Sudan - Knowledge

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have shut down their embassies in Khartoum and have attempted evacuations. In 2023, it was estimated that there were 16,000 Americans in Sudan who needed to be evacuated. In absence of an official evacuation plan from the U.S. State Department, many Americans have been forced to turn to other nations' embassies for guidance, with many fleeing to Nairobi. Other African countries and humanitarian groups have tried to help. The Turkish embassy has reportedly allowed Americans to join its evacuation efforts for its own citizens. The TRAKboys, a South-Africa based political organization which came into conflict with the

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eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. The former educational ladder 6 + 3 + 3 was changed in 1990. The primary language at all levels is Arabic. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the west have been damaged or destroyed by years of civil war. In 2001 the World Bank estimated that primary enrollment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students. Enrollment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. The literacy rate is 70.2% of total population, male: 79.6%, female: 60.8%.

4675: 2471: 8429: 3322: 12615: 4832: 5194: 1797: 2777: 4507: 1937: 2874: 3162: 1484: 1395: 1498: 2132: 812: 3310: 1143:, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution and Egypt's first President, was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan. He made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The following year, under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the British agreed to Egypt's demand for both governments to terminate their shared sovereignty over Sudan and to grant Sudan independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an independent state. 2355: 2017: 106: 14626: 2603: 2259: 92: 2544:, who it was believed would resist Egyptian pressure for Sudanese independence. Abd al-Rahman was capable of this, but his regime was plagued by political ineptitude, which garnered a colossal loss of support in northern and central Sudan. Both Egypt and Britain sensed a great instability fomenting, and thus opted to allow both Sudanese regions, north and south to have a free vote on whether they wished independence or a British withdrawal. 4683: 1709: 3028:

of opposition groups to form a united coalition. The government retaliated by arresting more than 800 opposition figures and protesters, leading to the death of approximately 40 people according to the Human Rights Watch, although the number was much higher than that according to local and civilian reports. The protests continued after the overthrow of his government on 11 April 2019 after a massive sit-in in front of the

5101:. For example, historian Elena Vezzadini argues that the ethnic character of different Sudanese groups depends on the way this part of Sudanese history is interpreted and that there are no clear historical arguments for this distinction. In short, she states that "Arab migrants were absorbed into local structures, that they became "Sudanized" and that "In a way, a group became Arab when it started to claim that it was." 14616: 837: 789: 770: 737: 718: 2568: 4904: 2718:. The new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level. Later, al-Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists. On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir appointed himself " 4357:, Border Patrol and the Internal Affairs Defence Force, totalling about 200,000 troops. The military of Sudan has become a well-equipped fighting force; a result of increasing local production of heavy and advanced arms. These forces are under the command of the National Assembly and its strategic principles include defending Sudan's external borders and preserving internal security. 5773: 4163: 3279:

at emergency levels. In May 2024, US government officials estimated that at least 150,000 people had died in the war in the past year alone. The RSF's apparent targeting of Black indigenous communities, especially around the city of El Fasher, have led international officials to warn of the risk of history repeating itself with another genocide in the Darfur region.

2540:, believed the only way to end British domination in Sudan was for Egypt to officially abandon its claims of sovereignty. In addition, Nasser knew it would be difficult for Egypt to govern an impoverished Sudan after its independence. The British on the other hand continued their political and financial support for the Mahdist successor, 2467:. The British Army was allowed to return to Sudan to protect the Canal Zone. They were able to find training facilities, and the RAF was free to fly over Egyptian territory. It did not, however, resolve the problem of Sudan: the Sudanese Intelligentsia agitated for a return to metropolitan rule, conspiring with Germany's agents. 5094:. The vast majority of Arab tribes in Sudan migrated into Sudan in the 12th century, intermarried with the indigenous Nubian and other African populations and gradually introduced Islam. Additionally, a few pre-Islamic Arabic tribes existed in Sudan from earlier migrations into the region from western Arabia. 2291:; however, after Yohannes fell in battle, the Ethiopian forces withdrew. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, the Khalifa's general, attempted an invasion of Egypt in 1889, but British-led Egyptian troops defeated the Ansar at Tushkah. The failure of the Egyptian invasion broke the spell of the Ansar's invincibility. The 4794:

Sudan has around 25–30 universities; instruction is primarily in Arabic or English. Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education. In addition, the "Islamisation" encouraged by

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rankings placed Sudan at 172th of 180 countries. After al-Bashir's ousting in 2019, there was a brief period under a civilian-led transitional government where there was some press freedom. However, the leaders of a 2021 coup quickly reversed these changes. "The sector is deeply polarised", Reporters

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Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 300,000 killed. Both government forces and militias allied with the government are known to attack not only civilians in Darfur, but also humanitarian workers. Sympathisers of rebel groups are arbitrarily detained,

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jurisdiction is accepted, though with reservations. Under the terms of the Naivasha Agreement, Islamic law did not apply in South Sudan. Since the secession of South Sudan there was some uncertainty as to whether Sharia law would apply to the non-Muslim minorities present in Sudan, especially because

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released a report on 22 February 2024 saying that more than 95% of Sudan's population could not afford a meal a day. As of April 2024, the United Nations reported that more than 8.6 million people have been forced out of their homes, while 18 million are facing severe hunger, five million of them are

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On 21 November 2021, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister after a political agreement was signed by Burhan to restore the transition to civilian rule (although Burhan retained control). The 14-point deal called for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulated that

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began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent. In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting in the convergence

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argues that most Sudanese Arabs who claim Arab descent based on an important male ancestor ignore the fact that their DNA is largely made up of generations of African or African-Arab wives and their children, which means that these claims are rather more founded on oral traditions than on biological

4549:, student activists and displaced people in and around Khartoum, some of whom face torture. The rebel groups have also been accused in a report issued by the U.S. government of attacking humanitarian workers and of killing innocent civilians. According to UNICEF, in 2008, there were as many as 6,000 3286:

to address Sudan's humanitarian crisis. A report by the State Department concerning the UAE's involvement in Sudan, including war crimes and arms exports, was the prime focus of the conference's discussion. A panelist speaker, Councilman Mohamed Seifeldein, called for an end to the UAE's involvement

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in London; yet Cairo still needed the money. The Sudanese Government's revenue had reached a peak in 1928 at £6.6 million, thereafter the Wafdist disruptions, and Italian borders incursions from Somaliland, London decided to reduce expenditure during the Great Depression. Cotton and gum exports

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went further and invaded Egypt itself to secure his control of the Levant. This succeeded, as he managed to expel Taharqa from Lower Egypt. Taharqa fled back to Upper Egypt and Nubia, where he died two years later. Lower Egypt came under Assyrian vassalage but proved unruly, unsuccessfully rebelling

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On April 15, 2024, France is hosting an international conference on Sudan, marking the one-year anniversary of the outbreak of war in the northeast African nation, which has resulted in a humanitarian and political crisis. The country is calling for support from the global community, aiming to draw

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In the early months of 2023, fighting reignited, primarily between the military forces of Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the army chief and de facto head of state, and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces led by his rival, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. As a result, the U.S. and most European countries

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aimed at stabilising the economy, which was in dire straits because of shortages of food, fuel and hard currency. Hamdok estimated that US$ 10bn over two years would suffice to halt the panic, and said that over 70% of the 2018 budget had been spent on civil war-related measures. The governments of

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was founded in 1936 and thus it became one of the oldest football associations to exist in Africa. However, before the foundation of the Football Association, Sudan had started experiencing football brought to the country by the British colonizers since early 20th century via Egypt. Other Sudanese

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Even with the oil profits before the secession of South Sudan, Sudan still faced formidable economic problems, and its growth was still a rise from a very low level of per capita output. The economy of Sudan has been steadily growing over the 2000s, and according to a World Bank report the overall

3295:, urged the international community to stop all support for the RSF, pointing to the militant group's destructive role in Sudan. Elsheikh also recommended to use social media in raising awareness about the Sudanese war, and to put pressure on the US elected officials to halt arms sales to the UAE. 3032:

main headquarters, after which the chiefs of staff decided to intervene and they ordered the arrest of President al-Bashir and declared a three-month state of emergency. Over 100 people died on 3 June after security forces dispersed the sit-in using tear gas and live ammunition in what is known as

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Education in Sudan is free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years, although more than 40% of children do not go to schools due to the economic situation. Environmental and social factors also increase the difficulty of getting to school, especially for girls. Primary education consists of

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Sudanese culture melds the behaviours, practices, and beliefs of about 578 ethnic groups, communicating in numerous different dialects and languages, in a region microcosmic of Africa, with geographic extremes varying from sandy desert to tropical forest. Recent evidence suggests that while most

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While historically agriculture remains the main source of income and employment hiring of over 80 percent of Sudanese, and makes up a third of the economic sector, oil production drove most of Sudan's post-2000 growth. Currently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is working hand in hand with

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international non-governmental organisations such as the Red Cross were operating mostly in the south but based in the capital Khartoum. The attention of NGOs shifted shortly after the war broke out in the western part of Sudan known as Darfur. The most visible organisation in South Sudan is the

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had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster. On 3 September, Hamdok appointed 14 civilian ministers, including the first female foreign minister and the first Coptic Christian, also a woman. As of August 2021, the country was jointly led by Chairman of the

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was elected first Prime Minister and led the first modern Sudanese government. On 1 January 1956, in a special ceremony held at the People's Palace, the Egyptian and British flags were lowered and the new Sudanese flag, composed of green, blue and yellow stripes, was raised in their place by the

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Since Sudan has experienced civil war for many years, many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are also involved in humanitarian efforts to help internally displaced people. The NGOs are working in every corner of Sudan, especially in the southern part and western parts. During the civil war,

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with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail. An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no

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like public amputations. Al-Turabi supported this move, differing from Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi's dissenting view. Al-Turabi and his allies within the regime also opposed self-rule in the south, a secular constitution, and non-Islamic cultural acceptance. One condition for national reconciliation was

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satellites, and has plans to produce a Sudanese communications satellite (SUDASAT-1) and a Sudanese remote sensing satellite (SRSS-1). The Sudanese government contributed to an offer pool for a private-sector ground surveying Satellite operating above Sudan, Arabsat 6A, which was successfully

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Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law. As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized

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was Sudan's main export, with production increasing dramatically during the late 2000s, in the years before South Sudan gained independence in July 2011. With rising oil revenues, the Sudanese economy was booming, with a growth rate of about nine percent in 2007. The independence of oil-rich

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region, finally ending the lawlessness. Ordinances published by Britain enacted a system of taxation. This was following the precedent set by the Khalifa. The main taxes were recognized. These taxes were on land, herds, and date-palms. The continued British administration of Sudan fuelled an

168: 167: 166: 2976:, which would end only in 2013 after al-Bashir promised he would not seek re-election in 2015. He later broke his promise and sought re-election in 2015, winning through a boycott from the opposition who believed that the elections would not be free and fair. Voter turnout was at a low 46%. 4744:

out of the Sudanese government's direct control and oil production in Sudan fell from around 450,000 barrels per day (72,000 m/d) to under 60,000 barrels per day (9,500 m/d). Production has since recovered to hover around 250,000 barrels per day (40,000 m/d) for 2014–15.

164: 1465:(with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC. 2315:

headwaters. Britain feared that the other powers would take advantage of Sudan's instability to acquire territory previously annexed to Egypt. Apart from these political considerations, Britain wanted to establish control over the Nile to safeguard a planned irrigation dam at

5700:. Northern Sudan listens to different music than the rest of Sudan. A type of music called Aldlayib uses a musical instrument called the Tambur. The Tambur has five strings, is made from wood and makes music accompanied by the voices of human applause and singing artists. 2683:

with the government. This further promoted the mechanised export agriculture sector. This caused great hardship for the pastoralists of Sudan. In 1976, the Ansars had mounted a bloody but unsuccessful coup attempt. But in July 1977, President Nimeiry met with Ansar leader

6477: 5812:), women were not allowed to wear trousers in public, because it was interpreted as an "obscene outfit". The punishment for wearing trousers could be up to 40 lashes, but after being found guilty in 2009, one woman was fined the equivalent of 200 U.S. dollars instead. 2310:

In the 1890s, the British sought to re-establish their control over Sudan, once more officially in the name of the Egyptian Khedive, but in actuality treating the country as a British colony. By the early 1890s, British, French, and Belgian claims had converged at the

14472: 4719:, GDP growth slowed to 3.4 percent in 2014, 3.1 percent in 2015 and was projected to recover slowly to 3.7 percent in 2016 while inflation remained as high as 21.8% as of 2015. Sudan's GDP fell from US$ 123.053 billion in 2017 to US$ 40.852 billion in 2018. 4576:

Without Borders stated in their 2023 summary of press freedom in the country. "Journalistic critics have been arrested, and the internet is regularly shut down in order to block the flow of information." Additional crackdowns occurred after the beginning of the 2023

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The judicial branch of the Sudanese government consists of a Constitutional Court of nine justices, the National Supreme Court, the Court of Cassation, and other national courts; the National Judicial Service Commission provides overall management for the judiciary.

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Under the Delimitation, Sudan's border with Abyssinia was contested by raiding tribesmen trading slaves, breaching boundaries of the law. In 1905 local chieftain Sultan Yambio, reluctant to the end, gave up the struggle with British forces that had occupied the

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During the Khedivial period, dissent had spread due to harsh taxes imposed on most activities. Taxation on irrigation wells and farming lands were so high most farmers abandoned their farms and livestock. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the

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The Kingdom of Kush is mentioned in the Bible as having saved the Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians, although disease among the besiegers might have been one of the reasons for the failure to take the city. The war that took place between Pharaoh

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mentioned later) to conquer the country, and subsequently incorporate it into Egypt. With the exception of the Shaiqiya and the Darfur sultanate in Kordofan, he was met without resistance. The Egyptian policy of conquest was expanded and intensified by

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at a little over 30 million people. This is a significant increase over the past two decades, as the 1983 census put the total population of Sudan, including present-day South Sudan, at 21.6 million. The population of Greater Khartoum (including

2494:. The British Imperial General Staff prepared for military defence of the region, which was thin on the ground. The British ambassador blocked Italian attempts to secure a Non-Aggression Treaty with Egypt-Sudan. But Mahmoud was a supporter of the 12329: 5734:

government led to the decline of filmmaking from the 1990s onwards. Since the 2010s, several initiatives have shown an encouraging revival of filmmaking and public interest in film shows and festivals, albeit limited mainly to Khartoum.

2182:, which threatened the Khedive's survival. Tewfik appealed for help to the British, who subsequently occupied Egypt in 1882. Sudan was left in the hands of the Khedivial government, and the mismanagement and corruption of its officials. 4775:

Khartoum government to implement sound macroeconomic policies. This follows a turbulent period in the 1980s when debt-ridden Sudan's relations with the IMF and World Bank soured, culminating in its eventual suspension from the IMF.

2013:(a people from the Ethiopian borderlands) effectively ruled while the Funj sultans were their mere puppets. Shortly afterwards the sultanate began to fragment; by the early 19th century it was essentially restricted to the Gezira. 4786:(HDI) Sudan ranked the 167th place in human development, indicating Sudan still has one of the lowest human development rates in the world. In 2014, 45% of the population lives on less than US$ 3.20 per day, up from 43% in 2009. 4803:, according to the Sudanese National Centre for Research. In 2015, Sudan published only about 500 scientific papers. In comparison, Poland, a country of similar population size, publishes on the order of 10,000 papers per year. 10214: 14495: 2657:

among the local tribes, most especially the Dinka. In the civil war that followed their homeland was raided, looted, pillaged, and burned. Many of the tribe were murdered in a bloody civil war that raged for over 20 years.

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president Al-Bashir alienated many researchers: the official language of instruction in universities was changed from English to Arabic and Islamic courses became mandatory. Internal science funding withered. According to

5788:. The jalabiya is often accompanied by a large turban and a scarf, and the garment may be white, coloured, striped, and made of fabric varying in thickness, depending on the season of the year and personal preferences. 10813: 5492:

Religious identity plays a role in the country's political divisions. Northern and western Muslims have dominated the country's political and economic system since independence. The NCP draws much of its support from

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In July 1936 the Liberal Constitutional leader, Muhammed Mahmoud was persuaded to bring Wafd delegates to London to sign the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, "the beginning of a new stage in Anglo-Egyptian relations", wrote

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increasingly strident nationalist backlash, with Egyptian nationalist leaders determined to force Britain to recognise a single independent union of Egypt and Sudan. With a formal end to Ottoman rule in 1914, Sir

2765:, which the U.S. government falsely believed was producing chemical weapons for the terrorist group. Al-Turabi's influence began to wane, and others in favour of more pragmatic leadership tried to change Sudan's 11883:

Hamilton, Alexander; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin (February 2016). "Geography and correlates of attitude toward Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Sudan: What can we learn from successive Sudan opinion poll data?".

10405: 4305:. On 14 December the U.S. Government removed Sudan from its State Sponsor of Terrorism list; as part of the deal, Sudan agreed to pay $ 335 million in compensation to victims of the 1998 embassy bombings. 3779:

was a legal punishment. Between 2009 and 2014, many people were sentenced to 40–100 lashes. In August 2014, several Sudanese men died in custody after being flogged. 53 Christians were flogged in 2001. Sudan's

3701:, and on 21 August 2019 the Transitional Military Council was officially replaced as head of state by an 11-member Sovereignty Council, and as head of government by a civilian Prime Minister. According to 2023 165: 12592: 6763: 3131:

One month after the attempted coup, another military coup on 25 October 2021 resulted in the deposition of the civilian government, including former Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok. The coup was led by general

1964:, previously a Pagan or nominal Christian, was recorded to be Muslim. However, the Funj would retain un-Islamic customs like the divine kingship or the consumption of alcohol until the 18th century. Sudanese 2274:

Regional relations remained tense throughout much of the Mahdiyah period, largely because of the Khalifa's brutal methods to extend his rule throughout the country. In 1887, a 60,000-man Ansar army invaded

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to the east; in the south, there are grasslands and tropical savanna. Sudan's rainy season lasts for about four months (June to September) in the north, and up to six months (May to October) in the south.

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During the 17th century the Funj state reached its widest extent, but in the following century it began to decline. A coup in 1718 brought a dynastic change, while another one in 1761–1762 resulted in the

1789:, thus acknowledging Makuria's independence. While the Arabs failed to conquer Nubia they began to settle east of the Nile, where they eventually founded several port towns and intermarried with the local 1760:(now a suburb of modern-day Khartoum). Still in the sixth century they converted to Christianity. In the seventh century, probably at some point between 628 and 642, Nobatia was incorporated into Makuria. 12333: 3597:

The nation's wildlife is threatened by poaching. As of 2001, twenty-one mammal species and nine bird species are endangered, as well as two species of plants. Critically endangered species include: the

2675:. However, commodity prices declined throughout the 1970s causing economic problems for Sudan. At the same time, debt servicing costs, from the money spent mechanizing agriculture, rose. In 1978, the 1128:

in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a

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and isolation, as well as a history of internal instability and factional violence. The large majority of Sudan is dry and over 60% of Sudan's population lives in poverty. Sudan is a member of the

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In 2010, Sudan was considered the 17th-fastest-growing economy in the world and the rapid development of the country largely from oil profits even when facing international sanctions was noted by

1815:. Makuria maintained close dynastic ties with Alodia, perhaps resulting in the temporary unification of the two kingdoms into one state. The culture of the medieval Nubians has been described as " 15642: 4243:

Sudan has extensive economic relations with China. China obtains ten percent of its oil from Sudan. According to a former Sudanese government minister, China is Sudan's largest supplier of arms.

15637: 9995: 1843:. Women enjoyed high social status: they had access to education, could own, buy and sell land and often used their wealth to endow churches and church paintings. Even the royal succession was 4839:

In Sudan's 2008 census, the population of northern, western and eastern Sudan was recorded to be over 30 million. This puts present estimates of the population of Sudan after the secession of

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Since September 2019, there has been an official national league for women's football clubs that started on the basis of informal women's clubs since the beginning of the 2000s. In 2021, the

4335:, a Russian private military contractor operating in Sudan since 2017, has been assisting with the evacuation of both Black Americans and Sudanese citizens to safe locations in South Africa. 1807:

From the mid eighth to mid eleventh century the political power and cultural development of Christian Nubia peaked. In 747 Makuria invaded Egypt, which at this time belonged to the declining

4650:, the capital. It is mainly funded by the European Union and recently opened more vocational training. The Canadian International Development Agency is operating largely in northern Sudan. 3140:

a 2019 constitutional declaration continued to be the basis for a political transition. Hamdok fired the chief of police Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam and his second in command Ali Ibrahim.

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In 1899, Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was run by a governor-general appointed by Egypt with British consent. In reality, Sudan was effectively administered as a

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of 2013, Sudan has an GHI indicator value of 27.0 indicating that the nation has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation.' It is rated the fifth hungriest nation in the world. According to the 2015

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ll parties to the conflagration committed serious abuses, including widespread killing of civilians, rape as a tool of war, systematic torture, robbery and recruitment of child soldiers."

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Until the early 1970s, Sudan's agricultural output was mostly dedicated to internal consumption. In 1972, the Sudanese government became more pro-Western and made plans to export food and

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of western Sudan, overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as the unchallenged leader of the Mahdiyah. After consolidating his power, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad assumed the title of

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Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.

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Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s,

3147:. By March 2022 over 1,000 people including 148 children had been detained for opposing the coup, there were 25 allegations of rape and 87 people had been killed including 11 children. 10206: 10047: 7264: 7224: 2170:

The Egyptian authorities made significant improvements to the Sudanese infrastructure (mainly in the north), especially with regard to irrigation and cotton production. In 1879, the

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Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims from Darfur and Kordofan. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) includes both

9026: 4760:, as well as the oil refining facilities in Sudan. In August 2012, Sudan and South Sudan agreed to a deal to transport South Sudanese oil through Sudanese pipelines to Port Sudan. 14600: 11206: 4445:. Evidence suggests that support for female genital mutilation remains high, especially among rural and less well educated groups, although it has been declining in recent years. 9859: 3769:, ending the civil war between north and south Sudan, established some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum. Sudan's application of Sharia law is geographically inconsistent. 12561: 5655:

Sudan has a rich and unique musical culture that has been through chronic instability and repression during the modern history of Sudan. Beginning with the imposition of strict

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launched on 11 April 2019, from the Kennedy Space Center. Sudanese president Omar Hassan al-Bashir called for an African Space Agency in 2012, but plans were never made final.

621: 12216: 9577: 4799:, more than 3,000 Sudanese researchers left the country between 2002 and 2014. By 2013, the country had a mere 19 researchers for every 100,000 citizens, or 1/30 the ratio of 10817: 10358: 6580: 5730:

in the early 20th century. After independence in 1956, a vigorous documentary film tradition was established, but financial pressures and serious constraints imposed by the

6533: 3693:(upper chamber). Ibn Auf however, remained in office for only a single day and then resigned, with the leadership of the Transitional Military Council then being handed to 15021: 7102: 7077:

West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the

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of the sixth and seventh centuries. Arts flourished in the form of pottery paintings and especially wall paintings. The Nubians developed an alphabet for their language,

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At the same time European militaries contributed to the development of Sudanese music by introducing new instruments and styles; military bands, especially the Scottish

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Non-Arab groups are often ethnically, linguistically and to varying degrees culturally distinct. These include the Beja (over two million), Fur (over one million),

4534:. The letter added that these human-rights abuses have existed since 2004. Some reports attribute part of the violations to the rebels as well as the government and the 3256: 2171: 2091: 12600: 10413: 3136:

who subsequently declared a state of emergency. Burhan took office as the de facto head of state of Sudan and formed a new army-backed government on 11 November 2021.

11168: 5203: 2688:, opening the way for a possible reconciliation. Hundreds of political prisoners were released, and in August a general amnesty was announced for all oppositionists. 12804: 1850:

From the late 11th/12th century, Makuria's capital Dongola was in decline, and Alodia's capital declined in the 12th century as well. In the 14th and 15th centuries

10300: 3419:, which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through Sudan is nearly 800 km (497 mi) long and is joined by the 15402: 9680: 4275:

over the lack of progress towards the establishment of a civilian-led transitional authority since its initial meeting following the coup d'état of 11 April 2019.

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Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony on 1 January 1956 by the Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari and in presence of opposition leader Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.

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signed an Executive Order that lifted many sanctions placed against Sudan and assets of its government held abroad. On 6 October 2017, the following US president

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led to a cessation of the north–south civil war and a degree of self-rule. This led to ten years hiatus in the civil war but an end to American investment in the

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between the army and the RSF – with troops, tanks and planes. By the third day, 400 people had been reported killed and at least 3,500 injured, according to the

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in Sudanese dialect. The thobe is a white or colourful long, one-piece cloth that women wrap around their inner garments, usually covering their head and hair.

5746:. As in other countries, the growing importance of photography for mass media like newspapers, as well as for amateur photographers led to a wider photographic 5611:

citizens of the country identify strongly with both Sudan and their religion, Arab and African supranational identities are much more polarising and contested.

1993:, located just south of the third cataract, would mark the border between the two states. The aftermath of the Ottoman invasion saw the attempted usurpation of 15185: 3143:

On 2 January 2022, Hamdok announced his resignation from the position of Prime Minister following one of the most deadly protests to date. He was succeeded by

10380: 3259:. As of 29 December 2023, over 5.8 million were internally displaced and more than 1.5 million others had fled the country as refugees, and many civilians in 3016: 11592: 9138: 4197:

As the National Islamic Front regime in Khartoum gradually emerged as a real threat to the region and the world, the U.S. began to list Sudan on its list of

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In addition to the states, there also exist regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups.

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The Sudanese Armed Forces is the regular forces of Sudan and is divided into five branches: the Sudanese Army, Sudanese Navy (including the Marine Corps),

3790:

was also a legal punishment. In 2002, 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes.

3539:, which can completely block out the sun. In the northern and western semi-desert areas, people rely on scarce rainfall for basic agriculture and many are 3037:, resulting in Sudan's suspension from the African Union. Sudan's youth had been reported to be driving the protests. The protests came to an end when the 2893:, a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan. After the peace agreement, their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger 2208:(his followers) and those who surrendered to him a choice between adopting Islam or being killed. The Mahdiyah (Mahdist regime) imposed traditional Sharia 11030: 9698: 9440: 3119: 2909:

was signed, aiming at ending the conflict which had continued for three years up to this point. The Chad–Sudan Conflict (2005–2007) had erupted after the

15702: 15339: 9202: 8494: 5862: 5044: 991:

to the south. Sudan has a population of 50 million people as of 2024 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's

12404: 1454:

villages, where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattle herding. Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as

15449: 12355: 5670: 4643: 4601: 4477: 3211:

In April 2023 – as an internationally brokered plan for a transition to civilian rule was discussed – power struggles grew between army commander (and

1878:, while Dongola was destroyed and left to the Arabs. Afterwards Makuria continued to exist only as a petty kingdom. After the prosperous reign of king 12242: 9987: 9518: 9357: 9174: 14881: 11477: 9259: 9198: 5151: 2941: 1670:

less than a decade later. This ended all hopes of a revival of the Nubian Empire, which rather continued in the form of a smaller kingdom centred on

17: 13297: 11293: 11154: 10262: 9831: 9636: 9380: 2653:

project. This had been considered absolutely essential to irrigate the Upper Nile region and to prevent an environmental catastrophe and wide-scale

1985:

and eventually pushed south along the Nile, reaching the third Nile cataract area in 1583/1584. A subsequent Ottoman attempt to capture Dongola was

14949: 14901: 3742: 1994: 1895: 671: 11114: 2430:

From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate territories; the north and south. The

12915: 9075: 9027:"ICC Prosecutor Presents Case Against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad al Bashir, for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes in Darfur" 2855: 10493: 9794: 6985: 4476:(NISS) used excessive force to disperse protests and detained dozens of activists and opposition members. Moreover, the Sudanese forces blocked 11093: 4728: 4064:, located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan, currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an 3814: 3000: 11271: 10077: 9100: 3048: 13167:

Rilly, Claude (2021). "Aux racines de la population soudanaise". In Rilly, Claude; Francigny, Vincent; Maillot, Marc; Cabon, Olivier (eds.).

4892: 4860: 4609: 793: 10055: 9881: 6707: 6086: 4863:

statistics, more than 1.1 million refugees and asylum seekers lived in Sudan in August 2019. The majority of this population came from

2517:

during 1940. In 1942, the SDF also played a part in the invasion of the Italian colony by British and Commonwealth forces. The last British

15682: 14994: 12268: 11441: 10236: 10181: 2859: 848: 13586: 10322: 9561: 1883: 1732:), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, 1666:. Although the Assyrians immediately departed Upper Egypt after these events, weakened, Thebes peacefully submitted itself to Necho's son 1458:. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. 15667: 14759: 10795: 9034: 3697:. On 4 August 2019, a new Constitutional Declaration was signed between the representatives of the Transitional Military Council and the 2878: 1461:

The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the

1405: 1171: 1000: 14664: 11210: 3519:

The amount of rainfall increases towards the south. The central and the northern part have extremely dry, semi-desert areas such as the

11762: 10549: 10523: 9849: 6404: 5032: 4473: 4376:(JEM) have been important priorities. While not official, the Sudanese military also uses nomad militias, the most prominent being the 4365: 3374: 3244:, triggering a suspension of the organization's work in Sudan, despite ongoing hunger afflicting much of the country. Sudanese General 2905:. A peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front was signed on 14 October 2006, in Asmara. On 5 May 2006, the 2532:

finally heralded the beginning of the march towards Sudanese independence. Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders,

1428:

region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan, which hosts "the well-preserved remains of prehistoric camps (relics of the oldest

650: 12569: 11459: 8657: 5754:

in Sudan during the 20th century and beyond. In the 21st century, photography in Sudan has undergone important changes, mainly due to

2235:. Muhammad Ahmad died on 22 June 1885, a mere six months after the conquest of Khartoum. After a power struggle amongst his deputies, 15672: 14246: 12298: 4046: 741: 12220: 11182: 10624: 9030: 7397: 6186: 3551:. The sunshine duration is very high all over the country but especially in deserts where it can soar to over 4,000 hours per year. 15536: 15270: 14583: 11990: 10340: 9422: 7904: 6911: 6588: 5907: 5048: 4764: 4621: 4298: 3838: 1990: 11004: 10475: 9907: 4859:

Aside from being a refugee-generating country, Sudan also hosts a large population of refugees from other countries. According to

1662:, who had succeeded Esarhaddon, sent a large army in Egypt to regain control. He routed Tantamani near Memphis and, pursuing him, 14681: 8881: 6525: 5851: 5825: 4567:

Under the government of Omar al-Bashir (1989–2019), Sudan's media outlets were given little freedom in their reporting. In 2014,

4254: 2010: 1191: 8996: 3045:(the ruling military government) signed the July 2019 Political Agreement and the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration. 2722:" and disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council. The executive and legislative powers of the council were taken by al-Bashir. 2044:. Until the 19th century Arabic had succeeded in becoming the dominant language of central riverine Sudan and most of Kordofan. 15632: 14999: 14974: 14724: 14318: 13094:وزير خارجية السودان الاسبق حسين ابوصالح ل"الشرق" : التهديدات الامريكية للسودان كانت تصلنا في ورقة صغيرة دون ترويسة اوامضاء 12064: 11814: 11539: 11377: 10901: 9932: 7094: 5539:

of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.

4101: 13271: 10435: 5481:

communities also exist in Khartoum and eastern Sudan, largely made up of refugees and migrants from the past few decades. The

4410:

has taken the lives of nearly two million people in Sudan. It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into

4364:

in 2004, safe-keeping the central government from the armed resistance and rebellion of paramilitary rebel groups such as the

1819:", but was also increasingly influenced by Arab culture. The state organisation was extremely centralised, being based on the 14916: 14551: 14310: 14292: 14235: 14195: 14176: 14151: 14133: 14099: 14004: 13932: 13917: 13902: 13854: 13830: 13797: 13774: 13739: 13237:

Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Online version:

13176: 11857: 11397: 8953: 8920: 8755: 8643: 8624: 8478: 8422: 8400: 7479: 7452: 7414: 7369: 7191: 7015: 6954: 6929: 6666: 6339: 5486: 5458:, the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist parties, respectively. Only the 5144: 3233: 3156: 2843: 2705: 2553: 2459:

were dwarfed by the necessity to import almost everything from Britain leading to a balance of payments deficit at Khartoum.

2158:

of a virtually independent Egypt. Seeking to add Sudan to his domains, he sent his third son Ismail (not to be confused with

1956:

visited Sudan, the Funj state already extended as far north as Dongola. Meanwhile, Islam began to be preached on the Nile by

1211: 582: 10853: 10134: 10022:"Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" 9776: 4228:, and the new development of oil fields previously in rebel hands. Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the 2094:(r. 1751–1786), peaking in the conquest of Kordofan in 1785. The apogee of this empire, now roughly the size of present-day 15255: 14891: 14846: 13561: 13425: 12674: 11766: 9573: 9514: 6885: 6529: 4767:. The country also sells Sudan small arms, which have been used in military operations such as the conflicts in Darfur and 4597: 4186:

formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the influence of the

3670: 3264: 3204: 3042: 2502: 1736:. By the sixth century there were in total three Nubian kingdoms: Nobatia in the north, which had its capital at Pachoras ( 391: 12812: 10777: 10160: 4380:, in executing a counter-insurgency war. Somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 people have died in the violent struggles. 1650:, a successor of Taharqa, made a final determined attempt to regain Lower Egypt from the newly reinstated Assyrian vassal 15588: 14350: 14012:

The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir

13354: 10284: 7129:"Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan" 4217: 4216:

From the mid-1990s, Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased U.S. pressure following the

3288: 2754: 2442:

acting as under the government, replacing the former garrison of Egyptian army soldiers, saw action afterward during the

1277: 13122:"Identity, history and power in the historiography of Sudan: some thoughts on Holt and Daly's A History of Modern Sudan" 12861: 11736: 8839: 5097:

In several studies on the Arabization of Sudanese people, historians have discussed the meaning of Arab versus non-Arab

4723:

growth in GDP in 2010 was 5.2 percent compared to 2009 growth of 4.2 percent. This growth was sustained even during the

2486:

made it clear that he could not invade Abyssinia without first conquering Egypt and Sudan; they intended unification of

15662: 15407: 14273: 14214: 14115: 13986: 13965: 13870: 13755: 13715: 13510:"Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14" 8474: 5847:

became the first national league to be played in Sudan, laying ground for the future development of Sudanese football.

5474: 4778:

According to the Corruptions Perception Index, Sudan is one of the most corrupt nations in the world. According to the

4422: 3365:. With an area of 1,886,068 km (728,215 sq mi), it is the third-largest country on the continent (after 2800:, al-Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrow the government. Hassan al-Turabi was jailed later the same year. 774: 14579: 13098: 11415: 10883: 10727: 9751: 7922: 2987:

lifted most of the remaining sanctions against the country and its petroleum, export-import, and property industries.

2960:

in 2011, though it is also related to civil war in Darfur that is nominally resolved. A year later in 2012 during the

2630:, became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties. Disputes between 14851: 14801: 14056: 14037: 14019: 13887: 13642: 13388: 10854:"Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court-ordered flogging – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 9965: 8475:"ICE Case Studies; Case Number: 3; Case Identifier: Sudan; Case Name: Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?" 7510: 7279: 7239: 7028: 6022: 5985: 5478: 4593: 4449:

is illegal; as of July 2020 it was no longer a capital offence, with the highest punishment being life imprisonment.

3057: 2886: 2797: 1637:

was a decisive event in western history, with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the

1167: 992: 12637: 9613: 15652: 14896: 14774: 11352: 9473: 6458: 5137: 3370: 3061: 2811:(JEM) groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of 2557: 2115: 2107: 1894:

in the fifteenth century. To the south, the kingdom of Alodia fell to either the Arabs, commanded by tribal leader

1781:

they invaded Nubia but were repelled, making the Nubians one of the few who managed to defeat the Arabs during the

569: 363: 12446: 10706: 10683: 9142: 6820:"New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba" 3326: 2498:; the region was caught between the Empire's efforts to save the Jews, and moderate Arab calls to halt migration. 15692: 15687: 15260: 14871: 14831: 14794: 10949: 10745: 9284: 6818:

Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène; Zazzo, Antoine; Antoine, Daniel; Bon, François (27 May 2021).

6142: 5727: 4327:

In February 2022, it is reported that a Sudanese envoy has visited Israel to promote ties between the countries.

4313: 2973: 2851: 2762: 2726: 1614: 14911: 14886: 14856: 14841: 14826: 14816: 14811: 14542:

Vantini, Giovanni (2006). "Some new light on the end of Soba". In Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva (ed.).

13516: 13450: 12667: 3662: 2715: 2665: 2635: 2623: 2001:, were granted to govern everything north of the confluence of Blue and White Niles with considerable autonomy. 1207: 15479: 14335:

The Republic of the Sudan (also known as North Sudan) is a North African country bordering seven other nations.

14126:

Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa

11919: 11831: 11044: 8523: 7396:

Emberling, Geoff; Davis, Suzanne (2019). "A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice".

7115:

The Republic of the Sudan (also known as North Sudan) is a North African country bordering seven other nations.

5865:

in both the women's and the men's section. In June 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, the first Sudanese woman

5780:

Most Sudanese wear either traditional or western attire. A traditional garb widely worn by Sudanese men is the

5439:

At the 2011 division which split off South Sudan, over 97% of the population in the remaining Sudan adhered to

4921:

population is estimated at 70% of the national total. They are almost entirely Muslims and speak predominantly

4638:

Even though most of the international organisations are substantially concentrated in both South Sudan and the

4429:(who actually was raised as Christian). According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 88% of women in Sudan had undergone 3797: 3085: 3011: 2945: 2804: 722: 153: 12655:

2013 Global Hunger Index – The challenge of hunger: Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security

12186: 11310: 10021: 4763:

The People's Republic of China is one of Sudan's major trading partners, China owns a 40 percent share in the

1910:

1396–1494), the late 15th century, 1504 to 1509. An alodian rump state might have survived in the form of the

14515: 12464: 12432: 12418: 8867: 4373: 4069: 4050: 3775:

was a judicial punishment in Sudan. Between 2009 and 2012, several women were sentenced to death by stoning.

3766: 3682: 3038: 2808: 2680: 1563: 1478: 931: 310: 12543: 12359: 10931: 10359:"Sudan violence: The horrifying statistics behind the brutal conflict - and still the death toll is unknown" 8812: 4339:

attention to a crisis that officials believe has been overshadowed by ongoing conflicts in the Middle East.

15647: 15250: 14821: 14754: 12246: 9569: 9510: 9498: 9184: 9179: 7406: 6381: 5821: 4393: 3738: 3698: 3069: 3006: 2824: 2646: 1383: 897: 14450:

Peacock, A.C.S. (2012). "The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries".

5406:

Approximately 70 languages are native to Sudan. Sudan has multiple regional sign languages, which are not

4835:

Sudan 2010 estimated population density, which includes modern independent South Sudan country's territory

2382:

under Egyptian leadership and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further uniting the two countries.

1570:. At the height of their glory, the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as 1296:

region of West Africa to the immediate west of modern-day Sudan. Historically, Sudan referred to both the

15344: 14649: 13304: 12487: 12164: 12020: 11040: 10254: 9210: 6481: 6445: 4888: 4665: 4283: 4198: 2932:

between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties.

2750: 2676: 2529: 2438:

government from colonial forces. A permanent establishment of two battalions in Khartoum was renamed the

2422: 1136: 15200: 14389: 13380: 2071:

and, their ruling elite at least, Muslims. In the 17th century the Tunjur were driven from power by the

1997:, a minor king of northern Nubia. While the Funj eventually killed him in 1611/1612 his successors, the 15697: 15657: 15313: 15215: 14876: 14717: 13258: 12923: 11246: 9543: 5831: 4426: 4157: 4031: 3690: 3686: 3144: 2929: 1109:

of Sudan after the 1820s, the practice of trading slaves was entrenched along a north–south axis, with

907: 875: 400: 11708: 9309: 6611: 4104:

in 1956. Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.

15009: 14836: 14544:

Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002

14435:"Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur" 11573:"Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase" 10501: 5927: 5546: 5482: 4577: 4568: 4430: 4415: 4233: 4191: 4065: 3821: 3781: 3603: 2949: 2847: 2734: 2451: 2400: 1800: 1237: 1159: 14769: 14574: 13542: 11976: 3745:, reflecting a failure to accommodate minority rights and leverage Islam's rejection of racism. The 14979: 14806: 12835: 12671: 11737:"Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad – U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages" 11279: 10759: 10575: 10111: 9854: 9156: 9107: 5855: 5028: 4880: 4629: 4411: 3354: 2964:

Sudan would achieve victory against South Sudan, a war over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's

2758: 2661: 2639: 2495: 2333: 2028:

The coup of 1718 kicked off a policy of pursuing a more orthodox Islam, which in turn promoted the

1778: 1767: 1562:("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the 960: 13400: 12654: 12330:"EU, UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills, entrepreneurship for job creation" 9654: 6334: 5563: 2509:

played an active part in responding to incursions early in World War Two. Italian troops occupied

15454: 15385: 15265: 15159: 15029: 14959: 8772: 5873:

photographer Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, as she got ready to travel to Nigeria to prepare for the

5572: 5462:

region has traditionally been bereft of the Sufi brotherhoods common in the rest of the country.

5177: 5122: 4826: 4783: 4768: 4531: 4401: 4278:

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Sudan, have signed a joint letter to the

3702: 2867: 2766: 1774: 1337:, in reference to the very dark skin of the indigenous people. Prior to this, Sudan was known as 1253: 1241: 1158:

and Christians in the South. Differences in language, religion, and political power erupted in a

826: 699: 14368: 12700: 12668:"The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"" 12272: 8683: 7897:

Beleaguered Muslim Fortresses And Ethiopian Imperial Expansion From The 13th To The 16th Century

6555: 4460:

for past and current violations. The report documented human rights abuses against civilians in

3068:

The transitional institutions and procedures included the creation of a joint military-civilian

2796:. When al-Turabi urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign signing agreement with 1728:

established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis (

1139:

toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan.

15514: 15101: 14984: 14906: 14619: 13594: 13479: 12378: 11946: 10987:"Shocking video: Sudanese woman flogged for getting into car with man who isn't related to her" 6040: 5568: 5466: 5411: 5082:

Sudanese Arabs of northern and eastern Sudan claim to descend primarily from migrants from the

4633: 4317: 4202: 4187: 4035: 3694: 3575: 3514: 3133: 3107: 3073: 3053: 2906: 2770: 2742: 2541: 2396: 2337: 2263: 2236: 2164: 2032:

of the state. To legitimise their rule over their Arab subjects the Funj began to propagate an

1163: 1154:

rule. This exacerbated the rift between the Islamic North, the seat of the government, and the

749: 693: 372: 33: 14764: 12900: 12245:. Gatineau, Quebec: Canadian International Development Agency. 29 January 2013. Archived from 11232: 8945: 8515: 8509: 7932: 5636: 3282:

On 31 May 2024, a conference was called at the House of Representatives by a US Congresswoman

2610:

A polling process was carried out resulting in the composition of a democratic parliament and

2090:, but expanded west- and northwards in the early 18th century and eastwards under the rule of 15484: 15424: 15392: 15306: 15245: 15240: 15220: 15195: 14710: 13068: 12068: 6732: 5597: 5470: 5407: 4820: 4546: 4389: 4369: 4348: 4054: 3974: 3897: 3791: 3674: 3579: 3333:

Sudan is situated in North Africa, with an 853 km (530 mi) coastline bordering the

3283: 3171: 3029: 2913:

triggered a declaration of war by Chad. The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in

2890: 2375: 2143: 1820: 1717: 1215: 1187: 1179: 658: 331: 304: 278: 14355:"Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". 13066: 10553: 10527: 6313: 5751: 4246:

In December 2005, Sudan became one of the few states to recognise Moroccan sovereignty over

3388:. The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges. In the west, the 3124:

The Sudanese government announced on 21 September 2021 that there was a failed attempt at a

2167:'s son, Ismaʻil, under whose reign most of the remainder of modern-day Sudan was conquered. 1960:

holy men who settled there in the 15th and 16th centuries and by David Reubeni's visit king

1716:

is unclear, but it also might have been located further north, between the fourth and fifth

1113:

taking place in southern parts of the country and slaves being transported to Egypt and the

15541: 15489: 15296: 15224: 15034: 14789: 12762: 11797: 11618: 11327: 8661: 8447: 7535: 7317:

Keita, S.O.Y. (1993). "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships".

7272:

From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan

7232:

From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan

6921: 6831: 6623: 5874: 5739: 5713: 5593: 4572: 4446: 3275: 3249: 3241: 3222: 3181: 3102: 3077: 2475: 2349: 2125: 1552: 1273: 1249: 1219: 1129: 1121: 1047: 543: 517: 14639: 13329: 11991:"Letter to the U.N. Security Council on Sudan Sanctions and Civilian Protection in Darfur" 11675: 11188:. The Hague: Permanent Court of Arbitration. 18 December 2008. p. xii. Archived from 11169:"Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?" 10406:"Congressional Briefing: Report on UAE Intervention in Sudan, War Crimes, and Arms Export" 6361: 6106: 5677:(returned to Sudan 2003), fled to Cairo. Traditional music suffered too, with traditional 5193: 4126:

are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan.

2120: 105: 8: 15521: 15234: 15205: 14083: 13822: 13731: 11247:"China Invests Heavily in Sudan's Oil Industry – Beijing Supplies Arms Used on Villagers" 11189: 10932:"Two Sudanese men died after being detained and flogged 40 times each, says rights group" 10632: 9124: 6435: 5836: 5784:, which is a loose-fitting, long-sleeved, collarless ankle-length garment also common to 5755: 5605: 4779: 4632:(OLS) consortium. Some international trade organisations categorise Sudan as part of the 4616:), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the 4485: 4229: 4130: 4097: 3723: 3706: 3385: 3314: 3024: 2996: 2902: 2789: 2514: 2506: 2491: 2439: 2407:. They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the 2075: 1931: 1923: 1911: 1429: 1421: 1334: 1203: 1202:

from 2003–2020. Overall, the regime killed an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people.

1090: 1086: 881: 608: 498: 183:

Sudan displayed in dark green colour, claimed territories not administered in light green

12766: 12332:(Press release). UN Industrial Development Organisation. 8 February 2011. Archived from 11998: 7895: 7192:"Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory" 6835: 6627: 3873: 2696: 2581:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1578:

attempted to expand the empire into the Near East but was thwarted by the Assyrian king

940: 15444: 15419: 15397: 15349: 15210: 15154: 14964: 14932: 14644: 13149: 13006: 12888: 12525: 11994: 11964: 11035: 11008: 10675: 10479: 8861: 8798: 7552: 7342: 7334: 7172: 7156: 6862: 6819: 6795: 6758: 6440: 6376: 5558: 5401: 5365: 4757: 4707: 4669: 4589: 4522:

found that the Sudanese government is both incapable of protecting its own citizens in

4519: 4453: 4354: 4265: 4232:. Since 2003, the foreign relations of Sudan had centred on the support for ending the 4014: 3984: 3934: 3867: 3858: 3842: 3666: 3599: 3381: 3304: 2839: 2793: 2788:, al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, prompting al-Bashir to 2785: 2719: 2537: 2522: 2455: 2408: 2329: 2267: 2187: 1886:

1463–1484) Makuria collapsed. Coastal areas from southern Sudan up to the port city of

1764: 1085:. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the 637: 556: 13958:

Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung

12046: 11644: 10453: 7070: 5421:. In the 2005 constitution, Sudan's official languages became Arabic and English. The 5040: 4697: 1120:

From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the

91: 15499: 15434: 15429: 15380: 15375: 15230: 15173: 14969: 14658: 14547: 14530: 14421: 14364: 14306: 14288: 14269: 14252: 14231: 14210: 14191: 14172: 14147: 14129: 14111: 14095: 14052: 14033: 14015: 14000: 13982: 13961: 13944: 13928: 13913: 13898: 13883: 13866: 13850: 13826: 13793: 13783: 13770: 13751: 13735: 13711: 13384: 13238: 13182: 13172: 13153: 13141: 12984: 12869: 12786: 12778: 12701:"Poverty headcount ratio at $ 3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan | Data" 12529: 12412: 12373: 12113: 11901: 11713: 11683: 11547: 11513: 10861: 10667: 10292: 9537: 9448: 8949: 8938: 8916: 8889: 8751: 8747: 8519: 8449: 7556: 7506: 7475: 7448: 7410: 7375: 7365: 7346: 7285: 7275: 7274:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. pp. 187–188. 7245: 7235: 7176: 7164: 7148: 7011: 6960: 6950: 6925: 6867: 6849: 6800: 6782: 6662: 6639: 5767: 5434: 5418: 5098: 5083: 4438: 4123: 3939: 3919: 3784:

allowed police officers to publicly whip women who were accused of public indecency.

3746: 3733: 3728:

In September 1983, President Jaafar Nimeiri introduced sharia law in Sudan, known as

3642: 3631: 3559: 3292: 3034: 2925: 2321: 2224: 1949: 1782: 1678:

590 BC, and sometime soon after to the late-3rd century BC, the Kushite resettled in

1618: 338: 316: 14266:

The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile

14139: 13805: 12072: 11811: 10909: 10107:"Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition" 9699:"Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia" 9402: 9004: 4538:. The U.S. State Department's human-rights report issued in March 2007 claims that " 4190:

government. The Sudanese Government supported anti-Ugandan rebel groups such as the

3761:

During the regime of Omar al-Bashir, the legal system in Sudan was based on Islamic

3543:, travelling with their herds of sheep and camels. Nearer the River Nile, there are 3125: 2910: 2470: 15565: 15471: 15439: 15363: 15301: 15284: 15190: 15141: 15111: 15061: 14944: 14742: 14672: 14487: 14473:"Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race" 14459: 14411: 14401: 13491: 13275: 13133: 12770: 12517: 11893: 11767:"Sudan: Nearly 2 Million Dead as a Result of the World's Longest Running Civil War" 11066: 10439: 10165: 9232: 8715: 8601: 7544: 7326: 7140: 6917: 6886:"Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures" 6857: 6839: 6790: 6772: 6631: 6503: 6409: 6225: 6203: 5996: 5950: 5902: 5601: 5589: 5257: 5239: 5221: 4993: 4953: 4659: 4397: 3959: 3654: 3648: 3615: 3393: 2738: 2616: 2611: 2518: 2483: 2443: 2412: 2392: 2179: 2159: 2041: 2037: 1986: 1952:, in which Abdallah Jamma's realm was incorporated. By 1523, when Jewish traveller 1770: 1377: 1245: 956: 801: 425: 223: 14434: 12774: 12725: 12137: 11861: 9423:""Chaos and Fire" – An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre – Sudan" 9076:"International Criminal Court Charges Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir with Genocide" 7198: 4715:, which contained about 75 percent of Sudan's oilfields, Sudan entered a phase of 2858:

to support its implementation. The peace agreement was a prerequisite to the 2011

2642:. Several days later, anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power. 2190:

had an adverse impact on the economy of northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of

15504: 15494: 15414: 15326: 15066: 15048: 14989: 14595: 14225: 14027: 13976: 13879: 13137: 12678: 11818: 11495: 11128: 9812: 9724: 9681:"Women take prominent place in Sudanese politics as Abdalla Hamdok names cabinet" 9335: 7496: 7469: 6635: 6031: 5844: 5719: 5709: 5536: 5530: 5329: 5293: 5182: 5021: 4922: 4831: 4421:

Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy; see

4302: 4167: 3979: 3954: 3848: 3834: 3607: 3567: 3447: 2918: 2820: 2746: 2730: 2533: 2404: 2328:

from 1896 to 1898. Kitchener's campaigns culminated in a decisive victory in the

2147: 2079: 1998: 1968:

preserved many rituals stemming from Christian traditions until the recent past.

1836: 1828: 1808: 1586: 1524: 1505: 1487: 1474: 1462: 1440: 1398:

The large mud brick temple, known as the Western Deffufa, in the ancient city of

1195: 1140: 1055: 1035: 451: 111: 69: 14630: 12295:"South Sudan, Nuba Mountains, May 2003 – WFP delivered food aid via road convoy" 12086: 11770: 10602: 9048: 8969: 7234:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460. 4642:

region, some of them are working in the northern part as well. For example, the

3321: 3287:

in Sudan, stating that the UAE's role in using the RSF in Sudan and also in the

15627: 15574: 15546: 15531: 15526: 15461: 15331: 15318: 15126: 15096: 15086: 15071: 12634: 11897: 11297: 7548: 6910:

Walz, Terence (2018). "Egyptian-Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882".

6844: 5723: 5697: 5674: 5666: 5631: 5620: 5347: 5311: 5252: 5076: 5017: 4989: 4985: 4961: 4957: 4942: 4918: 4853: 4674: 4562: 4550: 4465: 4457: 4442: 4247: 4119: 3999: 3989: 3969: 3944: 3929: 3915: 3658: 3587: 3389: 3245: 3237: 3081: 2969: 2828: 2812: 2776: 2711: 2685: 2627: 2363: 2195: 2191: 2151: 2135: 2052: 1972: 1927: 1891: 1879: 1859: 1832: 1796: 1663: 1655: 1571: 1455: 1297: 1257: 1225: 1183: 1147: 1114: 1019: 859: 494: 490: 350: 298: 242: 44: 14686: 14463: 13358: 13250: 13186: 11572: 10133:

Masih, Niha; Pietsch, Bryan; Westfall, Sammy; Berger, Miriam (18 April 2023).

8710: 7289: 7249: 7168: 6964: 6269: 6247: 6164: 5830:

Like in many countries, football is the most popular sport also in Sudan. The

5545:

estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 and 49 have had

4506: 15621: 15603: 15590: 15509: 15136: 15106: 15081: 14866: 14784: 14779: 14691: 14634: 14590: 14534: 14425: 14406: 14256: 13788: 13495: 13145: 13046: 12873: 12782: 12641: 11687: 11551: 10671: 10296: 9795:"Sudan Officials Detained, Communication Lines Cut in Apparent Military Coup" 9608: 9452: 9381:"Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads | News" 7379: 7152: 6853: 6786: 6643: 5894: 5840: 5747: 5743: 5689: 5072: 5067:

speak Sudanese Arabic and share the same culture as the Sudanese Arabs. Some

5056: 5013: 5001: 4907: 4724: 4497: 4361: 4272: 4237: 4144: 4009: 3651: 3619: 3583: 3524: 3520: 3397: 2965: 2961: 2898: 2894: 2873: 2816: 2650: 2487: 2416: 2325: 2248: 2213: 2111: 2064: 2006: 1965: 1953: 1540: 1350: 1265: 1233: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1039: 1027: 999:. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the 924: 530: 438: 97: 14285:

Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche

13948: 11540:"Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting" 8740: 8482: 7144: 6947:

For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885

6777: 3232:

On 15 April 2023, their conflict erupted into a civil war starting with the

2928:, with over 400,000 people being directly affected. Since 2009, a series of 2426:

A camel soldier of the native forces of the British army, early 20th century

2036:. North of the confluence of the Blue and White Niles, as far downstream as 1483: 1413:, of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom (about 1200 BC) 1210:

on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's imprisonment. Sudan is currently embroiled in

1081:

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by

15121: 15116: 15091: 15056: 14605: 14491: 13814: 13070:

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

12790: 11905: 11382: 10711: 9358:"Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage | News" 6871: 6804: 6414: 6291: 6120: 5506: 5383: 5275: 5270: 5109: 5036: 5009: 5005: 4981: 4973: 4434: 4332: 4294: 3994: 3964: 3678: 3611: 3571: 3443: 3420: 3199: 3098: 2984: 2980: 2914: 2579:

about the history of Sudan between 1956 and 1969 and between 1977 and 1989.

2464: 2371: 2175: 2060: 2056: 1961: 1703: 1659: 1610: 1326: 1031: 254: 233: 9957: 6682: 5665:

law in 1983, many of the country's most prominent poets and artists, like

4147:

occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state.

2634:

and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in

2131: 1936: 1497: 1394: 15131: 15076: 13767:

Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan

11311:

Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region

9752:"Sudan foils coup attempt and 40 officers arrested, senior officials say" 9603: 9557: 4997: 4965: 4926: 4864: 4840: 4737: 4716: 4712: 4690: 4112: 4093: 4073: 4004: 3949: 3787: 3591: 3424: 3350: 2957: 2863: 2419:

who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927.

2379: 2359: 2284: 2228: 2217: 2087: 2033: 2029: 1875: 1844: 1790: 1787:

unique non-aggression pact that also included an annual exchange of gifts

1757: 1756:, in the heartland of the old Kushitic kingdom, which had its capital at 1745: 1634: 1425: 1365: 1261: 1175: 1125: 996: 988: 595: 248: 40: 13941:

The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century

13032: 12945: 9604:"We recognize Hamdok as leader of Sudan's transition: EU, Troika envoys" 7160: 7128: 4038:

to act as a coordinating body for the states that make up the region of

2769:. The country worked to appease its critics by expelling members of the 2354: 2016: 1811:, and it did so again in the early 960s, when it pushed as far north as 14568: 14416: 12407:. African Development Bank. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. 10679: 10655: 9637:"Sudan needs up to $ 10 billion in aid to rebuild economy, new PM says" 9441:"African Union suspends Sudan over violence against protestors – video" 9206: 8844: 8327: 8325: 6708:"Introduction to Ancient Egypt | World Civilizations I (HIS101) – Biel" 5360: 5342: 5288: 5108:

of different Sudanese ethnic groups, French archaeologist and linguist

4930: 4749: 4741: 4617: 4481: 4456:

in 2018 revealed that Sudan has made no meaningful attempts to provide

4301:, making it the third Arab state to do so as part of the U.S.-brokered 4258: 4108: 3762: 3548: 3544: 3532: 3451: 3439: 3438:

There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles. Among them are the

3408: 3093: 2990: 2729:, he was the only candidate by law to run for election. Sudan became a 2602: 2582: 2435: 2258: 2072: 1917: 1903: 1902:, an African people originating from the south. Datings range from the 1871: 1824: 1642: 1548: 1536: 1166:(NIF), and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the 378: 343: 260: 205: 48: 13213: 12219:. International Organisation for Migration. 2 May 2013. Archived from 9562:"Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period" 8448:

Rudolf Carl Freiherr von Slatin; Sir Francis Reginald Wingate (1896).

8274: 8190: 8130: 7533:

Unseth, Peter (1 July 1998). "Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term".

7338: 3161: 3128:

from the military that had led to the arrest of 40 military officers.

2921:

spilling along their countries' 1,000-kilometre (600 mi) border.

2247:(successor) of the Mahdi, instituted an administration, and appointed 13726: 13067:

Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1888).

12985:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Sudan: Copts" 12753:

Nordling, Linda (15 December 2017). "Sudan seeks a science revival".

11478:"Egypt and Sudan urge Ethiopia to negotiate seriously over giant dam" 11115:"Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule" 10902:"Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court-ordered flogging" 10323:"Ethnic killings in one Sudan city left up to 15,000 dead: UN report" 10082: 8022: 7502: 7444: 5866: 5494: 5378: 5105: 4732: 4686: 4535: 4469: 4377: 4321: 4140: 3582:

measures. The consequences have manifested themselves in the form of

3482: 3404: 3309: 3226: 2832: 2672: 2431: 2395:

was sent that December to occupy Sudan as the new Military Governor.

2296: 2146:, had invaded and conquered northern Sudan. Although technically the 1667: 1647: 1638: 1602: 1579: 1532: 1447: 1015: 266: 13789:

The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan

13274:(in French). Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Archived from 12521: 10707:"Sudan's haphazard Sharia legal system has claimed too many victims" 9199:"Sudan Floods: At Least 365,000 Directly Affected, Response Ongoing" 9141:. Al Jazeera. Agence France-Presse. 27 December 2005. Archived from 8997:"Sudanese Islamist Opposition Leader Denies Link with Darfur Rebels" 8373: 8349: 8322: 7719: 7330: 3794:

wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion.

3647:

The politics of Sudan formally took place within the framework of a

2432:

assassination of a Governor-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in Cairo

2178:

in his place. Tewfik's corruption and mismanagement resulted in the

1658:

killing Necho in the process and besieged cities in the Nile Delta.

1450:

culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified

14676: 14376: 13825:(Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). 13121: 12959: 12194: 11622: 11094:"Court frees Sudanese woman sentenced to death for being Christian" 10497: 9988:"Acting Council of Ministers Approves General Budget for Year 2022" 9655:"Sudan's PM selects members of first cabinet since Bashir's ouster" 9407: 9328: 8888:. Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 13 March 2007. Archived from 8412: 8410: 8390: 8388: 8202: 8166: 8154: 6817: 6612:"The Khormusan: Evidence for an MSA East African industry in Nubia" 5781: 5731: 5685: 5648: 5502: 5422: 5306: 5234: 5216: 5208: 5198: 5064: 5052: 5027:

Some Arab tribes speak other regional forms of Arabic, such as the

4876: 4849: 4845: 4682: 4647: 4309: 4287: 4221: 4183: 3776: 3462: 3458: 3432: 3412: 3346: 2387: 2276: 2232: 1863: 1729: 1725: 1685: 1590: 1516: 1451: 1417: 1305: 1151: 1098: 1023: 1008: 984: 919: 863: 346: 195: 14698:

UNAMID | UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR

13203:. In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337 11442:"Sudan threatens legal action if Ethiopia dam filled without deal" 11155:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state" 10656:"The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989" 10381:"Genocide Survivors in Darfur Are Caught in Another Brutal Battle" 9882:"Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed" 9491: 8118: 8058: 8034: 7265:"Exploring the oldest huts and the first cattle keepers in Africa" 5926:

The Sudanese government evacuated to Port Sudan due to an ongoing

5521:

in the north and east, especially those in the Khatmia Sufi sect.

5020:

is used as a trade language. There is also a small, but prominent

3753:. Nimeiri declared himself the imam of the Sudanese Umma in 1984. 2434:

was the causative factor; it brought demands of the newly elected

1708: 1679: 1491: 14702: 14697: 14360: 13978:

History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day

13882:. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. 13480:"Female Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Key to Development?" 12138:"Sudanese Authorities Urged Not to Introduce "Censorship Bureau"" 11577: 10438:. Institute for Security Studies. 12 January 2005. Archived from 10237:"US declares warring factions in Sudan have committed war crimes" 10070: 9106:. United Nations Mission in Sudan. 4 January 2006. Archived from 7303: 6091: 5870: 5644: 5518: 5498: 5451: 5324: 5086:

and intermarriages with the indigenous populations of Sudan. The

5068: 5060: 4977: 4934: 4911: 4868: 4807: 4753: 4527: 4261: 4201:. After the US listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism, the 3862: 3772: 3563:

Sudan is the thirteenth most water stressed country in the world.

3498: 3470: 3366: 3342: 3334: 3268: 3252:

was providing supplies to RSF, which were being used in the war.

3218: 3213: 2749:

to the country. The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a

2631: 2510: 2447: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2252: 2240: 2231:

against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan, known as the

2155: 2095: 2068: 1851: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1695: 1691: 1651: 1630: 1606: 1567: 1566:

for nearly a century before being defeated and driven out by the

1436: 1330: 1301: 1155: 1082: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1004: 980: 976: 468: 464: 326: 272: 10728:"Sudanese woman sentenced to stoning death over adultery claims" 9175:"UN: Situation in Sudan could deteriorate if flooding continues" 8407: 8385: 6478:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Sudan)" 3673:

to manage the country's internal affairs. He also suspended the

3255:

Both the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces are

3015:

Sudanese protestors celebrate the 17 August 2019 signing of the

2567: 2501:

The Sudanese Government was directly involved militarily in the

15643:

Countries and territories where English is an official language

14609: 11378:"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?" 9749: 7071:

International Association for the History of Religions (1959),

5869:

to participate in an African championship, was photographed by

5661: 5656: 5542: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5425:

is 70.2% of the total population (male: 79.6%, female: 60.8%).

4969: 4903: 4796: 4639: 4605: 4523: 4461: 4407: 4175: 4090:

oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured.

4087: 4039: 3888: 3853: 3536: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3428: 3260: 2654: 2280: 2209: 2048: 1976: 1957: 1941: 1887: 1867: 1855: 1840: 1812: 1753: 1713: 1699: 1671: 1594: 1559: 1354: 1269: 1229: 1199: 1094: 1075: 472: 218: 15638:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

14186:

Shinnie, P.L. (1978). "Christian Nubia.". In J.D. Fage (ed.).

12731:. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. December 2004 11209:(Press release). Menas Associates. 8 July 2011. Archived from 10161:"Sudan's generals battle for 3rd day; death toll soars to 185" 9832:"Gov't officials detained, phones down in possible Sudan coup" 7127:

Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011).

7046: 5843:, which led to popularization of football in the country. The 5678: 4856:) is growing rapidly and was recorded to be 5.2 million. 3435:. The White Nile within Sudan has no significant tributaries. 3291:"need to be stopped". Seifeldein, along with another panelist 3088:, was sworn in on 21 August 2019. He initiated talks with the 2374:. The British were keen to reverse the process, started under 1244:

as of 2022. It is one of the poorest countries in Africa; its

11460:"Egypt, Sudan conclude war games amid Ethiopia's dam dispute" 11272:"Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces" 10341:"Over 95 Percent Of Sudanese Cannot Afford A Meal A Day: WFP" 9596: 9073: 8238: 6002: 5965: 5956: 5797: 5785: 5514: 5510: 5440: 5091: 5087: 4872: 4800: 4613: 4279: 4225: 4179: 4162: 4134: 4061: 3906: 3750: 3749:

followed in early 1984, eliminating interest and instituting

3540: 3362: 3338: 2953: 2831:

for al-Bashir. Arabic-speaking nomadic militias known as the

2317: 2223:

From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the

2200: 1847:, with the son of the king's sister being the rightful heir. 1737: 1528: 1410: 1399: 1293: 1206:

in 2018, demanding Bashir's resignation, which resulted in a

972: 968: 912: 14657: 12358:. Government of South Sudan. 20 October 2009. Archived from 12193:. Reporters Without Borders. 30 October 2023. Archived from 10964:"Sudanese authorities flog 53 Christians on rioting charges" 10796:"Sudanese woman who married a non-Muslim sentenced to death" 10524:"Desertification & Desert Cultivation Studies Institute" 10182:"Sudanese general accuses UAE of supplying paramilitary RSF" 10135:"What's behind the fighting in Sudan, and what is at stake?" 10098: 9033:, International Criminal Court. 14 July 2008. Archived from 8310: 6405:"Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta" 3317:

has been under contested Egyptian administration since 2000.

2862:: the result was a unanimous vote in favour of secession of 1712:

The three Christian Nubian kingdoms. The northern border of

1232:

were applied from 1983 until 2020 when the country became a

14349:"Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. 13647: 12544:"Sudan, South Sudan reach oil deal, will hold border talks" 11761: 11496:"Gerd: Sudan talks tough with Ethiopia over River Nile dam" 11129:"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims" 10048:"Sudan group says 187 wounded in latest anti-coup protests" 8660:. Sudan Embassy in London. 20 November 2008. Archived from 8178: 8070: 6659:

Stone age prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney

6087:"Paramilitary RSF say they have seized Sudan's second city" 5641: 4949: 4938: 4884: 4511: 4236:

and condemnation of government support for militias in the

4210: 4206: 4057:

to act as a coordinating body for the three eastern states.

3502: 3486: 3416: 3358: 3084:, a 61-year-old economist who worked previously for the UN 2312: 1899: 1870:. In 1365 a civil war forced the Makurian court to flee to 1786: 1622: 1598: 1575: 1544: 964: 39:

This article is about the country. Not to be confused with

14169:

The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age

13616: 12562:"The 'Big 4' – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum" 11294:

U.S. Backs Saudi-Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics, Spying

10839: 10132: 8848:. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 20 October 2002 8583: 7998: 7986: 7950: 5772: 3570:

is a serious problem in Sudan. There is also concern over

1132:. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession. 14088:

Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks

13804:

Churchill, Winston (1902). "The Rebellion of the Mahdi".

13171:(in French). Paris: Soleb Bleu autour. pp. 543–544. 13169:

Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali

12488:"As Secession Nears, Sudan Steps Up Drive to Stop Rebels" 12134: 11314: 8791: 8731: 8250: 8214: 8082: 7863: 7851: 7791: 7779: 7310: 7126: 6011: 3494: 3217:

national leader) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and his deputy,

3089: 2101: 1432: 936: 15678:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

14301:

Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980).

13201:

The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition

12860:

Smith, David; correspondent, Africa (6 September 2012).

12644:. Transparency International. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 12165:"Press freedom under siege after military coup in Sudan" 11416:"US removes Sudan from state sponsors of terrorism list" 11398:"Trump Announces US-Brokered Israel-Sudan Normalization" 11328:"Sudan suspended from the African Union | African Union" 11067:"Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president" 10078:"Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause" 9850:"Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council" 9550: 9183:. Paris. Associated Press. 6 August 2007. Archived from 8631: 8337: 8226: 8106: 7587: 6657:

Bailey, Geoff N.; McBurney, Charles B. M., eds. (1986).

5758:

and distribution through social media and the internet.

5485:

also has a presence serving the Sudanese-Armenians. The

3801:

of contradictory statements by al-Bashir on the matter.

3457:

Rich mineral resources are available in Sudan including

2741:, then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to 2366:, who had overrun much of Sudan, and the British forces. 2299:, and in 1893, the Italians repelled an Ansar attack at 1785:. Afterward the Makurian king and the Arabs agreed on a 1389: 1034:, the earliest known war in the world, around 11500 BC, 32:"Sudanese Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see 13541:

Gettleman, Jeffrey; Arafat, Waleed (8 September 2009).

13426:"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data" 13013: 11793:"CSI highlights 'slavery and manifestations of racism'" 9908:"Reinstated Sudanese PM Hamdok dismisses police chiefs" 8361: 8298: 8262: 8046: 7647: 7623: 7599: 7575: 5861:

Sudan's national beach volleyball team competed at the

4583: 4518:

A 14 August 2006 letter from the executive director of

4080: 3080:, and a new prime minister. The former Prime Minister, 2078:. The Keira state, nominally Muslim since the reign of 14682:

CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan

14452:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

14303:

Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman

11709:"Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU" 10026:

ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council

9933:"Sudan PM Abdalla Hamdok resigns after deadly protest" 8559: 8010: 7974: 7875: 7743: 7707: 7659: 7086: 4887:(3,100). Apart from these, the UNHCR report 1,864,195 4324:"that would be more horrible than one could imagine". 4213:, the two most controversial countries in the region. 2362:

was fought between a group of Muslim dervishes called

2086:

1660–1680), was initially a small kingdom in northern

2040:, the Nubians adopted the tribal identity of the Arab 1468: 14190:. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 556–588. 14049:

Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology

11858:"Sudan worst in Africa with legal marriage at age 10" 11007:. Amnesty International. 17 July 2002. Archived from 10550:"Soil conservation and land reclamation in the Sudan" 9813:"Sudan's civilian leaders arrested amid coup reports" 9750:

Nima Elbagir and Yasir Abdullah (21 September 2021).

9285:"Sudan December 2018 riots: Is the regime crumbling?" 8421:

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8399:

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8142: 8094: 7938: 7815: 7731: 7683: 7437:

Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (17 July 2015).

6023: 6014: 5999: 5986: 5968: 5953: 5681:

ceremonies being interrupted and drums confiscated .

4806:

Sudan's National Space Program has produced multiple

4588:

Several UN agents are operating in Sudan such as the

4316:

escalated in 2021. An advisor to the Sudanese leader

3732:, symbolically disposing of alcohol and implementing 3396:, is the highest point in Sudan. In the east are the 3113: 2174:

forced the removal of Ismail and established his son

14105: 13272:"L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Soudan"" 12379:"Sudanese civil war? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows" 12021:"Darfur Tops U.S. List of Worst Human Rights Abuses" 9403:"Sudan's security forces attack long-running sit-in" 9233:"Omar al-Bashir wins Sudan elections by a landslide" 8571: 8379: 8355: 8331: 8286: 8280: 8208: 8196: 8172: 8160: 8136: 8124: 8064: 8040: 8028: 7962: 7839: 7827: 7803: 7767: 7755: 7695: 7671: 7611: 7563: 7498:

Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology

6066: 6045: 6008: 5962: 5884: 4678:

A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019

4502:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

4480:

Hybrid Operation and other international relief and

4437:

law on marriage has been criticised for restricting

4086:

In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the

3041:(an alliance of groups organizing the protests) and 2991:

2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government

1918:

Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur (c. 1500–1821)

1313: 151: 130: 76: 13381:

Darfur's Political Economy: A Quest for Development

12862:"Sudanese president calls for African space agency" 11729: 11514:"Sudanese envoy in Israel to promote ties – source" 9842: 9203:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

8684:"Factbox – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir" 8495:

American University School of International Service

7635: 6005: 5959: 4748:To export oil, South Sudan relies on a pipeline to 2755:

bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

2343: 2340:, subsequently bringing to an end the Mahdist War. 1360:Since 2011, Sudan is also sometimes referred to as 1093:ruled the west and the Ottomans the east. In 1811, 14381:Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture 14094:. Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). 14092:The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation 14026:Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000). 12859: 12377: 12372: 12297:. World Food Programme. 8 May 2003. Archived from 12136: 11593:"France hosts conference on aid to war-torn Sudan" 10814:"Pregnant woman sentenced to death and 100 lashes" 8937: 8739: 8472: 8416: 8394: 7903:(Masters). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 23. 7262: 6587:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 4644:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 4602:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 4166:Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State 3150: 2307:) and forced the Ansar to withdraw from Ethiopia. 2051:, the Islamic period saw at first the rise of the 1948:In 1504 the Funj are recorded to have founded the 159:"We are Soldiers of God, Soldiers of the Homeland" 14387: 14377:"Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225)" 13845:Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). 12916:"Southerners dismiss Sudan pre-poll census count" 11244: 10950:"Two Sudan men die after floggings: rights group" 10760:"Rights Group Protests Stoning of Women in Sudan" 8910: 8514:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 7725: 7359: 3578:, both public and private, has proceeded without 3267:. Up to 15,000 people were killed in the city of 2952:started as a dispute over the oil-rich region of 2942:Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 1748:), about 13 kilometres (8 miles) south of modern 649:1,886,068 km (728,215 sq mi) ( 15619: 15020: 13617:"Arab Women's Cup 2021 set to kick off in Cairo" 13562:"World Football: The State Of Football In Sudan" 13347: 11832:"Time to Let Sudan's Girls Be Girls, Not Brides" 11091: 11005:"Sudan: Imminent Execution/Torture/Unfair trial" 10552:. United Nations University. n.d. Archived from 10255:"DTM Sudan – Monthly Displacement Overview (04)" 10045: 9074:Lynch, Colum; Hamilton, Rebecca (13 July 2010). 8676: 8547: 6609: 5791:The most common dress for Sudanese women is the 5090:share a common history with Nubians in southern 4137:. It is currently under Egyptian administration. 3392:(3,042 m or 9,980 ft), located in the 2059:in the 15th century and extended as far west as 1686:Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500) 1308:Coast to Northeast Africa and the modern Sudan. 1190:, including torture, persecution of minorities, 14227:The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions? 14146:. Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). 14025: 13540: 13253:Language for inclusion (Sign language in Sudan) 12913: 12657:. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2013. 12653:Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: 12027:. Washington DC. Associated Press. 6 March 2007 11882: 11717:. Beijing. Xinhua News Agency. 28 November 2005 11109: 11107: 10884:"Sudan: Pair accused of kissing face 40 lashes" 10600: 9258:Wadhams, Nick; Gebre, Samuel (6 October 2017). 7928: 6976: 6974: 6913:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 5863:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 5443:. Most Muslims are divided between two groups: 4711:in a 2006 article. Because of the secession of 2972:states. The events would later be known as the 2935: 2255:) as emirs over each of the several provinces. 1854:tribes overran most of Sudan, migrating to the 1555:; it was centred at Napata in its early phase. 1178:in 2011. Between 1989 and 2019, a 30-year-long 1124:. Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the 14668:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 9–19. 13587:"Sudanese women play first competitive soccer" 13543:"Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers" 13383:, pg. 9. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2014. 12114:"The silencing of Sudan's journalists - again" 11805: 11278:. Casablanca. 26 December 2005. Archived from 10478:. Sudan Embassy in London. n.d. Archived from 7399:Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond 7395: 7362:Nubian Past : an Archaeology of the Sudan 6656: 5688:, were renowned, and set traditional music to 4053:between the Sudanese Government and the rebel 3019:between military and civilian representatives. 2547: 14718: 14160:Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History 12590: 12107: 12105: 12103: 11920:"Sudan drops death penalty for homosexuality" 11701: 10594: 10526:. University of Khartoum. n.d. Archived from 10378: 9777:"Sudan's civilian leaders arrested – reports" 8944:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 7467: 7316: 6759:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 5473:exist in Khartoum and other northern cities. 5145: 4893:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 4610:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 3825:official state religion will be established. 3240:. Among the dead were three workers from the 2838:On 9 January 2005, the government signed the 2336:on 25 November 1899 resulted in the death of 2212:. On 12 August 1881, an incident occurred at 1162:between government forces, influenced by the 14251:. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. 13863:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan 13671:"Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art" 13269: 12805:"The top 20 countries for scientific output" 11860:. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from 11104: 10778:"Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers" 10207:"War crimes and civilian suffering in Sudan" 10159:Jeffery, Jack; Magdy, Samy (17 April 2023). 10158: 9378: 9257: 8962: 7296: 7256: 7183: 6971: 6733:"Nubia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 5417:Prior to 2005, Arabic was the nation's sole 1763:Between 639 and 641 the Muslim Arabs of the 1320: 1062:785 BC–350 AD). After the fall of Kush, the 1007:. Sudan's capital and most populous city is 145: 124: 61: 14166: 13231: 13097:(in Arabic). Almshaheer.com. Archived from 13025: 12987:. Minority Rights Group International. 2008 12087:"Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'" 11207:"South Sudan ready to declare independence" 9958:"Sudan's Burhan forms caretaker government" 9725:"Coup attempt fails in Sudan – state media" 7436: 7263:Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021). 7225:"Animals in the history of the Middle Nile" 4604:(UNIDO); the United Nations Children Fund ( 4406:Since 1983, a combination of civil war and 4271:In June 2019, Sudan was suspended from the 3828: 2879:2011 South Sudanese independence referendum 2216:, sparking the outbreak of what became the 1003:; since then both titles have been held by 15703:States and territories established in 1956 14725: 14711: 14546:. Libreria Dello Stato. pp. 487–491. 12435:. African Development Bank. 29 March 2019. 12100: 11912: 11637: 9260:"Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions" 8994: 8623:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorewood ( 5696:, is an example, set to the sounds of the 5152: 5138: 4612:(UNHCR); the United Nations Mine Service ( 4474:National Intelligence and Security Service 3815:2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy 3636: 3120:October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 3076:as head of the judiciary branch of power, 3001:2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy 2877:Southern Sudanese wait to vote during the 2295:prevented the Mahdi's men from conquering 1585:Between 800 BCE and 100 AD were built the 1292:is a name given historically to the large 177: 14582:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 14513: 14415: 14405: 14204: 14188:The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2 14106:O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, Jay L. (1974). 13803: 13119: 13060: 12836:"Inside Sudan's National Space Programme" 12485: 12465:"South Sudan Gets Ready for Independence" 12135:Reporters Without Borders (23 May 2014). 11948:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan 10984: 10379:Bariyo, Nicholas; Steinhauser, Gabriele. 9634: 8840:"Bin Laden Uses Iraq To Plot New Attacks" 8838:Shahzad, Syed Saleem (23 February 2002). 8507: 8435: 8244: 8220: 8184: 8004: 7391: 7389: 7222: 7216: 7197:. National Science Centre. Archived from 7189: 7120: 6861: 6843: 6794: 6776: 6618:. The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert. 6463: 6314:"Demographics and Ethnic Groups of Sudan" 5673:(returned to Sudan in the mid-1990s) and 4047:Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council 3221:, head of the heavily armed paramilitary 2691: 1446:By the eighth millennium BC, people of a 1014:The area that is now Sudan witnessed the 811: 14882:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 14599:) is being considered for deletion. See 14584:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 14432: 14074: 14065: 14046: 13974: 13643:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 13322: 13263: 12752: 12447:"GDP (current US$ ) – Sudan | Data" 12167:. Reporters Without Borders. 11 May 2021 12111: 11886:Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology 11353:"African Union suspends Sudan over coup" 10771: 10769: 10104: 10019: 9163:. Beijing. Associated Press. 4 May 2007. 8874: 8831: 8589: 8565: 8367: 8343: 8316: 8232: 8076: 8052: 8016: 6187:"الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء" 5908:Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan 5771: 5635: 5562: 4902: 4830: 4765:Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company 4696: 4681: 4673: 4622:International Organisation for Migration 4505: 4268:, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising. 4161: 3872: 3839:List of current state governors in Sudan 3669:. As an initial step he established the 3586:, soil desiccation, and the lowering of 3558: 3320: 3308: 3160: 3047: 3010: 2917:on 3 May 2007 to stop fighting from the 2872: 2846:(SPLM) with the objective of ending the 2775: 2695: 2660: 2601: 2469: 2421: 2353: 2257: 2130: 2119: 2015: 1971:Soon the Funj came in conflict with the 1935: 1795: 1707: 1531:state centred on the confluences of the 1496: 1482: 1404: 1393: 14541: 14470: 14449: 14244: 14223: 14185: 14157: 13860: 13745: 13019: 12977: 11670: 11668: 11666: 10746:"Woman faces death by stoning in Sudan" 10653: 10179: 9628: 9501:[(Constitutional Declaration)] 8988: 8837: 8702: 8642:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorewood ( 8268: 8112: 8100: 7992: 7980: 7956: 7881: 7749: 7713: 7665: 6944: 6496: 6402: 6362:"People and Society CIA world factbook" 6107:"People and Society CIA world factbook" 5854:participated for the first time in the 5647:drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in 4789: 4255:Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 3554: 3263:have been reported dead as part of the 3165:Military situation as of 8 March 2024 2536:, whose mother was Sudanese, and later 2332:on 2 September 1898. A year later, the 1551:collapse and the disintegration of the 1192:alleged sponsorship of global terrorism 1066:formed the three Christian kingdoms of 14: 15620: 14388:Martens-Czarnecka, Malgorzata (2015). 14374: 14282: 14263: 13792:. Carroll & Graf (New York City). 13477: 13451:"UNICEF FGM country profile for Sudan" 13290: 12948:. Library of Congress Country Studies. 12833: 12748: 12746: 12672:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 12541: 11245:Goodman, Peter S. (23 December 2004). 10374: 10372: 10217:from the original on 25 September 2023 10015: 10013: 9556: 8935: 8770: 8708: 8617:Sir Miles Lampson, 29 September 1938; 8088: 7944: 7869: 7857: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7737: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7653: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7532: 7494: 7386: 6750: 6610:Goder-Goldberger, Mae (25 June 2013). 4891:(IDP's). Sudan is a party to the 1951 4731:preceding South Sudan's independence. 4115:. It is currently under Sudanese rule. 3110:, and Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok. 2636:a briefly successful coup in July 1971 2626:on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. 2227:in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a 2102:Turkiyah and Mahdist Sudan (1821–1899) 1674:. The city was raided by the Egyptian 1646:against the Assyrians. Then, the king 15047: 14706: 14305:. Frederick Warne & Co (London). 14128:. Routledge (London; New York City). 13955: 13938: 13764: 13705: 13166: 12621: 11183:"Memorial of the Government of Sudan" 10766: 10725: 10704: 10686:from the original on 13 December 2022 10622: 10494:"Sudan – Geography & Environment" 10303:from the original on 10 November 2023 10265:from the original on 30 December 2023 9998:from the original on 19 February 2022 9905: 9127:. US Department of State. 8 May 2006. 9041: 8737: 8479:Inventory of Conflict and Environment 8304: 8292: 8256: 8148: 7968: 7910:from the original on 12 November 2020 7893: 7845: 7833: 7773: 7761: 7641: 6756: 6374: 6340:Association of Religion Data Archives 5669:, were imprisoned while others, like 5487:Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church 4526:and unwilling to do so, and that its 4488:and conflict-ridden areas in Darfur. 4264:and forces loyal to former President 4133:is disputed region between Sudan and 4111:is disputed region between Sudan and 4076:or part of the Republic of the Sudan. 3866:). They are further divided into 133 2889:(SPLA) was the primary member of the 2840:Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2142:In 1821, the Ottoman ruler of Egypt, 1724:On the turn of the fifth century the 1390:Prehistoric Sudan (before c. 8000 BC) 1186:ruled Sudan and committed widespread 995:and the third-largest by area in the 622:2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration 14892:Second Transitional Military Council 14655: 14068:The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40 13214:"Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns" 12675:United Nations Development Programme 11682:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 11663: 10775: 10616: 10180:Eltahir, Nafisa (28 November 2023). 9968:from the original on 24 January 2022 9635:Abdelaziz, Khalid (24 August 2019). 9616:from the original on 27 October 2021 9336:"Sudan military coup topples Bashir" 9157:"Sudan, Chad Agree To Stop Fighting" 8886:Victims Sue Sudan for $ 105 Million" 8746:. Harvard University Press. p. 8711:"Chickens Are Coming Home To Roost!" 8637: 8618: 8473:Domke, D. Michelle (November 1997). 7081:, 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs 6922:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8 6909: 6530:United Nations Development Programme 5852:Sudan women's national football team 5826:Sudan women's national football team 4598:United Nations Development Programme 4584:International organisations in Sudan 4151: 4081:Disputed areas and zones of conflict 2924:In July 2007 the country was hit by 2773:and encouraging bin Laden to leave. 2561: 2450:parliamentary majority had rejected 2403:, as was his brother and successor, 1641:by Assyria. Sennacherib's successor 1170:(SPLA), which eventually led to the 1146:After Sudan became independent, the 15683:Member states of the United Nations 14847:First Transitional Military Council 14390:"The Christian Nubia and the Arabs" 13559: 13126:Canadian Journal of African Studies 12743: 12718: 12633:Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. 12486:Gettleman, Jeffrey (20 June 2011). 10985:Kuruvilla, Carol (3 October 2013). 10647: 10625:"تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان" 10369: 10020:Bachelet, Michelle (7 March 2022). 10010: 9584:from the original on 10 August 2019 9474:"'They'll have to kill all of us!'" 9310:"Sudan: Protesters Killed, Injured" 9049:"Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir" 8970:"Profile: Sudan's President Bashir" 8915:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111. 8742:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam 6811: 6683:"Halfan | archaeology | Britannica" 6518: 6377:"Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan" 6284: 6262: 6240: 6059: 6035: 5835:clubs founded at that time include 4701:GDP per capita development in Sudan 4297:announced that Sudan will start to 4293:On 23 October 2020, U.S. President 4253:In 2015, Sudan participated in the 2856:UN Security Council Resolution 1590 2324:led military campaigns against the 1469:Kingdom of Kush (c. 1070 BC–350 AD) 1321: 1278:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 146: 125: 62: 24: 15668:Member states of the African Union 14732: 13999:. Oneworld Publications (Oxford). 13997:Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence 13593:. 24 February 2006. Archived from 12677:. pp. 144–147. Archived from 12047:"Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict" 11645:"Q&A: Sudan's Darfur Conflict" 10776:Ross, Oakland (6 September 2009). 10410:Washington Center For Human Rights 10105:El-Bawab, Nadine (16 April 2023). 10046:Associated Press (18 March 2022). 9862:from the original on 21 March 2023 9524:from the original on 5 August 2019 9499:"(الدستوري Declaration (العربية))" 9139:"Restraint Plea to Sudan and Chad" 7430: 7105:from the original on 26 March 2023 6536:from the original on 19 March 2024 6526:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 6196: 6157: 6113: 4423:Persecution of Christians in Sudan 4205:decided to develop relations with 4021: 3808: 3756: 3234:battles in the streets of Khartoum 3114:2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime 2854:(UNMIS) was established under the 2844:Sudan People's Liberation Movement 2835:stand accused of many atrocities. 2827:(ICC) in The Hague has issued two 2024:1800. Modern boundaries are shown. 25: 15714: 14902:2019–2021 transition to democracy 14603:to help reach a consensus. › 14562: 14363:; 2005). Vol. 8, pp. 63–82. 14248:Oriental Sources concerning Nubia 13975:Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (2000). 12834:Africa, Space in (23 July 2019). 11743:. Associated Press. 11 April 2007 11092:Michael Sheridan (23 June 2014). 9829: 7075:, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131, 6661:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr. 6403:Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022). 4596:of the United Nations (FAO); the 4594:Food and Agriculture Organization 4072:in 2011 on whether to be part of 3881: Central and northern states 3657:until April 2019, when President 3454:on the Sudanese-Egyptian border. 3450:on the White Nile. There is also 3157:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2979:On 13 January 2017, US president 2706:Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019) 2554:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) 2239:, with the help primarily of the 2154:, Muhammad Ali styled himself as 1989:by the Funj in 1585. Afterwards, 1311:The name derives from the Arabic 583:Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019) 18:Administrative divisions of Sudan 15673:Member states of the Arab League 14897:Transitional Sovereignty Council 14624: 14614: 13836: 13769:. London: Macmillan Publishers. 13663: 13635: 13609: 13579: 13553: 13534: 13502: 13471: 13443: 13418: 13393: 13373: 13243: 13206: 13193: 13160: 13113: 13085: 13039: 12999: 12952: 12938: 12907: 12853: 12827: 12797: 12693: 12660: 12647: 12627: 12593:"Oil for China, Guns for Darfur" 12584: 12554: 12535: 12505: 12479: 12457: 12439: 12425: 12397: 12366: 12348: 12322: 12313: 12287: 12261: 12235: 12209: 12179: 12157: 12128: 12112:Obaji Jr, Philip (7 June 2022). 12079: 12057: 12039: 12013: 11997:. 15 August 2006. Archived from 11983: 11938: 11876: 11850: 11824: 11785: 11755: 11611: 11585: 11565: 11532: 11506: 11488: 11470: 11452: 11434: 11408: 11390: 11370: 11345: 11320: 11303: 11286: 11264: 11238: 11225: 11199: 11175: 11161: 11147: 11121: 11085: 11059: 11023: 10997: 10978: 10956: 10942: 10924: 10894: 10876: 10846: 10832: 10806: 10802:. Associated Press. 15 May 2014. 10788: 10752: 10738: 10719: 10698: 10568: 10542: 10516: 10486: 10468: 10446: 10428: 10398: 10351: 10333: 10315: 10277: 10247: 10229: 10199: 10173: 10152: 10126: 10039: 9980: 9950: 9925: 9899: 9874: 9823: 9805: 9787: 9769: 9743: 9717: 9691: 9673: 9647: 9466: 9433: 9415: 9395: 9372: 9350: 9302: 9277: 9251: 9225: 9191: 9167: 9149: 9131: 9117: 9093: 9067: 9019: 8929: 8904: 8805: 8764: 8650: 8611: 8605: 8595: 8577: 8553: 8538: 8532: 8501: 8466: 8441: 6375:Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). 5995: 5949: 5887: 5410:. A 2009 proposal for a unified 5202: 5192: 5161:Largest cities or towns in Sudan 4898: 4556: 3717: 3622:has become extinct in the wild. 3371:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3257:accused of committing war crimes 3106:Transitional Sovereign Council, 3017:Draft Constitutional Declaration 2866:; the region of Abyei will hold 2622:Dissatisfaction culminated in a 2566: 2558:Democratic Republic of the Sudan 2344:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956) 2116:Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan 1214:between two rival factions, the 1001:secession of South Sudan in 2011 836: 835: 810: 788: 787: 769: 768: 736: 735: 717: 716: 570:Democratic Republic of the Sudan 364:Transitional Sovereignty Council 161: 104: 90: 14656:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 14167:Shackelford, Elizabeth (2020). 13724:Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). 13693: 13401:"Sudan Life Expectancy) | Data" 13199:See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) 12914:Heavens, Andrew (21 May 2009). 12591:Herbst, Moira (14 March 2008). 12542:Maasho, Aaron (3 August 2012). 9379:Arwa Ibrahim (8 January 2019). 9209:. 6 August 2007. Archived from 9101:"UNMIS Media Monitoring Report" 7887: 7526: 7488: 7461: 7353: 7064: 7039: 7021: 7000: 6938: 6903: 6878: 6757:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). 6725: 6700: 6675: 6650: 6603: 6573: 6548: 6428: 6396: 6368: 6354: 6327: 6306: 6052: 5939: 5933: 5742:goes back to the 1880s and the 4814: 4425:and the death sentence against 4383: 4314:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 3531:The dry regions are plagued by 3151:2023–present: Internal conflict 2852:United Nations Mission in Sudan 2763:Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory 1615:Pyramids of Meroe (Begarawiyah) 1547:. It was established after the 1382:For a chronological guide, see 1228:was Sudan's state religion and 1030:(c. 15000–5000 BC), the war of 684:21.3/km (55.2/sq mi) ( 154:Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan 14144:Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide 14029:The History of Islam in Africa 13298:"2005 constitution in English" 11518:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 11233:The world's enduring dictators 11031:"Field Listing – Legal System" 10705:Malik, Nesrine (6 June 2012). 10623:هدهود, محمود (15 April 2019). 9289:CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute 8771:Walker, Peter (14 July 2008). 8709:Bekele, Yilma (12 July 2008). 7133:Journal of African Archaeology 7010:. Cambridge University Press. 6556:"Sudan Population 2024 (Live)" 6218: 6179: 6135: 6099: 6079: 5920: 5116: 4366:Sudan People's Liberation Army 4308:The dispute between Sudan and 3798:International Court of Justice 3661:'s regime was overthrown in a 3086:Economic Commission for Africa 2887:Sudan People's Liberation Army 2819:. The conflict has since been 2805:Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 2798:Sudan People's Liberation Army 1329:". The name is one of various 1168:Sudan People's Liberation Army 13: 1: 15633:1956 establishments in Africa 14588: 14575:Archaeological sites in Sudan 14158:Ruffini, Giovanni R. (2012). 13927:, iUniverse (New York City). 13923:Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). 13912:. iUniverse (New York City). 13908:Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). 13897:, iUniverse (New York City). 13893:Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). 13819:Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide 13765:Brown, Richard P. C. (1992). 12775:10.1126/science.358.6369.1369 12271:. Unicef. n.d. Archived from 10412:. 2 June 2024. Archived from 8913:The Future of Political Islam 8543:. New York: Groves Press Inc. 8541:A Modern History of the Sudan 8508:Humphries, Christian (2001). 6945:Henehan, Alva D. Jr. (2016). 5913: 4740:, however, placed most major 4646:is successfully operating in 4374:Justice and Equality Movement 4051:Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement 3712: 3671:Transitional Military Council 3380:Sudan lies between latitudes 3327:Köppen climate classification 3043:Transitional Military Council 3039:Forces for Freedom and Change 2809:Justice and Equality Movement 2681:Structural Adjustment Program 2204:(Guided One), offered to the 2124:Map of Egypt and Sudan under 2083: 2021: 1979: 1907: 1675: 1564:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 1509: 1479:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 1443:loci some 50,000 years old". 1059: 1051: 1043: 993:third-largest country by area 505: 478: 14471:Sharkey, Heather J. (2007). 14317:Evason, Nina (1 July 2023). 13357:. UNDP Sudan. Archived from 13138:10.1080/00083968.2012.737533 12116:. Al Jazeera Media Institute 10726:Smith, David (31 May 2012). 10654:Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). 10285:"Genocide returns to Darfur" 9360:. Al Jazeera. 9 January 2019 9180:International Herald Tribune 8658:"Brief History of the Sudan" 8380:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8356:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8332:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8281:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8209:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8197:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8173:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8161:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8137:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8125:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8065:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8041:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 8029:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 7407:Kelsey Museum of Archaeology 7093:Evason, Nina (1 July 2023). 6636:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.11.031 6382:Council on Foreign Relations 5822:Sudan national football team 5552: 5395: 5165:According to the 2008 census 4925:. Other ethnicities include 4889:Internally displaced persons 4545:as are foreign journalists, 4478:United Nations-African Union 4394:Freedom of religion in Sudan 3707:democratic country in Africa 3699:Forces of Freedom and Change 3298: 3070:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 3007:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 2956:in the months leading up to 2936:Partition and rehabilitation 2825:International Criminal Court 2780:Government militia in Darfur 2513:and other border areas from 2229:successful military campaign 2196:Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah 2138:, ruler of Sudan (1881–1885) 2108:History of Sudan (1821–1885) 1803:, king of Makuria and Alodia 1384:Timeline of Sudanese history 1283: 1218:(SAF), and the paramilitary 7: 14687:The conflict in South Sudan 14650:Central Intelligence Agency 14629:Geographic data related to 13847:Sudan: The City Trail Guide 13810:(New and Revised ed.). 13750:. University of Rochester. 13746:Beswick, Stephanie (2004). 11763:U.S. Committee for Refugees 11041:Central Intelligence Agency 10631:(in Arabic). Archived from 10580:Encyclopedia of the Nations 8451:Fire and Sword in the Sudan 7929:Levtzion & Pouwels 2000 7894:Owens, Travis (June 2008). 7029:"Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts" 7006:Collins, Robert O. (2008). 6984:(in Arabic). Archived from 6482:International Monetary Fund 6446:Central Intelligence Agency 6067: 6046: 5880: 5761: 5465:Long-established groups of 5454:. Two popular divisions of 5428: 4756:coast, as South Sudan is a 4729:period of southern autonomy 4693:concessions in Sudan – 2004 4666:Telecommunications in Sudan 4342: 4199:State Sponsors of Terrorism 3625: 3337:. It has land borders with 3274:As a result of the war the 2958:South Sudanese independence 2944:in the early 2010s between 2548:Independence (1956–present) 2530:Egyptian revolution of 1952 2454:'s accommodation plan with 1944:, built in the 17th century 1904:9th century after the Hijra 1314: 1137:Egyptian revolution of 1952 152: 131: 77: 27:Country in Northeast Africa 10: 15719: 14760:Pre-independence governors 14268:. London: British Museum. 14245:Vantini, Giovanni (1975). 14014:. Brill (Leiden, Boston). 13939:Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). 13925:UN Intervention in Dar Fur 13706:Adams, William Y. (1977). 13073:. Vol. 17. p. 16 12599:. New York. Archived from 12516:, Qeios, 7 February 2020, 12467:. Al Jazeera. 21 June 2011 11898:10.1016/j.sste.2015.12.001 11619:"Sudan: National Security" 9906:Staff (27 November 2021). 8995:Ali, Wasil (12 May 2008). 8911:Fuller, Graham E. (2004). 8417:O'Fahey & Tubiana 2007 8395:O'Fahey & Tubiana 2007 7549:10.1177/026009359804900302 7360:Edwards, David N. (2005). 6845:10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y 5832:Sudan Football Association 5819: 5808:Due to a 1991 penal code ( 5776:Beja men wearing galabiyas 5765: 5707: 5629: 5618: 5587: 5583: 5556: 5528: 5432: 5399: 5191: 5130: 5120: 4824: 4818: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4560: 4495: 4427:Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag 4387: 4346: 4299:normalize ties with Israel 4218:1998 U.S. embassy bombings 4158:Foreign relations of Sudan 4155: 4032:Darfur Regional Government 3832: 3812: 3739:1972 Addis Ababa Agreement 3721: 3640: 3629: 3512: 3508: 3446:on the Blue Nile, and the 3302: 3154: 3117: 3004: 2994: 2786:2000 presidential election 2751:state sponsor of terrorism 2703: 2551: 2413:Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan 2347: 2105: 1921: 1689: 1589:, among them can be named 1472: 1435:in the world) and diverse 1381: 1375: 1371: 1054:1500 BC–1070 BC), and the 544:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 38: 31: 15663:Least developed countries 15559: 15470: 15371: 15362: 15292: 15283: 15181: 15172: 14940: 14931: 14790:Anglo-Egyptian occupation 14750: 14741: 14464:10.1017/S0041977X11000838 14433:McGregor, Andrew (2011). 14032:. Ohio University Press. 13849:. City Trail Publishing. 13708:Nubia. Corridor to Africa 13120:Vezzadini, Elena (2012). 12566:Amnesty International USA 12417:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11945:"Sudan: Events of 2018". 11235:". CBS News. 16 May 2011. 8936:Wright, Lawrence (2006). 8866:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8773:"Profile: Omar al-Bashir" 8511:Oxford World Encyclopedia 7474:. Penguin Books Limited. 7223:Osypińska, Marta (2021). 7190:Osypiński, Piotr (2020). 7008:A History of Modern Sudan 6712:courses.lumenlearning.com 6560:worldpopulationreview.com 5875:2024 Summer Olympic games 5728:British colonial presence 5703: 5547:female genital mutilation 5524: 5483:Armenian Apostolic Church 5471:Greek Orthodox Christians 4569:Reporters Without Borders 4491: 4431:female genital mutilation 4416:Second Sudanese Civil War 4234:Second Sudanese Civil War 4066:Abyei Area Administration 3822:female genital mutilation 3604:northern white rhinoceros 3523:to the northeast and the 2950:Sudan Revolutionary Front 2848:Second Sudanese Civil War 2737:(NCP). During the 1990s, 2710:On 30 June 1989, Colonel 2666:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 2401:Sultan of Egypt and Sudan 2098:, would last until 1821. 2055:, which replaced the old 1353:named for the Nubian and 930: 918: 906: 896: 888: 870: 855: 825: 800: 781: 762: 748: 729: 710: 692: 678: 664: 657: 643: 636: 632: 618: 605: 592: 579: 566: 553: 540: 527: 514: 487: 461: 448: 435: 431: 424: 414: 410: 388: 360: 356: 337: 325: 287: 232: 211: 201: 188: 176: 147:نحن جند اللّٰه، جند الوطن 140: 120: 86: 56: 14620:Wikimedia Atlas of Sudan 14601:templates for discussion 14407:10.18778/2084-140X.05.08 14319:"North Sudanese Culture" 14316: 14230:. Taylor & Francis. 14207:The Heroic Age in Sennar 14124:Peterson, Scott (2001). 14047:Loimeier, Roman (2013). 13943:. Edinburgh University. 13710:. Princeton University. 13496:10.1080/0305006910270303 13093: 12433:"Sudan Economic Outlook" 12405:"Sudan Economic Outlook" 10601:V-Dem Institute (2023). 9125:"Darfur Peace Agreement" 9031:Office of the Prosecutor 7364:. Taylor & Francis. 7095:"North Sudanese Culture" 7092: 6616:Quaternary International 6459:(Archived 2022 edition.) 5858:, held in Cairo, Egypt. 5815: 5625: 5614: 5029:Awadia and Fadnia tribes 4881:Central African Republic 4630:Operation Lifeline Sudan 4370:Sudanese Liberation Army 3829:Administrative divisions 3689:(lower chamber) and the 3355:Central African Republic 3072:as head of state, a new 3058:Minister of Intelligence 2759:Operation Infinite Reach 2640:Sudanese Communist Party 2496:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2334:Battle of Umm Diwaykarat 2279:, penetrating as far as 2266:after his defeat at the 1740:); the central kingdom, 1026:(c. 13000 BC–10000 BC), 961:Central African Republic 15653:North African countries 14832:National Reconciliation 14665:Encyclopædia Britannica 14514:Spaulding, Jay (1974). 14283:Werner, Roland (2013). 14224:Suliman, Osman (2010). 14205:Spaulding, Jay (1985). 14110:. Methuen Young Books. 13995:Jok, Jok Madut (2007). 13956:Hesse, Gerhard (2002). 13861:Edwards, David (2004). 13478:Browne, Angela (1991). 12726:"Sudan country profile" 12635:Full table and rankings 10952:. Agence France-Presse. 10385:The Wall Street Journal 9003:. Paris. Archived from 8604:, 8 May 1936 quoted in 7495:Connah, Graham (2004). 7409:. pp. 5–6, 10–11. 7304:"Sudan A Country Study" 7145:10.3213/2191-5784-10186 6778:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 5573:Gordon Memorial College 5505:and other conservative 5123:List of cities in Sudan 4952:(approx. one million), 4827:List of cities in Sudan 4784:Human Development Index 4532:crimes against humanity 4510:Darfur refugee camp in 4402:Child marriage in Sudan 4068:. It was due to hold a 4049:was established by the 4034:was established by the 3703:V-Dem Democracy indices 3637:Government and politics 3225:(RSF), formed from the 2821:described as a genocide 2767:international isolation 2753:. Following Al Qaeda's 2735:National Congress Party 2482:Italian fascist leader 2287:of Ethiopia marched on 2067:were probably Arabised 1654:. He managed to retake 1364:to distinguish it from 1325:), or "The Land of the 1254:international sanctions 1242:Human Development Index 1240:and ranks 172nd on the 1238:least developed country 1097:established a state at 721:$ 172.651 billion ( 212:Official languages 15693:East African countries 15688:Military dictatorships 14872:United Nations Mission 14264:Welsby, Derek (2002). 14051:. Indiana University. 14010:Köndgen, Olaf (2017). 13910:Short History of Sudan 13895:The Problem of Dar Fur 13727:Sudan: A Country Study 12960:"Sudan | Global Focus" 12809:www.openaccessweek.org 12597:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 11402:Voice of America (VOA) 10456:. Country Studies. n.d 9542:: CS1 maint: others ( 8813:"History of the Sudan" 8802:. 16 March 1996. p. 4. 8738:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 7726:Martens-Czarnecka 2015 7468:Roux, Georges (1992). 7047:"World Bank Open Data" 5777: 5652: 5576: 5569:University of Khartoum 5412:Sudanese Sign Language 4914: 4836: 4702: 4694: 4679: 4634:Greater Horn of Africa 4620:. Also present is the 4547:human-rights defenders 4515: 4452:A report published by 4318:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 4192:Lord's Resistance Army 4188:National Islamic Front 4171: 4036:Darfur Peace Agreement 3924: 3847:Sudan is divided into 3695:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 3665:led by Vice President 3612:slender-horned gazelle 3576:Agricultural expansion 3564: 3330: 3318: 3208: 3134:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 3108:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 3074:Chief Justice of Sudan 3065: 3054:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 3020: 2907:Darfur Peace Agreement 2882: 2803:In February 2003, the 2781: 2771:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 2743:Islamic fundamentalist 2701: 2700:Omar al-Bashir in 2017 2692:Bashir era (1989–2019) 2668: 2607: 2577:is missing information 2542:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi 2505:. Formed in 1925, the 2479: 2427: 2367: 2338:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad 2283:. In March 1889, king 2271: 2237:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad 2139: 2128: 2025: 1945: 1914:, lasting until 1685. 1804: 1721: 1633:and the Assyrian king 1574:to the Sinai. Pharaoh 1520: 1494: 1414: 1402: 1164:National Islamic Front 1038:(c. 3800 BC–3100 BC), 987:to the southeast, and 773:$ 25.569 billion ( 373:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 34:Sudan (disambiguation) 15246:Native administration 14852:Coalitions/Bashir Era 14765:Pre and early history 14375:Lajtar, Adam (2011). 14108:Kingdoms of the Sudan 13484:Comparative Education 12069:Amnesty International 12065:"Sudan – Report 2006" 11043:. n.d. Archived from 10576:"Sudan – Environment" 10500:. n.d. Archived from 10482:on 30 September 2005. 10327:The Business Standard 10211:Amnesty International 6949:. : Outskirts Press. 6737:www.sciencedirect.com 5775: 5639: 5598:Architecture of Sudan 5588:Further information: 5566: 5489:also has membership. 5414:had been worked out. 5408:mutually intelligible 5121:Further information: 5104:In an article on the 4906: 4834: 4821:Demographics of Sudan 4700: 4685: 4677: 4509: 4390:Human rights in Sudan 4349:Sudanese Armed Forces 4165: 3876: 3792:Amnesty International 3743:south self-governance 3562: 3493:, petroleum, silver, 3324: 3312: 3284:Eleanor Holmes Norton 3172:Sudanese Armed Forces 3164: 3051: 3030:Sudanese Armed Forces 3023:On 19 December 2018, 3014: 2876: 2779: 2727:1996 general election 2704:Further information: 2699: 2664: 2647:Addis Ababa Agreement 2605: 2503:East African Campaign 2473: 2425: 2357: 2261: 2144:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 2134: 2123: 2047:West of the Nile, in 2019: 1939: 1890:was succeeded by the 1821:Byzantine bureaucracy 1799: 1711: 1500: 1486: 1408: 1397: 1216:Sudanese Armed Forces 1180:military dictatorship 1022:(c. 20500–17000 BC), 1018:(c. 40000–16000 BC), 953:Republic of the Sudan 58:Republic of the Sudan 14516:"The Fate of Alodia" 14492:10.1093/afraf/adm068 14162:. Oxford University. 14084:Mwakikagile, Godfrey 14077:The British of Egypt 13748:Sudan's Blood Memory 13675:pictures.reuters.com 13591:www.sudantribune.com 13330:"The World Factbook" 13249:Karen Andrae (2009) 13239:"Languages of Sudan" 12946:"Sudan – Population" 11817:5 April 2015 at the 11798:The New Humanitarian 11282:on 26 February 2006. 10858:www.sudantribune.com 10476:"Geography of Sudan" 10261:. 29 December 2023. 9964:. 20 February 2022. 9858:. 11 November 2021. 9201:(Press release). UN 9187:on 26 February 2008. 8368:Holt & Daly 2000 8017:Holt & Daly 2000 7536:The Bible Translator 7306:. Countrystudies.us. 7051:World Bank Open Data 6068:Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān 5740:photography in Sudan 5714:Photography of Sudan 5594:Visual arts of Sudan 4790:Science and research 4573:freedom of the press 4284:treatment of Uyghurs 3683:National Legislature 3555:Environmental issues 3313:A map of Sudan. The 3276:World Food Programme 3242:World Food Programme 3223:Rapid Support Forces 3198: Controlled by 3189: Controlled by 3182:Rapid Support Forces 3180: Controlled by 3170: Controlled by 3103:United Arab Emirates 3078:Nemat Abdullah Khair 2815:, precipitating the 2757:, the U.S. launched 2476:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2411:was retitled as the 2350:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2126:Muhammad Ali dynasty 1940:The great mosque of 1553:New Kingdom of Egypt 1274:Non-Aligned Movement 1220:Rapid Support Forces 1122:Muhammad Ali dynasty 1101:as a base for their 1048:Egyptian New Kingdom 666:• 2024 estimate 594:• Secession of 518:Turco-Egyptian Sudan 78:Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān 15648:Countries in Africa 15600: / 15005:Non-marine molluscs 14569:Government of Sudan 14523:Meroitic Newsletter 13823:Bradt Travel Guides 13734:(Washington, D.C.) 13732:Library of Congress 13379:Hamid Eltgani Ali, 13033:"Ethnologue, Sudan" 12964:reporting.unhcr.org 12767:2017Sci...358.1369N 12681:on 26 December 2018 12640:3 December 2013 at 12376:(24 October 2006). 12269:"Darfur – overview" 12075:on 3 November 2006. 11864:on 15 February 2015 11836:Inter Press Service 11801:. 7 September 2001. 11773:on 10 December 2004 11741:The Washington Post 11251:The Washington Post 11171:. 6 September 2020. 11157:. 6 September 2020. 11117:. 7 September 2020. 11047:on 26 December 2018 10974:on 31 January 2015. 10842:. 25 November 2018. 10840:"TVCNEWS Home page" 10660:Middle East Journal 10603:"The V-Dem Dataset" 10139:The Washington Post 9731:. 21 September 2021 9687:. 4 September 2019. 9612:. 27 October 2021. 9145:on 10 October 2006. 9080:The Washington Post 8664:on 20 November 2008 8640:, pp. 164–165. 8580:, pp. 457–459. 8259:, pp. 557–558. 8247:, pp. 210–212. 8091:, pp. 177–184. 8079:, pp. 151–152. 7995:, pp. 487–489. 7959:, pp. 786–787. 7872:, pp. 130–131. 7860:, pp. 143–145. 7800:, pp. 344–345. 7788:, pp. 236–239. 7728:, pp. 249–265. 7035:. 10 December 2012. 6988:on 2 September 2013 6836:2021NatSR..11.9991C 6628:2013QuInt.300..182G 6591:on 26 December 2018 6335:"National Profiles" 5756:digital photography 5744:Anglo-Egyptian rule 5694:March Shulkawi No 1 5606:Sudanese literature 5549:performed on them. 5099:cultural identities 4780:Global Hunger Index 4472:. During 2018, the 4098:Radom National Park 3724:1983 September laws 3705:Sudan is 6th least 2997:Sudanese Revolution 2903:Rashaida Free Lions 2790:order a dissolution 2745:groups and invited 2507:Sudan Defence Force 2492:Italian East Africa 2440:Sudan Defence Force 2150:of Egypt under the 1975:, who had occupied 1932:Sultanate of Darfur 1924:Sultanate of Sennar 1912:kingdom of Fazughli 1831:, while also using 1827:, basing it on the 1744:centred at Tungul ( 1513: 480 BCE 1422:archaeological site 1357:archers or bowmen. 1298:geographical region 1288:The country's name 1188:human rights abuses 1107:Turco-Egyptian rule 1046:2500–1500 BC), the 609:Sudanese Revolution 15345:Telecommunications 14780:Turkish occupation 14645:The World Factbook 14501:on 12 October 2020 14323:SBS Cultural Atlas 14287:(in German). Lit. 14171:. Public Affairs. 13960:(in German). Lit. 13839:Empire on the Nile 13784:Churchill, Winston 13547:The New York Times 13430:data.worldbank.org 13278:on 23 October 2012 13270:Leclerc, Jacques. 13009:. Sudanupdate.org. 12899:has generic name ( 12705:data.worldbank.org 12492:The New York Times 12451:data.worldbank.org 12384:The New York Times 12374:Gettleman, Jeffrey 12197:on 24 October 2023 12053:. 8 February 2010. 12001:on 15 October 2008 11995:Human Rights Watch 11680:The World Factbook 11651:. 23 February 2010 11422:. 14 December 2020 11404:. 23 October 2020. 11073:. 19 December 2010 11036:The World Factbook 11011:on 3 December 2007 10888:www.amnesty.org.uk 10820:on 16 January 2015 10329:. 20 January 2024. 10243:. 6 December 2023. 9819:. 25 October 2021. 9801:. 25 October 2021. 9661:. 3 September 2019 9641:The Globe and Mail 9560:(10 August 2019). 9507:raisethevoices.org 9314:Human Rights Watch 9264:Bloomberg Politics 8976:. 25 November 2003 8892:on 6 November 2018 8799:The New York Times 8485:on 9 December 2000 7596:, pp. 24, 26. 7505:. pp. 52–53. 7099:SBS Cultural Atlas 6824:Scientific Reports 6687:www.britannica.com 6585:The World Factbook 6441:The World Factbook 5778: 5752:use of photographs 5659:interpretation of 5653: 5577: 5559:Education in Sudan 5509:in the north. The 5402:Languages of Sudan 5035:tribes, who speak 4915: 4867:(858,607 people), 4837: 4758:landlocked country 4708:The New York Times 4703: 4695: 4680: 4670:Transport in Sudan 4590:World Food Program 4578:Sudanese civil war 4520:Human Rights Watch 4516: 4454:Human Rights Watch 4355:Sudanese Air Force 4282:defending China's 4266:Ali Abdullah Saleh 4172: 3925: 3843:Districts of Sudan 3767:Naivasha Agreement 3737:re-evaluating the 3677:and dissolved the 3667:Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf 3565: 3331: 3319: 3305:Geography of Sudan 3209: 3066: 3021: 2926:devastating floods 2883: 2870:at a future date. 2868:its own referendum 2794:state of emergency 2782: 2702: 2669: 2608: 2538:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2523:Robert George Howe 2515:Italian Somaliland 2480: 2456:Austen Chamberlain 2428: 2409:Sultanate of Egypt 2376:Muhammad Ali Pasha 2368: 2330:Battle of Omdurman 2272: 2268:Battle of Omdurman 2262:The flight of the 2251:(who were usually 2140: 2129: 2026: 2020:Southern Sudan in 1946: 1805: 1765:Rashidun Caliphate 1722: 1521: 1495: 1415: 1403: 1300:, stretching from 1248:largely relies on 975:to the north, the 971:to the northwest, 963:to the southwest, 955:, is a country in 758:2023 estimate 706:2023 estimate 311:Traditional Faiths 234:Ethnic groups 15698:Saharan countries 15658:Federal republics 15583: 15582: 15555: 15554: 15358: 15357: 15321:(former currency) 15279: 15278: 15216:Foreign relations 15168: 15167: 15150: 15149: 15043: 15042: 15022:Natural disasters 14927: 14926: 14912:October 2021 coup 14877:Nomadic conflicts 14802:Independent Sudan 14553:978-88-240-1314-7 14311:978-0-7232-2677-2 14294:978-3-643-12196-7 14237:978-0-203-83616-3 14197:978-0-521-21592-3 14178:978-1-5417-2448-8 14152:978-0-8014-4450-0 14134:978-0-203-90290-5 14100:978-1-56072-936-5 14075:Morewood (2005). 14066:Morewood (1940). 14005:978-1-85168-366-6 13933:978-0-595-42979-0 13918:978-0-595-31425-6 13903:978-0-595-36502-9 13880:El Mahdi, Mandour 13855:978-0-9559274-0-9 13831:978-1-84162-114-2 13798:978-0-7867-0751-5 13776:978-0-333-57543-7 13740:978-0-8444-0750-0 13597:on 28 August 2021 13218:citypopulation.de 13178:978-2-35848-186-1 13007:"Copts migration" 12572:on 3 October 2008 12301:on 10 August 2013 11951:. 17 January 2019 11924:Erasing 76 Crimes 11520:. 9 February 2022 11357:www.aljazeera.com 11195:on 15 April 2012. 10912:on 24 August 2014 10635:on 28 August 2023 10504:on 1 October 2012 10436:"Sudan geography" 10213:. 2 August 2023. 9937:www.aljazeera.com 9886:www.aljazeera.com 9517:. 4 August 2019. 9213:on 20 August 2007 9113:on 21 March 2006. 9037:on 25 March 2009. 9029:(Press release). 8955:978-0-307-26608-8 8940:The Looming Tower 8922:978-1-4039-6556-1 8882:"Families of USS 8757:978-0-674-01090-1 8592:, pp. 94–95. 8307:, pp. 21–22. 8283:, pp. 28–29. 8199:, pp. 94–95. 8139:, pp. 36–40. 8115:, pp. 96–97. 8031:, pp. 25–26. 8007:, pp. 12–30. 7656:, pp. 77–78. 7632:, pp. 68–70. 7608:, pp. 16–17. 7584:, pp. 16–22. 7481:978-0-14-193825-7 7454:978-1-317-45839-5 7440:The Ancient World 7416:978-0-9906623-9-6 7371:978-0-203-48276-6 7319:History in Africa 7016:978-0-521-85820-5 6956:978-1-4787-6562-2 6931:978-0-19-027773-4 6890:isac.uchicago.edu 6668:978-0-521-25773-2 6532:. 13 March 2024. 6484:. 10 October 2023 6444:(2024 ed.). 6143:"The Nuba people" 6065: 6044: 5837:Al-Hilal Omdurman 5768:Clothing in Sudan 5692:music. The march 5571:, established as 5479:Eritrean Orthodox 5435:Religion in Sudan 5419:official language 5392: 5391: 5084:Arabian Peninsula 4466:southern Kordofan 4152:Foreign relations 3741:that granted the 3734:hudud punishments 3691:Council of States 3687:National Assembly 3681:parliament – the 3643:Politics of Sudan 3632:Wildlife of Sudan 3375:fifteenth-largest 3293:Hagir S. Elsheikh 3265:Masalit massacres 3064:, in January 2021 3035:Khartoum massacre 2974:Sudanese Intifada 2946:the Army of Sudan 2930:ongoing conflicts 2901:with the smaller 2761:and targeted the 2600: 2599: 2378:, of uniting the 2322:Herbert Kitchener 1950:Kingdom of Sennar 1783:Islamic expansion 1619:Sedeinga pyramids 1351:Ancient Egyptians 959:. It borders the 951:, officially the 946: 945: 819:medium inequality 783:• Per capita 731:• Per capita 381:(Deputy chairman) 169: 136:"Victory is ours" 16:(Redirected from 15710: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15568: 15369: 15368: 15335: 15322: 15290: 15289: 15179: 15178: 15045: 15044: 15018: 15017: 14938: 14937: 14837:Second Civil War 14748: 14747: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14704: 14703: 14669: 14661: 14628: 14627: 14618: 14617: 14557: 14538: 14520: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14500: 14494:. Archived from 14477: 14467: 14446: 14429: 14419: 14409: 14384: 14337: 14332: 14330: 14298: 14279: 14260: 14241: 14220: 14201: 14182: 14163: 14121: 14080: 14071: 14062: 14043: 13992: 13971: 13952: 13876: 13842: 13811: 13780: 13761: 13721: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13623:. 24 August 2021 13613: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13602: 13583: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13521: 13515:. Archived from 13514: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13455: 13447: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13397: 13391: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13355:"Sudan Overview" 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13326: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13309: 13303:. Archived from 13302: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13210: 13204: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13064: 13058: 13057: 13051: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13029: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12922:. Archived from 12911: 12905: 12904: 12898: 12894: 12892: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12815:on 17 March 2014 12811:. Archived from 12801: 12795: 12794: 12750: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12730: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12697: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12664: 12658: 12651: 12645: 12631: 12625: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12568:. Archived from 12558: 12552: 12551: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12483: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12416: 12408: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12381: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12362:on 13 July 2011. 12352: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12265: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12223:on 10 March 2012 12213: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12140: 12132: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12109: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12071:. Archived from 12061: 12055: 12054: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11974: 11970: 11968: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11828: 11822: 11809: 11803: 11802: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11769:. Archived from 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11672: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11502:. 22 April 2021. 11492: 11486: 11485: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11464:Associated Press 11456: 11450: 11449: 11448:. 23 April 2021. 11438: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11324: 11318: 11317:. 27 March 2015. 11307: 11301: 11300:. 26 March 2015. 11290: 11284: 11283: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11242: 11236: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11187: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11111: 11102: 11101: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10970:. Archived from 10960: 10954: 10953: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10938:. 8 August 2014. 10928: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10908:. Archived from 10898: 10892: 10891: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10864:on 7 August 2020 10860:. Archived from 10850: 10844: 10843: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10816:. Archived from 10810: 10804: 10803: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10782:The Toronto Star 10773: 10764: 10763: 10762:. November 2009. 10756: 10750: 10749: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10376: 10367: 10366: 10365:. 17 April 2024. 10355: 10349: 10348: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10259:IOM UN Migration 10251: 10245: 10244: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10166:Associated Press 10156: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10058:on 18 March 2022 10054:. Archived from 10043: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10017: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9962:sudantribune.com 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9705:. 17 August 2021 9695: 9689: 9688: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9541: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9523: 9504: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9105: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9007:on 12 April 2020 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8943: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8865: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8809: 8803: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8745: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8716:Ethiopian Review 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8615: 8609: 8602:Arthur Henderson 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8481:. Archived from 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8392: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8187:, p. 24-25. 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7404: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7269: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7204:on 1 August 2023 7203: 7196: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7101:(Article). SBS. 7090: 7084: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7025: 7019: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6847: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6780: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6474: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6410:Associated Press 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6083: 6071: 6070: 6064:romanized: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5903:Outline of Sudan 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5856:Arab Women's Cup 5810:Public Order Law 5671:Mohammed el Amin 5602:Sudanese cuisine 5590:Fashion of Sudan 5206: 5196: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5128: 5127: 5063:of the northern 4660:Economy of Sudan 4486:displaced people 4398:Slavery in Sudan 4230:Hala'ib Triangle 4131:Hala'ib Triangle 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3880: 3782:public order law 3655:Islamic republic 3616:hawksbill turtle 3515:Climate of Sudan 3469:, copper, gold, 3394:Marrah Mountains 3315:Hala'ib Triangle 3289:Yemeni civil war 3197: 3191:SPLM-N (al-Hilu) 3188: 3179: 3169: 3052:Sudanese leader 3025:massive protests 2739:Hassan al-Turabi 2714:led a bloodless 2617:Ismail al-Azhari 2612:Ismail al-Azhari 2595: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2562: 2519:governor-general 2484:Benito Mussolini 2393:Reginald Wingate 2225:fall of Khartoum 2085: 2023: 1984: 1981: 1909: 1885: 1677: 1623:Pyramids of Nuri 1514: 1511: 1378:History of Sudan 1333:sharing similar 1324: 1323: 1317: 1204:Protests erupted 1126:Mahdist Uprising 1061: 1053: 1045: 1040:Kingdom of Kerma 957:Northeast Africa 879: 846: 845: 839: 838: 832: 821: 820: 814: 813: 807: 791: 790: 772: 771: 755: 739: 738: 720: 719: 703: 670:50,467,278 ( 614:19 December 2018 510: 507: 483: 480: 439:Kingdom of Kerma 202:Capital-in-exile 191:and largest city 181: 171: 170: 157: 149: 148: 134: 128: 127: 108: 94: 80: 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 21: 15718: 15717: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15708: 15707: 15618: 15617: 15608: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15579: 15571: 15564: 15551: 15466: 15354: 15333: 15320: 15275: 15271:State Governors 15164: 15146: 15039: 15016: 14923: 14807:First Civil War 14737: 14731: 14625: 14615: 14604: 14565: 14560: 14554: 14518: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14480:African Affairs 14475: 14439:Sudan&Nubia 14340: 14328: 14326: 14295: 14276: 14238: 14217: 14198: 14179: 14140:Prunier, Gérard 14118: 14059: 14040: 13989: 13968: 13873: 13777: 13758: 13718: 13696: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13678: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13654: 13652: 13641: 13640: 13636: 13626: 13624: 13615: 13614: 13610: 13600: 13598: 13585: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13568: 13566:Bleacher Report 13560:Almasri, Omar. 13558: 13554: 13539: 13535: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13503: 13476: 13472: 13462: 13460: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13434: 13432: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13405:macrotrends.net 13399: 13398: 13394: 13378: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13353: 13352: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13296: 13295: 13291: 13281: 13279: 13268: 13264: 13251: 13248: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13222: 13220: 13212: 13211: 13207: 13198: 13194: 13179: 13165: 13161: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13102: 13101:on 14 July 2018 13095: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13061: 13049: 13045: 13044: 13040: 13031: 13030: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13005: 13004: 13000: 12990: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12966: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12944: 12943: 12939: 12929: 12927: 12912: 12908: 12896: 12895: 12886: 12885: 12878: 12876: 12858: 12854: 12844: 12842: 12840:Space in Africa 12832: 12828: 12818: 12816: 12803: 12802: 12798: 12751: 12744: 12734: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12723: 12719: 12709: 12707: 12699: 12698: 12694: 12684: 12682: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12652: 12648: 12632: 12628: 12620: 12616: 12606: 12604: 12603:on 5 April 2008 12589: 12585: 12575: 12573: 12560: 12559: 12555: 12540: 12536: 12522:10.32388/3mbaw4 12512:"Edit Action", 12511: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12494: 12484: 12480: 12470: 12468: 12463: 12462: 12458: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12410: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12388: 12386: 12371: 12367: 12354: 12353: 12349: 12339: 12337: 12336:on 15 June 2013 12328: 12327: 12323: 12318: 12314: 12304: 12302: 12293: 12292: 12288: 12278: 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11521: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11425: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11386:. 15 July 2019. 11376: 11375: 11371: 11361: 11359: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11336: 11334: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11308: 11304: 11291: 11287: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11255: 11253: 11243: 11239: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11153: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11113: 11112: 11105: 11098:nydailynews.com 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11065: 11064: 11060: 11050: 11048: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10991:nydailynews.com 10983: 10979: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10930: 10929: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10900: 10899: 10895: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10867: 10865: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10794: 10793: 10789: 10774: 10767: 10758: 10757: 10753: 10744: 10743: 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2552:Main articles: 2550: 2534:Mohammed Naguib 2444:Walwal Incident 2352: 2346: 2118: 2106:Main articles: 2104: 2092:Muhammad Tayrab 2080:Sulayman Solong 2076:Keira sultanate 2034:Umayyad descend 1982: 1934: 1922:Main articles: 1920: 1829:Coptic alphabet 1706: 1690:Main articles: 1688: 1587:Nubian pyramids 1527:was an ancient 1525:Kingdom of Kush 1512: 1506:Achaemenid army 1504:soldier of the 1488:Nubian pyramids 1481: 1475:Kingdom of Kush 1473:Main articles: 1471: 1463:Kingdom of Kush 1424:located in the 1392: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1286: 1196:ethnic genocide 1141:Muhammad Naguib 1056:Kingdom of Kush 1036:A-Group culture 939: 874: 843: 842: 841: 830: 818: 817: 816: 805: 784: 765: 753: 732: 713: 697: 681: 667: 646: 625: 611: 598: 585: 572: 559: 546: 533: 520: 508: 502: 481: 475: 454: 452:Kingdom of Kush 441: 406: 394: 384: 366: 321: 291: 283: 228: 192: 184: 172: 162: 158: 150: 135: 129: 116: 115: 114: 109: 101: 100: 95: 82: 74: 67: 63:جمهورية السودان 59: 52: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 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15129: 15127:South Kordofan 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15097:North Kordofan 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15072:Central Darfur 15069: 15064: 15059: 15053: 15051: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15030:Climate change 15026: 15024: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14941: 14935: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14919: 14917:2023 Civil war 14914: 14909: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14827:Communist coup 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14751: 14745: 14739: 14738: 14736: articles 14730: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14707: 14701: 14700: 14695: 14684: 14679: 14670: 14653: 14637: 14622: 14612: 14586: 14577: 14572: 14564: 14563:External links 14561: 14559: 14558: 14552: 14539: 14511: 14486:(426): 21–43. 14468: 14447: 14430: 14394:Studia Ceranea 14385: 14372: 14353: 14346: 14339: 14338: 14325:(Article). 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10397: 10368: 10350: 10332: 10314: 10276: 10246: 10228: 10198: 10172: 10151: 10125: 10097: 10069: 10038: 10009: 9979: 9949: 9924: 9912:Al Jazeera.com 9898: 9873: 9841: 9822: 9804: 9786: 9768: 9742: 9716: 9690: 9672: 9646: 9627: 9595: 9549: 9490: 9465: 9432: 9414: 9411:. 3 June 2019. 9394: 9371: 9349: 9327: 9316:. 9 April 2019 9301: 9276: 9250: 9224: 9190: 9166: 9148: 9130: 9116: 9092: 9066: 9055:. 4 March 2009 9040: 9018: 8987: 8961: 8954: 8928: 8921: 8903: 8873: 8830: 8804: 8790: 8763: 8756: 8730: 8701: 8690:. 14 July 2008 8675: 8649: 8630: 8610: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8558: 8556:, p. 346. 8546: 8531: 8524: 8500: 8465: 8440: 8436:Churchill 1902 8428: 8406: 8384: 8382:, p. 126. 8372: 8360: 8358:, p. 123. 8348: 8346:, p. 132. 8336: 8334:, p. 110. 8321: 8309: 8297: 8285: 8273: 8271:, p. 260. 8261: 8249: 8245:Spaulding 1985 8237: 8235:, p. 152. 8225: 8223:, p. 382. 8221:Spaulding 1985 8213: 8201: 8189: 8185:Spaulding 1974 8177: 8165: 8153: 8151:, p. 601. 8141: 8129: 8117: 8105: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8055:, p. 150. 8045: 8033: 8021: 8009: 8005:Spaulding 1974 7997: 7985: 7983:, p. 784. 7973: 7971:, p. 133. 7961: 7949: 7947:, p. 255. 7937: 7921: 7886: 7884:, p. 256. 7874: 7862: 7850: 7848:, p. 145. 7838: 7836:, p. 176. 7826: 7824:, p. 252. 7814: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7776:, p. 482. 7766: 7764:, p. 496. 7754: 7752:, p. 237. 7742: 7740:, p. 254. 7730: 7718: 7716:, p. 264. 7706: 7694: 7692:, p. 101. 7682: 7670: 7668:, p. 572. 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7543:(3): 323–324. 7525: 7511: 7487: 7480: 7460: 7453: 7429: 7415: 7385: 7370: 7352: 7309: 7295: 7280: 7255: 7240: 7215: 7182: 7139:(2): 177–188. 7119: 7085: 7079:Bilad as-Sūdan 7063: 7038: 7020: 6999: 6970: 6955: 6937: 6930: 6902: 6877: 6810: 6749: 6724: 6699: 6674: 6667: 6649: 6602: 6572: 6547: 6517: 6495: 6462: 6427: 6395: 6367: 6364:. 10 May 2022. 6353: 6326: 6305: 6283: 6261: 6239: 6217: 6195: 6178: 6156: 6134: 6112: 6109:. 10 May 2022. 6098: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6051: 5938: 5932: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5882: 5879: 5817: 5814: 5766:Main article: 5763: 5760: 5724:cinematography 5705: 5702: 5690:military march 5675:Mohammed Wardi 5667:Mahjoub Sharif 5632:Music of Sudan 5630:Main article: 5627: 5624: 5621:Media of Sudan 5619:Main article: 5616: 5613: 5585: 5582: 5557:Main article: 5554: 5551: 5529:Main article: 5526: 5523: 5433:Main article: 5430: 5427: 5400:Main article: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5312:North Kordofan 5309: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5253:Khartoum North 5250: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5118: 5115: 5077:Chadian Arabic 4900: 4897: 4879:(14,201), the 4854:Khartoum North 4819:Main article: 4816: 4813: 4791: 4788: 4769:South Kordofan 4658:Main article: 4655: 4652: 4585: 4582: 4563:Media in Sudan 4558: 4555: 4551:child soldiers 4530:are guilty of 4493: 4490: 4458:accountability 4443:child marriage 4439:women's rights 4385: 4382: 4372:(SLA) and the 4347:Main article: 4344: 4341: 4248:Western Sahara 4156:Main article: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4127: 4120:South Kurdufan 4118:The states of 4116: 4105: 4102:Bahr el Ghazal 4100:was a part of 4091: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4058: 4043: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 4000:South Kordofan 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3970:North Kordofan 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3945:Central Darfur 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3916:South Kurdufan 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3830: 3827: 3813:Main article: 3810: 3807: 3758: 3755: 3730:September laws 3722:Main article: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3659:Omar al-Bashir 3641:Main article: 3638: 3635: 3630:Main article: 3627: 3624: 3588:soil fertility 3556: 3553: 3547:farms growing 3545:well-irrigated 3513:Main article: 3510: 3507: 3390:Deriba Caldera 3377:in the world. 3303:Main article: 3300: 3297: 3246:Yasser al-Atta 3238:United Nations 3194: 3185: 3176: 3166: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3118:Main article: 3115: 3112: 3082:Abdalla Hamdok 3056:with Israel's 2992: 2989: 2970:South Kordofan 2937: 2934: 2911:Battle of Adré 2813:Sudanese Arabs 2792:and declare a 2712:Omar al-Bashir 2693: 2690: 2686:Sadiq al-Mahdi 2628:Gaafar Nimeiry 2598: 2597: 2574: 2572: 2565: 2549: 2546: 2348:Main article: 2345: 2342: 2152:Ottoman Empire 2136:Muhammad Ahmad 2103: 2100: 2053:Tunjur kingdom 1928:Tunjur kingdom 1919: 1916: 1896:Abdallah Jamma 1892:Adal Sultanate 1817:Afro-Byzantine 1687: 1684: 1609:, Pyramids of 1572:South Kordofan 1470: 1467: 1391: 1388: 1376:Main article: 1373: 1370: 1315:bilād as-sūdān 1285: 1282: 1258:United Nations 1184:Omar al-Bashir 1148:Gaafar Nimeiry 1115:Ottoman empire 1087:Funj sultanate 1020:Halfan culture 944: 943: 934: 928: 927: 922: 916: 915: 910: 904: 903: 900: 894: 893: 890: 886: 885: 872: 868: 867: 860:Sudanese pound 857: 853: 852: 833: 823: 822: 808: 798: 797: 785: 782: 779: 778: 766: 763: 760: 759: 756: 746: 745: 733: 730: 727: 726: 714: 711: 708: 707: 704: 690: 689: 682: 680:• Density 679: 676: 675: 668: 665: 662: 661: 655: 654: 647: 644: 641: 640: 634: 633: 630: 629: 628:20 August 2019 626: 619: 616: 615: 612: 606: 603: 602: 599: 593: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 567: 564: 563: 562:1 January 1956 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 503: 488: 485: 484: 476: 462: 459: 458: 455: 449: 446: 445: 442: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 422: 421: 416: 412: 411: 408: 407: 405: 404: 397: 395: 392:Prime Minister 389: 386: 385: 383: 382: 376: 369: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 351:military junta 341: 335: 334: 329: 323: 322: 320: 319: 313: 307: 301: 294: 292: 289: 285: 284: 282: 281: 275: 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 238: 236: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 215: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182: 174: 173: 160: 138: 137: 118: 117: 110: 103: 102: 96: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 60: 57: 45:Sudan (region) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15715: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15616: 15613: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15567: 15563: 15562: 15558: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15403:Ethnic groups 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15236: 15232: 15229: 15226: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15183: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15137:West Kordofan 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15050: 15046: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15023: 15019: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14930: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14907:Peace process 14905: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14867:War in Darfur 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14740: 14735: 14728: 14723: 14721: 14716: 14714: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14692:The Economist 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14673:Sudan profile 14671: 14667: 14666: 14660: 14659:"Sudan" 14654: 14651: 14647: 14646: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14635:OpenStreetMap 14632: 14623: 14621: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14602: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14517: 14512: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14474: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14357:Law in Africa 14354: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14344: 14336: 14324: 14320: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14290: 14286: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14267: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14243: 14239: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14208: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14189: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14165: 14161: 14156: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14078: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14060: 14058:9780253007889 14054: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14039:9780821444610 14035: 14031: 14030: 14024: 14021: 14020:9789004347434 14017: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13980: 13979: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13888:0-19-913158-9 13885: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13868: 13865:. Routledge. 13864: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13815:Clammer, Paul 13813: 13809: 13808: 13807:The River War 13802: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13744: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13677:. 8 June 2022 13676: 13672: 13666: 13650: 13649: 13644: 13638: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13522:on 2 May 2014 13518: 13511: 13505: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13474: 13459: 13452: 13446: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13406: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13389:9781317964643 13386: 13382: 13376: 13360: 13356: 13350: 13335: 13331: 13325: 13306: 13299: 13293: 13277: 13273: 13266: 13260: 13256: 13254: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13202: 13196: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13116: 13100: 13096: 13088: 13072: 13071: 13063: 13055: 13048: 13042: 13034: 13028: 13021: 13016: 13008: 13002: 12986: 12980: 12965: 12961: 12955: 12947: 12941: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12910: 12902: 12890: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12856: 12841: 12837: 12830: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12749: 12747: 12727: 12721: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12680: 12676: 12673: 12669: 12663: 12656: 12650: 12643: 12642:archive.today 12639: 12636: 12630: 12623: 12618: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12587: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12493: 12489: 12482: 12466: 12460: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12434: 12428: 12420: 12414: 12406: 12400: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12369: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12166: 12160: 12144: 12143:allAfrica.com 12139: 12131: 12115: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12088: 12082: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11966: 11950: 11949: 11941: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11879: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11808: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11788: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11758: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11704: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11568: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11373: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11333: 11329: 11323: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11276:Morocco Times 11273: 11267: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11191: 11184: 11178: 11170: 11164: 11156: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10951: 10945: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10911: 10907: 10906:Sudan Tribune 10903: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10841: 10835: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10770: 10761: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10733: 10729: 10722: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10701: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10604: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10455: 10449: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10373: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10289:The Economist 10286: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10187: 10183: 10176: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10155: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10014: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9830:Magdy, Samy. 9826: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9800: 9799:Bloomberg.com 9796: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9631: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9609:Sudan Tribune 9605: 9599: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9545: 9539: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9509:(in Arabic). 9508: 9500: 9494: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9382: 9375: 9359: 9353: 9337: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9126: 9120: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9006: 9002: 9001:Sudan Tribune 8998: 8991: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8957: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8941: 8932: 8924: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8877: 8869: 8863: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8801: 8800: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8734: 8719:. Addis Ababa 8718: 8717: 8712: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8645: 8639: 8634: 8626: 8621:, p. 117 8620: 8614: 8608:, p. 348 8607: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8590:Morewood 1940 8586: 8579: 8574: 8567: 8566:Morewood 2005 8562: 8555: 8550: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8424: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8391: 8389: 8381: 8376: 8370:, p. 31. 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8344:McGregor 2011 8340: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8317:McGregor 2011 8313: 8306: 8301: 8295:, p. 50. 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8265: 8258: 8253: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8233:Loimeier 2013 8229: 8222: 8217: 8211:, p. 98. 8210: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8175:, p. 88. 8174: 8169: 8163:, p. 78. 8162: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8127:, p. 35. 8126: 8121: 8114: 8109: 8103:, p. 98. 8102: 8097: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8077:Loimeier 2013 8073: 8067:, p. 31. 8066: 8061: 8054: 8053:Loimeier 2013 8049: 8043:, p. 26. 8042: 8037: 8030: 8025: 8019:, p. 25. 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7906: 7899: 7898: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7812:, p. 88. 7811: 7806: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7704:, p. 89. 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7680:, p. 84. 7679: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7644:, p. 31. 7643: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7620:, p. 77. 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7572:, p. 26. 7571: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7514: 7512:0-415-30590-X 7508: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7433: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325:(7): 129–54. 7324: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7281:9788395336256 7277: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7241:9788395336256 7237: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7067: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6906: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6771:(43): 24–29. 6770: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6505: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6460: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6287: 6271: 6265: 6249: 6243: 6227: 6221: 6205: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6166: 6160: 6144: 6138: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6069: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6019: 5992: 5991: 5980: 5973: 5942: 5936: 5930:for Khartoum. 5929: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5895:Africa portal 5885: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5801:, pronounced 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5748:documentation 5745: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5517:and non-Arab 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5423:literacy rate 5420: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088:Nubian people 5085: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059:. A few Arab 5058: 5057:Hejazi Arabic 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4908:Sudanese Arab 4905: 4899:Ethnic groups 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883:(11,713) and 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725:war in Darfur 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4557:Press freedom 4554: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4498:War in Darfur 4489: 4487: 4484:to access to 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4447:Homosexuality 4444: 4441:and allowing 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362:Darfur crisis 4358: 4356: 4350: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4273:African Union 4269: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:war in Darfur 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4146: 4145:terra nullius 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4055:Eastern Front 4052: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010:West Kordofan 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3898:Eastern Front 3890: 3875: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3823: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3718:Under Nimeiri 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663:military coup 3660: 3656: 3653: 3652:authoritarian 3650: 3644: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584:deforestation 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3525:Bayuda Desert 3522: 3521:Nubian Desert 3516: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444:Roseires Dams 3441: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3398:Red Sea Hills 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3206: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3173: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3145:Osman Hussein 3141: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:Heglig Crisis 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:Beja Congress 2896: 2892: 2891:Eastern Front 2888: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817:War in Darfur 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716:military coup 2713: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2679:negotiated a 2678: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651:Jonglei Canal 2648: 2645:In 1972, the 2643: 2641: 2638:, led by the 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2604: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2575:This section 2573: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488:Italian Libya 2485: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2417:Saad Zaghloul 2415:, but it was 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399:was declared 2398: 2397:Hussein Kamel 2394: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326:Mahdist Sudan 2323: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2180:'Urabi revolt 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2165:Ibrahim Pasha 2161: 2160:Ismaʻil Pasha 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2112:Mahdist Sudan 2109: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:Tunjur people 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007:Hamaj Regency 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:David Reubeni 1951: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777:and again in 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1718:Nile cataract 1715: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:sacked Thebes 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Atbarah River 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:African Union 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236:. Sudan is a 1235: 1234:secular state 1231: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150:regime began 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:slave trading 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Qadan culture 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979:to the east, 978: 974: 970: 967:to the west, 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 942: 938: 935: 933: 929: 926: 923: 921: 920:ISO 3166 code 917: 914: 911: 909: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 834: 828: 824: 809: 803: 799: 795: 786: 780: 776: 767: 761: 757: 751: 747: 743: 740:$ 3,604 ( 734: 728: 724: 715: 709: 705: 701: 695: 691: 687: 683: 677: 673: 669: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 613: 610: 604: 600: 597: 591: 587: 584: 578: 574: 571: 565: 561: 558: 552: 548: 545: 539: 535: 532: 531:Mahdist State 526: 522: 519: 513: 504: 500: 496: 492: 486: 477: 474: 470: 466: 460: 456: 453: 447: 443: 440: 434: 430: 427: 423: 420: 417: 413: 409: 402: 401:Osman Hussein 399: 398: 396: 393: 387: 380: 377: 374: 371: 370: 368: 365: 359: 355: 352: 348: 345: 342: 340: 336: 333: 330: 328: 324: 318: 314: 312: 308: 306: 302: 300: 296: 295: 293: 286: 280: 276: 274: 270: 268: 264: 262: 258: 256: 252: 250: 246: 244: 243:Sudanese Arab 240: 239: 237: 235: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 197: 194: 187: 180: 175: 156: 155: 143: 139: 133: 123: 119: 113: 107: 99: 93: 85: 81: 79: 71: 55: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 15585: 15485:Architecture 15393:Demographics 15307:Central Bank 15221:Human rights 15196:Constitution 15122:South Darfur 15092:North Darfur 14775:Islamization 14733: 14690: 14663: 14643: 14594: 14543: 14526: 14522: 14505:24 September 14503:. 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Ethnologue 6115: 6101: 6090: 6081: 6054: 5941: 5935: 5922: 5860: 5849: 5829: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5737: 5717: 5693: 5683: 5660: 5654: 5609: 5578: 5541: 5535:Sudan has a 5534: 5507:Arab-Muslims 5491: 5464: 5438: 5416: 5405: 5384:North Darfur 5276:South Darfur 5110:Claude Rilly 5103: 5096: 5081: 5037:Najdi Arabic 5026: 4947: 4916: 4858: 4838: 4815:Demographics 4805: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4762: 4747: 4721: 4706: 4704: 4637: 4626: 4600:(UNDP); the 4587: 4566: 4543: 4539: 4517: 4482:aid agencies 4451: 4420: 4405: 4384:Human rights 4368:(SPLA), the 4359: 4352: 4337: 4333:Wagner Group 4329: 4326: 4307: 4295:Donald Trump 4292: 4277: 4270: 4257:against the 4252: 4245: 4242: 4215: 4209:, and later 4196: 4173: 4025: 3995:South Darfur 3965:North Darfur 3861: 3852: 3846: 3818: 3803: 3796: 3786: 3771: 3760: 3729: 3727: 3675:constitution 3646: 3596: 3580:conservation 3572:soil erosion 3566: 3530: 3518: 3456: 3437: 3425:Rahad Rivers 3415:to form the 3402: 3379: 3332: 3329:map of Sudan 3281: 3273: 3254: 3231: 3212: 3210: 3205:Detailed map 3200:SLM (al-Nur) 3142: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3099:Saudi Arabia 3067: 3022: 2985:Donald Trump 2981:Barack Obama 2978: 2968:and Sudan's 2939: 2923: 2915:Saudi Arabia 2884: 2837: 2807:(SLM/A) and 2802: 2783: 2724: 2709: 2670: 2644: 2621: 2609: 2591:January 2016 2588: 2576: 2527: 2500: 2481: 2465:Anthony Eden 2461: 2452:Sarwat Pasha 2429: 2384: 2372:Crown colony 2369: 2309: 2273: 2244: 2222: 2210:Islamic laws 2205: 2199: 2184: 2176:Tewfik Pasha 2172:Great Powers 2169: 2141: 2057:Daju kingdom 2046: 2027: 2009:, where the 2003: 1970: 1962:Amara Dunqas 1947: 1849: 1816: 1806: 1801:Moses George 1762: 1723: 1704:Daju kingdom 1660:Ashurbanipal 1627: 1611:Gebel Barkal 1584: 1557: 1522: 1519:tomb relief. 1501: 1460: 1445: 1416: 1409:Fortress of 1361: 1359: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1322:بلاد السودان 1312: 1310: 1289: 1287: 1230:Islamic laws 1224: 1172:independence 1145: 1134: 1119: 1080: 1032:Jebel Sahaba 1013: 952: 948: 947: 932:Internet TLD 908:Calling code 764:• Total 712:• Total 645:• Total 588:6 April 1985 557:Independence 418: 305:Christianity 141: 132:an-Naṣr lanā 122:Motto: 121: 75: 29: 15607: / 15542:Photography 15537:Decorations 15297:Agriculture 15225:LGBT rights 15186:Ambassadors 15132:West Darfur 15077:East Darfur 14995:Butterflies 14822:Nimeiry Era 14589:‹ The 14417:11089/18404 14400:: 249–265. 14209:. Red Sea. 13981:. Pearson. 13410:25 November 12991:21 December 12969:13 December 12819:16 December 12624:, p. . 12514:Definitions 12149:15 February 12092:15 February 11868:15 February 11842:15 February 11812:UNICEF 2013 11777:10 December 11597:Le Monde.fr 11426:16 December 11015:19 December 10968:The BG News 10936:The Journal 10307:11 November 10269:30 December 10191:19 December 10002:19 February 9972:19 February 9891:21 November 9781:www.msn.com 9665:4 September 9161:China Daily 8454:. E. Arnold 8438:, p. . 8089:Werner 2013 7945:Welsby 2002 7870:Lajtar 2011 7858:Werner 2013 7822:Welsby 2002 7810:Welsby 2002 7798:Werner 2013 7786:Welsby 2002 7738:Werner 2013 7702:Welsby 2002 7690:Werner 2013 7678:Werner 2013 7654:Welsby 2002 7630:Welsby 2002 7618:Werner 2013 7606:Welsby 2002 7594:Welsby 2002 7582:Welsby 2002 7570:Welsby 2002 6895:17 December 6830:(1): 9991. 6742:17 December 6717:17 December 6692:17 December 6622:: 182–194. 6226:"Dongolawi" 5738:The use of 5722:began with 5117:Urban areas 5041:Beni Ḥassān 4871:(123,413), 4865:South Sudan 4841:South Sudan 4752:on Sudan's 4738:South Sudan 4717:stagflation 4713:South Sudan 4592:(WFP); the 4553:in Darfur. 4414:during the 4320:spoke of a 4113:South Sudan 4094:Kafia Kingi 4074:South Sudan 4005:West Darfur 3950:East Darfur 3788:Crucifixion 3765:. The 2005 3685:, with its 3620:Sahara oryx 3592:water table 3535:, known as 3351:South Sudan 3126:coup d'état 2864:South Sudan 2784:Before the 2624:coup d'état 2380:Nile Valley 2360:Mahdist War 2285:Yohannes IV 2218:Mahdist War 2188:slave trade 2088:Jebel Marra 2030:Arabisation 1983: 1526 1876:Lower Nubia 1845:matrilineal 1746:Old Dongola 1635:Sennacherib 1558:After King 1366:South Sudan 1362:North Sudan 1335:etymologies 1262:Arab League 1250:agriculture 1212:a civil war 1208:coup d'état 1176:South Sudan 1130:condominium 1111:slave raids 1083:Arab nomads 997:Arab League 989:South Sudan 889:Date format 840: 0.516 792:$ 533 ( 601:9 July 2011 596:South Sudan 575:25 May 1969 509: 1500 501:Sultanates 415:Legislature 299:Sunni Islam 41:South Sudan 15622:Categories 15522:Literature 15408:minorities 15334:(currency) 15251:Parliament 15206:Corruption 15142:White Nile 15112:River Nile 15062:Al Qadarif 14445:: 129–141. 14079:. Suffolk. 14070:. Suffolk. 13187:1298202018 13132:(3): 442. 12685:15 January 12622:Brown 1992 12201:8 November 12171:8 November 12120:8 November 11747:14 January 11721:14 January 11655:13 January 11629:14 January 11524:9 February 11446:Al-Jazeera 11362:30 October 11337:30 October 11051:14 January 10608:14 October 10586:13 January 10508:13 January 10241:Al Jazeera 9855:Al Jazeera 9620:27 October 9217:13 January 9207:Relief Web 9085:14 January 9059:14 January 8896:14 January 8852:14 January 8845:Asia Times 8823:13 January 8783:13 January 8723:13 January 8525:0195218183 8319:, Table 1. 8305:Hesse 2002 8293:Hesse 2002 8257:Adams 1977 8149:Adams 1977 7969:Hasan 1967 7931:, p. 7846:Hasan 1967 7834:Hasan 1967 7774:Adams 1977 7762:Adams 1977 7642:Hasan 1967 7518:3 November 7422:3 November 7290:1374884636 7250:1374884636 7169:7787802958 6965:1007048089 6488:15 October 6319:1 November 6298:18 October 6276:18 October 6254:18 October 6232:18 October 6210:18 October 6171:11 October 6149:28 October 5914:References 5841:Al-Merrikh 5366:Al Qadarif 5361:El-Gadarif 5343:Wad Madani 5289:Port Sudan 5262:1,012,211 5244:1,410,858 5226:1,849,659 5055:who speak 5039:; and the 4912:Al-Manasir 4875:(93,502), 4825:See also: 4750:Port Sudan 4742:oil fields 4664:See also: 4618:World Bank 4561:See also: 4433:. Sudan's 4360:Since the 4109:Abyei Area 4070:referendum 4062:Abyei Area 4015:White Nile 3985:River Nile 3935:Al Qadarif 3907:Abyei Area 3763:Sharia law 3713:Sharia law 3549:cash crops 3533:sandstorms 3452:Lake Nubia 3409:White Nile 3373:) and the 3174:and allies 3094:World Bank 3005:See also: 2860:referendum 2823:, and the 2733:under the 2673:cash crops 2214:Aba Island 1966:folk Islam 1872:Gebel Adda 1825:Old Nobiin 1775:641 or 642 1773:Egypt. In 1643:Esarhaddon 1549:Bronze Age 1545:Nile River 1539:, and the 1537:White Nile 892:dd/mm/yyyy 815: 34.2 659:Population 624:effective 482: 350 379:Malik Agar 375:(Chairman) 339:Government 327:Demonym(s) 206:Port Sudan 49:The Sudans 15604:15°N 32°E 15445:Squatting 15420:Languages 15398:Education 15350:Transport 15314:Companies 15261:President 15211:Elections 15155:Districts 15067:Blue Nile 14965:Volcanoes 14955:Mountains 14933:Geography 14887:2019 coup 14857:1989 coup 14842:1985 coup 14817:1969 coup 14812:1958 coup 14535:1266-1635 14529:: 12–30. 14426:2084-140X 14369:1435-0963 14257:174917032 13681:11 August 13627:28 August 13621:Arab News 13601:28 August 13571:11 August 13435:25 August 13339:13 August 13154:142624684 13146:0008-3968 12889:cite news 12874:0261-3077 12783:0036-8075 12530:243137947 12356:"Economy" 12031:8 January 12025:USA Today 11975:ignored ( 11965:cite book 11892:: 59–76. 11688:1553-8133 11552:0190-8286 11298:Bloomberg 11077:4 October 10672:0026-3141 10639:30 August 10297:0013-0613 10083:France 24 9942:2 January 9709:23 August 9588:10 August 9453:0261-3077 9427:ReliefWeb 9269:6 October 8980:8 January 8862:cite news 8694:8 January 8489:8 January 7557:131916337 7503:Routledge 7445:Routledge 7380:437079538 7347:162330365 7177:161078189 7153:1612-1651 6854:2045-2322 6787:0027-8424 6644:1040-6182 6346:8 October 6270:"Ghulfan" 6041:romanized 5947:English: 5553:Education 5495:Islamists 5475:Ethiopian 5396:Languages 5379:Al-Fashir 5106:genealogy 5045:Al-Ashraf 5033:Bani Arak 4994:Ingessana 4536:Janjaweed 4470:Blue Nile 4378:Janjaweed 4322:water war 4312:over the 4141:Bir Tawil 4124:Blue Nile 3940:Blue Nile 3920:Blue Nile 3868:districts 3849:18 states 3679:bicameral 3483:manganese 3405:Blue Nile 3299:Geography 3248:said the 3229:militia. 3227:Janjaweed 3062:Eli Cohen 2842:with the 2833:Janjaweed 2720:President 2583:talk page 2297:Equatoria 2038:Al Dabbah 1898:, or the 1771:Byzantine 1768:conquered 1668:Psamtik I 1648:Tantamani 1639:Near East 1603:Tantamani 1580:Sargon II 1568:Assyrians 1533:Blue Nile 1448:Neolithic 1441:gathering 1343:Ta Nehesi 1284:Etymology 1160:civil war 1016:Khormusan 898:Drives on 871:Time zone 754:(nominal) 426:Formation 288:Religion 126:النصر لنا 15575:Category 15500:Clothing 15435:Religion 15430:Refugees 15381:Polygamy 15376:Marriage 15340:Taxation 15241:Military 15231:Islamism 15174:Politics 15102:Northern 15087:Khartoum 15010:Reptiles 14970:Wildlife 14785:Mahdiyya 14770:Medieval 14755:Timeline 14677:BBC News 14591:template 14343:Articles 14142:(2005). 14086:(2001). 13949:33206034 13817:(2005). 13655:7 August 13526:30 April 13105:26 March 12791:29242326 12638:Archived 12607:14 March 12576:14 March 12413:cite web 12051:BBC News 11906:26919756 11821:, p. 27. 11815:Archived 11649:BBC News 11623:Mongabay 11603:16 April 11500:BBC News 11133:BBC News 11071:BBC News 10868:11 April 10684:Archived 10498:Oxfam GB 10363:Sky News 10345:Barron's 10301:Archived 10263:Archived 10215:Archived 10118:16 April 10112:ABC News 10090:16 April 10062:22 March 10052:ABC News 10031:22 March 9996:Archived 9966:Archived 9917:22 March 9866:20 March 9860:Archived 9836:ABC News 9817:BBC News 9729:BBC News 9614:Archived 9582:Archived 9538:cite web 9528:5 August 9519:Archived 9478:BBC News 9408:BBC News 9387:24 April 9364:24 April 9342:11 April 9243:24 April 9237:BBC News 9053:BBC News 8974:BBC News 8779:. London 8638:Morewood 8619:Morewood 7905:Archived 7208:1 August 7161:43135549 7103:Archived 6872:34045477 6805:16129826 6540:22 March 6534:Archived 6420:20 March 6388:20 March 6292:"Kadaru" 6204:"Nobiin" 6058:Arabic: 5881:See also 5867:wrestler 5782:jalabiya 5762:Clothing 5732:Islamist 5686:bagpipes 5649:Omdurman 5503:Wahhabis 5429:Religion 5388:217,827 5370:269,395 5352:289,482 5334:298,529 5316:345,126 5307:El-Obeid 5298:394,561 5280:492,984 5258:Khartoum 5240:Khartoum 5235:Khartoum 5222:Khartoum 5217:Omdurman 5209:Khartoum 5199:Omdurman 5065:Rizeigat 5053:Rashaida 4877:Ethiopia 4850:Omdurman 4846:Khartoum 4648:Khartoum 4528:militias 4343:Military 4310:Ethiopia 4290:region. 4288:Xinjiang 4222:Tanzania 4184:Ethiopia 3975:Northern 3960:Khartoum 3777:Flogging 3626:Wildlife 3600:waldrapp 3590:and the 3481:, lead, 3477:, iron, 3463:chromite 3459:asbestos 3433:Khartoum 3427:between 3413:Khartoum 3347:Ethiopia 3214:de facto 3101:and the 2948:and the 2388:Kordofan 2364:Mahdists 2293:Belgians 2277:Ethiopia 2233:Turkiyah 2194:forces. 1999:Abdallab 1987:repelled 1973:Ottomans 1864:Kordofan 1809:Umayyads 1730:Kalabsha 1726:Blemmyes 1591:El-Kurru 1543:and the 1517:Xerxes I 1452:mudbrick 1430:open-air 1418:Affad 23 1331:toponyms 1306:Atlantic 1276:and the 1156:Animists 1152:Islamist 1105:. 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