Antimalarial medication

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schizonticidal drugs with independent modes of action and different biochemical targets in the parasite'. There is much evidence to support the use of combination therapies, some of which has been discussed previously, however several problems prevent the wide use in the areas where its use is most advisable. These include: problems identifying the most suitable drug for different epidemiological situations, the expense of combined therapy (it is over 10 times more expensive than traditional mono-therapy), how soon the programmes should be introduced and problems linked with policy implementation and issues of compliance.

1383:. It was not recommended for use during the first trimester, although considered safe during the second and third trimesters; nevertheless, in October 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed its recommendation and approved use of Mefloquine for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria in all trimesters, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) changed its categorization from C to B. Mefloquine frequently produces side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and dizziness. Several associations with neurological events have been made, namely 2226:

red blood cell for the duration of the time necessary for its normal action." Resistance to antimalarial drugs is common. In most instances this refers to parasites that remain following on from an observed treatment; thus, it excludes all cases where anti-malarial prophylaxis has failed. In order for a case to be defined as resistant, the patient in question must have received a known and observed anti-malarial therapy while the blood drug and metabolite concentrations are monitored concurrently; techniques used to demonstrate this include

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concern, as the rate at which new drugs are produced by no means matches the rate of the development of resistance. In addition, the most newly developed therapeutics tend to be the most expensive and are required in the largest quantities by some of the poorest areas of the world. Therefore, it is apparent that the degree to which malaria can be controlled depends on the careful use of the existing drugs to limit, insofar as it is possible, any further development of resistance.

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non-artemesinin based therapy. It produces a very rapid reduction in the parasite biomass with an associated reduction in clinical symptoms and is known to cause a reduction in the transmission of gametocytes thus decreasing the potential for the spread of resistant alleles. At present there is no known resistance to Artemesinin (though some resistant strains may be emerging) and very few reported side-effects to drug usage, however this data is limited.

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effectively inhibit the process of haem polymerization (that is necessary to prevent buildup of the toxic byproducts formed by haemoglobin digestion). This theory has been supported by evidence showing that resistance can be effectively reversed on the addition of substances which halt the efflux. The resistance of other quinolone anti-malarials such as amodiaquine, mefloquine, halofantrine and quinine are thought to have occurred by similar mechanisms.

2638: 2552: 2430: 2305: 2169: 2070: 1934: 1813: 1630: 1517: 1428: 1274: 1167: 1039: 931: 837: 632: 368: 77: 179: 36: 4281: 2538:. This could have enormous public health benefits, providing a cost-effective and easily applicable approach to preventing not only the onset of malaria but the transmission of gametocytes, thus reducing the risk of resistance developing. Anti-malarial therapy also could be diversified by combining a potentially effective vaccine with current chemotherapy, thereby reducing the chance of vaccine resistance developing. 3113:(IM) artesunate is recommended. Quinine is an acceptable alternative if parenteral artesunate is not available. Parenteral antimalarials should be administered for a minimum of 24 h in the treatment of severe malaria, irrespective of the patient's ability to tolerate oral medication earlier. Thereafter, it is recommended to complete treatment by giving a complete course of any of the following: 5540: 284:(injectable) drugs, expanding from there into the many classes of available modern drugs. Incidence and distribution of the disease ("malaria burden") is expected to remain high, globally, for many years to come; moreover, known antimalarial drugs have repeatedly been observed to elicit resistance in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring 1897:. It is still a useful drug and can be used in patients that are known to be free of heart disease and that have severe and resistant forms of acute malaria. A popular drug based on halofantrine is Halfan. The level of governmental control and the prescription-only basis on which it can be used contributes to the cost, thus halofantrine is not frequently used. 1769:. The dosage recommended by the WHO is a five or seven day course (depending on the predicted adherence level) of 4 mg/kg for three days (usually given in combination with mefloquine) followed by 2 mg/kg for the remaining two or four days. In large studies carried out on over 10,000 patients in Thailand no adverse effects have been shown. 2246:

factors can be involved in the processes including problems with non-compliance and adherence, poor drug quality, interactions with other pharmaceuticals, poor absorption, misdiagnosis and incorrect doses being given. The majority of these factors also contribute to the development of drug resistance.

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Dicko, Alassane; Roh, Michelle E; Diawara, Halimatou; Mahamar, Almahamoudou; Soumare, Harouna M; Lanke, Kjerstin; Bradley, John; Sanogo, Koualy; Kone, Daouda T; Diarra, Kalifa; Keita, Sekouba; Issiaka, Djibrilla; Traore, Sekou F; McCulloch, Charles; Stone, Will J R; Hwang, Jimee; Müller, Olaf; Brown,

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Pyramax developed by Shin Poong Pharmaceutical and Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV). This is a first fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy to be granted a positive scientific opinion for efficacy, safety and quality from European Medicines Agency (EMA) under Article 58 for the treatment

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Preventing malaria infections developing has a substantial effect on the potential rate of development of resistance, by directly reducing the number of cases of malaria thus decreasing the need for anti-malarial therapy. Preventing the transmission of resistant parasites limits the risk of resistant

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Clindamycin should be given in conjunction with quinine as a 300 mg dose (in adults) four times a day for five days. The only side effects recorded in patients taking clindamycin are nausea, vomiting and abdominal pains and cramps. However these can be alleviated by consuming large quantities of

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A dose of 8 mg/kg of halofantrine is advised to be given in three doses at six-hour intervals for the duration of the clinical episode. It is not recommended for children under 10 kg despite data supporting the use and demonstrating that it is well tolerated. The most frequently experienced

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that cause plasmodial membrane damage. Despite being effective against drug resistant parasites, halofantrine is not commonly used in the treatment (prophylactic or therapeutic) of malaria due to its high cost. It has very variable bioavailability and has been shown to have potentially high levels of

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phase, thus preventing progression of the disease. Semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate, artemether) are easier to use than the parent compound and are converted rapidly once in the body to the active compound dihydroartemesinin. On the first day of treatment 20 mg/kg is often

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is a 4-aminoquinolone anti-malarial drug similar in structure and mechanism of action to chloroquine. Amodiaquine has tended to be administered in areas of chloroquine resistance while some patients prefer its tendency to cause less itching than chloroquine. Amodiaquine is now available in a combined

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are the two most commonly used alkaloids related to quinine in the treatment or prevention of malaria. Quinimax is a combination of four alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine). This combination has been shown in several studies to be more effective than quinine, supposedly due to

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infection), since this offers advantages including reduced risk of treatment failure, reduced risk of developed resistance, as well as the possibility of reduced side-effects. Prompt parasitological confirmation by microscopy, or alternatively by rapid diagnostic tests, is recommended in all patients

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This has been used as an efficacious first-line treatment regimen in areas of Thailand for many years. Mefloquine is known to cause vomiting in children and induces some neuropsychiatric and cardiotoxic effects. These adverse reactions seem to be reduced when the drug is combined with artesunate, it

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This fixed-dose combination has been used for many years, causes few adverse effects, is cheap and effective in a single dose, thus decreasing problems associated with adherence and compliance. In technical terms Fansidar is not generally considered a true combination therapy since the components do

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Provisions essential to this process include the delivery of fast primary care where staff are well trained and supported with the necessary supplies for efficient treatment. This in itself is inadequate in large areas where malaria is endemic thus presenting an initial problem. One method proposed

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derivative of dihydroartemesinin. It is similar to artemesinin in mode of action but demonstrates a reduced ability as a hypnozoiticidal compound, instead acting more significantly to decrease gametocyte carriage. Similar restrictions are in place, as with artemesinin, to prevent the development of

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infections, and thus it may still remain useful even when resistance is more widespread. According to a report on the Science and Development Network website's sub-Saharan Africa section, there is very little drug resistance among children infected with malaria on the island of Madagascar, but what

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Chloroquine was, until recently, the most widely used anti-malarial. It was the original prototype from which most methods of treatment are derived. It is also the least expensive, best tested and safest of all available drugs. The emergence of drug-resistant parasitic strains is rapidly decreasing

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This combination has been extensively tested in 16 clinical trials, proving effective in children under five and has been shown to be better tolerated than artesunate plus mefloquine combinations. There are no serious side effects documented but the drug is not recommended in pregnant or lactating

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The use of anti-malarials developed from similar basic chemical compounds can increase the rate of resistance development, for example cross-resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine, two 4-aminoquinolones and mefloquine conferring resistance to quinine and halofantrine. This phenomenon may reduce

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The biological influences are based on the parasites ability to survive the presence of an anti-malarial thus enabling the persistence of resistance and the potential for further transmission despite treatment. In normal circumstances any parasites that persist after treatment are destroyed by the

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and recover from an acute clinical episode when a suitable treatment has been given is anti-malarial resistance in its true form. Drug resistance may lead to treatment failure, but treatment failure is not necessarily caused by drug resistance despite assisting with its development. A multitude of

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has been defined as: "the ability of a parasite to survive and/or multiply despite the administration and absorption of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within tolerance of the subject. The drug in question must gain access to the parasite or the infected

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or multiple mutations. In most instances a mutation will be fatal for the parasite or the drug pressure will remove parasites that remain susceptible, however some resistant parasites will survive. Resistance can become firmly established within a parasite population, existing for long periods of

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secretion; this occurs in therapeutic doses and therefore it is advised that glucose levels are monitored in all patients every 4–6 hours. This effect can be exaggerated in pregnancy and therefore additional care in administering and monitoring the dosage is essential. Repeated or over-dosage can

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is quinine plus clindamycin to be given for seven days. In second and third trimesters, it is recommended to give ACTs known to be effective in the country/region or artesunate plus clindamycin for seven days, or quinine plus clindamycin to be given for seven days. Lactating women should receive

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is suggested that this is due to a delayed onset of action of mefloquine. This is not considered a viable option to be introduced in Africa due to the long half-life of mefloquine, which potentially could exert a high selection pressure on parasites. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

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Artemesinin has a very different mode of action than conventional anti-malarials (see information above), which makes it particularly useful in the treatment of resistant infections. However, to prevent the development of resistance to this drug it is only recommended in combination with another

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importance. It can be assumed that no therapy currently under development or to be developed in the foreseeable future will be totally protective against malaria. In accordance with this, there is the possibility of resistance developing to any given therapy that is developed. This is a serious

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and mortality. Thus a balance must be reached that attempts to achieve both goals while not compromising either too much by doing so. The most successful attempts so far have been in the administration of combination therapy. This can be defined as, 'the simultaneous use of two or more blood

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The pharmacokinetics of the chosen anti-malarial are key; the decision of choosing a long half-life over a drug that is metabolised quickly is complex and still remains unclear. Drugs with shorter half-life's require more frequent administration to maintain the correct plasma concentrations,

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is the privatisation of some areas, thus enabling drugs to be purchased on the open market from sources that are not officially related to the health care industry. Although this is now gaining some support there are many problems related to limited access and improper drug use, which could

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infections. This is due to its slow onset. Unlike doxycycline it is not used in chemoprophylaxis. For tetracycline, 250 mg is the recommended adult dosage (it should not be used in children) for five or seven days depending on the level of adherence and compliance expected. Oesophageal

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The first type of resistance to be acknowledged was to chloroquine in Thailand in 1957. The biological mechanism behind this resistance was subsequently discovered to be related to the development of an efflux mechanism that expels chloroquine from the parasite before the level required to

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in 1834, which included quinine as a key ingredient. In the 19th-century it was a well-known anti-malarial drug. Although originally sold as a secret medicine, Warburg's tincture was highly regarded by many eminent medical professionals who considered it as being superior to quinine (e.g.

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derivative of the active metabolite dihydroartemisin. Currently it is the most frequently used of all the artemesinin-type drugs. Its only effect is mediated through a reduction in the gametocyte transmission. It is used in combination therapy and is effective in cases of uncomplicated

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in adults and children over 20 kg based on five multi-centre phase III trials conducted in Africa and South-East Asia. Pyramax has been shown to be highly efficacious (greater than 97%) in both species and only ACT approved by stringent regulatory authority for treatment of both

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is the active metabolite to which artemesinin is reduced. It is the most effective artemesinin compound and the least stable. It has a strong blood schizonticidal action and reduces gametocyte transmission. It is used for therapeutic treatment of cases of resistant and uncomplicated

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There is no single factor that confers the greatest degree of influence on the spread of drug resistance, but a number of plausible causes associated with an increase have been acknowledged. These include aspects of economics, human behaviour, pharmacokinetics, and the biology of

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infections a single dose of 0.75 mg/kg repeated seven days later is sufficient. This treatment method is only used in conjunction with another effective blood schizonticidal drug. There are few significant side effects although it has been shown that primaquine may cause

1245:(PABA) and compete with PABA to block its conversion to dihydrofolic acid. Sulfonamides act on the schizont stages of the erythrocytic (asexual) cycle. When administered alone sulfonamides are not efficacious in treating malaria but co-administration with the antifolate 2290:

is recommended to be used only in combination with another anti-malarial compound as the selection of resistant parasites occurs very quickly when used in mono-therapy. Resistance is thought to originate from a single-point mutation in the gene coding for cytochrome-b.

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The drug should be given in doses between 25 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg over three days in a similar method to that used in chloroquine administration. Adverse reactions are generally similar in severity and type to that seen in chloroquine treatment. In addition,

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malaria, it is recommended that rapid clinical assessment and confirmation of the diagnosis is made, followed by administration of full doses of parenteral antimalarial treatment without delay with whichever effective antimalarial is first available. For adults,

2988:. An experimental program in the Comoros islands employed the protocol. At the outset, more than 90% of the inhabitants of some villages had malaria. On one island the number of cases fell by 95%. In 2012, on the second island, the number of cases fell by 97%. 3517: 2763:

This combination retains a high cure rate in many areas. Problems with this regime include the relatively complicated drug regimen, where quinine must be taken every eight hours for seven days. Additionally, there are significant side effects with quinine

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website hosts constantly updated country-specific information on malaria. The advice on this website is less detailed, is very cautious and may not be appropriate for all areas within a given country. This is the preferred site for travelers from the

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When treating acute cases and given in combination with quinine; 100 mg of doxycycline should be given per day for seven days. In prophylactic therapy, 100 mg (adult dose) of doxycycline should be given every day during exposure to malaria.

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The pharmacokinetics of anti-malarials is important when using combination therapy. Mismatched drug combinations, for example having an 'unprotected' period where one drug dominates can seriously increase the likelihood of selection for resistant

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has a very rapid action and the vast majority of acute patients treated show significant improvement within 1–3 days of receiving treatment. It has demonstrated the fastest clearance of all anti-malarials currently used and acts primarily on the

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A dose of 15–25 mg/kg is recommended, depending on the prevalence of mefloquine resistance. The increased dosage is associated with a much greater level of intolerance, most noticeably in young children; with the drug inducing vomiting and

1584:. It is the only known drug to cure both relapsing malaria infections and acute cases. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but it is thought to block oxidative metabolism in Plasmodia. It can also be combined with methylene blue. 1137:(in areas where there is no chloroquine resistance). 3 mg/kg is the advised dosage per day, (hence approximate adult dosage is 200 mg). The pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs indicates that a half dose, twice daily maintains the 319:

Specifically, antimalarial drugs may be used to treat malaria in three categories of individuals, (i) those with suspected or confirmed infection, (ii) those visiting a malaria-endemic regions who have no immunity, to prevent infection via

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countries. It is now suggested that it is used in combination with other antimalarial drugs to extend its effective usage. Popular drugs based on chloroquine phosphate (also called nivaquine) are Chloroquine FNA, Resochin and Dawaquin.

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is a global collaboration generating quality-assured, timely information to track the emergence and spread of antimalarial resistance — critical information for ensuring that anyone infected with malaria receives safe and effective

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to hemozoin by inhibiting the biocrystallization of hemozoin, thus poisoning the parasite through excess levels of toxicity. Other potential mechanisms through which it may act include interfering with the biosynthesis of parasitic

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women due to limited safety testing in these groups. This is the most viable option for widespread use and is available in fixed-dose formulas thus increasing compliance and adherence. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

2768:') and tetracyclines are contraindicated in children and pregnant women (these groups should use clindamycin instead). With the advent of artemisinin-combination therapies, quinine-based treatment is less popular than previously. 272:, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women. As of 2018, modern treatments, including for severe malaria, continued to depend on therapies deriving historically from 1724:

given, and the dose then reduced to 10 mg/kg per day for the six following days. Few side effects are associated with artemesinin use. However, headaches, nausea, vomiting, abnormal bleeding, dark urine, itching and some

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therefore potentially presenting more problems if levels of adherence and compliance are unreliable, but longer-lasting drugs can increase the development of resistance due to prolonged periods of low drug concentration.

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This is a well tolerated combination but the overall level of efficacy still depends on the level of resistance to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine thus limiting is usage. It is recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

3208:– a not-for-profit organization which is managing the largest–ever portfolio of over 50 antimalarial projects in collaboration with over 100 pharmaceutical, academic, and endemic-country partners in 38 countries. 2414:

The treatment regime prescribed can have a substantial influence on the development of resistance. This can involve the drug intake, combination and interactions as well as the drug's pharmacokinetic and dynamic

292:, where resistance has now been observed in Southeast Asia. As such, the needs for new antimalarial agents and new strategies of treatment (e.g., new combination therapies) remain important priorities in 2378:

host's immune system, therefore any factors that act to reduce the elimination of parasites could facilitate the development of resistance. This attempts to explain the poorer response associated with

2040:(although this is only relevant during the period of tooth development during the first decade of life), transient depression of bone growth, gastrointestinal disturbances and some increased levels of 1106:; a synthetic derivative of pyrimidine. It was developed in 1945 by a British Antimalarial research group. It has many mechanisms of action but primarily is mediated through conversion to the active 705:

compound with a complicated and still unclear mechanism of action. It is believed to reach high concentrations in the vacuoles of the parasite, which, due to its alkaline nature, raises the internal

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This combination has been shown to produce a faster rate of clinical recovery than SP and chloroquine, but is clearly inferior to artemisinin-based combinations (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria.

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There has been evidence to suggest that certain parasite-vector combinations can alternatively enhance or inhibit the transmission of resistant parasites, causing 'pocket-like' areas of resistance.

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This single dose pill offered obvious advantages of convenience over more complex regimes but it has not been recommended for use for many years owing to widespread resistance to the components.

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levels with a greater level of consistency, thus giving a greater level of protection. The proguanil- chloroquine combination does not provide effective protection against resistant strains of

4311:– for information on the largest–ever portfolio of over 50 antimalarial projects, working in collaboration with over 100 pharmaceutical, academic, and endemic-country partners in 38 countries. 3080:. The choice of ACT in a country or region will be based on the level of resistance to the constituents in the combination. For pregnant women, the recommended first-line treatment during the 1750:. It should be administered in a 7-day course with 4 mg/kg given per day for three days, followed by 1.6 mg/kg for three days. Side effects of the drug are few but include potential 2141:

infections and not as a prophylactic. Being more toxic than the other antibiotic alternatives, it is used only in cases where the Tetracyclines are contraindicated (for example in children).

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The combinations of drugs currently prescribed can be divided into two categories: non-artemesinin-based combinations and artemesinin based combinations. It is also important to distinguish

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Has been studied mainly in China, Vietnam and other countries in SEAsia. The drug has been shown to be highly efficacious (greater than 90%). It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated

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combination drugs, the most commonly used being sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. Two gene mutations are thought to be responsible, allowing synergistic blockages of two enzymes involved in

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The treatment regimen of quinine is complex and is determined largely by the parasite's level of resistance and the reason for drug therapy (i.e. acute treatment or prophylaxis). The

1145:. There are very few side effects to proguanil, with slight hair loss and mouth ulcers being occasionally reported following prophylactic use. Proguanil hydrochloride is marketed as 431:

tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day and a collection of derivatives that are still frequently used in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Quinine is an

1780:. 4 mg/kg doses are recommended on the first day of therapy followed by 2 mg/kg for six days. As with artesunate, no side effects to treatment have thus far been recorded. 772:

superior regime, recommended by the WHO, involves giving an initial dose of 10 mg/kg followed 6–8 hours later by 5 mg/kg, then 5 mg/kg on the following two days. For

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Sulfonamides are not recommended for chemoprophylaxis because of rare but severe skin reactions experienced. However it is used frequently for clinical episodes of the disease.

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therefore is not used in the prevention of relapse. It has a weak blood schizonticidal activity and is not recommended for therapy of acute infection. However it is useful in

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The standard dose required is 4 mg/kg per day of Artesunate plus 25 mg/kg of Mefloquine as a split dose of 15 mg/kg on day two and 10 mg/kg on day three.

1794:. The recommended dosage is 150 mg/kg per day for three days given by IM injections. With the exception of a small number of cases demonstrating neurotoxicity following 4782: 1414:

Mefloquine can only be taken for a period up to six months due to side effects. After this, other drugs (such as those based on paludrine/nivaquine) again need to be taken.

3097:. In infants and young children, it is recommended to give ACTs for first-line treatment, with attention to accurate dosing and ensuring the administered dose is retained. 3729:"Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial" 2241:

Drug resistant parasites are often used to explain malaria treatment failure. However, they are two potentially very different clinical scenarios. The failure to clear

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This combination has been tested and proved to be efficacious in many areas where amodiaquine retains some efficacy. A potential disadvantage is a suggested link with

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Kuecken, Maria; Thuilliez, Josselin; Valfort, Marie-Anne (2020). "Disease and Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from the Roll Back Malaria Partnership in Africa".

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suspected of malaria before treatment is started. Treatment solely on the basis of clinical suspicion is considered when a parasitological diagnosis is not possible.

4114:"Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial in African children and adolescents with uncomplicated 4087: 905:) and is among the artemisinin-combination therapies recommended by the World Health Organization. Combination with sulfadoxine=pyrimethamine is not recommended. 511:

recommendation for quinine is 20 mg/kg first times and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for five days where parasites are sensitive to quinine, combined with

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have been reported by a small number of patients. Some cardiac changes were reported during a clinical trial, notably non specific ST changes and a first degree

17: 354:

It is practical to consider antimalarials by chemical structure since this is associated with important properties of each drug, such as mechanism of action.

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routes. The suggested course of action is determined by the need for therapy and the available resources (i.e. sterilised needles for IV or IM injections).

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combination therapies (in which two or more drugs are co-formulated into a single tablet) from combinations achieved by taking two separate antimalarials.

2044:. Due to its effect of bone and tooth growth it is not used in children under 8, pregnant or lactating women and those with a known hepatic dysfunction. 3220:– a regional network of national malaria control programs that conduct antimalarial drug efficacy surveillance and other activities to address malaria. 2777:

Artemisinin-based combination therapies should be used in preference to amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated

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provides country-specific advice on malaria prevention. HPA and WHO advice are broadly in line with each other (although there are some differences).

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by travelers and used to treat falciparum malaria in developed countries. A liquid oral suspension of Atovaquone is available under the name Mepron.

554: 2411:

Ecologically there is a linkage between the level of transmission and the development of resistance, however at present this still remains unclear.

597:, thus having similar anti-malarial properties to the parent compound. Quinidine is recommended only for the treatment of severe cases of malaria. 2006:. The tetracyclines were one of the earliest groups of antibiotics to be developed and are still used widely in many types of infection. It is a 1761: 722:

complex. The most significant level of activity found is against all forms of the schizonts (with the obvious exception of chloroquine-resistant

4326: 1909:. Halofantrine is not recommended for use in pregnancy and lactation, in small children, or in patients that have taken mefloquine previously. 1371:

The major commercial manufacturer of mefloquine-based malaria treatment is Roche Pharmaceuticals, which markets the drug under the trade name "

3786: 2531:. Chemoprophylaxis is also important in the transmission of malaria infection and resistance in defined populations (for example travelers). 3807: 2137:, with a slow action against blood schizonticides. It is only used in combination with quinine in the treatment of acute cases of resistant 324:, and (iii) or in broader groups of individuals, in routine but intermittent preventative treatment in regions where malaria is endemic via 4906: 2723:

High levels of resistance to one or both components means this combination is effective in few locations and it is not recommended by the

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The problem of the development of malaria resistance must be weighed against the essential goal of anti-malarial care; that is to reduce

546:, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms. Neurological effects are experienced in some cases due to the drug's 585: 776:: 5 mg/kg/week (single dose) or 10 mg/kg/week divided into six daily doses is advised. Chloroquine is only recommended as a 608:

Surgeon-General W. C. Maclean, Professor of Military Medicine at British Army Medical School, Netley). Warburg's tincture appeared in

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van Vugt M, Brockman A, Gemperli B, Luxemburger C, Gathmann I, Royce C, Slight T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F (January 1998).

3217: 113: 2655: 2573: 2451: 2326: 2186: 2091: 1955: 1834: 1647: 1534: 1449: 1291: 1188: 1060: 952: 858: 653: 385: 94: 49: 3862:"Randomized comparison of artemether-benflumetol and artesunate-mefloquine in treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria" 2056:

and depression of bone growth are known to occur. The majority of side effects associated with doxycycline are also experienced.

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was exhibited, allowing the rapid development of resistance to a new drug, even if the drug has not been previously experienced.

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and reproduction. It acts primarily on the schizonts during the erythrocytic phase, and nowadays is only used in concert with a

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Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended antimalarial treatments for uncomplicated malaria caused by

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It is recommended in doses of 4 mg/kg of Artesunate per day for three days and a single dose of 25 mg/kg of SP.

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in areas where chloroquine resistance exists. It can also be used in combination with quinine to treat resistant cases of

1113:. This inhibits the malarial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. Its most prominent effect is on the primary tissue stages of 4308: 3205: 550:

properties. These actions are mediated through the interactions of quinine causing a decrease in the excitability of the

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not possess independent curative activity. Fansidar should no longer be used alone for treatment of falciparum malaria.

4732: 1344:. It is thought to act by forming toxic heme complexes that damage parasitic food vacuoles. Mefloquine is effective in 5137: 4373: 3920: 3047: 2771:

Quinine 10 mg/kg doses every eight hours and tetracycline in 4 mg/kg doses every six hours for seven days.

2677: 2599: 2477: 2352: 2208: 2117: 1981: 1860: 1669: 1556: 1475: 1313: 1214: 1086: 978: 884: 796:

effects have been reported during this time; therefore, it is considered very safe to use during pregnancy. However,

679: 407: 240: 222: 160: 63: 2581: 2459: 2334: 2099: 1963: 1842: 1457: 1196: 1068: 960: 866: 661: 204: 109: 5511: 4762: 4757: 3364:"CDC - Malaria - Diagnosis & Treatment (United States) - Treatment (U.S.) - Guidelines for Clinicians (Part 1)" 2151: 1994:

Probably one of the more prevalent antimalarial drugs prescribed, due to its relative effectiveness and cheapness,

1368:. Chloroquine/proguanil or sulfa drug-pyrimethamine combinations should be used in all other plasmodia infections. 4615: 325: 3058:

Antimalarial drugs and combinations may also be sorted according to the type of malaria in which they are used.

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This protocol involves three doses of Artequick, spaced a month apart. The first dose is accompanied by one of

2659: 2577: 2455: 2330: 2190: 2095: 1959: 1838: 1711:, and this method is still in use today. The active compound was first isolated in 1971 and named artemisinin. 1651: 1538: 1453: 1295: 1192: 1064: 994:

is used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. It is particularly useful in cases of chloroquine-resistant

956: 862: 657: 593:

a synergistic action among the four cinchona derivatives. Quinidine is a direct derivative of quinine. It is a

389: 189: 98: 4038:"Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia" 4930: 4777: 4752: 4550: 1695:, with the first documentation as a successful therapeutic agent in the treatment of malaria is in 340 AD by 1576:

gametocytes but also acts on merozoites in the bloodstream and on hypnozoites, the dormant hepatic forms of

5560: 4662: 4416: 3046:

appeared efficacious in trials from the late 90s and 2000s, but the problem of haemolysis in patients with

2261:

benefit, thus giving the anti-malarial used a reduced level of sensitivity. This can be caused by a single

1888:

parasites. Its mechanism of action is similar to other anti-malarials. Cytotoxic complexes are formed with

55: 4296: 3567: 2515:

malarial infections becoming endemic and can be controlled by a variety of non-medical methods including

1790:

derivative of dihydroartemisinin. It is used in combination therapy for cases of uncomplicated resistant

500:. Quinine is also used in post-exposure treatment of individuals returning from an area where malaria is 488:. It is especially useful in areas where there is known to be a high level of resistance to chloroquine, 5530: 4727: 1235: 3727:

Joelle M; Srinivasan, Vinay; Drakeley, Chris; Gosling, Roly; Chen, Ingrid; Bousema, Teun (June 2018).

1746:

resistance, therefore it is only used in combination therapy for severe acute cases of drug-resistant

1411:

being consistently recorded in 68% of patients treated with mefloquine (in one hospital-based study).

5210: 4767: 4244: 4211: 3437: 3211: 2839:) recommended as 4 mg/kg of Artesunate and 10 mg/kg of Amodiaquine per day for three days. 2724: 508: 134: 4323: 4694: 4543: 3363: 3335:"Updating the WHO G6PD classification of variants and the International Classification of Diseases" 2562: 2524: 2440: 2315: 2146: 2080: 1944: 1823: 1689:) that has been used in the treatment of fevers for over 1,000 years. It is derived from the plant 1438: 1177: 1049: 941: 847: 642: 3778: 5499: 5361: 5338: 5105: 4747: 4485: 4433: 4181: 3811: 2995: 2648: 2566: 2444: 2319: 2179: 2084: 1948: 1827: 1640: 1527: 1442: 1284: 1181: 1053: 1003: 945: 851: 646: 558: 378: 333: 200: 196: 87: 2527:, environmental controls (such as swamp draining) and personal protective methods such as using 484:; however, it is still very effective and widely used in the treatment of acute cases of severe 5349: 5225: 5181: 4897: 4837: 2155:) has also developed in some patients; this condition may be fatal in a small number of cases. 1884:, chemically related to Quinine and acts acting as a blood schizonticide effective against all 1729: 1238:

in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway of malaria parasites. They are structural analogs of

1231: 1023: 501: 2021:

subunit thus preventing the 50s and 30s units from bonding. Doxycycline is used primarily for

5355: 4704: 4672: 4480: 4446: 4428: 4366: 3189: 3070: 2397: 2367: 2037: 768:

Children and adults should receive 25 mg of chloroquine per kg given over three days. A

600: 465: 338: 3912:

Pharmacological Potential of Selected Natural Compounds in the Control of Parasitic Diseases

3034:

Several other anti-malarial combinations have been used or are in development. For example,

346:

Anti-malaria aid campaigns have a globally positive impact for health outcomes and beyond.

5275: 4600: 4129: 2254: 1396: 1334: 4333:

website as a PDF file and includes detailed country-specific information for UK travelers.

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synthesis. Regional variations of specific mutations give differing levels of resistance.

1333:

and is chemically related to quinine. It was developed to protect American troops against

8: 5476: 4842: 4657: 4560: 4533: 4467: 4460: 3214:– a regional USAID project in 11 countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. 3200: 2508: 2022: 1500: 1384: 1345: 1239: 1126: 777: 451: 329: 321: 289: 4286: 4133: 3301:

Mittra, Robert A.; Mieler, William F. (2013). "Drug Toxicity of the Posterior Segment".

2392:

The resistance to anti-malarials may be increased by a process found in some species of

1348:

and for acute therapy. It is now used solely for the prevention of resistant strains of

5448: 5255: 5037: 4940: 4737: 4722: 4667: 4152: 4113: 4064: 4037: 4013: 3986: 3755: 3728: 3708: 3310: 3278: 3253: 3166: 3150: 2948: 2741:

10 mg/kg of Amodiaquine per day for three days with a single standard dose of SP.

2730:

Chloroquine 25 mg/kg over three days with a single dose of SP as described above.

2528: 1905:, occasionally causing death are seen when high doses are administered. This is due to 1902: 1772: 1725: 1601: 1375:". Lariam is fairly expensive at around three € per tablet (pricing of the year 2000). 913:, itching, nausea, vomiting and some abdominal pain have been recorded. Some blood and 812: 694: 579: 473: 309: 3962: 3937: 3886: 3861: 3745: 3535: 1920:

is a relative of halofantrine that is used in some combination antimalarial regimens.

4986: 4922: 4684: 4258: 4225: 4157: 4069: 4018: 3967: 3916: 3891: 3760: 3712: 3700: 3659: 3575: 3518:"Fact check: Hydroxychloroquine is not the same as quinine and can't be made at home" 3451: 3314: 3283: 2379: 2011: 1708: 788:

strains. Chloroquine has been used in the treatment of malaria for many years and no

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but has a very slow action in acute malaria, and should not be used as monotherapy.

480:

heme. Quinine is less effective and more toxic as a blood schizonticidal agent than

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potentially increase the rate of resistance development to an even greater extent.

2041: 1906: 1613: 1408: 1388: 773: 744: 702: 445: 5544: 5412: 4742: 4605: 4577: 4330: 4142: 3910: 3504: 3081: 2535: 2222: 2003: 1691: 1015: 769: 265: 1795: 800:

can occur at intolerable level and Chloroquinine can be a provocation factor of

5505: 5164: 5015: 4846: 3194: 3035: 2500: 2262: 2007: 1404: 575: 296:. As well, despite very positive outcomes from many modern treatments, serious 5004: 3696: 3269: 2534:

A hope for future of anti-malarial therapy is the development of an effective

693:

its effectiveness; however, it is still the first-line drug of choice in most

328:. Practice in treating cases of malaria is most often based on the concept of 5554: 5480: 5145: 4948: 4838: 4555: 4518: 4406: 4003: 3172: 3110: 3077: 2921: 2491: 2047:

Tetracycline is only used in combination for the treatment of acute cases of

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Use of quinine is characterised by a frequently experienced syndrome called

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that aims to avoid the fundamental lack in certain countries' health care

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0.15 mg/kg should be given for 14 days. As a gametocytocidal drug in

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There are two general approaches to preventing the spread of resistance:

2242: 2130: 2052:

ulceration, gastrointestinal upset and interferences with the process of

1995: 1894: 1787: 1720: 1715: 1682: 1380: 1330: 1227: 1150: 1134: 1110: 999: 910: 897: 820: 793: 524: 520: 512: 481: 313: 305: 301: 297: 285: 4220: 3630: 3603: 3446: 1901:

side-effects include nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and itch. Severe

1732:(these disappeared when the patients recovered from the malarial fever). 5343: 5271: 5250: 5235: 5128: 5074: 5048: 4963: 4634: 4610: 4500: 4495: 4423: 4253: 3090: 3043: 2985: 2845: 2765: 2662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2389:

the usefulness of newly developed therapies prior to large-scale usage.

2287: 2277: 2193: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2134: 1757: 1735: 1654: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1569: 1541: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1488: 1353: 1326: 1298: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1130: 1122: 1107: 1011: 731: 547: 535: 493: 489: 392: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 281: 277: 2253:

species. It is generally accepted to be initiated primarily through a

5296: 5245: 5194: 5169: 5158: 5084: 5053: 4859: 4639: 4490: 4475: 3953: 2613: 2258: 1783: 1686: 1392: 1341: 1103: 1099: 801: 589: 477: 2637: 2551: 2429: 2304: 2168: 2069: 1933: 1812: 1629: 1516: 1427: 1273: 1166: 1038: 930: 836: 631: 367: 207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 76: 3859: 3498: 2715:

25 mg/kg of sulfadoxine and 1.25 mg/kg of pyrimethamine.

2249:

The generation of resistance can be complicated and varies between

2018: 1492: 1400: 1250: 562: 539: 470: 436: 432: 428: 3566:

Scholar, Eric (2007-01-01), Enna, S. J.; Bylund, David B. (eds.),

5438: 5079: 4396: 4382: 3176: 3157:, where chloroquine resistance is common (up to 20% resistance). 3086: 3039: 2878: 2784: 2520: 1696: 1609: 1605: 914: 570: 456: 420: 273: 269: 4344: 2490:

The prevention of anti-malarial drug resistance is of enormous

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Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2023-06-28).

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is a highly active 8-aminoquinolone that is effective against

4783:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

4582: 2979:

Fast Elimination of Malaria through Source Eradication (FEMSE

1742: 917:

disorders have also been seen in a small number of patients.

3085:

standard antimalarial treatment (including ACTs) except for

2836: 2817: 2238:

testing, and more recently developed molecular techniques.

902: 797: 710: 424: 4351: 3779:"Rectal artemisinins rapidly eliminate malarial parasites" 2511:, and preventing the transmission of resistant parasites. 1491:

is available in combination with proguanil under the name

4523: 4238: 4205: 3431: 2036:

The most commonly experienced side effects are permanent

2015: 1257:

effects sufficient to cure sensitive strains of malaria.

1249:, most commonly as fixed-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( 719: 614:

from 1883 until about 1920. The formula was published in

300:

can impact some individuals taking standard doses (e.g.,

3978: 4773:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

4315: 4035: 3470: 3050:(G6PD) deficiency is likely to prevent widespread use. 823:, making it more tolerable than Chloroquine by itself. 765:

drug resistance there is exists against chloroquinine.

718:

and the formation of a chloroquine-haem or chloroquine-

706: 4112:

Premji Z, Umeh RE, Owusu-Agyei S, et al. (2009).

3725: 1612:

activity and abdominal pains. In cases of over-dosage

1340:. It is a very potent blood schizonticide with a long 5528: 4111: 3679:

Markus, MB (2018). "Biological Concepts in Recurrent

3252:

Ashley, Elizabeth A.; Phyo, Aung Pyae (25 May 2018).

2627: 557:. This often results in functional impairment of the 3915:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. 3497:

Sparkes, Roland. Article, www.belmonthistory.org.uk

1707:). Ge Hong extracted the artemesinin using a simple 1006:

in the parasite thus preventing the biosynthesis of

3909:Velebny, Samuel; Hrckova, Gabriela (Dec 13, 2012). 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4241:Management of severe malaria: a practical handbook 3550:"Preparation method of hydroxychloroquine sulfate" 1798:administration no side effects have been recorded. 4316:Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 5552: 3653: 3572:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 2828:. It's recommended by the WHO for uncomplicated 2373:The most influential causes are examined below: 1407:effects have been recorded with bradycardia and 455:. As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food 2382:individuals, pregnant women and young children. 3908: 2785:Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) 1619: 4823: 4367: 4036:Lim P; Alker AP; Khim N; et al. (2009). 3808:"The History of Traditional Chinese Medicine" 3380: 3236: 357: 4029: 3984: 3929: 3300: 3135:Further information in treatment section of 3069:Further information in treatment section of 1604:, nausea, vomiting, cramps, chest weakness, 4177:"Plasmodium Infection in Poultry - Poultry" 3987:"Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview" 3853: 3153:) region and the geographically contiguous 3149:malaria, except in Indonesia's Irian Jaya ( 3120:artesunate plus clindamycin or doxycycline; 2580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2458:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2333:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2098:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1962:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1841:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1705:A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 1456:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1067:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 959:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 865:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 660:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4830: 4816: 4374: 4360: 4345:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3647: 3361: 3251: 2010:agent that acts to inhibit the process of 1876:is a relatively new drug developed by the 268:, that can be used to treat or to prevent 4252: 4219: 4151: 4141: 4063: 4053: 4012: 4002: 3961: 3885: 3754: 3744: 3445: 3277: 2678:Learn how and when to remove this message 2600:Learn how and when to remove this message 2478:Learn how and when to remove this message 2353:Learn how and when to remove this message 2209:Learn how and when to remove this message 2118:Learn how and when to remove this message 1982:Learn how and when to remove this message 1861:Learn how and when to remove this message 1670:Learn how and when to remove this message 1557:Learn how and when to remove this message 1476:Learn how and when to remove this message 1314:Learn how and when to remove this message 1215:Learn how and when to remove this message 1087:Learn how and when to remove this message 979:Learn how and when to remove this message 885:Learn how and when to remove this message 680:Learn how and when to remove this message 408:Learn how and when to remove this message 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 4168: 3935: 3123:quinine plus clindamycin or doxycycline. 4322:2007 guidelines are available from the 4208:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 4174: 3565: 3536:"New preparation of hydroxychloroquine" 3434:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 2835:Dosage is as a fixed-dose combination ( 2294: 748:as well as the immature gametocytes of 611:Martindale: The complete drug reference 27:Agents used in the treatment of malaria 18:Artemisinin-based combination therapies 14: 5553: 3678: 2760:Quinine plus tetracycline/doxycycline 2541: 1878:Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 1391:, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, 1234:are specific inhibitors of the enzyme 709:. It controls the conversion of toxic 476:, thus facilitating an aggregation of 4811: 4355: 4175:Wettere, Arnaud J. Van (2020-02-25). 3866:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3625: 3623: 3598: 3596: 3561: 3559: 3160: 3061: 3053: 3029: 2145:water and food when taking the drug. 815:was derived in the 1950s by adding a 807: 752:. Chloroquine also has a significant 4678:National Malaria Eradication Program 4307:Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) 3574:, New York: Elsevier, pp. 1–4, 3145:remains the treatment of choice for 2660:adding citations to reliable sources 2631: 2578:adding citations to reliable sources 2545: 2456:adding citations to reliable sources 2423: 2331:adding citations to reliable sources 2298: 2191:adding citations to reliable sources 2162: 2096:adding citations to reliable sources 2063: 1960:adding citations to reliable sources 1927: 1839:adding citations to reliable sources 1806: 1652:adding citations to reliable sources 1623: 1539:adding citations to reliable sources 1510: 1454:adding citations to reliable sources 1421: 1296:adding citations to reliable sources 1267: 1193:adding citations to reliable sources 1160: 1065:adding citations to reliable sources 1032: 957:adding citations to reliable sources 924: 863:adding citations to reliable sources 830: 658:adding citations to reliable sources 625: 578:and death through depression of the 390:adding citations to reliable sources 361: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 4733:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 3842:. November 13, 2008. Archived from 3206:Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) 3171:No medications are approved in the 1754:developing if high doses are given. 1014:, thereby halting the processes of 423:has a long history stretching from 24: 4239:World Health Organization (2012). 4206:World Health Organization (2015). 4199: 3620: 3593: 3556: 3432:World Health Organization (2015). 3311:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0737-9.00089-8 3254:"Drugs in Development for Malaria" 2977:Artesinin/piperaguine/primaquine ( 2628:Non-artemisinin based combinations 2276:have developed resistance against 1356:) despite being effective against 569:through its action of stimulating 25: 5572: 4272: 3789:from the original on 3 April 2008 3048:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1587:For the prevention of relapse in 1121:. It has no known effect against 45:This article has multiple issues. 5538: 4794: 4793: 4763:African Leaders Malaria Alliance 4758:South African Malaria Initiative 4279: 4088:"Malaria eradication: Cure all?" 3127: 2704:Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) ( 2636: 2550: 2428: 2303: 2167: 2068: 1932: 1907:prolongation of the QTc interval 1811: 1628: 1515: 1495:, albeit at a price higher than 1426: 1272: 1165: 1037: 929: 920: 835: 630: 542:(a hearing impairment), rashes, 366: 177: 75: 34: 4616:Malaria antigen detection tests 4105: 4080: 3902: 3825: 3800: 3771: 3719: 3672: 3654:Frans Timmerhuis (2013-02-04). 3542: 2647:needs additional citations for 2178:needs additional citations for 1912: 1802: 1639:needs additional citations for 1526:needs additional citations for 1283:needs additional citations for 1156: 377:needs additional citations for 326:intermittent preventive therapy 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 5367:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin 4700:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine 3938:"Antimalarial drug resistance" 3733:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3528: 3510: 3491: 3464: 3355: 3327: 3294: 2059: 1923: 826: 621: 523:. Doses can be given by oral, 349: 336:against chloroquine-resistant 13: 1: 4931:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 4778:Medicines for Malaria Venture 4753:African Malaria Network Trust 4309:[MMV] " MMV Science " 3985:Antony HA, Parija SC (2016). 3746:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30044-6 3229: 2509:preventing malaria infections 2419: 2158: 1506: 1417: 1263: 901:formulation with artesunate ( 603:was a febrifuge developed by 5329:Fixed-dose (co-formulated) 4663:Millennium Development Goals 4143:10.1371/journal.pone.0006682 3175:for treatment of malaria in 1028: 780:in regions only affected by 565:and coma. Quinine can cause 469:. It acts by inhibiting the 332:(e.g., using agents such as 7: 4381: 4324:UK Health Protection Agency 3182: 2996:Pyronaridine and artesunate 1620:Artemisinin and derivatives 998:strains when combined with 427:, and the discovery of the 334:artemether and lumefantrine 203:the claims made and adding 10: 5577: 4728:Against Malaria Foundation 3658:. Elmar B.V., Uitgeverij. 3164: 3134: 3068: 1236:dihydropteroate synthetase 760:effect when used to treat 561:, resulting in confusion, 358:Quinine and related agents 5489: 5465: 5437: 5411: 5375: 5319: 5264: 5224: 5211:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine 5203: 5180: 5136: 5127: 5093: 5067: 5014: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4939: 4921: 4896: 4880: 4869: 4858: 4791: 4768:Amazon Malaria Initiative 4715: 4650: 4593: 4511: 4389: 4338:World Health Organization 4245:World Health Organization 4212:World Health Organization 3697:10.1017/S003118201800032X 3438:World Health Organization 3270:10.1007/s40265-018-0911-9 3212:Amazon Malaria Initiative 2725:World Health Organization 1499:. It is commonly used in 1329:was developed during the 509:World Health Organization 110:"Antimalarial medication" 4695:Malaria in the Caribbean 4544:Sterile insect technique 4004:10.4103/2229-5070.175081 3837:L. tea to fight malaria" 2525:indoor residual spraying 2147:Pseudomembranous colitis 1903:ventricular dysrhythmias 1002:. It acts by inhibiting 254:Antimalarial medications 5362:artesunate/pyronaridine 5339:artemether/lumefantrine 4748:Africa Fighting Malaria 4594:Diagnosis and treatment 4297:Antimalarial medication 4182:Merck Veterinary Manual 3936:White NJ (April 2004). 3656:Handboek wereldreiziger 1352:(usually combined with 1115:P. falciparum, P. vivax 1004:dihydrofolate reductase 5350:artesunate/amodiaquine 4512:Control and prevention 4055:10.1186/1475-2875-8-11 3507:, retrieved 2010-01-05 3305:. pp. 1532–1554. 2002:compound derived from 1880:in the 1960s. It is a 1730:atrioventricular block 1608:, some suppression of 1232:sulfamethoxypyridazine 264:chemical agent, often 5384:artesunate/mefloquine 5356:artesunate/mefloquine 4705:Malaria Atlas Project 4116:Plasmodium falciparum 3991:Tropical Parasitology 3193:, tree with possible 3190:Diospyros melanoxylon 3071:Plasmodium falciparum 2398:phenotypic plasticity 2152:Clostridium difficile 1882:phenanthrene methanol 1102:(chloroguanide) is a 466:Plasmodium falciparum 435:that acts as a blood 339:Plasmodium falciparum 5396:quinine/tetracycline 5068:4-Methanolquinolines 4843:antiprotozoal agents 4601:Diagnosis of malaria 4417:Pregnancy-associated 3878:10.1128/AAC.42.1.135 3473:The Economic Journal 2746:SP plus mefloquine ( 2735:SP plus amodiaquine 2720:SP plus chloroquine 2656:improve this article 2574:improve this section 2452:improve this section 2396:, where a degree of 2327:improve this section 2295:Spread of resistance 2255:spontaneous mutation 2187:improve this article 2092:improve this section 1956:improve this section 1835:improve this section 1701:Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang 1648:improve this article 1535:improve this article 1450:improve this section 1397:toxic encephalopathy 1335:multi-drug resistant 1292:improve this article 1189:improve this section 1061:improve this section 953:improve this section 859:improve this section 654:improve this section 559:eighth cranial nerve 463:species, especially 386:improve this article 95:improve this article 5561:Antimalarial agents 5393:quinine/doxycycline 5390:quinine/clindamycin 5378:(not co-formulated) 4658:Diseases of poverty 4651:Society and malaria 4561:Sickle-cell anaemia 4534:Malaria prophylaxis 4134:2009PLoSO...4.6682P 3814:on 25 December 2007 3201:Malaria prophylaxis 2542:Combination therapy 2257:that provides some 2133:is a derivative of 1890:ferritoporphyrin XI 1685:is a Chinese herb ( 1129:when combined with 770:pharmacokinetically 695:sub-Saharan African 452:Plasmodium malariae 330:combination therapy 322:malaria prophylaxis 290:drug of last resort 5516:Never to phase III 5376:Other combinations 5256:dihydroartemisinin 5038:hydroxychloroquine 4738:Imagine No Malaria 4723:Malaria Consortium 4668:History of malaria 4551:Genetic resistance 4476:Anopheles mosquito 4329:2013-09-28 at the 4243:(Third ed.). 4210:(Third ed.). 3503:2022-08-06 at the 3485:10.1093/ej/ueaa134 3479:(637): 2171–2202. 3436:(Third ed.). 3167:Malaria in poultry 3161:Malaria in poultry 3151:Western New Guinea 3054:By type of malaria 3030:Other combinations 2949:Dihydroartemisinin 2529:mosquito repellent 2014:by binding to the 1773:Dihydroartemisinin 1399:, convulsions and 1243:-aminobenzoic acid 813:Hydroxychloroquine 808:Hydroxychloroquine 601:Warburg's tincture 580:respiratory system 496:combinations with 474:biocrystallization 310:haemolytic anaemia 188:possibly contains 5526: 5525: 5461: 5460: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5315: 5314: 5220: 5219: 5123: 5122: 4972: 4971: 4898:Cryptosporidiosis 4805: 4804: 4685:World Malaria Day 4264:978-92-4-154852-6 4231:978-92-4-154912-7 3691:(13): 1765–1771. 3665:978-90-389-2055-9 3581:978-0-08-055232-3 3457:978-92-4-154912-7 3320:978-1-4557-0737-9 3027: 3026: 2775: 2774: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2380:immunocompromised 2363: 2362: 2355: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2038:enamel hypoplasia 2012:protein synthesis 1992: 1991: 1984: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1389:anxiety disorders 1324: 1323: 1316: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1097: 1096: 1089: 989: 988: 981: 895: 894: 887: 778:prophylactic drug 758:anti-inflammatory 730:strains) and the 701:Chloroquine is a 690: 689: 682: 418: 417: 410: 294:tropical medicine 266:naturally derived 251: 250: 243: 233: 232: 225: 190:original research 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 5568: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5326: 5325: 5134: 5133: 5012: 5011: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4982: 4894: 4893: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4866: 4849:antiparasitics ( 4832: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4796: 4571:G6PDH deficiency 4539:Mosquito control 4412:Blackwater fever 4376: 4369: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4283: 4282: 4268: 4256: 4235: 4223: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4145: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4057: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4006: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3954:10.1172/JCI21682 3933: 3927: 3926: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3841: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3810:. Archived from 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3748: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3681:Plasmodium vivax 3676: 3670: 3669: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3429: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3339: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3249: 3155:Papua New Guinea 3137:Plasmodium vivax 2793: 2792: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2640: 2632: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2554: 2546: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2432: 2424: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2307: 2299: 2214: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2171: 2163: 2123: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2072: 2064: 2042:photosensitivity 2023:chemoprophylaxis 1987: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1936: 1928: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1815: 1807: 1675: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1632: 1624: 1614:granulocytopenia 1562: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1519: 1511: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1430: 1422: 1409:sinus arrhythmia 1319: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1276: 1268: 1220: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1169: 1161: 1092: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1041: 1033: 984: 977: 973: 970: 964: 933: 925: 890: 883: 879: 876: 870: 839: 831: 774:chemoprophylaxis 703:4-aminoquinolone 685: 678: 674: 671: 665: 634: 626: 446:Plasmodium vivax 413: 406: 402: 399: 393: 370: 362: 246: 239: 228: 221: 217: 214: 208: 205:inline citations 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5506:Clinical trials 5485: 5468: 5457: 5440: 5425: 5399: 5377: 5371: 5321: 5311: 5260: 5227: 5216: 5199: 5176: 5138:DHFR inhibitors 5119: 5089: 5063: 5016:Aminoquinolines 5006: 4996: 4968: 4935: 4917: 4885: 4872: 4861: 4854: 4836: 4806: 4801: 4787: 4743:Malaria No More 4711: 4646: 4606:Malaria culture 4589: 4578:Malaria vaccine 4507: 4385: 4380: 4331:Wayback Machine 4304: 4303: 4302: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4265: 4232: 4202: 4200:Further reading 4197: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4034: 4030: 3983: 3979: 3942:J. Clin. Invest 3934: 3930: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3839: 3835:Artemisia annua 3831: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3724: 3720: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3635:go.drugbank.com 3629: 3628: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3608:go.drugbank.com 3604:"Pyrimethamine" 3602: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3505:Wayback Machine 3496: 3492: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3430: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3299: 3295: 3250: 3237: 3232: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3140: 3133: 3082:first trimester 3074: 3067: 3056: 3032: 2916:Artesunate and 2872:Artemether and 2844:Artesunate and 2807:Artesunate and 2787: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2653: 2641: 2630: 2606: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2571: 2555: 2544: 2536:malaria vaccine 2484: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2449: 2433: 2422: 2370:and parasites. 2359: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2324: 2308: 2297: 2223:drug resistance 2215: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2184: 2172: 2161: 2124: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2089: 2073: 2062: 2004:oxytetracycline 1988: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1953: 1937: 1926: 1915: 1867: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1832: 1816: 1805: 1692:Artemisia annua 1676: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1645: 1633: 1622: 1563: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1532: 1520: 1509: 1482: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1447: 1431: 1420: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1277: 1266: 1221: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1186: 1170: 1159: 1093: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1058: 1042: 1031: 1016:DNA replication 985: 974: 968: 965: 950: 934: 923: 891: 880: 874: 871: 856: 840: 829: 810: 686: 675: 669: 666: 651: 635: 624: 414: 403: 397: 394: 383: 371: 360: 352: 247: 236: 235: 234: 229: 218: 212: 209: 194: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5574: 5564: 5563: 5548: 5547: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5477:Blastocystosis 5473: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5204:Co-formulation 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5165:chlorproguanil 5154: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5009: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4875: 4864: 4856: 4855: 4847:Chromalveolata 4839:Antiparasitics 4835: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4334: 4320: 4312: 4285: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273:External links 4271: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4236: 4230: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4167: 4104: 4079: 4028: 3977: 3948:(8): 1084–92. 3928: 3921: 3901: 3852: 3849:on 2008-11-13. 3824: 3799: 3785:. 2008-03-27. 3770: 3739:(6): 627–639. 3718: 3671: 3664: 3646: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3555: 3541: 3527: 3524:. 31 May 2020. 3509: 3490: 3463: 3456: 3379: 3354: 3326: 3319: 3293: 3264:(9): 861–879. 3234: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3195:antiplasmodial 3184: 3181: 3165:Main article: 3162: 3159: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3036:Chlorproguanil 3031: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2933: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2857: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2822: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2608: 2607: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2501:infrastructure 2486: 2485: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2361: 2360: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2263:point mutation 2221:Anti-malarial 2217: 2216: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2126: 2125: 2076: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2008:bacteriostatic 1990: 1989: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1911: 1895:cardiotoxicity 1869: 1868: 1819: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1781: 1770: 1755: 1733: 1678: 1677: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1565: 1564: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1484: 1483: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1405:Cardiovascular 1322: 1321: 1280: 1278: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1223: 1222: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1095: 1094: 1045: 1043: 1036: 1030: 1027: 987: 986: 937: 935: 928: 922: 919: 893: 892: 843: 841: 834: 828: 825: 809: 806: 784:and sensitive 688: 687: 638: 636: 629: 623: 620: 595:distereoisomer 576:kidney failure 437:schizonticidal 416: 415: 374: 372: 365: 359: 356: 351: 348: 260:are a type of 249: 248: 231: 230: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5573: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5481:metronidazole 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5454: 5450: 5449:Balantidiasis 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5387:artesunate/SP 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5226:Sesquiterpene 5223: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146:pyrimethamine 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:pyrimethamine 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4941:Toxoplasmosis 4938: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4888:Coccidiostats 4883: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4800: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716:Organisations 4714: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4625:Antimalarials 4623: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556:Duffy antigen 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519:Public health 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Quartan fever 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4266: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4093: 4092:The Economist 4089: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3922:9783709113264 3918: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568:"Amodiaquine" 3562: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173:United States 3168: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111:intramuscular 3108: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3095:tetracyclines 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3078:P. falciparum 3072: 3064: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3022: 3018: 3017:P. falciparum 3013: 3009: 3008:P. falciparum 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:pyrimethamine 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2779:P. falciparum 2770: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2682: 2679: 2671: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2645:This section 2643: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2604: 2601: 2593: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2559:This section 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2492:public health 2482: 2479: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2437:This section 2435: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2357: 2354: 2346: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2312:This section 2310: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2213: 2210: 2202: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2176:This section 2174: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2139:P. falciparum 2136: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2111: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2077:This section 2075: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049:P. falciparum 2045: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2027:P. falciparum 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1941:This section 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1862: 1854: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820:This section 1818: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1793: 1792:P. falciparum 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778:P. falciparum 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767:P. falciparum 1763: 1762:hemisuccinate 1759: 1756: 1753: 1752:neurotoxicity 1749: 1748:P. falciparum 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1671: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1637:This section 1635: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1597:P. falciparum 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:P. falcipraum 1571: 1561: 1558: 1550: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1524:This section 1522: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435:This section 1433: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:P. falciparum 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:P. falciparum 1336: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1281:This section 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:pyrimethamine 1244: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1216: 1208: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1174:This section 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:P. falciparum 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1080: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1046:This section 1044: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020:cell division 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:P. falciparum 993: 992:Pyrimethamine 983: 980: 972: 962: 958: 954: 948: 947: 943: 938:This section 936: 932: 927: 926: 921:Pyrimethamine 918: 916: 912: 906: 904: 899: 889: 886: 878: 868: 864: 860: 854: 853: 849: 844:This section 842: 838: 833: 832: 824: 822: 818: 817:hydroxy group 814: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 790:abortifacient 787: 786:P. falciparum 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750:P. falciparum 747: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:P. falciparum 721: 717: 716:nucleic acids 712: 708: 704: 699: 696: 684: 681: 673: 663: 659: 655: 649: 648: 644: 639:This section 637: 633: 628: 627: 619: 617: 613: 612: 606: 602: 598: 596: 591: 587: 583: 581: 577: 572: 568: 567:hypoglycaemia 564: 560: 556: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 529:intramuscular 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 498:pyrimethamine 495: 491: 487: 486:P. falciparum 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 467: 462: 458: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 412: 409: 401: 391: 387: 381: 380: 375:This section 373: 369: 364: 363: 355: 347: 344: 341: 340: 335: 331: 327: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262:antiparasitic 259: 258:antimalarials 255: 245: 242: 227: 224: 216: 206: 202: 198: 192: 191: 186:This article 184: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 151:November 2015 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5453:tetracycline 5346:/piperaquine 5302:pyronaridine 5282:tetracycline 5182:Sulfonamides 5157: 5115:halofantrine 5106:+ artemether 5101:lumefantrine 4978:Aconoidasida 4954:sulfadiazine 4923:Isosporiasis 4912:nitazoxanide 4905: 4690:Epidemiology 4624: 4529:Mosquito net 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4295: 4294: 4293:profile for 4290: 4240: 4221:10665/162441 4207: 4186:. 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3631:"Proguanil" 3368:www.cdc.gov 3342:www.who.int 3224:Project 523 3143:Chloroquine 3107:intravenous 2953:piperaquine 2930:Amalar plus 2918:sulfadoxine 2826:neutropenia 2809:amodiaquine 2796:Components 2693:Components 2517:insecticide 2415:properties. 2243:parasitemia 2149:(caused by 2131:Clindamycin 2060:Clindamycin 1996:doxycycline 1924:Doxycycline 1788:ethyl ether 1721:trophozoite 1716:Artemisinin 1683:Artemisinin 1616:may occur. 1501:prophylaxis 1381:esophagitis 1346:prophylaxis 1331:Vietnam War 1255:synergistic 1228:Sulfadoxine 1151:AstraZeneca 1135:chloroquine 1127:prophylaxis 1123:hypnozoites 1111:cycloguanil 1024:sulfonamide 1012:pyrimidines 1000:sulfadoxine 911:bradycardia 898:Amodiaquine 827:Amodiaquine 821:Chloroquine 794:teratogenic 740:P. malariae 732:gametocytes 622:Chloroquine 525:intravenous 521:clindamycin 513:doxycycline 482:chloroquine 350:Medications 314:tafenoquine 306:chloroquine 302:retinopathy 286:artemisinin 5413:Babesiosis 5344:arterolane 5272:atovaquone 5251:artesunate 5236:artemether 5159:biguanides 5075:mefloquine 5049:primaquine 5007:inhibitors 4964:atovaquone 4635:Mefloquine 4611:Blood film 4501:Gametocyte 4496:Hypnozoite 4481:Life cycle 4447:falciparum 4434:life cycle 4424:Plasmodium 4319:treatment. 4188:2022-07-21 4098:2014-02-16 3818:2007-12-19 3793:2008-03-28 3683:Malaria". 3640:2023-08-04 3613:2023-08-04 3587:2023-08-04 3373:2023-09-12 3348:2020-03-24 3230:References 3197:properties 3102:falciparum 3100:In severe 3091:primaquine 3063:Falciparum 3044:artesunate 2986:primaquine 2968:falciparum 2938:falciparum 2907:falciparum 2862:falciparum 2846:mefloquine 2830:falciparum 2766:cinchonism 2668:March 2020 2622:fixed-dose 2590:March 2020 2468:March 2020 2420:Prevention 2408:parasites. 2394:Plasmodium 2343:March 2020 2288:Atovaquone 2278:antifolate 2274:Plasmodium 2251:Plasmodium 2199:March 2020 2159:Resistance 2135:lincomycin 2108:March 2020 1972:March 2020 1886:Plasmodium 1851:March 2020 1796:parenteral 1758:Artesunate 1736:Artemether 1726:drug fever 1660:March 2020 1570:Primaquine 1547:March 2020 1507:Primaquine 1489:Atovaquone 1466:March 2020 1418:Atovaquone 1354:Artesunate 1327:Mefloquine 1304:March 2020 1264:Mefloquine 1205:March 2020 1131:atovaquone 1108:metabolite 1077:March 2020 969:March 2020 875:March 2020 670:March 2020 616:The Lancet 574:result in 555:end plates 548:neurotoxic 536:cinchonism 494:sulfa drug 490:mefloquine 461:Plasmodium 441:gametocide 398:March 2020 282:parenteral 278:artesunate 256:or simply 213:March 2020 197:improve it 121:newspapers 50:improve it 5512:Phase III 5500:Withdrawn 5297:mepacrine 5246:artemotil 5195:sulfalene 5170:proguanil 5085:quinidine 5054:pamaquine 4640:Proguanil 4491:Merozoite 3713:206250162 2970:malaria. 2940:malaria. 2909:malaria. 2864:malaria. 2832:malaria. 2813:Coarsucam 2781:malaria. 2614:morbidity 2561:does not 2519:-treated 2439:does not 2314:does not 2079:does not 2019:ribosomal 1943:does not 1822:does not 1784:Arteether 1687:qinghaosu 1437:does not 1393:psychosis 1385:affective 1342:half-life 1176:does not 1147:Paludrine 1104:biguanide 1100:Proguanil 1048:does not 1029:Proguanil 940:does not 846:does not 802:psoriasis 641:does not 590:quinidine 478:cytotoxic 439:and weak 201:verifying 56:talk page 5555:Category 5545:Medicine 5467:Stramen- 5228:lactones 5005:Hemozoin 4799:Category 4486:Schizont 4468:knowlesi 4461:malariae 4402:Cerebral 4327:Archived 4162:19690618 4122:PLOS ONE 4118:malaria" 4074:19138391 4042:Malar. J 4023:26998432 3972:15085184 3787:Archived 3765:29422384 3705:29564998 3501:Archived 3288:29802605 3183:See also 3109:(IV) or 3023:by now. 3012:P. vivax 2850:Artequin 2748:Fansimef 2706:Fansidar 2521:bed nets 2232:in vitro 1709:macerate 1602:anorexia 1593:P. ovale 1589:P. vivax 1582:P. ovale 1578:P. vivax 1493:Malarone 1401:delirium 1362:P. ovale 1358:P. vivax 1251:Fansidar 1119:P. ovale 782:P. vivax 762:P. vivax 745:P. ovale 736:P. vivax 728:P. vivax 586:Quinimax 563:delirium 540:Tinnitus 471:hemozoin 457:vacuoles 443:against 433:alkaloid 429:cinchona 308:, acute 5322:nations 5080:quinine 4987:Malaria 4871:Apicom- 4429:biology 4397:Malaria 4390:Biology 4383:Malaria 4287:Scholia 4247:(WHO). 4214:(WHO). 4153:2724683 4130:Bibcode 4065:2627910 4014:4778180 3896:9449273 3833:"Using 3756:5968371 3522:Reuters 3440:(WHO). 3279:6013505 3218:RAVREDA 3177:poultry 3131:malaria 3087:dapsone 3065:malaria 3040:dapsone 3021:P vivax 3000:Pyramax 2961:Artekin 2926:Ariplus 2887:Faverid 2879:Coartem 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