from 3195:Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) 3160:No medications are approved in the 1743:developing if high doses are given. 1003:, thereby halting the processes of 412:has a long history stretching from 13: 4228:World Health Organization (2012). 4195:World Health Organization (2015). 4188: 3609: 3582: 3545: 3421:World Health Organization (2015). 3300:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0737-9.00089-8 3243:"Drugs in Development for Malaria" 2966:Artesinin/piperaguine/primaquine ( 2617:Non-artemisinin based combinations 2265:have developed resistance against 1345:) despite being effective against 558:through its action of stimulating 14: 5561: 4261: 3778:from the original on 3 April 2008 3037:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1576:For the prevention of relapse in 1110:. It has no known effect against 34:This article has multiple issues. 5527: 4783: 4782: 4752:African Leaders Malaria Alliance 4747:South African Malaria Initiative 4268: 4077:"Malaria eradication: Cure all?" 3116: 2693:Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) ( 2625: 2539: 2417: 2292: 2156: 2057: 1921: 1896:prolongation of the QTc interval 1800: 1617: 1504: 1484:, albeit at a price higher than 1415: 1261: 1154: 1026: 918: 909: 824: 619: 531:(a hearing impairment), rashes, 355: 166: 64: 23: 4605:Malaria antigen detection tests 4094: 4069: 3891: 3814: 3789: 3760: 3708: 3661: 3643:Frans Timmerhuis (2013-02-04). 3531: 2636:needs additional citations for 2167:needs additional citations for 1901: 1791: 1628:needs additional citations for 1515:needs additional citations for 1272:needs additional citations for 1145: 366:needs additional citations for 315:intermittent preventive therapy 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5356:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin 4689:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine 3927:"Antimalarial drug resistance" 3722:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3517: 3499: 3480: 3453: 3344: 3316: 3283: 2048: 1912: 815: 610: 512:. Doses can be given by oral, 338: 325:against chloroquine-resistant 1: 4920:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 4767:Medicines for Malaria Venture 4742:African Malaria Network Trust 4298:[MMV] " MMV Science " 3974:Antony HA, Parija SC (2016). 3735:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30044-6 3218: 2498:preventing malaria infections 2408: 2147: 1495: 1406: 1252: 890:formulation with artesunate ( 592:was a febrifuge developed by 5318:Fixed-dose (co-formulated) 4652:Millennium Development Goals 4132:10.1371/journal.pone.0006682 3164:for treatment of malaria in 1017: 769:in regions only affected by 554:and coma. Quinine can cause 458:. It acts by inhibiting the 321:(e.g., using agents such as 7: 4370: 4313:UK Health Protection Agency 3171: 2985:Pyronaridine and artesunate 1609:Artemisinin and derivatives 987:strains when combined with 416:, and the discovery of the 323:artemether and lumefantrine 192:the claims made and adding 10: 5566: 4717:Against Malaria Foundation 3647:. Elmar B.V., Uitgeverij. 3153: 3123: 3057: 1225:dihydropteroate synthetase 749:effect when used to treat 550:, resulting in confusion, 347:Quinine and related agents 5478: 5454: 5426: 5400: 5364: 5308: 5253: 5213: 5200:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine 5192: 5169: 5125: 5116: 5082: 5056: 5003: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4928: 4910: 4885: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4780: 4757:Amazon Malaria Initiative 4704: 4639: 4582: 4500: 4378: 4327:World Health Organization 4234:World Health Organization 4201:World Health Organization 3686:10.1017/S003118201800032X 3427:World Health Organization 3259:10.1007/s40265-018-0911-9 3201:Amazon Malaria Initiative 2714:World Health Organization 1488:. It is commonly used in 1318:was developed during the 498:World Health Organization 99:"Antimalarial medication" 4684:Malaria in the Caribbean 4533:Sterile insect technique 3993:10.4103/2229-5070.175081 3826:L. tea to fight malaria" 2514:indoor residual spraying 2136:Pseudomembranous colitis 1892:ventricular dysrhythmias 991:. It acts by inhibiting 243:Antimalarial medications 5351:artesunate/pyronaridine 5328:artemether/lumefantrine 4737:Africa Fighting Malaria 4583:Diagnosis and treatment 4286:Antimalarial medication 4171:Merck Veterinary Manual 3925:White NJ (April 2004). 3645:Handboek wereldreiziger 1341:(usually combined with 1104:P. falciparum, P. vivax 993:dihydrofolate reductase 5339:artesunate/amodiaquine 4501:Control and prevention 4044:10.1186/1475-2875-8-11 3496:, retrieved 2010-01-05 3294:. pp. 1532–1554. 1991:compound derived from 1869:in the 1960s. It is a 1719:atrioventricular block 1597:, some suppression of 1221:sulfamethoxypyridazine 253:chemical agent, often 5373:artesunate/mefloquine 5345:artesunate/mefloquine 4694:Malaria Atlas Project 4105:Plasmodium falciparum 3980:Tropical Parasitology 3182:, tree with possible 3179:Diospyros melanoxylon 3060:Plasmodium falciparum 2387:phenotypic plasticity 2141:Clostridium difficile 1871:phenanthrene methanol 1091:(chloroguanide) is a 455:Plasmodium falciparum 424:that acts as a blood 328:Plasmodium falciparum 5385:quinine/tetracycline 5057:4-Methanolquinolines 4832:antiprotozoal agents 4590:Diagnosis of malaria 4406:Pregnancy-associated 3867:10.1128/AAC.42.1.135 3462:The Economic Journal 2735:SP plus mefloquine ( 2724:SP plus amodiaquine 2709:SP plus chloroquine 2645:improve this article 2563:improve this section 2441:improve this section 2385:, where a degree of 2316:improve this section 2284:Spread of resistance 2244:spontaneous mutation 2176:improve this article 2081:improve this section 1945:improve this section 1824:improve this section 1690:Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang 1637:improve this article 1524:improve this article 1439:improve this section 1386:toxic encephalopathy 1324:multi-drug resistant 1281:improve this article 1178:improve this section 1050:improve this section 942:improve this section 848:improve this section 643:improve this section 548:eighth cranial nerve 452:species, especially 375:improve this article 84:improve this article 5550:Antimalarial agents 5382:quinine/doxycycline 5379:quinine/clindamycin 5367:(not co-formulated) 4647:Diseases of poverty 4640:Society and malaria 4550:Sickle-cell anaemia 4523:Malaria prophylaxis 4123:2009PLoSO...4.6682P 3803:on 25 December 2007 3190:Malaria prophylaxis 2531:Combination therapy 2246:that provides some 2122:is a derivative of 1879:ferritoporphyrin XI 1674:is a Chinese herb ( 1118:when combined with 759:pharmacokinetically 684:sub-Saharan African 441:Plasmodium malariae 319:combination therapy 311:malaria prophylaxis 279:drug of last resort 5505:Never to phase III 5365:Other combinations 5245:dihydroartemisinin 5027:hydroxychloroquine 4727:Imagine No Malaria 4712:Malaria Consortium 4657:History of malaria 4540:Genetic resistance 4465:Anopheles mosquito 4318:2013-09-28 at the 4232:(Third ed.). 4199:(Third ed.). 3492:2022-08-06 at the 3474:10.1093/ej/ueaa134 3468:(637): 2171–2202. 3425:(Third ed.). 3156:Malaria in poultry 3150:Malaria in poultry 3140:Western New Guinea 3043:By type of malaria 3019:Other combinations 2938:Dihydroartemisinin 2518:mosquito repellent 2003:by binding to the 1762:Dihydroartemisinin 1388:, convulsions and 1232:-aminobenzoic acid 802:Hydroxychloroquine 797:Hydroxychloroquine 590:Warburg's tincture 569:respiratory system 485:combinations with 463:biocrystallization 299:haemolytic anaemia 177:possibly contains 5515: 5514: 5450: 5449: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5304: 5303: 5209: 5208: 5112: 5111: 4961: 4960: 4887:Cryptosporidiosis 4794: 4793: 4674:World Malaria Day 4253:978-92-4-154852-6 4220:978-92-4-154912-7 3680:(13): 1765–1771. 3654:978-90-389-2055-9 3570:978-0-08-055232-3 3446:978-92-4-154912-7 3309:978-1-4557-0737-9 3016: 3015: 2764: 2763: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2369:immunocompromised 2352: 2351: 2344: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2027:enamel hypoplasia 2001:protein synthesis 1981: 1980: 1973: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1378:anxiety disorders 1313: 1312: 1305: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1086: 1085: 1078: 978: 977: 970: 884: 883: 876: 767:prophylactic drug 747:anti-inflammatory 719:strains) and the 690:Chloroquine is a 679: 678: 671: 407: 406: 399: 283:tropical medicine 255:naturally derived 240: 239: 232: 222: 221: 214: 179:original research 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 5557: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5315: 5314: 5123: 5122: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4883: 4882: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4855: 4838:antiparasitics ( 4821: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4560:G6PDH deficiency 4528:Mosquito control 4401:Blackwater fever 4365: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4272: 4271: 4257: 4245: 4224: 4212: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4134: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3995: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3943:10.1172/JCI21682 3922: 3916: 3915: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3830: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3799:. Archived from 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3737: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3670:Plasmodium vivax 3665: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3418: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3238: 3144:Papua New Guinea 3126:Plasmodium vivax 2782: 2781: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2629: 2621: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2543: 2535: 2472: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2421: 2413: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2296: 2288: 2203: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2160: 2152: 2112: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2061: 2053: 2031:photosensitivity 2012:chemoprophylaxis 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1925: 1917: 1855: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1804: 1796: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1621: 1613: 1603:granulocytopenia 1551: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1508: 1500: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1419: 1411: 1398:sinus arrhythmia 1308: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1265: 1257: 1209: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1158: 1150: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1030: 1022: 973: 966: 962: 959: 953: 922: 914: 879: 872: 868: 865: 859: 828: 820: 763:chemoprophylaxis 692:4-aminoquinolone 674: 667: 663: 660: 654: 623: 615: 435:Plasmodium vivax 402: 395: 391: 388: 382: 359: 351: 235: 228: 217: 210: 206: 203: 197: 194:inline citations 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5495:Clinical trials 5474: 5457: 5446: 5429: 5414: 5388: 5366: 5360: 5310: 5300: 5249: 5216: 5205: 5188: 5165: 5127:DHFR inhibitors 5108: 5078: 5052: 5005:Aminoquinolines 4995: 4985: 4957: 4924: 4906: 4874: 4861: 4850: 4843: 4825: 4795: 4790: 4776: 4732:Malaria No More 4700: 4635: 4595:Malaria culture 4578: 4567:Malaria vaccine 4496: 4374: 4369: 4320:Wayback Machine 4293: 4292: 4291: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4221: 4191: 4189:Further reading 4186: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4023: 4019: 3972: 3968: 3931:J. Clin. Invest 3923: 3919: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3824:Artemisia annua 3820: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3713: 3709: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3624:go.drugbank.com 3618: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3597:go.drugbank.com 3593:"Pyrimethamine" 3591: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3553: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3485: 3481: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3419: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3288: 3284: 3239: 3226: 3221: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3129: 3122: 3071:first trimester 3063: 3056: 3045: 3021: 2905:Artesunate and 2861:Artemether and 2833:Artesunate and 2796:Artesunate and 2776: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2642: 2630: 2619: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2560: 2544: 2533: 2525:malaria vaccine 2473: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2438: 2422: 2411: 2359:and parasites. 2348: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2313: 2297: 2286: 2212:drug resistance 2204: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2173: 2161: 2150: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2078: 2062: 2051: 1993:oxytetracycline 1977: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1942: 1926: 1915: 1904: 1856: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1821: 1805: 1794: 1681:Artemisia annua 1665: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1634: 1622: 1611: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1521: 1509: 1498: 1471: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1436: 1420: 1409: 1309: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1266: 1255: 1210: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1175: 1159: 1148: 1082: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1047: 1031: 1020: 1005:DNA replication 974: 963: 957: 954: 939: 923: 912: 880: 869: 863: 860: 845: 829: 818: 799: 675: 664: 658: 655: 640: 624: 613: 403: 392: 386: 383: 372: 360: 349: 341: 236: 225: 224: 223: 218: 207: 201: 198: 183: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5563: 5553: 5552: 5537: 5536: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5466:Blastocystosis 5462: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5193:Co-formulation 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5154:chlorproguanil 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4864: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4836:Chromalveolata 4828:Antiparasitics 4824: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4323: 4309: 4301: 4274: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262:External links 4260: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4225: 4219: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4156: 4093: 4068: 4017: 3966: 3937:(8): 1084–92. 3917: 3910: 3890: 3841: 3838:on 2008-11-13. 3813: 3788: 3774:. 2008-03-27. 3759: 3728:(6): 627–639. 3707: 3660: 3653: 3635: 3608: 3581: 3569: 3544: 3530: 3516: 3513:. 31 May 2020. 3498: 3479: 3452: 3445: 3368: 3343: 3315: 3308: 3282: 3253:(9): 861–879. 3223: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3187: 3184:antiplasmodial 3173: 3170: 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3025:Chlorproguanil 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2953: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2922: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2846: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2811: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2775: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2633: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2597: 2596: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2490:infrastructure 2475: 2474: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2350: 2349: 2300: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2252:point mutation 2210:Anti-malarial 2206: 2205: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2115: 2114: 2065: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2047: 1997:bacteriostatic 1979: 1978: 1929: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1903: 1900: 1884:cardiotoxicity 1858: 1857: 1808: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1770: 1759: 1744: 1722: 1667: 1666: 1625: 1623: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1554: 1553: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1473: 1472: 1423: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1394:Cardiovascular 1311: 1310: 1269: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1212: 1211: 1162: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1084: 1083: 1034: 1032: 1025: 1019: 1016: 976: 975: 926: 924: 917: 911: 908: 882: 881: 832: 830: 823: 817: 814: 798: 795: 773:and sensitive 677: 676: 627: 625: 618: 612: 609: 584:distereoisomer 565:kidney failure 426:schizonticidal 405: 404: 363: 361: 354: 348: 345: 340: 337: 249:are a type of 238: 237: 220: 219: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5562: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5470:metronidazole 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5443: 5439: 5438:Balantidiasis 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5376:artesunate/SP 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5215:Sesquiterpene 5212: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:pyrimethamine 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4938:pyrimethamine 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4930:Toxoplasmosis 4927: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877:Coccidiostats 4872: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4789: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705:Organisations 4703: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614:Antimalarials 4612: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Duffy antigen 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508:Public health 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396:Quartan fever 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4255: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4082: 4081:The Economist 4078: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3911:9783709113264 3907: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:"Amodiaquine" 3551: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162:United States 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100:intramuscular 3097: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3084:tetracyclines 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3067:P. falciparum 3061: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3011: 3007: 3006:P. falciparum 3002: 2998: 2997:P. falciparum 2993: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:pyrimethamine 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2768:P. falciparum 2759: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2634:This section 2632: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2593: 2590: 2582: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2548:This section 2546: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2481:public health 2471: 2468: 2460: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2426:This section 2424: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2346: 2343: 2335: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2301:This section 2299: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2202: 2199: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2165:This section 2163: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2128:P. falciparum 2125: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2100: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2066:This section 2064: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2038:P. falciparum 2034: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2016:P. falciparum 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1972: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930:This section 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1851: 1843: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1809:This section 1807: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1781:P. falciparum 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767:P. falciparum 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756:P. falciparum 1752: 1751:hemisuccinate 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741:neurotoxicity 1738: 1737:P. falciparum 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1626:This section 1624: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1586:P. falciparum 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:P. falcipraum 1560: 1550: 1547: 1539: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1513:This section 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1466: 1458: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1424:This section 1422: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:P. falciparum 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:P. falciparum 1325: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1304: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270:This section 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:pyrimethamine 1233: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1163:This section 1161: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:P. falciparum 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1069: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1035:This section 1033: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1009:cell division 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:P. falciparum 982: 981:Pyrimethamine 972: 969: 961: 951: 947: 943: 937: 936: 932: 927:This section 925: 921: 916: 915: 910:Pyrimethamine 907: 905: 901: 895: 893: 888: 878: 875: 867: 857: 853: 849: 843: 842: 838: 833:This section 831: 827: 822: 821: 813: 811: 807: 806:hydroxy group 803: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:abortifacient 776: 775:P. falciparum 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:P. falciparum 736: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:P. falciparum 710: 706: 705:nucleic acids 701: 697: 693: 688: 685: 673: 670: 662: 652: 648: 644: 638: 637: 633: 628:This section 626: 622: 617: 616: 608: 606: 602: 601: 595: 591: 587: 585: 580: 576: 572: 570: 566: 561: 557: 556:hypoglycaemia 553: 549: 545: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 518:intramuscular 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 487:pyrimethamine 484: 480: 476: 475:P. falciparum 472: 468: 464: 461: 457: 456: 451: 447: 443: 442: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 398: 390: 380: 376: 370: 369: 364:This section 362: 358: 353: 352: 344: 336: 333: 330: 329: 324: 320: 316: 312: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:antiparasitic 248: 247:antimalarials 244: 234: 231: 216: 213: 205: 195: 191: 187: 181: 180: 175:This article 173: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 140:November 2015 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5442:tetracycline 5335:/piperaquine 5291:pyronaridine 5271:tetracycline 5171:Sulfonamides 5146: 5104:halofantrine 5095:+ artemether 5090:lumefantrine 4967:Aconoidasida 4943:sulfadiazine 4912:Isosporiasis 4901:nitazoxanide 4894: 4679:Epidemiology 4613: 4518:Mosquito net 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4284: 4283: 4282:profile for 4279: 4229: 4210:10665/162441 4196: 4175:. Retrieved 4169: 4159: 4117:(8): e6682. 4114: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4085:. Retrieved 4083:. 2014-01-25 4080: 4071: 4034: 4030: 4020: 3986:(1): 30–41. 3983: 3979: 3969: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3900: 3893: 3861:(1): 135–9. 3858: 3854: 3844: 3833:the original 3823: 3816: 3805:. Retrieved 3801:the original 3791: 3780:. Retrieved 3771: 3762: 3725: 3721: 3710: 3677: 3674:Parasitology 3673: 3669: 3663: 3644: 3638: 3627:. Retrieved 3623: 3600:. Retrieved 3596: 3574:, retrieved 3560: 3533: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3482: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3436:10665/162441 3422: 3360:. Retrieved 3356: 3346: 3335:. Retrieved 3330: 3318: 3291: 3285: 3250: 3246: 3177: 3159: 3135: 3130: 3117: 3090: 3088: 3064: 3051: 3046: 3022: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2967: 2956: 2949: 2946:Duo-Cotecxin 2945: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863:lumefantrine 2850: 2842: 2838: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2788:Description 2777: 2767: 2765: 2736: 2694: 2685:Description 2663: 2654: 2643:Please help 2638:verification 2635: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2585: 2576: 2561:Please help 2549: 2522: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2463: 2454: 2439:Please help 2427: 2382: 2361: 2353: 2338: 2329: 2314:Please help 2302: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2248:evolutionary 2239: 2237: 2229: 2225:animal model 2220: 2216: 2209: 2194: 2185: 2174:Please help 2169:verification 2166: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2118: 2103: 2094: 2079:Please help 2067: 2043:ossification 2037: 2035: 2024: 2020: 2015: 1989:tetracycline 1982: 1967: 1958: 1943:Please help 1931: 1907:Lumefantrine 1905: 1902:Lumefantrine 1888: 1874: 1863:Halofantrine 1861: 1846: 1837: 1822:Please help 1810: 1792:Halofantrine 1780: 1766: 1755: 1736: 1693: 1689: 1688:in his book 1679: 1670: 1655: 1646: 1635:Please help 1630:verification 1627: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1542: 1533: 1522:Please help 1517:verification 1514: 1476: 1461: 1452: 1437:Please help 1425: 1402: 1366: 1359: 1355:P. marlariae 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1326: 1314: 1299: 1290: 1279:Please help 1274:verification 1271: 1248: 1242:), produces 1229: 1215: 1200: 1191: 1176:Please help 1164: 1146:Sulfonamides 1135: 1131: 1107: 1103: 1087: 1072: 1063: 1048:Please help 1036: 984: 979: 964: 955: 940:Please help 928: 896: 885: 870: 861: 846:Please help 834: 808:to existing 800: 774: 770: 756: 750: 743:anti-pyretic 738: 732: 728: 724: 716: 712: 689: 680: 665: 656: 641:Please help 629: 604: 598: 594:Carl Warburg 588: 573: 541:motor neuron 522: 506:tetracycline 495: 474: 453: 449: 439: 433: 408: 393: 384: 373:Please help 368:verification 365: 342: 334: 326: 307: 287:side effects 246: 242: 241: 226: 208: 199: 176: 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 5491:from market 5410:clindamycin 5296:piperaquine 5281:clindamycin 5276:doxycycline 5265:+ proguanil 5230:artemisinin 5179:sulfadoxine 5140:cycloguanil 5118:Antifolates 5048:tafenoquine 5022:chloroquine 5017:amodiaquine 4984:Individual 4948:clindamycin 4896:thiazolides 4871:Conoidasida 4662:Roman fever 4619:Artemisinin 4555:Thalassemia 4243:10665/79317 3772:EurekAlert! 3620:"Proguanil" 3357:www.cdc.gov 3331:www.who.int 3213:Project 523 3132:Chloroquine 3096:intravenous 2942:piperaquine 2919:Amalar plus 2907:sulfadoxine 2815:neutropenia 2798:amodiaquine 2785:Components 2682:Components 2506:insecticide 2404:properties. 2232:parasitemia 2138:(caused by 2120:Clindamycin 2049:Clindamycin 1985:doxycycline 1913:Doxycycline 1777:ethyl ether 1710:trophozoite 1705:Artemisinin 1672:Artemisinin 1605:may occur. 1490:prophylaxis 1370:esophagitis 1335:prophylaxis 1320:Vietnam War 1244:synergistic 1217:Sulfadoxine 1140:AstraZeneca 1124:chloroquine 1116:prophylaxis 1112:hypnozoites 1100:cycloguanil 1013:sulfonamide 1001:pyrimidines 989:sulfadoxine 900:bradycardia 887:Amodiaquine 816:Amodiaquine 810:Chloroquine 783:teratogenic 729:P. malariae 721:gametocytes 611:Chloroquine 514:intravenous 510:clindamycin 502:doxycycline 471:chloroquine 339:Medications 303:tafenoquine 295:chloroquine 291:retinopathy 275:artemisinin 5402:Babesiosis 5333:arterolane 5261:atovaquone 5240:artesunate 5225:artemether 5148:biguanides 5064:mefloquine 5038:primaquine 4996:inhibitors 4953:atovaquone 4624:Mefloquine 4600:Blood film 4490:Gametocyte 4485:Hypnozoite 4470:Life cycle 4436:falciparum 4423:life cycle 4413:Plasmodium 4308:treatment. 4177:2022-07-21 4087:2014-02-16 3807:2007-12-19 3782:2008-03-28 3672:Malaria". 3629:2023-08-04 3602:2023-08-04 3576:2023-08-04 3362:2023-09-12 3337:2020-03-24 3219:References 3186:properties 3091:falciparum 3089:In severe 3080:primaquine 3052:Falciparum 3033:artesunate 2975:primaquine 2957:falciparum 2927:falciparum 2896:falciparum 2851:falciparum 2835:mefloquine 2819:falciparum 2755:cinchonism 2657:March 2020 2611:fixed-dose 2579:March 2020 2457:March 2020 2409:Prevention 2397:parasites. 2383:Plasmodium 2332:March 2020 2277:Atovaquone 2267:antifolate 2263:Plasmodium 2240:Plasmodium 2188:March 2020 2148:Resistance 2124:lincomycin 2097:March 2020 1961:March 2020 1875:Plasmodium 1840:March 2020 1785:parenteral 1747:Artesunate 1725:Artemether 1715:drug fever 1649:March 2020 1559:Primaquine 1536:March 2020 1496:Primaquine 1478:Atovaquone 1455:March 2020 1407:Atovaquone 1343:Artesunate 1316:Mefloquine 1293:March 2020 1253:Mefloquine 1194:March 2020 1120:atovaquone 1097:metabolite 1066:March 2020 958:March 2020 864:March 2020 659:March 2020 605:The Lancet 563:result in 544:end plates 537:neurotoxic 525:cinchonism 483:sulfa drug 479:mefloquine 450:Plasmodium 430:gametocide 387:March 2020 271:parenteral 267:artesunate 245:or simply 202:March 2020 186:improve it 110:newspapers 39:improve it 5501:Phase III 5489:Withdrawn 5286:mepacrine 5235:artemotil 5184:sulfalene 5159:proguanil 5074:quinidine 5043:pamaquine 4629:Proguanil 4480:Merozoite 3702:206250162 2959:malaria. 2929:malaria. 2898:malaria. 2853:malaria. 2821:malaria. 2802:Coarsucam 2770:malaria. 2603:morbidity 2550:does not 2508:-treated 2428:does not 2303:does not 2068:does not 2008:ribosomal 1932:does not 1811:does not 1773:Arteether 1676:qinghaosu 1426:does not 1382:psychosis 1374:affective 1331:half-life 1165:does not 1136:Paludrine 1093:biguanide 1089:Proguanil 1037:does not 1018:Proguanil 929:does not 835:does not 791:psoriasis 630:does not 579:quinidine 467:cytotoxic 428:and weak 190:verifying 45:talk page 5544:Category 5534:Medicine 5456:Stramen- 5217:lactones 4994:Hemozoin 4788:Category 4475:Schizont 4457:knowlesi 4450:malariae 4391:Cerebral 4316:Archived 4151:19690618 4111:PLOS ONE 4107:malaria" 4063:19138391 4031:Malar. J 4012:26998432 3961:15085184 3776:Archived 3754:29422384 3694:29564998 3490:Archived 3277:29802605 3172:See also 3098:(IV) or 3012:by now. 3001:P. vivax 2839:Artequin 2737:Fansimef 2695:Fansidar 2510:bed nets 2221:in vitro 1698:macerate 1591:anorexia 1582:P. ovale 1578:P. vivax 1571:P. ovale 1567:P. vivax 1482:Malarone 1390:delirium 1351:P. ovale 1347:P. vivax 1240:Fansidar 1108:P. ovale 771:P. vivax 751:P. vivax 734:P. ovale 725:P. vivax 717:P. vivax 575:Quinimax 552:delirium 529:Tinnitus 460:hemozoin 446:vacuoles 432:against 422:alkaloid 418:cinchona 297:, acute 5311:nations 5069:quinine 4976:Malaria 4860:Apicom- 4418:biology 4386:Malaria 4379:Biology 4372:Malaria 4276:Scholia 4236:(WHO). 4203:(WHO). 4142:2724683 4119:Bibcode 4054:2627910 4003:4778180 3885:9449273 3822:"Using 3745:5968371 3511:Reuters 3429:(WHO). 3268:6013505 3207:RAVREDA 3166:poultry 3120:malaria 3076:dapsone 3054:malaria 3029:dapsone 3010:P vivax 2989:Pyramax 2950:Artekin 2915:Ariplus 2876:Faverid 2868:Coartem 2716:(WHO). 2571:removed 2556:sources 2449:removed 2434:sources 2357:vectors 2324:removed 2309:sources 2217:in vivo 2089:removed 2074:sources 1953:removed 1938:sources 1832:removed 1817:sources 1686:Ge Hong 1599:myeloid 1595:anaemia 1447:removed 1432:sources 1186:removed 1171:sources 1058:removed 1043:sources 997:purines 950:removed 935:sources 904:hepatic 856:removed 841:sources 787:itching 651:removed 636:sources 560:insulin 533:vertigo 491:endemic 410:Quinine 269:, both 263:quinine 259:malaria 184:Please 124:scholar 5520:Portal 5484:WHO-EM 5428:Cilio- 5347:(ASMQ) 5341:(ASAQ) 5309:Combi- 4986:agents 4849:Alveo- 4278:has a 4250: 4217: 4149: 4139: 4061: 4051: 4037:: 11. 4010: 4000: 3959: 3952:385418 3949: 3908: 3883: 3876:105468 3873: 3752: 3742: 3700: 3692: 3651: 3567: 3443: 3333:. 2019 3306: 3292:Retina 3275: 3265: 3106:an ACT 2884:Lonart 2880:Amatem 2872:Riamet 2271:folate 2255:time. 2223:, and 1775:is an 1729:methyl 1486:Lariam 1362:Lariam 1128:plasma 607:1875. 481:, and 126: 119: 112: 105: 97: 5458:opile 5430:phora 5254:Other 5083:Other 4862:plexa 4572:RTS,S 4443:ovale 4429:vivax 4280:topic 3836:(PDF) 3829:(PDF) 3698:S2CID 3327:(PDF) 3247:Drugs 3136:vivax 3118:Vivax 2948:, or 2791:Dose 2688:Dose 1987:is a 1749:is a 1732:ether 1727:is a 301:with 293:with 131:JSTOR 117:books 5320:ACTs 5202:(SP) 5034:(8-) 5013:(4-) 4851:late 4332:The 4325:The 4303:The 4248:ISBN 4215:ISBN 4147:PMID 4059:PMID 4008:PMID 3957:PMID 3906:ISBN 3881:PMID 3750:PMID 3690:PMID 3649:ISBN 3565:ISBN 3441:ISBN 3304:ISBN 3273:PMID 3082:and 3031:and 3008:and 2999:and 2843:ASMQ 2826:ASAQ 2807:ASAQ 2554:any 2552:cite 2432:any 2430:cite 2307:any 2305:cite 2072:any 2070:cite 1936:any 1934:cite 1815:any 1813:cite 1580:and 1569:and 1430:any 1428:cite 1376:and 1353:and 1219:and 1169:any 1167:cite 1106:and 1041:any 1039:cite 999:and 933:any 931:cite 892:ASAQ 839:any 837:cite 745:and 715:and 700:heme 634:any 632:cite 577:and 438:and 414:Peru 277:, a 265:and 103:news 4840:P01 4513:DDT 4337:US. 4238:hdl 4205:hdl 4137:PMC 4127:doi 4049:PMC 4039:doi 3998:PMC 3988:doi 3947:PMC 3939:doi 3935:113 3871:PMC 3863:doi 3740:PMC 3730:doi 3682:doi 3678:145 3470:doi 3466:131 3431:hdl 3296:doi 3263:PMC 3255:doi 2995:of 2970:)) 2917:or 2886:or 2841:or 2804:or 2647:by 2565:by 2443:by 2318:by 2178:by 2083:by 2005:30S 1947:by 1826:by 1639:by 1526:by 1441:by 1283:by 1180:by 1138:by 1122:or 1052:by 944:by 850:by 781:or 723:of 709:DNA 645:by 516:or 508:or 448:of 377:by 305:). 188:by 86:by 5546:: 5497:: 5468:: 5440:: 5036:: 5015:: 4834:– 4830:– 4246:. 4213:. 4168:. 4145:. 4135:. 4125:. 4113:. 4109:. 4079:. 4057:. 4047:. 4033:. 4029:. 4006:. 3996:. 3982:. 3978:. 3955:. 3945:. 3933:. 3929:. 3879:. 3869:. 3859:42 3857:. 3853:. 3770:. 3748:. 3738:. 3726:18 3724:. 3720:. 3696:. 3688:. 3676:. 3622:. 3611:^ 3595:. 3584:^ 3559:, 3547:^ 3509:. 3464:. 3439:. 3371:^ 3355:. 3329:. 3302:. 3271:. 3261:. 3251:78 3249:. 3245:. 3227:^ 3168:. 3078:, 2991:) 2952:) 2921:) 2890:) 2888:AL 2882:, 2878:, 2874:, 2845:) 2810:) 2753:(' 2739:) 2697:) 2512:, 2219:, 1392:. 1384:, 1349:, 1142:. 1007:, 793:. 731:, 727:, 696:pH 571:. 527:. 504:, 493:. 48:. 5522:: 5267:) 5263:( 4903:) 4899:( 4879:) 4875:( 4873:/ 4842:) 4820:e 4813:t 4806:v 4364:e 4357:t 4350:v 4290:. 4256:. 4240:: 4223:. 4207:: 4180:. 4153:. 4129:: 4121:: 4115:4 4090:. 4065:. 4041:: 4035:8 4014:. 3990:: 3984:6 3963:. 3941:: 3914:. 3887:. 3865:: 3810:. 3785:. 3756:. 3732:: 3704:. 3684:: 3657:. 3632:. 3605:. 3541:. 3527:. 3476:. 3472:: 3449:. 3433:: 3365:. 3340:. 3312:. 3298:: 3279:. 3257:: 3128:. 3062:. 3027:- 2987:( 2944:( 2940:- 2913:( 2909:/ 2865:( 2837:( 2800:( 2670:) 2664:( 2659:) 2655:( 2641:. 2592:) 2586:( 2581:) 2577:( 2573:. 2559:. 2470:) 2464:( 2459:) 2455:( 2451:. 2437:. 2345:) 2339:( 2334:) 2330:( 2326:. 2312:. 2201:) 2195:( 2190:) 2186:( 2172:. 2110:) 2104:( 2099:) 2095:( 2091:. 2077:. 1974:) 1968:( 1963:) 1959:( 1955:. 1941:. 1853:) 1847:( 1842:) 1838:( 1834:. 1820:. 1692:( 1662:) 1656:( 1651:) 1647:( 1633:. 1549:) 1543:( 1538:) 1534:( 1520:. 1468:) 1462:( 1457:) 1453:( 1449:. 1435:. 1306:) 1300:( 1295:) 1291:( 1277:. 1230:p 1207:) 1201:( 1196:) 1192:( 1188:. 1174:. 1079:) 1073:( 1068:) 1064:( 1060:. 1046:. 971:) 965:( 960:) 956:( 952:. 938:. 877:) 871:( 866:) 862:( 858:. 844:. 672:) 666:( 661:) 657:( 653:. 639:. 400:) 394:( 389:) 385:( 371:. 233:) 227:( 215:) 209:( 204:) 200:( 182:. 153:) 147:( 142:) 138:( 128:· 121:· 114:· 107:· 80:. 55:) 51:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Antimalarial medication

Index