Act of Accord - Knowledge

1696:

Nevilles had started receiving lands in August, and on the second day of the parliament, Salisbury's attainder was overturned on the grounds that it had been obtained "through the sinister labours of persons intending the king's destruction". Very little other business was conducted, with no new attainders being brought nor reforms inducted. On 31 October, the king, York, March and Rutland swore public oaths to keep the peace and uphold the agreement. Having sworn to protect the king's life, York presumably expected the king to reciprocate, argues George Goodwin: "He may not have been crowned, but York's person was now sacrosanct". An attack on York was now legally treason. The act was promulgated in the

1660:

rather than York as a king. The nobility present at this parliament—which Ross notes is "the more remarkable" as many of Margaret and Henry's strongest supporters were not present—may still have felt latent loyalty to the king as God's anointed. It is also possible that those who might otherwise have supported him were loath to do so on account of his long absence in Dublin while the Nevilles fought his campaign. Ross suggests that the nobility's willingness to keep Henry in power but jettison his son suggests that their loyalty was to him rather than Margaret, Edward or the dynasty; they may have believed—or chosen to believe—the rumours of Edward's illegitimacy.

34: 1624:

historian Craig Taylor, "only the reluctance to remove an anointed king, and so to call into question the legality of the actions of the monarchs since the usurpation of 1399, prevented more radical action from being taken". The lords' eventual compromise intimates their own suspicion that both parties' claims were to some degree flawed. The lords were doubtless under pressure from York's councillors to reach an agreement, but before they did, the chancellor implored them to propose a better solution, even at that last minute. No one did, and the king gave his assent the next day. The resulting compromise mirrored the 1420

1792:. By now, the act appeared less likely to restore peace than ever, and its full implications became apparent. Since Henry's supporters had breached the agreement's terms and his own oaths, he had abrogated his kingship. Edward was proclaimed King Edward IV on 4 March. The Act of Accord was now declared null and void; it was no longer necessary. Henry was accused allowing "unrest, inward war and trouble, unrightwiseness, shedding and effusion of innocent blood, abusion of the laws, partiality, riot, extortion, murder, rape and vicious living" throughout the kingdom, thus breaching the act and declared a 1718: 1463: 1482: 1588:), on the grounds that anything that was outside the judges' remit must necessarily be beyond theirs also. The process of questioning York was returned to the lords. Their most important question to York was why, if he based his claim on his descent from Clarence, he bore the Langley arms. To this, York responded that his reasons were known to the realm at large and that just because he had never worn the Clarence arms, this did not eliminate his claim to them: "Though right for a time rest and be put to silence, yet it rotteth not nor shall it perish", York wrote in reply. 1441:

might have expected. If Warwick had known of the duke's plans, he presumably felt it necessary to distance himself from them when he saw York's reception. The same may have gone for the Earl of March. The medievalist Michael Jones has queried whether Warwick was keen to disassociate himself from York's plan because it had been his responsibility to raise popular support in London prior to the duke returning, but he had failed to do so. Each of the lords concerned had, relatively recently, expressed their utmost loyalty to Henry as their

4895: 4839: 5100: 4869: 4859: 4849: 1537:, Archbishop of Canterbury, asked if York wanted an audience with the King. York replied, "I do not recall that I know anyone within the kingdom whom it would not befit to come sooner to me and see me rather than I should go visit him". The response was an "embarrassed" silence, and consternation. York had "shocked and angered" his colleagues, resulting in his claim being fiercely opposed. The historian Paul Johnson has called York's behaviour "an act of supreme stupidity". 1737:. The bulk of the Lancastrian army was regrouping in Yorkshire, where much of the nobility was loyal to Henry. Margaret rapidly raised an army which began attacking York's and Salisbury's estates and tenants. Law and order were thus high on York's priorities. While no one in government could state openly that it was the queen and Henry's supporters who were behind the discontent—instead, it was phrased as a need to protect the kingdom's borders from invasion by the Scots— 5418: 322:. They were three of the King's most loyal and powerful supporters, and the first two were personal enemies of York and the Nevilles. The clash has been described as closer to a series of targeted assassinations to a fully-fledged battle. Henry was captured by the Yorkists, who once again controlled the government. York became Protector a second time, albeit only until February 1456, when the king felt he had enough support among the lords rule alone. 1704:

It may have enabled the gentry and urban gentry to support York with a clearer conscience, now that it was law; it may also have driven Yorkist loyalists away, who until now had not been forced to make a clear renunciation of the king. Margaret would never accept the disinheritance of her son and this perhaps encouraged her and her supporters to see York's death as the only chance of returning Edward to what they considered his rightful position.

1396: 1419: 66: 4906: 4879: 1805:, in what has been described as "probably the largest and bloodiest battle on English soil". The result was a decisive victory for the Yorkists, and on 28 June 1461 Edward IV was crowned at Westminster Abbey. The Lancastrians' breach of the Act of Accord, maing them responsible for the civil war, became the official justification for Edward's seizure of the throne. It was announced as such, for example, by 1554:

alarm led him to avoid the duke in the corridors and suites of Westminster". The Lords considered that only the king had the necessary understanding of the nature of royalty required to assess York's claim, as "his seid highnes had seen and understonden many dyvers writyngs and cronicles". Henry rejected the opportunity pass his own judgement on York's claim, wishing the lords to "find

1870:, as did York himself throughout most of Henry VI's reign. Henry was both inept as a ruler and manipulable by powerful noble advisors, and they gradually alienated the Duke from central government. Those who gathered around him in opposition to these favourites—and later the King and Queen themselves—were known as "Yorkists". 1800:

has argued that by rejoining Margaret's army after Second St Albans, Henry triggered the act's abdication clause. The victorious Lancastrian army had retreated to the north and still posed a threat to the new regime. Accordingly, Edward raised a large army and followed them. On 29 March 1461, the two

1703:

The Act of Accord did not prevent civil war nor address the reasons for its cause. York's claim turned the political struggle from a partisan one to a dynastic one. Argues Boardman, "disinheritance was a grave matter", and it may have been this that turned Queen Margaret into York's implacable enemy.

1623:

At a meeting between the Houses of Lords and Commons on 7 October, Parliament codified York's dynastic position. On the 24th, this was passed into law as the Act of Accord and promulgated on the last day of the month. Parliament had, in effect, upheld the Yorkist claim to the throne, and according to

1561:

York openly spoke of being crowned three days later. Thomas advised strongly against this. He reported to the nobles, who sent him back for further negotiation. This time, Thomas found York preparing for his coronation. He informed the duke that his position was untenable "to both lords and people".

1553:

The king's household had been cleansed following Northampton, so he was by now surrounded by unfamiliar servants, men not of his choosing and more like keepers than aides. Now isolated, the king was effectively a prisoner. When York claimed the throne, says Griffiths, Henry's "natural timidity and

1544:

reported that Warwick had "angry words for the earl showed the duke how the lords and people were ill content against him because he wished to strip the king of his crown". According to Johnson, both York's eldest son, Edward of March, and Archbishop Bourchier refused to confront the Duke of York,

1524:

York travelled to Westminster to meet the king and his peers, many of whom were gathered for Parliament, which had opened on 7 October. It soon became clear that his time in Dublin had allowed him to consider his claim to the Lancastrian crown. To the surprise of all those gathered, he immediately

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And coming there he walked straight on, until he came to the king's throne, upon the covering or cushion on which laying his hand, in this very act like a man about to take possession of his right, he held it upon it for a short time. But at length withdrawing it, he turned his face to the people,

1598:

At which parlement the commones of the reame being Assembled in the common house, comonyng & treting upon the title of the said Duke of York, sodenly fili doun pe crown which hang the in myddes of fe said hous, which is the ffraytor of the Abbey of Westmynster, which was take for a prodige or

1939:

At which parliament, the commons of the realm being assembled in the common house, coming and treating upon the title of the said Duke of York, suddenly fell down the crown which hung then in the midst of the said house of the abbey of Westminster which was taken for a prodigy or token that the

1708:

has argued that it is possible that the act made Margaret's position stronger, at least among her supporters and those previously wavering in their support. The queen and her supporters were ready to, and capable of, waging civil war in the defence of her son's interests even if her husband—then

1659:

Boardman suggests that the lukewarm acceptance of York's claim indicates the level of support Henry still commanded. The act specifically forbade his removal by forcible means, and even though many of York's supporters felt Henry was incapable of ruling, they preferred to see him as a figurehead

1440:

on York's return to England. It is possible that the earl knew of York's intentions; the medievalist Alex Brondarbit argues that Warwick "may have been pushing the duke into a step had proved unwilling to take for nearly a decade". There was no swell of public acclamation when York landed as he

1695:

Most of York's supporters would probably have been satisfied with the return of their estates and titles, and indeed, this was the first item on the parliamentary agenda. The business of overturning the Coventry Parliament's attainders and forfeitures had already begun with acts of council. The

1982:

Other similar descriptions of Towton from historians are as "Britain's bloodiest day in a long history of sanguinary conflict", "the largest, longest fought, and bloodiest day in English medieval history", "the biggest, longest and bloodiest military engagement on British soil", "the costliest

306:. In response, the Yorkists complained to him of the "doubtes and ambiguitees jealousie" spread by their enemies, and several chroniclers support the view that Somerset was turning the king against York. He and the Nevilles reacted swiftly and brutally, perhaps fearing imminent arrest. In a 1533:, described how York marched across the Great Hall with armed men and reached for the throne "like a man taking possession". Whethamstede indicates that York assumed he had the support of most the English nobility. He was wrong. He waited for applause that never came. 1683:. Perhaps most importantly, from York's perspective, the act granted him the moral high ground against his opponents and the legal machinery and wages to pursue them. Since 1351, if a "man doth compass or imagine the Death of our Lord the King, or Heir", it had been 1549:

instead. He backed his father and brother against York's claims. By 11 October, York had Henry removed from the palace's royal quarters, so enabling York to lodge there. They were not to meet again in person until the act's ratification at the end of the month.

158:, refused to accept the disinheritance of her son. In this, she was joined by the majority of the English nobility, who also opposed York. King Henry, still under the nominal head of the Yorkist government, was in London; Margaret, on the other hand, was in the 1619:

for the October 1460 session. Both Houses are known to have debated the issue, but the sole extant copy comes from the House of Lords. Intense negotiations took place between York, the Nevilles and the lords, along with York's councillors and Henry's lawyers.

1893:, Warwick had the Calais navy at his disposal, with which he sailed to Ireland on a "great journey". On the outward voyage, he seized merchant shipping for their spoils, and on his return, he effectively defeated a royal fleet under the Duke of Exeter outside 1709:

still in London under the control of the Yorkists—was not. The nobility who did not attend the parliament—long-term Lancastrian lords and enemies of York—had not attended and so argued that they did not consent to the act and nor were they bound by it.

1614:

Ross argues that "York had miscalculated, but he did not intend to allow his claim to be ignored". Having failed to achieve popular acclamation, he pushed his case on a legal front, and it constitutes almost the only business recorded on the

1562:

What was said between Thomas and the duke remains unknown, but Johnson argues that his "mandate must have been both blunt and bluntly delivered", as York abandoned his coronation plans and acquiesced to the idea of a compromise agreement.

1983:

encounter ever fought on British soil", and that "in the modern-day world, where something has to be the biggest, longest, even bloodiest, in order to be remarkable, then Towton has many claims to be that singular event on English soil".

5412:

Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

1817:, that it was a necessary response to the fact that the "treaty, peace and composition of the last Parliament were not observed by the other side". This remained a theme of Yorkist propaganda until the end of the dynasty in 1485. 1760:

are sparse, but the Yorkists—possibly outnumbered three to one—are known to have suffered a crushing defeat. York and Thomas Neville died on the field. Rutland and Salisbury both attempted escape; Rutland was probably knifed by

1435:

It is not known how much the Nevilles knew of York's plan before his arrival from Ireland. Warwick had met with York in Dublin while they were both in exile. It is unknown what they discussed, and they later met in

243:, strong kings were seen as essential to sound governance and peace, while weak government led to disorder. Contemporaries attributed the rise in violence and feuding to the King's weakness. The violence between 1879:

Boardman suggests much of the King's force were men from his "stables, mews, kitchen and pantry, along with the 'above'–stairs departments of the chapel, hall, wardrobe, counting house and chamber", for

1644:

to remain king until he died. Forty years later, the Act of Accord decreed that Henry would retain the throne for life, but that on his death, instead of it descending to the Prince of Wales, York—now

1780:, he continued recruiting a large army; this force may have originally been intended to go north and join his father at Sandal. In early February, he inflicted a heavy defeat on the royalists under 1574:

examine York's matter. Two days later, they declined to do so, arguing that the king's God-given regality was beyond their mortal and legal competence. The lords then turned the matter over to the

4335: 376:

In May 1460, English politics was again overturned, when the Calais lords returned and entered London the following month. Warwick and March journeyed north and defeated the King's army at the

1345:. This was considered the stronger of York's two claims, as although it was passed through the female line, it was as a descendant of an elder—so dynastically superior—son. Langley's son, 1667:

Lord Protector; this time he was not merely replacing one set of councillors with another, which had effectively been the extent of his powers on previous occasions. York received 10,000

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Laynesmith, J. L.; Woodacre, E. (2023). "The later Medieval English Consort: Power, Influence, Dynasty". In Norrie, A.; Harris, C.; Laynesmith, J. L.; Messer, D.; Woodacre, E. (eds.).

143:, York and Parliament, the House of Lords decided that Henry was to retain the crown for life, but York and his heirs were to succeed him. This automatically removed Henry's son, 1513:. This proclaimed York's royal blood to all. On entering London, his sword was borne aloft before him, as at a coronation. Similarly, rather than just his traditional Mortimer 1951:

Rumours had been spread by Warwick, as part of Yorkist propaganda, from almost the moment of Edward's birth, that he was actually the son of either a passing tradesman or the

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Laynesmith, J. L. (2013). "Telling Tales of Adulterous Queens in Medieval England: From Olympias of Macedonia to Elizabeth Woodville". In Mitchell, L.; Melville, C. (eds.).

4458: 4694: 1387:. Hence, when York claimed the throne before Parliament on 10 October 1460, it was legally within his right to do so; whether it was tactically sound was less certain. 3663:

Dockray, K. (2020). "Contemporary and Near-contemporary Chroniclers: The North of England and the Wars of the Roses, c. 1450–1471". In Clark, L.; Fleming, P. (eds.).

298:

In 1455, the king recovered his sanity, and Somerset was freed. Peace remained elusive, however, and in May, political tension became open warfare. Henry summoned a

1599:

token that the reign of King Henry was ended. And also the Crown which stode on the highest toure of pe steple in the Castel of Dover, fil down this same yere.

154:

the year before, and far from lowering political pressure, the act split the nobility further. Although her husband had publicly supported the act, the queen,

1833:

The precise nature of Henry's illness is unknown, but Griffiths describes it as "a severe mental collapse, accompanied by a crippling physical disablement".

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Hodges, G. (1984). "The Civil War of 1459 to 1461 in the Welsh Marches II: The Campaign and Battle of Mortimer's Cross, St Blaise's Day 3 February 1461".

3767: 5123: 4261: 123:, which was passed on 25 October 1460 during a period of intense political division and partisanship at the top of government. Three weeks earlier, 1940:

reign of King Harry was ended: And also the crown which stood on the highest tower of the steeple in the castle of Dover fell down the same year.

3475:

Archer, R. E. (1995). "Parliamentary Restoration: John Mowbray and the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1425". In Archer, R. E. & Walker, S. (eds.).

1776:

Wakefield was a severe blow to the Yorkists, but the war was not over. Even after news of the defeat reached Edward, now Duke of York, in the

1346: 1100: 4774: 333:. In September 1459, Salisbury, who the previous year had determined to "take the full part" with York, brought a 5,000-strong army from 139:, but York possessed two claims, through both the male and female lines, and Henry's was through only one. Following discussions between 5472: 5442: 5467: 5019: 4450: 4363: 4712: 5477: 5004: 4999: 315: 5148: 5118: 5014: 4924: 4809: 1487: 1384: 319: 229: 46: 1741:

suggests that "it is clear from indirect references that the duke received a specific royal command to deal with the unrest".

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Fleming, P. (2015). "The Battles of Mortimer's Cross and Second St. Albans: The Regional Dimension". In Clark, L. (ed.).

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Rushton, C. J. (2010). "The King's Stupor: Dealing with Royal Paralysis in Late Medieval England". In Turner, W. (ed.).

1850:, the House of Lancaster—whose supporters have been labelled "Lancastrian"—was the ruling, governing dynasty founded by 5064: 4969: 3975:

Hicks, M. A. (2000). "Bastard Feudalism, Overmighty Subjects and Idols of the Multitude during the Wars of the Roses".

1358: 1058: 692: 5188: 5143: 5029: 5024: 4974: 4964: 1866:. The ancestors of the Duke of York accepted the new political paradigm throughout the reign of Henry IV and his son 1762: 1354: 787: 193: 3759: 5133: 5113: 4954: 3579: 1952: 1649: 1342: 1333:, the fourth surviving son of Edward, Gaunt's younger brother. York also possessed a claim through the second son, 681: 580: 264: 1973:

It is probable that from this grant stems the erroneous supposition that York was also granted these royal titles.

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Grant, A. (2014). "Murder Will Out: Kingship, Kinship and Killing in Medieval Scotland". In Boardman, S. (ed.).

1671:, of which half was to be split between March and Rutland. The money was to come from the Prince of Wales's own 5359: 5059: 4434:

The Commons in the Parliament of 1422: English Society and Parliamentary Representation Under the Lancastrians

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called it the "beginning of the greatest sorrows in England". Other regional violence took place between the

1842:

The labels "York and Lancaster" oversimplify the complex networks of loyalties and connections by which the

1788:. Edward made his way to London, where he met Warwick, who had just been defeated by Margaret's army at the 5462: 5238: 5163: 377: 5374: 5293: 5034: 4979: 4934: 252: 5457: 5421: 5258: 5153: 4994: 4760: 3758:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005).

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Taylor, C. (1999). "Sir John Fortescue and the French Polemical Treatises of the Hundred Years War".

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The Yorkist lords left London on 2 December 1460 to restore order to the region, arriving at York's

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in early September 1460, charters and letters signed under his seal began omitting reference to the

131:—and laid his hand on the empty throne, claiming the crown of England. His grounds were that he and 5482: 5452: 5384: 5328: 5298: 4826: 1534: 1510: 1262: 728: 595: 565: 5278: 5168: 4449:

Roskell, J.S. & Woodger, L. S. (1993). J. S. Roskell; L. Clark & C. R. Rawcliffe (eds.).

1749: 550: 345:, which Salisbury defeated. Salisbury's victory was temporary, and in October, the Yorkists were 5379: 5318: 5303: 5223: 5074: 4864: 4159:

Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds

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The Nevilles were as averse to York's claim as other nobles. The pro-Yorkist French chronicler

1501:

York does not seem to have been keeping his dynastic ambitions a secret. From his landing near

1481: 244: 1910:

described how, at Richard II's coronation, the new king's "sword was born aloft before him by

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with her son, raising an army. This began systematically destroying York's and the Nevilles'

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North-eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500

3667:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. XVIII. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 65–80. 5369: 5313: 4874: 4425:

Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan

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Jones, M. K. (1997). "Edward IV, the Earl of Warwick and the Yorkist Claim to the Throne".

3705:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. XIV. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 91–102. 1726: 1641: 491: 370: 175: 3842:

Kings, Lords and Men in Scotland and Britain, 1300-1625: Essays in Honour of Jenny Wormald

1462: 314:

on 22 May. The confrontation was brief with few fatalities, but among whom were Somerset,

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The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth-Century Political Community

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standing quietly under the canopy of royal state, he looked eagerly for their applause.

283:. Those disaffected with King Henry centred around York, and as such are often known as 5099: 4889: 4868: 4858: 4848: 4799: 4117:

Lander, J. R. (1960). "Henry VI and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate 1455-1456".

1867: 1530: 802: 307: 292: 147:, from the succession. Henry agreed to the compromise, which became the Act of Accord. 4408:

The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

1717: 196:, a powerful noble and heir to the throne until 1453—when the queen had a son—opposed 5288: 5273: 5243: 4914: 4783: 4733: 4679: 4660: 4643: 4612: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4498: 4479: 4437: 4411: 4392: 4353: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4238: 4219: 4200: 4181: 4162: 4143: 4082: 4032: 4009: 3992: 3961: 3942: 3923: 3903: 3883: 3864: 3845: 3826: 3807: 3788: 3744: 3725: 3706: 3687: 3668: 3649: 3630: 3611: 3594: 3575: 3556: 3537: 3520: 3503: 3480: 3461: 1907: 1855: 1847: 1814: 1770: 1637: 1629: 1526: 1425: 1366: 1362: 894: 707: 310:, they ambushed the small royal army—mainly comprising just Henry's household—at the 209: 187: 155: 151: 116: 93: 1383:

and in law, but it became hypothetical after Margaret gave birth to the king's son,

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Later Plantagenet and the Wars of the Roses Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty

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on 30 December. The Lancastrians, in turn, were defeated three months later at the

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in strength to attack a Lancastrian army gathered near the castle. Details of the

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Treason and Masculinity in Medieval England: Gender, Law and Political Culture

4046: 3598: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 1329:. On the other hand, the House of York descended from King Edward twice, from 5436: 5094: 4441: 3996: 3627:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

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Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England: Essays Presented to Gerald Harriss

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claim. York's claim and right to the throne had long been recognised by the

5108: 5069: 2443: 1911: 1810: 1781: 1449:, especially if their protests of disagreement with York were now doubted. 83: 4415: 1506: 1406: 1285: 357:; Salisbury, Warwick and York's son, Edward of March, took refuge in the 247:

in Yorkshire was of such breadth that it impacted with government, and a

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Armstrong, C. A. (1960). "Politics and the Battle of St. Albans, 1455".

5079: 4905: 4878: 4804: 1558:... all such things as might be objected and laid against the claim". 1442: 1410: 660: 248: 3722:

The Wars of the Roses: Peace and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century England

1721:

Near contemporaneous image of the disinherited Edward, Prince of Wales

192:

Throughout the 1450s, English politics became partisan and factional.

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Historical Writing in England: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century

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Soldier, Rebel, Traitor: John, Lord Wenlock and the Wars of the Roses

1924: 1769:, and Salisbury was captured after the battle, and later executed at 1725:

Events elsewhere needed urgent government intervention. In Scotland,

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Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and the Wars of the Roses: A Source Book

1509:, "quite out of conformity with usual practice", says the historian 4854: 3682:

Fleming, P. (2005). "Politics". In Radulescu R. Truelove A. (ed.).

1672: 1653: 280: 213: 166:

estates. York led an army to challenge her but was defeated at the

4732:. Yale Monarchs (repr. ed.). London: Yale University Press. 1859: 1793: 1502: 1446: 1437: 1375: 71: 1418: 1395: 3757: 3665:

Rulers, Regions and Retinues: Essays Presented to A. J. Pollard

2841: 2740: 2480: 1753: 1752:, Salisbury, Thomas, and many of their closest retainers led a 362: 354: 338: 236:—now ran the government; Somerset was imprisoned for treason. 1337:

and unlike the Lancastrian claim, this claim was based upon a

3154: 3025: 2221: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2250: 2248: 3844:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 193–226. 3686:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 50–62. 3214: 2173: 346: 128: 127:

had entered the Council Chamber—in the presence of several

103: 4451:"Bonville, Sir William II (c. 1392–1461), of Shute, Devon" 3517:

Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages

3385: 3265: 3130: 2853: 2699: 2697: 2320: 2197: 2055: 2053: 2040: 2038: 2001: 1999: 1578:. They, too, refused to deal with it, "predictably", says 4081:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3804:

Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461: England's Most Brutal Battle

3361: 3325: 3255: 3253: 3120: 3118: 3064: 3037: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2614: 2419: 2245: 2185: 2065: 1964:

March was to receive 3,500 marks and Rutland 1,500 marks.

1565: 4427:. Public Record Office. London: H. M. Stationery Office. 3226: 3105: 3103: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2539: 2498: 2161: 2101: 1687:; now York's political opponents were legally traitors. 4336:"Neville, Richard, Fifth Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)" 3421: 3373: 3289: 3054: 3052: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2694: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2556: 2554: 2380: 2296: 2077: 2050: 2035: 1996: 1369:—had unjustly taken the throne in 1399 when he deposed 4140:

Romancing Treason: The Literature of the Wars of Roses

3397: 3250: 3115: 3013: 2990: 2966: 2877: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2641: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2368: 2332: 2284: 2260: 2149: 1570:

On Saturday, 18 October, the lords requested that the

457:

Simplified York and Lancaster descent from Edward III

4056:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3433: 3337: 3313: 3277: 3202: 3190: 3142: 3100: 2978: 2925: 2913: 2682: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2486: 2397: 2395: 2308: 2137: 2113: 1428:, the eventual figurehead of her husband's government 380:

on 10 July. Henry was once again a Yorkist prisoner.

4344:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3766:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 3349: 3238: 3178: 3166: 3088: 3076: 3049: 2949: 2901: 2865: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2670: 2597: 2551: 2431: 2407: 2356: 2344: 2272: 2233: 2125: 2011: 1545:

so on two occasions, he sent Salisbury's second son

325:

Four years of peace followed. By 1459, despite the

4533:

Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598

4281:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3593:. Vol. I. London: Early English Text Society. 3409: 3301: 2889: 2764: 2658: 2527: 2510: 2209: 1517:, his trumpeters' banners were emblazoned with the 4213: 4045: 2746: 2728: 2566: 2392: 2089: 2023: 216:, unable to feed himself or recognise people, the 178:, who was crowned King Edward IV on 28 June 1461. 4695:"Richard of York, Third Duke of York (1411–1460)" 4197:Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England 2709: 341:. En route they encountered a larger royal force 5434: 4657:The Transformation of Medieval England 1370-1529 4611:(rev. 2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 4047:"Neville, John, Marquess Montagu (c. 1431–1471)" 3496:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 1373:. York's assertion was essentially a legitimist 400:, reporting on York's entrance into Westminster. 150:Political partisanship had already erupted into 3939:From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses 420:Lancastrian claim through third son, male line 4448: 2326: 1663:For the third time in his life, York was made 1490:, longtime associate of York's, leader of the 4768: 3553:The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses 1652:instead. This also applied if Henry chose to 430:York's claim through second son, female line 383: 4703:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4478:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4405: 3882:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3787:(2nd ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble. 3738: 3479:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 99–116. 2847: 2179: 1748:on the 21st. Nine days later, York, his son 287:, while those loyal to the king—most of the 4587: 4552:Towton: The Battle of Palmsunday Field 1461 4436:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2203: 1640:(later Henry V of England), while allowing 440:York's claim through fourth son, male line 224:. He and his allies, the powerful northern 200:government. Henry was easily influenced by 4775: 4761: 4175: 4156: 3719: 3605: 3160: 3070: 3043: 3031: 2635: 2425: 4678:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4568: 4295: 3877: 3629:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3624: 3493: 3232: 2943: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2302: 2167: 2059: 2044: 2005: 1846:was interlinked. At the beginning of the 1452: 4592:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4495:The Wars of the Roses: A Concise History 4422: 4251: 4218:. Cham: Springer Nature. pp. 1–16. 3897: 3820: 3569: 3550: 3531: 3427: 3379: 3007: 2907: 2703: 2652: 2386: 2254: 1716: 5005:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 5000:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 4700:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4654: 4511: 4431: 4386: 4341:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4333: 4314: 4232: 4076: 4053:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3861:Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle 3858: 3801: 3782: 3700: 3684:Gentry Culture in Late-Medieval England 3681: 3662: 3643: 3591:The Brut; Or, the Chronicles of England 3514: 3455: 3391: 3343: 3331: 3295: 3259: 3244: 3220: 3196: 3136: 3124: 3094: 2984: 2972: 2883: 2859: 2787: 2758: 2492: 2374: 2338: 2290: 2266: 2155: 2143: 2119: 2071: 2017: 1341:, as Clarence had only had a daughter, 1250:, 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March ( 721:, 2nd Duke of Lancaster, later Henry IV 5435: 4925:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 4727: 4625: 4606: 4590:Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader 4588:Smail, D. L. & Gibson, K. (2009). 4573:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 4549: 4530: 4276: 4137: 4116: 4043: 4022: 3474: 3355: 3271: 3148: 3109: 3082: 2931: 2919: 2545: 2401: 2350: 2314: 2191: 2107: 1807:Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury 1566:Negotiations and the act of Parliament 1317:The House of Lancaster descended from 5020:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4995:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 4935:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 4930:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 4920:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 4782: 4756: 4692: 4676:Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship 4673: 4410:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4391:. Penguin Monarchs. London: Penguin. 4194: 4095: 4003: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3917: 3839: 3770:from the original on 18 February 2018 3536:(1st ed.). Stroud: Alan Sutton. 3439: 3367: 3319: 3283: 3208: 3184: 3172: 3058: 3019: 2960: 2871: 2775: 2722: 2676: 2664: 2608: 2560: 2521: 2504: 2437: 2413: 2362: 2278: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2131: 2095: 2083: 2029: 1284: 1261: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1099: 1072: 1070: 1057: 1055: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1003: 993: 991: 989: 987: 974: 972: 970: 968: 962: 960: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 934: 932: 930: 924: 922: 912: 910: 908: 906: 882: 880: 878: 876: 870: 868: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 844: 842: 840: 838: 832: 830: 820: 818: 816: 814: 801: 799: 786: 784: 782: 772: 770: 768: 766: 760: 758: 756: 750: 748: 746: 744: 727: 725: 723: 706: 704: 680: 678: 659: 653: 647: 645: 643: 637: 635: 633: 627: 625: 619: 617: 594: 579: 564: 549: 547: 541: 539: 537: 535: 529: 527: 525: 523: 521: 519: 517: 503: 490: 471: 469: 467: 465: 255:in the southwest, the Harrington and 104:Text of statute as originally enacted 16:1460 act of the Parliament of England 5174:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 4492: 4473: 4237:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 4119:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 3588: 3415: 3403: 3307: 2895: 2734: 2688: 2591: 2533: 1628:, which had disinherited the French 5169:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 5055:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 4915:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 4571:Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses 4516:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 147–176. 4461:from the original on 11 August 2018 4161:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 195–214. 4142:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3825:. Vol. II. London: Routledge. 3724:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3572:The First Battle of St Albans, 1455 3460:(repr. ed.). London: Methuen. 1862:the throne and deposed his cousin, 1335:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 13: 5149:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 5119:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 5015:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4748: 4514:Madness in Medieval Law and Custom 1906:The early 15th-century chronicler 1059:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 693:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March 14: 5494: 5473:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5443:Acts of the Parliament of England 5124:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 5040:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4985:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 4609:The End of the House of Lancaster 4008:. London: Yale University Press. 3703:Essays Presented to Michael Hicks 1475:and claimant to the English crown 1445:; that might now be looked on as 788:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 5468:15th-century English parliaments 5417: 5416: 5179:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 5129:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 5114:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 5098: 4990:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 4945:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 4940:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 4904: 4893: 4877: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 3960:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1976: 1581:The History of Parliament Online 1480: 1461: 1417: 1394: 1319:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 682:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster 581:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 327:king's efforts at reconciliation 135:were both direct descendants of 64: 32: 5400:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 5139:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 5045:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4406:Powell, E.; Wallis, K. (1968). 1967: 1958: 1945: 1930: 1917: 1900: 1883: 1873: 1836: 1331:Edmund of Langley, Duke of York 259:families in the northwest, the 5478:1460 establishments in England 5360:Issue of Edward III of England 5109:Anne Neville, Queen of England 5070:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 5065:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4079:Duke Richard of York 1411–1460 3448: 2747:Laynesmith & Woodacre 2023 1827: 329:, politics again erupted into 208:. In August 1453, Henry had a 1: 5334:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 5159:William Neville, Earl of Kent 5144:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 5085:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 5030:George Stanley, Baron Strange 5025:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 4975:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 4970:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 4965:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 4950:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 4628:The English Historical Review 4554:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4497:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3863:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3610:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 1990: 1854:. His primary title had been 1675:as well as the revues of the 1591: 1321:, the third surviving son of 1082: 669: 316:Henry, Earl of Northumberland 181: 5234:Siege of the Tower of London 5134:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 4955:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 4721:UK public library membership 4380:UK public library membership 4070:UK public library membership 3920:The Battle of Wakefield 1460 3589:Brie, F. W. D., ed. (1906). 1712: 1690: 1290: 1267: 1252: 1197: 1186: 1105: 1078: 1063: 980: 899: 888: 807: 792: 733: 712: 697: 686: 665: 600: 585: 570: 555: 496: 477: 359:English-occupied French town 7: 5294:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 4980:John Neville, Baron Neville 4960:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 4319:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1936:Transcribes as, generally: 1733:and was poised to march on 1521:, in the manner of a king. 1494:and father of the Kingmaker 295:, after the royal dynasty. 10: 5499: 5060:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 4655:Thomson, J. A. F. (2014). 4389:Edward IV: The Summer King 4176:Laynesmith, J. L. (2017). 3880:The Reign of King Henry VI 3760:"'Henry VI: October 1460'" 3606:Brondarbit, A. R. (2022). 2327:Roskell & Woodger 1993 1790:Second Battle of St Albans 1786:Battle of Mortimer's Cross 1488:Richard, Earl of Salisbury 1365:—son of John of Gaunt and 1347:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 1101:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 384:York's claim to the throne 353:. York went into exile in 230:Richard, Earl of Salisbury 185: 21:United Kingdom legislation 5410: 5347: 5201: 5093: 4888: 4825: 4818: 4790: 4455:The History of Parliament 4258:Middle English Compendium 3878:Griffiths, R. A. (1981). 3739:Given-Wilson, C. (1987). 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1259: 1234: 1232: 1178:Richard, 4th Duke of York 1148: 1146: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1019: 1015: 1013: 997: 995: 966: 964: 954: 952: 938: 936: 928: 926: 916: 914: 874: 872: 862: 860: 848: 846: 836: 834: 824: 822: 776: 774: 764: 762: 754: 752: 651: 649: 641: 639: 631: 629: 623: 621: 613: 611: 609: 592: 577: 562: 533: 531: 513: 507: 488: 486: 484: 409: 312:First Battle of St Albans 102: 92: 82: 77: 57: 45: 31: 26: 3941:. Bradford: Leo Cooper. 3570:Boardman, A. W. (2006). 3551:Boardman, A. W. (1998). 3532:Boardman, A. W. (1994). 2848:Powell & Wallis 1968 2481:Given-Wilson et al. 2005 2230:, pp. 12–13, 43–45. 1820: 1361:. York also argued that 1263:George, Duke of Clarence 729:Edward, 2nd Duke of York 596:Edmund, 1st Duke of York 566:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 253:Bonvilles and Courtenays 234:Richard, Earl of Warwick 206:Edmund, Duke of Somerset 59:Territorial extent 5375:Bonville–Courtenay feud 4640:10.1093/ehr/114.455.112 4432:Roskell, J. S. (1954). 4387:Pollard, A. J. (2016). 4334:Pollard, A. J. (2004). 4315:Pollard, A. J. (1990). 4233:McVitty, E. A. (2020). 4110:10.1111/1468-2281.00048 4077:Johnson, P. A. (1988). 3989:10.1111/1468-229X.00153 3720:Gillingham, J. (1993). 3515:Bellamy, J. G. (1973). 3456:Allmand, C. T. (2014). 2204:Smail & Gibson 2009 1750:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1648:—or York's heirs would 551:Edward the Black Prince 245:the Percys and Nevilles 145:Edward, Prince of Wales 5324:Buckingham's rebellion 5304:Readeption of Henry VI 4728:Wolffe, B. P. (2001). 4709:10.1093/ref:odnb/23503 4607:Storey, R. L. (1999). 4569:Santiuste, D. (2011). 4350:10.1093/ref:odnb/19954 4296:Neillands, R. (1992). 4279:The God of the Witches 4277:Murray, M. A. (1970). 4254:"freitour and freitur" 4180:. London: Bloomsbury. 4178:Cecily Duchess of York 4138:Leitch, M. G. (2015). 4062:10.1093/ref:odnb/19946 3764:British History Online 3625:Carpenter, C. (1997). 1942: 1801:forces clashed at the 1722: 1601: 1453:York claims the throne 1339:female line of descent 1325:. This emphasised the 396:Abbot Whethamstede of 393: 5010:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 4795:Red Rose of Lancaster 4659:. London: Routledge. 4535:. London: Routledge. 4298:The Wars of the Roses 4199:. London: Routledge. 4006:The Wars of the Roses 4004:Hicks, M. A. (2010). 3958:Warwick the Kingmaker 3956:Hicks, M. A. (1998). 3918:Haigh, P. A. (1996). 3902:. London: Routledge. 3898:Grummitt, D. (2015). 3821:Gransden, A. (1996). 3785:The Wars of the Roses 3743:. London: Routledge. 3519:. London: Routledge. 1937: 1720: 1596: 1405:had deposed the last 1401:King Henry VI, whose 1385:Edward of Westminster 388: 378:Battle of Northampton 320:Thomas, Lord Clifford 194:Richard, Duke of York 176:Edward, Earl of March 125:Richard, Duke of York 121:Parliament of England 39:Parliament of England 5385:Neville–Neville feud 5370:Princes in the Tower 4493:Ross, C. D. (1986). 4474:Ross, C. D. (1975). 4195:Lewis, K. J (2013). 3859:Gravett, C. (2003). 3802:Goodwin, G. (2011). 3783:Goodman, A. (1996). 3644:Dockray, K. (2000). 3534:The Battle of Towton 1700:on 9 November 1460. 1327:male line of descent 492:Philippa of Hainault 277:Ralph, Lord Cromwell 5463:Henry VI of England 5164:Sir Richard Herbert 4550:Sadler, J. (2011). 4531:Sadler, J. (2005). 4366:on 28 November 2019 4300:. London: Cassell. 4131:10.7227/BJRL.43.1.3 4098:Historical Research 4044:Horrox, R. 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Stroud: Sutton. 3394:, pp. 1, 188. 3139:, p. 98 n.40. 2548:, pp. 3, 188. 2110:, pp. 165–76. 1723: 1677:earldom of Chester 1617:Parliamentary Roll 1531:Abbot of St Albans 1471:, a descendant of 405: 308:pre-emptive strike 5458:Wars of the Roses 5430: 5429: 5209:St Albans (First) 5197: 5196: 5075:Margaret Beaufort 4784:Wars of the Roses 4739:978-0-30008-926-4 4719:(Subscription or 4685:978-0-52165-393-0 4666:978-1-31787-260-3 4618:978-0-75092-199-2 4599:978-1-44260-126-0 4580:978-1-84415-930-7 4561:978-1-84415-965-9 4542:978-1-13814-343-2 4523:978-9-00418-749-8 4504:978-0-50027-407-1 4485:978-0-52002-781-7 4423:P. R. O. (1912). 4398:978-0-14197-870-3 4378:(Subscription or 4359:978-0-19-861412-8 4326:978-0-19820-087-1 4307:978-1-78022-595-1 4288:978-0-19501-270-5 4252:M. E. D. (2024). 4244:978-1-78327-555-7 4225:978-3-03094-886-3 4206:978-1-13445-453-2 4187:978-1-47427-226-1 4168:978-9-00422-897-9 4149:978-0-19872-459-9 4088:978-0-19822-946-9 4068:(Subscription or 4015:978-0-30018-157-9 3967:978-0-63116-259-9 3948:978-0-85052-825-1 3929:978-0-7509-1342-3 3909:978-1-31748-260-4 3889:978-0-7509-1609-7 3870:978-1-84176-513-6 3851:978-0-74869-151-7 3832:978-0-41515-125-2 3813:978-0-29786-072-3 3806:. London: Orion. 3794:978-0-88029-484-3 3750:978-0-41514-883-2 3731:978-0-29782-016-1 3712:978-1-78327-048-4 3693:978-0-71906-825-6 3674:978-1-78327-563-2 3655:978-0-75092-526-6 3636:978-0-52131-874-7 3617:978-1-39900-347-6 3562:978-0-75091-465-9 3543:978-0-75091-245-7 3486:978-1-85285-133-0 3467:978-0-41353-280-0 3406:, pp. 51–55. 3334:, pp. 41–55. 3022:, pp. 37–38. 2691:, pp. 59–60. 2257:, pp. 53–55. 2180:Given-Wilson 1987 1908:Thomas Walsingham 1858:, and in 1399 he 1856:Duke of Lancaster 1848:Wars of the Roses 1815:Francesco Coppini 1771:Pontefract Castle 1681:duchy of Cornwall 1638:Henry of Monmouth 1576:serjeants-at-arms 1527:John Whethamstede 1426:Margaret of Anjou 1367:Duke of Lancaster 1363:Henry Bolingbroke 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 895:Margaret of Anjou 708:Henry Bolingbroke 452: 451: 448:No dynastic role 188:Wars of the Roses 156:Margaret of Anjou 109: 108: 27:Act of Parliament 5490: 5420: 5419: 5254:Mortimer's Cross 5184:Margaret of York 5102: 4908: 4897: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4841: 4823: 4822: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4724: 4716: 4715:on 16 July 2018. 4711:. 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The historian 1767:Wakefield Bridge 1626:Treaty of Troyes 1610: 1557: 1535:Thomas Bourchier 1492:House of Neville 1484: 1465: 1421: 1398: 1351:Anne de Mortimer 1294: 1292: 1271: 1269: 1256: 1254: 1201: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1109: 1107: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1067: 1065: 984: 982: 903: 901: 892: 890: 811: 809: 796: 794: 737: 735: 716: 714: 701: 699: 690: 688: 675: 674: 671: 667: 604: 602: 589: 587: 574: 572: 559: 557: 500: 498: 481: 479: 463: 462: 454: 453: 437: 427: 417: 407: 404: 401: 398:St. Albans Abbey 337:to meet York at 335:Middleham Castle 273:William Tailboys 172:Battle of Towton 70: 68: 67: 60: 36: 35: 24: 23: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5483:Succession acts 5453:1460 in England 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5406: 5343: 5319:Siege of London 5193: 5189:Richard of York 5097: 5089: 5050:Andrew Trollope 5035:William Stanley 4903: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4814: 4786: 4781: 4751: 4749:Further reading 4746: 4740: 4718: 4686: 4667: 4634:(455): 112–29. 4619: 4600: 4581: 4562: 4543: 4524: 4505: 4486: 4464: 4462: 4399: 4377: 4369: 4367: 4360: 4327: 4308: 4289: 4267: 4265: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4188: 4169: 4150: 4089: 4067: 4016: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3910: 3890: 3871: 3852: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3773: 3771: 3751: 3732: 3713: 3694: 3675: 3656: 3637: 3618: 3582: 3563: 3544: 3487: 3468: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3161:Gillingham 1993 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3071:Gillingham 1993 3069: 3065: 3057: 3050: 3044:Laynesmith 2017 3042: 3038: 3032:Laynesmith 2013 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2710: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2642: 2636:Brondarbit 2022 2634: 2615: 2607: 2598: 2590: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536:, pp. 4–5. 2532: 2528: 2520: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2426:Gillingham 1993 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1905: 1901: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1731:Roxburgh Castle 1715: 1706:John Gillingham 1693: 1636:, in favour of 1612: 1603: 1594: 1568: 1555: 1519:Arms of England 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1469:Richard of York 1466: 1455: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1399: 1371:King Richard II 1359:Edmund Mortimer 1289: 1266: 1251: 1196: 1185: 1104: 1085: 1077: 1062: 979: 898: 887: 806: 791: 732: 711: 696: 685: 672: 664: 599: 584: 569: 554: 495: 476: 473:King Edward III 435: 425: 415: 403: 395: 386: 302:to assemble in 220:appointed York 204:, particularly 198:King Henry VI's 190: 184: 88:25 October 1460 65: 63: 58: 41: 33: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5496: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5395:Battle of Deal 5390:Perkin Warbeck 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:Titulus Regius 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5329:Bosworth Field 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5299:Losecoat Field 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Ludford Bridge 5221: 5216: 5214:Loveday (1458) 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4842: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4725: 4690: 4684: 4671: 4665: 4652: 4623: 4617: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4579: 4566: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4446: 4429: 4420: 4403: 4397: 4384: 4358: 4331: 4325: 4312: 4306: 4293: 4287: 4274: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4114: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4041: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3972: 3966: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3875: 3869: 3856: 3850: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3755: 3749: 3736: 3730: 3717: 3711: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3512: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3466: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3442:, p. 351. 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3322:, p. 360. 3312: 3300: 3298:, p. 148. 3288: 3286:, p. 216. 3276: 3264: 3249: 3237: 3233:Neillands 1992 3225: 3213: 3211:, p. 126. 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 213. 3177: 3175:, p. 157. 3165: 3153: 3151:, p. 346. 3141: 3129: 3127:, p. 114. 3114: 3112:, p. 342. 3099: 3087: 3075: 3073:, p. 118. 3063: 3061:, p. 398. 3048: 3046:, p. 126. 3036: 3024: 3012: 2989: 2977: 2975:, p. 142. 2965: 2963:, p. 190. 2948: 2944:Santiuste 2011 2936: 2934:, p. 112. 2924: 2922:, p. 155. 2912: 2900: 2898:, p. 530. 2888: 2886:, p. 215. 2876: 2874:, p. 189. 2864: 2852: 2840: 2838:, p. 868. 2836:Griffiths 1981 2828: 2826:, p. 867. 2824:Griffiths 1981 2816: 2814:, p. 869. 2812:Griffiths 1981 2804: 2802:, p. 864. 2800:Griffiths 1981 2792: 2790:, p. 214. 2780: 2763: 2761:, p. 212. 2751: 2739: 2727: 2708: 2706:, p. 152. 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 348. 2669: 2657: 2640: 2638:, p. 117. 2613: 2611:, p. 347. 2596: 2565: 2563:, p. 155. 2550: 2538: 2526: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2442: 2440:, p. 166. 2430: 2428:, p. 105. 2418: 2416:, p. 163. 2406: 2391: 2389:, p. 191. 2379: 2377:, p. 269. 2367: 2365:, p. 343. 2355: 2343: 2341:, p. 168. 2331: 2319: 2317:, p. 289. 2307: 2303:Armstrong 1960 2295: 2293:, p. 204. 2283: 2281:, p. 110. 2271: 2269:, p. 155. 2259: 2244: 2242:, p. 170. 2232: 2220: 2208: 2206:, p. 456. 2196: 2184: 2182:, p. 168. 2172: 2170:, p. 112. 2168:Carpenter 1997 2160: 2158:, p. 245. 2148: 2136: 2134:, p. 208. 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2062:, p. 715. 2060:Griffiths 1981 2049: 2047:, p. 740. 2045:Griffiths 1981 2034: 2022: 2010: 2008:, p. 638. 2006:Griffiths 1981 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1944: 1929: 1916: 1899: 1882: 1872: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1714: 1711: 1698:City of London 1692: 1689: 1607:Brut Chronicle 1595: 1593: 1590: 1572:royal justices 1567: 1564: 1542:Jean de Wavrin 1486: 1479: 1478: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1357:and sister of 1355:Roger Mortimer 1353:, daughter of 1349:, had married 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1260: 1258: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1193:Cecily Neville 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1071: 1069: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 958: 956: 955: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 920: 918: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 881: 879: 877: 875: 873: 871: 869: 866: 864: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 800: 798: 785: 783: 780: 778: 777: 775: 773: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 742: 740: 739: 726: 724: 722: 705: 703: 679: 677: 657: 655: 654: 652: 650: 648: 646: 644: 642: 640: 638: 636: 634: 632: 630: 628: 626: 624: 622: 620: 618: 615: 614: 612: 610: 607: 606: 593: 591: 578: 576: 563: 561: 548: 545: 543: 542: 540: 538: 536: 534: 532: 530: 528: 526: 524: 522: 520: 518: 515: 514: 512: 510: 508: 505: 504: 502: 489: 487: 485: 483: 470: 468: 466: 459: 458: 450: 449: 446: 442: 441: 438: 432: 431: 428: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 387: 385: 382: 351:Ludford Bridge 343:at Blore Heath 271:, and between 226:Neville family 218:House of Lords 186:Main article: 183: 180: 174:by York's son 141:Royal justices 107: 106: 100: 99: 98:7 October 1460 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 75: 74: 61: 55: 54: 49: 43: 42: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5495: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Act of Accord 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Hedgeley Moor 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025:The Ricardian 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3441: 3436: 3430:, p. 63. 3429: 3428:P. R. O. 1912 3424: 3418:, p. 42. 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3382:, p. xi. 3381: 3380:Boardman 1994 3376: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3310:, p. 33. 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3262:, p. 23. 3261: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3235:, p. 98. 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3199:, p. 69. 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3085:, p. 21. 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 34. 3009: 3008:Boardman 1998 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2987:, p. 34. 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2946:, p. 51. 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2908:M. E. D. 2024 2904: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2778:, p. 38. 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2737:, p. 59. 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2704:Gransden 1996 2700: 2698: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2667:, p. 76. 2666: 2661: 2655:, p. 33. 2654: 2653:Boardman 1998 2649: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2594:, p. 60. 2593: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2524:, p. 37. 2523: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2495:, p. 38. 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2387:Grummitt 2015 2383: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2353:, p. 65. 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2305:, p. 35. 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2255:Boardman 2006 2251: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2218:, p. 12. 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2146:, p. 58. 2145: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2122:, p. 27. 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2098:, p. 35. 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2032:, p. 95. 2031: 2026: 2020:, p. 98. 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:King Henry IV 1849: 1845: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:Welsh Marches 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Lord Clifford 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Sandal Castle 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729:had captured 1728: 1719: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:heir apparent 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1600: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1427: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381:Royal council 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1298: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1264: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1211: 1209: 1194: 1183: 1182:Earl of March 1179: 1157: 1155: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1102: 1075: 1074:Anne Mortimer 1060: 1054: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 977: 959: 957: 921: 919: 896: 885: 867: 865: 829: 827: 804: 789: 781: 779: 743: 741: 730: 720: 719:Earl of Derby 709: 694: 683: 662: 658: 656: 616: 608: 597: 582: 567: 552: 546: 544: 516: 511: 509: 506: 493: 474: 464: 461: 460: 456: 455: 447: 444: 443: 439: 434: 433: 429: 424: 423: 419: 414: 413: 410:Colour chart 408: 402: 399: 392: 381: 379: 374: 373:soon after. 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269:Welsh marches 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 232:and his son, 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 189: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:King Henry VI 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113:Act of Accord 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 76: 73: 62: 56: 53: 50: 48: 44: 40: 30: 25: 19: 5448:1460s in law 5354: 4729: 4713:the original 4698: 4675: 4656: 4631: 4627: 4608: 4589: 4570: 4551: 4532: 4513: 4494: 4475: 4463:. 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