Mental disorder - Knowledge

10128:"Disparities in behavioral health risk factors in the past decade have also grown and closely parallel the overall growth in the Latin American population (11–13). From 2015 to 2018, rates of serious mental illness in Latin American populations increased by 60% (from 4.0% to 6.4%) among those ages 18–25 years and by 77% (from 2.2% to 3.9%) among those ages 26–49 years (14). This report was based on analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and used the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA’s) definition of serious mental illness as a diagnosable mental, behavior, or emotional disorder that causes serious functional impairment that substantially interferes with one or more major life activities (15). A similar trend between 2015 and 2018 has been observed for the prevalence of major depressive episodes among Latin Americans ages 12–49 years, which increased from 8.4% to 11.3% (14). In a study based on data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, more than one-third (34%) of Latin American respondents reported at least one poor mental health day in the past month (mean=3.6 days), and 11% reported frequent mental distress (16)." 4213:... although this manual provides a classification of mental disorders, it must be admitted that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder.' The concept of mental disorder, like many other concepts in medicine and science, lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations. All medical conditions are defined on various levels of abstraction—for example, structural pathology (e.g., ulcerative colitis), symptom presentation (e.g., migraine), deviance from a physiological norm (e.g., hypertension), and etiology (e.g., pneumococcal pneumonia). Mental disorders have also been defined by a variety of concepts (e.g., distress, dyscontrol, disadvantage, disability, inflexibility, irrationality, syndromal pattern, etiology, and statistical deviation). Each is a useful indicator for a mental disorder, but none is equivalent to the concept, and different situations call for different definitions. 3225:

percentage of people who are rating individuals described as being troubled. In the article, "Discrimination Against People with a Mental Health Diagnosis: Qualitative Analysis of Reported Experiences", an individual who has a mental disorder, revealed that, "If people don't know me and don't know about the problems, they'll talk to me quite happily. Once they've seen the problems or someone's told them about me, they tend to be a bit more wary." In addition, in the article, "Stigma and its Impact on Help-Seeking for Mental Disorders: What Do We Know?" by George Schomerus and Matthias Angermeyer, it is affirmed that "Family doctors and psychiatrists have more pessimistic views about the outcomes for mental illnesses than the general public (Jorm et al., 1999), and mental health professionals hold more negative stereotypes about mentally ill patients, but, reassuringly, they are less accepting of restrictions towards them."

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business. There is a term for what they have, and it is a good old-fashioned term that has gone out of use. They have nerves or a nervous illness. It is an illness not just of mind or brain, but a disorder of the entire body. ... We have a package here of five symptoms—mild depression, some anxiety, fatigue, somatic pains, and obsessive thinking. ... We have had nervous illness for centuries. When you are too nervous to function ... it is a nervous breakdown. But that term has vanished from medicine, although not from the way we speak.... The nervous patients of yesteryear are the depressives of today. That is the bad news.... There is a deeper illness that drives depression and the symptoms of mood. We can call this deeper illness something else, or invent a neologism, but we need to get the discussion off depression and onto this deeper disorder in the brain and body. That is the point.

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functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.

1352:(DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are lost due to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, psychiatric disabilities rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as Major) depressive disorder is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, of any condition mental or physical, accounting for 65.5 million years lost. The first systematic description of global disability arising in youth, in 2011, found that among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due to psychiatric disabilities, including substance use disorders and conditions involving 2322: 3023:

to be serious likelihood of immediate or imminent danger to self or others, and the need for treatment. Applications for someone to be involuntarily admitted usually come from a mental health practitioner, a family member, a close relative, or a guardian. Human-rights-oriented laws usually stipulate that independent medical practitioners or other accredited mental health practitioners must examine the patient separately and that there should be regular, time-bound review by an independent review body. The individual should also have personal access to independent advocacy.

632:" that can never be precisely defined, or conversely that the concept always involves a mixture of scientific facts and subjective value judgments. Although the diagnostic categories are referred to as 'disorders', they are presented as medical diseases, but are not validated in the same way as most medical diagnoses. Some neurologists argue that classification will only be reliable and valid when based on neurobiological features rather than clinical interview, while others suggest that the differing ideological and practical perspectives need to be better integrated. 2781:, as a source of therapy while struggling with mental health issues. Because Latin Americans have a high rate of religiosity, and because there is less stigma associated with religion than with psychiatric services, religion may play a more important therapeutic role for the mentally ill in Latin American communities. However, research has also suggested that religion may also play a role in stigmatizing mental illness in Latin American communities, which can discourage community members from seeking professional help. 2958:, has argued that adding cultural formulations was an attempt to appease cultural critics, and has stated that they lack any scientific rationale or support. Spitzer also posits that the new culture-bound diagnoses are rarely used, maintaining that the standard diagnoses apply regardless of the culture involved. In general, mainstream psychiatric opinion remains that if a diagnostic category is valid, cross-cultural factors are either irrelevant or are significant only to specific symptom presentations. 2969:, so much so that it is sometimes argued that separating the two is impossible without fundamentally redefining the essence of being a particular person in a society. In clinical psychiatry, persistent distress and disability indicate an internal disorder requiring treatment; but in another context, that same distress and disability can be seen as an indicator of emotional struggle and the need to address social and structural problems. This dichotomy has led some academics and clinicians to advocate a 876:. There is an emerging consensus that personality disorders, similar to personality traits in general, incorporate a mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring. Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models. 1356:. Second to this were accidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions) accounting for 12 percent of disability, followed by communicable diseases at 10 percent. The psychiatric disabilities associated with most disabilities in high-income countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder (11%). In the eastern Mediterranean region, it was unipolar major depression (12%) and schizophrenia (7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression (7%) and bipolar disorder (5%). 2742:, can disagree as to what constitutes optimal versus pathological biological and psychological functioning. Research has demonstrated that cultures vary in the relative importance placed on, for example, happiness, autonomy, or social relationships for pleasure. Likewise, the fact that a behavior pattern is valued, accepted, encouraged, or even statistically normative in a culture does not necessarily mean that it is conducive to optimal psychological functioning. 2519: 1982: 3407: 3435: 1722: 14044: 2580: 3362:. Studies have also indicated individual variation in temperament, such as sociability or impulsiveness. Particular causes of problems in captivity have included integration of strangers into existing groups and a lack of individual space, in which context some pathological behaviors have also been seen as coping mechanisms. Remedial interventions have included careful individually tailored re-socialization programs, 3304:, although standard guideline criteria are widely used. In many cases, there appears to be a continuum between mental health and mental illness, making diagnosis complex. According to the World Health Organization, over a third of people in most countries report problems at some time in their life which meet the criteria for diagnosis of one or more of the common types of mental disorder. Corey M Keyes has created a 3253:

anyone), such as substance use and various personal, social, and economic factors. A 2015 review found that in the United States, about 4% of violence is attributable to people diagnosed with mental illness, and a 2014 study found that 7.5% of crimes committed by mentally ill people were directly related to the symptoms of their mental illness. The majority of people with serious mental illness are never violent.

2825: 3269:, which are defined by, or are inherently associated with, conduct problems and violence. There are conflicting findings about the extent to which certain specific symptoms, notably some kinds of psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder, are linked to an increased risk of serious violence on average. The 3393: 438:"lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations", noting that different levels of abstraction can be used for medical definitions, including pathology, symptomology, deviance from a normal range, or etiology, and that the same is true for mental disorders, so that sometimes one type of definition is appropriate and sometimes another, depending on the situation. 3421: 2732: 3015:) is a controversial topic. It can impinge on personal liberty and the right to choose, and carry the risk of abuse for political, social, and other reasons; yet it can potentially prevent harm to self and others, and assist some people in attaining their right to healthcare when they may be unable to decide in their own interests. Because of this it is a concern of 3149:, and discrimination. In Taiwan, people with mental disorders often face misconceptions from the general public. These misconceptions include the belief that mental health issues stem from excessive worry, having too much free time, a lack of progress or ambition, not taking life seriously, neglecting real-life responsibilities, mental weakness, unwillingness to be 2885:(also known as user/survivor movement) is made up of individuals (and organizations representing them) who are clients of mental health services or who consider themselves survivors of psychiatric interventions. Activists campaign for improved mental health services and for more involvement and empowerment within mental health services, policies and wider society. 1677:, where evaluations are made of appearance and behavior, self-reported symptoms, mental health history, and current life circumstances. The views of other professionals, relatives, or other third parties may be taken into account. A physical examination to check for ill health or the effects of medications or other drugs may be conducted. 3347:. In some cases such behaviors are hypothesized to be equivalent to symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders in humans such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Concepts of antisocial, borderline and schizoid personality disorders have also been applied to non-human great apes. 3308:

of mental illness and health which holds that both are related, but distinct dimensions: one continuum indicates the presence or absence of mental health, the other the presence or absence of mental illness. For example, people with optimal mental health can also have a mental illness, and people who

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estimated that fewer than 10% of mentally ill Nigerians have access to a psychiatrist or health worker, because there is a low ratio of mental-health specialists available in a country of 200 million people. WHO estimates that the number of mentally ill Nigerians ranges from 40 million to 60 million.

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A 2004 cross-Europe study found that approximately one in four people reported meeting criteria at some point in their life for at least one of the DSM-IV disorders assessed, which included mood disorders (13.9%), anxiety disorders (13.6%), or alcohol disorder (5.2%). Approximately one in ten met the

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A review of anxiety disorder surveys in different countries found average lifetime prevalence estimates of 16.6%, with women having higher rates on average. A review of mood disorder surveys in different countries found lifetime rates of 6.7% for major depressive disorder (higher in some studies, and

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Mental disorders are common. Worldwide, more than one in three people in most countries report sufficient criteria for at least one at some point in their life. In the United States, 46% qualify for a mental illness at some point. An ongoing survey indicates that anxiety disorders are the most common

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It is also the case that, while often being characterized in purely negative terms, some mental traits or states labeled as psychiatric disabilities can also involve above-average creativity, non-conformity, goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy. In addition, the public perception of the level of

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All disorders can have a varied course. Long-term international studies of schizophrenia have found that over a half of individuals recover in terms of symptoms, and around a fifth to a third in terms of symptoms and functioning, with many requiring no medication. While some have serious difficulties

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is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness. An Australian study found that having a psychiatric disability is a bigger barrier to employment than a physical disability. The mentally ill are stigmatized in Chinese society and

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are ultimately more damaging than helpful to patients, and psychiatry's history involves what may now be seen as dangerous treatments. Electroconvulsive therapy was one of these, which was used widely between the 1930s and 1960s. Lobotomy was another practice that was ultimately seen as too invasive

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wrote a paper entitled "The New Crisis of Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis", which said that "psychiatric diagnosis... still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests." Frances was also concerned about "unpredictable overdiagnosis." For many years,

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People living with chronic conditions like HIV and diabetes are at higher risk of developing a mental disorder. People living with diabetes experience significant stress from the biological impact of the disease, which places them at risk for developing anxiety and depression. Diabetic patients also

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In anxiety, risk factors may include parenting factors including parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high maternal negative affect, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunctional and drug-abusing behavior, and child abuse (emotional, physical and sexual).

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personality disorders. Personality disorders, in general, are defined as emerging in childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood. The ICD also has a category for enduring personality change after a catastrophic experience or psychiatric illness. If an inability to sufficiently adjust to

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model supports the internalizing-externalizing distinction, but also supports the formation of a third dimension of thought disorders such as schizophrenia. Biological evidence also supports the validity of the internalizing-externalizing structure of mental disorders, with twin and adoption studies

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Unfortunately, the extensive research has had no effect on psychiatric diagnosis, which still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests. … In the past 20 years, the rate of attention-deficit disorder tripled, the rate of bipolar disorder doubled, and

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In DSM-IV, each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of

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All human rights oriented mental health laws require proof of the presence of a mental disorder as defined by internationally accepted standards, but the type and severity of disorder that counts can vary in different jurisdictions. The two most often used grounds for involuntary admission are said

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effect may play a role in any intervention or medication. In a minority of cases, individuals may be treated against their will, which can cause particular difficulties depending on how it is carried out and perceived. Compulsory treatment while in the community versus non-compulsory treatment does

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Nevertheless, internationally, people report equal or greater disability from commonly occurring mental conditions than from commonly occurring physical conditions, particularly in their social roles and personal relationships. The proportion with access to professional help for mental disorders is

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High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased due to deinstitutionalization, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in

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of dangerousness and desire for social distance from individuals described as mentally ill. A US national survey found that a higher percentage of people rate individuals described as displaying the characteristics of a mental disorder as "likely to do something violent to others", compared to the

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contends that the Western bias is ironically illustrated in the introduction of cultural factors to the DSM-IV. Disorders or concepts from non-Western or non-mainstream cultures are described as "culture-bound", whereas standard psychiatric diagnoses are given no cultural qualification whatsoever,

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and other sedatives were sometimes over-prescribed, which led to an epidemic of dependence. There was also concern about the large increase in prescribing psychiatric drugs for children. Some charismatic psychiatrists came to personify the movement against psychiatry. The most influential of these

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in young and adult Latin Americans increased from 8.4% to 11.3%. More than a third of Latin Americans reported more than one bad mental health day in the last three months. The rate of suicide among Latin Americans was about half the rate of non-Latin American white Americans in 2018, and this was

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People in all cultures find some behaviors bizarre or even incomprehensible. But just what they feel is bizarre or incomprehensible is ambiguous and subjective. These differences in determination can become highly contentious. The process by which conditions and difficulties come to be defined and

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who said that mental illness was merely another example of how society labels and controls non-conformists; from behavioral psychologists who challenged psychiatry's fundamental reliance on unobservable phenomena; and from gay rights activists who criticised the APA's listing of homosexuality as a

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revealed that around half of people initially diagnosed with bipolar disorder achieve symptomatic recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks, and nearly all achieve it within two years, with nearly half regaining their prior occupational and residential status in that

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Despite public or media opinion, national studies have indicated that severe mental illness does not independently predict future violent behavior, on average, and is not a leading cause of violence in society. There is a statistical association with various factors that do relate to violence (in

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Diagnostic guidelines of the 2000s, namely the DSM and to some extent the ICD, have been criticized as having a fundamentally Euro-American outlook. Opponents argue that even when diagnostic criteria are used across different cultures, it does not mean that the underlying constructs have validity

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of people who help and support people with mental health conditions, who may be relatives, and who often work in difficult and time-consuming circumstances with little acknowledgement and without pay. An anti-psychiatry movement fundamentally challenges mainstream psychiatric theory and practice,

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Approximately 7% of a preschool pediatric sample were given a psychiatric diagnosis in one clinical study, and approximately 10% of 1- and 2-year-olds receiving developmental screening have been assessed as having significant emotional/behavioral problems based on parent and pediatrician reports.

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Studies of the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) have been fewer and smaller-scale, but one broad Norwegian survey found a five-year prevalence of almost 1 in 7 (13.4%). Rates for specific disorders ranged from 0.8% to 2.8%, differing across countries, and by gender, educational level and

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An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy relationship with food and body image. They can cause severe physical and psychological problems. Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in this area

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between disorders in categorical models such as the DSM and ICD have led some to propose dimensional models. Studying comorbidity between disorders have demonstrated two latent (unobserved) factors or dimensions in the structure of mental disorders that are thought to possibly reflect etiological

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depictions, for example, of incompetence, violence or criminality, with far less coverage of positive issues such as accomplishments or human rights issues. Such negative depictions, including in children's cartoons, are thought to contribute to stigma and negative attitudes in the public and in

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Conceptions of madness in the Middle Ages in Christian Europe were a mixture of the divine, diabolical, magical and humoral, and transcendental. In the early modern period, some people with mental disorders may have been victims of the witch-hunts. While not every witch and sorcerer accused were

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While rates of psychological disorders are often the same for men and women, women tend to have a higher rate of depression. Each year 73 million women are affected by major depression, and suicide is ranked 7th as the cause of death for women between the ages of 20–59. Depressive disorders

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HoNOS is the most widely used measure in English mental health services, being used by at least 61 trusts. In HoNOS a score of 0–4 is given for each of 12 factors, based on functional living capacity. Research has been supportive of HoNOS, although some questions have been asked about whether it

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and bipolar disorder. Cannabis has also been associated with depression. Adolescents are at increased risk for tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Peer pressure is the main reason why adolescents start using substances. At this age, the use of substances could be detrimental to the development of the

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between people with mental illness. That means that individuals with one of these disorders were two to three times more likely than the general population to have a partner with a mental disorder. Sometimes people seemed to have preferred partners with the same mental illness. Thus, people with

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About half of them are depressed. Or at least that is the diagnosis that they got when they were put on antidepressants. ... They go to work but they are unhappy and uncomfortable; they are somewhat anxious; they are tired; they have various physical pains—and they tend to obsess about the whole

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as well as to the inherent effects of disorders. Alternatively, functioning may be affected by the stress of having to hide a condition in work or school, etc., by adverse effects of medications or other substances, or by mismatches between illness-related variations and demands for regularity.

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The definition and classification of mental disorders are key issues for researchers as well as service providers and those who may be diagnosed. For a mental state to be classified as a disorder, it generally needs to cause dysfunction. Most international clinical documents use the term mental

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is often raised concerning such comparisons, and assessment of non-human animals cannot incorporate evidence from linguistic communication. However, available evidence may range from nonverbal behaviors—including physiological responses and homologous facial displays and acoustic utterances—to

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associated with mental disorders is a widespread problem. The US Surgeon General stated in 1999 that: "Powerful and pervasive, stigma prevents people from acknowledging their own mental health problems, much less disclosing them to others." Additionally, researcher Wulf Rössler in 2016, in his

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During the prenatal stage, factors like unwanted pregnancy, lack of adaptation to pregnancy or substance use during pregnancy increases the risk of developing a mental disorder. Maternal stress and birth complications including prematurity and infections have also been implicated in increasing

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The onset of psychiatric disorders usually occurs from childhood to early adulthood. Impulse-control disorders and a few anxiety disorders tend to appear in childhood. Some other anxiety disorders, substance disorders, and mood disorders emerge later in the mid-teens. Symptoms of schizophrenia

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of at least one violent crime over the course of a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average, and higher in every category of crime including violent assaults and theft. People with a diagnosis may find it more difficult to secure prosecutions, however, due in part to

2177:(ECT) is sometimes used in severe cases when other interventions for severe intractable depression have failed. ECT is usually indicated for treatment resistant depression, severe vegetative symptoms, psychotic depression, intense suicidal ideation, depression during pregnancy, and catatonia. 1698:

is very common in psychiatric diagnosis, where the same person meets the criteria for more than one disorder. On the other hand, a person may have several different difficulties only some of which meet the criteria for being diagnosed. There may be specific problems with accurate diagnosis in

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Narcolepsy is a condition of extreme tendencies to fall asleep whenever and wherever. People with narcolepsy feel refreshed after their random sleep, but eventually get sleepy again. Narcolepsy diagnosis requires an overnight stay at a sleep center for analysis, during which doctors ask for a

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In fact, findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence. In a study of individuals diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US

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Both of these list categories of disorder and provide standardized criteria for diagnosis. They have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that the manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. Other classification schemes may be used in

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and are nearly absent from scientific literature regarding mental illness. Although "nervous breakdown" is not rigorously defined, surveys of laypersons suggest that the term refers to a specific acute time-limited reactive disorder involving symptoms such as anxiety or depression, usually

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has been concerned about the subjectivity of psychiatric diagnosis, and people being arbitrarily "slapped with a psychiatric label." Caplan says because psychiatric diagnosis is unregulated, doctors are not required to spend much time interviewing patients or to seek a second opinion. The

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Universal prevention (aimed at a population that has no increased risk for developing a mental disorder, such as school programs or mass media campaigns) need very high numbers of people to show effect (sometimes known as the "power" problem). Approaches to overcome this are (1) focus on

2808:, a complex mental disorder characterized by a difficulty in recognizing reality, regulating emotional responses, and thinking in a clear and logical manner. Those with schizophrenia commonly report some type of religious delusion, and religion itself may be a trigger for schizophrenia. 3355:

neurochemical studies. It is pointed out that human psychiatric classification is often based on statistical description and judgment of behaviors (especially when speech or language is impaired) and that the use of verbal self-report is itself problematic and unreliable.

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The predominant view as of 2018 is that genetic, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Different risk factors may be present at different ages, with risk occurring as early as during prenatal period.

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Industrialization and population growth led to a massive expansion of the number and size of insane asylums in every Western country in the 19th century. Numerous different classification schemes and diagnostic terms were developed by different authorities, and the term

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The likely course and outcome of mental disorders vary and are dependent on numerous factors related to the disorder itself, the individual as a whole, and the social environment. Some disorders may last a brief period of time, while others may be long-term in nature.

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as "a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning." The final draft of

7337:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 2468:", "Hand of the Ghost", and "Hand of the God". Descriptions of these illnesses, however, are so vague that it is usually impossible to determine which illnesses they correspond to in modern terminology. Mesopotamian doctors kept detailed record of their patients' 2418:

criteria within a 12-month period. Women and younger people of either gender showed more cases of the disorder. A 2005 review of surveys in 16 European countries found that 27% of adult Europeans are affected by at least one mental disorder in a 12-month period.

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is largely shared by other cross-cultural critics. Common responses included both disappointment over the large number of documented non-Western mental disorders still left out and frustration that even those included are often misinterpreted or misrepresented.

1011:(fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as a disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder can sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety disorder. 457:

The terms "mental breakdown" or "nervous breakdown" may be used by the general population to mean a mental disorder. The terms "nervous breakdown" and "mental breakdown" have not been formally defined through a medical diagnostic system such as the DSM-5 or

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Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, Pickering RP (July 2004). "Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions".

1117:, where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of 1579:

model where many mental disorders are conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits likely caused by developmental processes shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience. A common assumption is that disorders may have resulted from genetic and

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processes. These two dimensions reflect a distinction between internalizing disorders, such as mood or anxiety symptoms, and externalizing disorders such as behavioral or substance use symptoms. A single general factor of psychopathology, similar to the

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report on the economic case for mental health promotion and mental illness prevention found that "many interventions are outstandingly good value for money, low in cost and often become self-financing over time, saving public expenditure". In 2016, the

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high-incidence groups (e.g. by targeting groups with high risk factors), (2) use multiple interventions to achieve greater, and thus more statistically valid, effects, (3) use cumulative meta-analyses of many trials, and (4) run very large trials.

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can lead a psychiatrist to focus on narrow checklists of symptoms, with little consideration of what is actually causing the person's problems. So, according to Caplan, getting a psychiatric diagnosis and label often stands in the way of recovery.

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Time and budgetary constraints often limit practicing psychiatrists from conducting more thorough diagnostic evaluations. It has been found that most clinicians evaluate patients using an unstructured, open-ended approach, with limited training in

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The World Health Organization reports that in many instances national mental health legislation takes away the rights of persons with mental disorders rather than protecting rights, and is often outdated. In 1991, the United Nations adopted the

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identities and experiences, stand in contrast to the mainstream psychiatric community's alleged avoidance of any explicit involvement with either morality or culture. In many countries there are attempts to challenge perceived prejudice against

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are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be reported for personal gain. Symptoms are often deliberately produced or feigned, and may relate to either symptoms in the individual or in someone close to them, particularly people they care for.

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Nigeria is still nowhere near being equipped to solve prevailing mental health challenges. With little scientific research carried out, coupled with insufficient mental-health hospitals in the country, traditional healers provide specialized

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have to deal with emotional stress trying to manage the disease. Conditions like heart disease, stroke, respiratory conditions, cancer, and arthritis increase the risk of developing a mental disorder when compared to the general population.

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schizophrenia or ADHD are seven times more likely to have affected partners with the same disorder. This is even more pronounced for people with Autism spectrum disorders who are 10 times more likely to have a spouse with the same disorder.

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has been studied since the mid-20th century. Over 20 behavioral patterns in captive chimpanzees have been documented as (statistically) abnormal for frequency, severity or oddness—some of which have also been observed in the wild. Captive

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Latin Americans from the US are slightly more likely to have a mental health disorder than first-generation Latin American immigrants, although differences between ethnic groups were found to disappear after adjustment for place of birth.

760:, alternating with normal or depressed moods. The extent to which unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or mix and merge along a dimension or spectrum of mood, is subject to some scientific debate. 2803:

experiences and beliefs meet many criteria of delusional or psychotic disorders. A belief or experience can sometimes be shown to produce distress or disability—the ordinary standard for judging mental disorders. There is a link between

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fall under this umbrella category in the DSM. Substance use disorder may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of a drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.

2456:, where diseases and mental disorders were believed to be caused by specific deities. Because hands symbolized control over a person, mental illnesses were known as "hands" of certain deities. One psychological illness was known as 1359:

Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35. There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year worldwide.

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have to agree with a psychiatrist's characterization of the issues as constituting an "illness", nor agree with a psychiatrist's conviction in medication, but only recognize the issues and the information about treatment options.

2534:, madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon with no connection to the soul or moral responsibility. Asylum care was often harsh and treated people like wild animals, but towards the end of the 18th century a 3366:, environment enrichment, and on rare occasions psychiatric drugs. Socialization has been found to work 90% of the time in disturbed chimpanzees, although restoration of functional sexuality and caregiving is often not achieved. 2064:(CBT) is widely used and is based on modifying the patterns of thought and behavior associated with a particular disorder. Other psychotherapies include dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). 9340:

Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, et al. (2004). "Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project".

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began the fellowships not only to train reporters in how to sensitively and accurately discuss mental health and mental illness, but also to increase the number of stories on these topics in the news media. There is also a

1848:) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality." More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the American Psychiatric Association (e.g., 3273:

factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance use (including

1707:

provides adequate coverage of the range and complexity of mental illness problems, and whether the fact that often only 3 of the 12 scales vary over time gives enough subtlety to accurately measure outcomes of treatment.

1940:(EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders states "There is considerable evidence that various psychiatric conditions can be prevented through the implementation of effective evidence-based interventions." A 2011 635:

The DSM and ICD approach remains under attack both because of the implied causality model and because some researchers believe it better to aim at underlying brain differences which can precede symptoms by many years.

1685:

based on ticking off standardized diagnostic criteria, and in rare specialist cases neuroimaging tests may be requested, but such methods are more commonly found in research studies than routine clinical practice.

9914: 13968: 13953: 13938: 1186:(WHO) concluded that the long-term studies' findings converged with others in "relieving patients, carers and clinicians of the chronicity paradigm which dominated thinking throughout much of the 20th century." 1080:(ADHD), which may continue into adulthood. Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder in the ICD). Popular labels such as 604:

symptom profiles intended to separate the abnormal from the normal. There is significant scientific debate about the relative merits of categorical versus such non-categorical (or hybrid) schemes, also known as

2774:

the second-leading cause of death among Latin Americans ages 15 to 34. However, Latin American suicide rates rose steadily after 2020 in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, even as the national rate declined.

8679: 53:

Mental breakdown, mental disability, mental disease, mental health condition, mental illness, nervous breakdown, psychiatric disability, psychiatric disorder, psychological disability, psychological disorder

7905: 5210: 12371: 3141:"For millennia, society did not treat persons suffering from depression, autism, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses much better than slaves or criminals: they were imprisoned, tortured or killed". 4281: 11454: 10048: 9884: 5101: 2700:

on the person. Those who have a mental illness are thought to be under a spell or bewitched. Often than usual, People view a mentally ill person as possessed of an evil spirit and is seen as more of

2510:

mentally ill, all mentally ill were considered to be witches or sorcerers. Many terms for mental disorders that found their way into everyday use first became popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.

12245:

Hamilton S, Lewis-Holmes E, Pinfold V, Henderson C, Rose D, Thornicroft G (April 2014). "Discrimination against people with a mental health diagnosis: qualitative analysis of reported experiences".

7305: 14034: 3358:

Psychopathology has generally been traced, at least in captivity, to adverse rearing conditions such as early separation of infants from mothers; early sensory deprivation; and extended periods of

1003:: People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classified as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as 524:"Nervous breakdown" is a pseudo-medical term to describe a wealth of stress-related feelings and they are often made worse by the belief that there is a real phenomenon called "nervous breakdown". 1654:

and impairment associated with particular types of mental disorder. Other mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, may or may not apply the same diagnostic categories to their

1491:

For bipolar disorder, stress (such as childhood adversity) is not a specific cause, but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness.

5987:

Tohen M, Zarate CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, et al. (December 2003). "The McLean-Harvard First-Episode Mania Study: prediction of recovery and first recurrence".

8282: 7633:

Kashner TM, Rush AJ, Surís A, Biggs MM, Gajewski VL, Hooker DJ, et al. (May 2003). "Impact of structured clinical interviews on physicians' practices in community mental health settings".

3515: 2612:

saw the development in the U.S. of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first

3058:, where a person is helped to understand and choose treatment options before they can be declared to lack capacity, may also be included in the legislation. There should at the very least be 2407:

in all but one country, followed by mood disorders in all but two countries, while substance disorders and impulse-control disorders were consistently less prevalent. Rates varied by region.

1862:, where the boundaries of the definition of illnesses are expanded to include personal problems as medical problems or risks of diseases are emphasized to broaden the market for medications. 13078: 4729: 3034:(i.e. to understand treatment information and its implications, and therefore be able to make an informed choice to either accept or refuse). Legal challenges in some areas have resulted in 2229:(adjustments and supports) might be put in place to help an individual cope and succeed in environments despite potential disability related to mental health problems. This could include an 10284: 4499: 1036:: People with severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classified as having these types of disorders, including 12483:

Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A (October 2014). "How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness?".

10465:

Mohr S, Borras L, Betrisey C, Pierre-Yves B, Gilliéron C, Huguelet P (1 June 2010). "Delusions with religious content in patients with psychosis: how they interact with spiritual coping".

616:

In the scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements (including of what is

2762:

communities, especially among older people, that discussing problems with mental health can create embarrassment and shame for the family. This results in fewer people seeking treatment.

2712:

Disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, personality disorder, old age-related disorder, and substance-abuse disorder are common in Nigeria, as in other countries in Africa.

9597:

Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Davis NO (January 2004). "Assessment of young children's social-emotional development and psychopathology: recent advances and recommendations for practice".

7739: 11428: 872:

life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an

11819: 2421:

An international review of studies on the prevalence of schizophrenia found an average (median) figure of 0.4% for lifetime prevalence; it was consistently lower in poorer countries.

2012:

There is a range of different types of treatment and what is most suitable depends on the disorder and the individual. Many things have been found to help at least some people, and a

1549:

Risk factors for mental illness include a propensity for high neuroticism or "emotional instability". In anxiety, risk factors may include temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism).

14032: 9854: 4382: 3373:

of human mental disorders, including by inducing or treating symptoms in animals through genetic, neurological, chemical or behavioral manipulation, but this has been criticized on

2905:

has emerged, defined as 'the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide'.

2166:. However, these medications in combination with non-pharmacological methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are seen to be most effective in treating mental disorders. 9310: 12340: 6665: 10159:"However, the suicide rate for is less than half that of the non- white population. In 2019, suicide was the second leading cause of death for Latin Americans, ages 15 to 34.1" 423:(impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however, it excludes normal responses such as the 10205: 9944: 3637: 824: 819:—the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time—may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and 15427: 10174: 3050:) may be transferred to a personal representative, a family member, or a legally appointed guardian. Moreover, patients may be able to make, when they are considered well, an 251:

are often unclear. Theories incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain. Disorders are usually

13105:

Brüne M, Brüne-Cohrs U, McGrew WC, Preuschoft S (2006). "Psychopathology in great apes: concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders".

12133: 2146:

Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there may be considerable overlap in the disorders for which they are actually indicated, and there may also be

2079:

approach. There are many specific therapies used for particular disorders, which may be offshoots or hybrids of the above types. Mental health professionals often employ an

1936:

The 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders" stated that "Prevention of these disorders is obviously one of the most effective ways to reduce the burden." The 2011

1087:

Somatoform disorders may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder. This includes

14079: 6231:

Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. (June 2011). "Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis".

1914:

proposed biomarkers should be verified by 2 independent studies each by a different investigator and different population samples and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

1480:

In schizophrenia and psychosis, risk factors include migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families, recreational use of drugs, and

9906: 5174:

Akiskal HS, Benazzi F (May 2006). "The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent depressive and bipolar II disorders: evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum".

3282:

the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.

1877:", also argues that what is psychiatric illness, is not always biological in nature (i.e. social problems, poverty, etc.), and may even be a part of the human condition. 1103:

is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV.

740:

Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair is known as

4707: 2642:

itself. These challenges came from psychiatrists like Thomas Szasz who argued that mental illness was a myth used to disguise moral conflicts; from sociologists such as

7717: 5542: 3607: 2414:

In the United States the frequency of disorder is: anxiety disorder (28.8%), mood disorder (20.8%), impulse-control disorder (24.8%) or substance use disorder (14.6%).

12363: 2688:-type antidepressants became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world, as later did antipsychotics. Also during the 1990s, a recovery approach developed. 13424:

Sánchez MM, Ladd CO, Plotsky PM (2001). "Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models".

14033: 13712: 5572: 2954:

Many mainstream psychiatrists are dissatisfied with the new culture-bound diagnoses, although for partly different reasons. Robert Spitzer, a lead architect of the

14633: 9663: 1658:

of a client's difficulties and circumstances. The majority of mental health problems are, at least initially, assessed and treated by family physicians (in the UK

11754: 10950: 7963:

the rate of autism increased more than 20-fold (4). The lesson should be clear that every change in the diagnostic system can lead to unpredictable overdiagnosis.

7897: 5261: 8152: 7567: 1985:

The "Haus Tornow am See" (former manor house) in Germany from 1912 is today separated into a special education school and a hotel with integrated work/job- and

7076: 671: 11309: 5157: 1286:

Some disorders may be very limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and support needs. In this context, the terms

10017: 8246: 5479: 3076: 2777:

Family relations are an integral part of the Latin American community. Some research has shown that Latin Americans are more likely rely on family bonds, or

976:. Sleep apnea can be diagnosed at home or with polysomnography at a sleep center. An ear, nose, and throat doctor may further help with the sleeping habits. 973: 564: 11867:

Read J, Haslam N, Sayce L, Davies E (November 2006). "Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach".

11841: 10040: 9876: 6872:

Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN, Amminger GP, Balanzá-Martínez V, Freeman MP, et al. (March 2015). "Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry".

9186: 8494:

Cuijpers P (August 2003). "Examining the effects of prevention programs on the incidence of new cases of mental disorders: the lack of statistical power".

7313: 1955:

may affect the child's mental health, and evidence suggests that helping parents to be more effective with their children can address mental health needs.

1319:

far lower, however, even among those assessed as having a severe psychiatric disability. Disability in this context may or may not involve such things as:

13852: 11338: 8809: 13896:

Wiencke M (2006). "Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie". In Kim D (ed.).

10796: 3171:

Efforts are being undertaken worldwide to eliminate the stigma of mental illness, although the methods and outcomes used have sometimes been criticized.

1504: 224:, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. A mental disorder is also characterized by a 10349:

Johnson CV, Friedman HL (2008). "Enlightened or Delusional?: Differentiating Religious, Spiritual, and Transpersonal Experiences from Psychopathology".

9239: 4251: 11270:"Institutional racism in mental health services does not imply racism in individual psychiatrists: Commentary on... Institutional racism in psychiatry" 1743: 1736: 12077: 11106:

Tilbury F, Rapley M (2004). "'There are orphans in Africa still looking for my hands': African women refugees and the sources of emotional distress".

8290: 3507: 3228:

Recent depictions in media have included leading characters successfully living with and managing a mental illness, including in bipolar disorder in

1327:. Including looking after the self (health care, grooming, dressing, shopping, cooking etc.) or looking after accommodation (chores, DIY tasks, etc.) 11959: 7472:"The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism" 3577: 13086: 9385: 4737: 1298:. The degree of ability or disability may vary over time and across different life domains. Furthermore, psychiatric disability has been linked to 10276: 9768:

Schoeneman TJ (October 1977). "The role of mental illness in the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: an assessment".

6739:

Fumagalli F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA (March 2007). "Stress during development: Impact on neuroplasticity and relevance to psychopathology".

3859: 12103: 11614: 1565:

mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the

1463:, and other negative or overwhelming life experiences. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, 676:

There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered.

628:(including by reference to statistical norms). Common hybrid views argue that the concept of mental disorder is objective even if only a "fuzzy 13888: 10229:"Family culture in mental health help-seeking and utilization in a nationally representative sample of Latinos in the United States: The NLAAS" 10146: 8188: 7747: 1397:

for many mental disorders (especially autism and schizophrenia). Although researchers have been looking for decades for clear linkages between

14104: 11485: 11424: 5132: 2684:

and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classifications, and the number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion. Through the 1990s, new

1786: 1557:

Mental disorders can arise from multiple sources, and in many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause currently established. An

1440:

susceptibility for mental illness. Infants neglected or not provided optimal nutrition have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment.

12908:

Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (January 2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research".

11786: 10583: 5666: 5072: 3011:

Three-quarters of countries around the world have mental health legislation. Compulsory admission to mental health facilities (also known as

868: 8997:"Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology" 8707: 6976: 6457: 1758: 12395:"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions" 10760:

O'Brien AP, Woods M, Palmer C (March 2001). "The emancipation of nursing practice: applying anti-psychiatry to the therapeutic community".

10115: 2199:

programs may provide people with the information to understand and manage their problems. Creative therapies are sometimes used, including

802:

is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia, but without meeting cutoff criteria.

9846: 9636: 9531: 964:

Sleep apnea, when breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, can be a serious sleep disorder. Three types of sleep apnea include

2665:

gained momentum. Other kinds of psychiatric medication gradually came into use, such as "psychic energizers" (later antidepressants) and

9318: 4371: 3549: 3343:, disturbed emotional reactions (mainly fear or aggression) towards companions, lack of species-typical communications, and generalized 1389:

A number of psychiatric disorders are linked to a family history (including depression, narcissistic personality disorder and anxiety).

479:

In addition to the concept of mental disorder, some people have argued for a return to the old-fashioned concept of nervous illness. In

15105: 15061: 14164: 12332: 6658: 2769:

From 2015 to 2018, rates of serious mental illness in young adult Latin Americans increased by 60%, from 4% to 6.4%. The prevalence of

1765: 1340:

Occupational functioning. Ability to acquire an employment and hold it, cognitive and social skills required for the job, dealing with

938: 575: 11989: 5350: 2661:

gradually occurred in the West, with isolated psychiatric hospitals being closed down in favor of community mental health services. A

1471:, and features of particular societies and cultures. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. 10422:

Siddle R, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Faragher EB (March 2002). "Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia".

10197: 9936: 9781: 9116:"Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys" 6479:

Torgersen S, Lygren S, Oien PA, Skre I, Onstad S, Edvardsen J, et al. (December 2000). "A twin study of personality disorders".

5509: 4753:"Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms" 3645: 2746:

treated as medical conditions and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other health professionals, is known as

10170: 9820: 3190:

those with mental health problems themselves, although more sensitive or serious cinematic portrayals have increased in prevalence.

823:. Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on a separate 15434: 14920: 14537: 14350: 8834: 7172:

Vilarim MM, Rocha Araujo DM, Nardi AE (August 2011). "Caffeine challenge test and panic disorder: a systematic literature review".

6907: 4333:

Rapport LJ, Todd RM, Lumley MA, Fisicaro SA (October 1998). "The diagnostic meaning of "nervous breakdown" among lay populations".

2946:

revealing to Kleinman an underlying assumption that Western cultural phenomena are universal. Kleinman's negative view towards the

2559: 1077: 1037: 659: 557: 349: 12619:

Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (October 2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community".

12125: 8202:

Campion J, Bhui K, Bhugra D (February 2012). "European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders".

8150: 698:

that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an anxiety disorder. Commonly recognized categories include specific

14330: 14076: 13797: 11449: 6130: 5096: 1772: 10750:

The Antipsychiatry Coalition. (26 November 2005). The Antipsychiatry Coalition. Retrieved 19 April 2007, from antipsychiatry.org

4583: 4558: 1873:

and how the DSM creates diagnostic labels to categorize people's suffering. Indeed, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, in his book "

14656: 13375: 10545:"Evolution of spirituality and religiousness in chronic schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders: a 3-years follow-up study" 10072:"Downward National Trends in Mental Health Treatment Offered in Spanish: State Differences by Proportion of Hispanic Residents" 6283: 6082: 4404: 3180: 3074:, which established minimum human rights standards of practice in the mental health field. In 2006, the UN formally agreed the 2571:'s classification scheme. Asylum "inmates" were increasingly referred to as "patients", and asylums were renamed as hospitals. 2251: 1922:

diagnosis may technically be feasible, very large studies are needed to evaluate specific biomarkers which were not available.

10651: 10508:

Suhail K, Ghauri S (1 April 2010). "Phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia by religious convictions".

8766:

McCann TV, Baird J, Clark E, Lu S (December 2006). "Beliefs about using consumer consultants in inpatient psychiatric units".

4699: 2680:, genetics, and psychology led to new research agendas. Cognitive behavioral therapy and other psychotherapies developed. The 13905: 13865: 13736: 13702: 13646: 13617: 13574: 11680: 11479: 11351: 10622: 10403: 9744: 9719: 9683: 8165: 8086: 7709: 6954: 6316: 6111: 5550: 5434:"Dieting frequency among college females: Association with disordered eating, body image, and related psychological problems" 5126: 4479: 4459: 4435: 4314: 3767: 3615: 2981: 8946:"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6322: 3881: 1754: 1427: 13750: 11450: 9092: 8257: 5097: 3265:

However, there are some specific diagnoses, such as childhood conduct disorder or adult antisocial personality disorder or

2898:

including in some cases asserting that psychiatric concepts and diagnoses of 'mental illness' are neither real nor useful.

12288:

Schomerus G, Angermeyer MC (18 May 2011). "Stigma and its impact on help-seeking for mental disorders: what do we know?".

10820: 5580: 4867:"Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span" 4273: 3675: 3145:

In the United States, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to experience mental health disorders often due to low

15117: 14265: 13316:"A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)" 11458: 9314: 5105: 2068:, addressing underlying psychic conflicts and defenses, has been a dominant school of psychotherapy and is still in use. 1946: 992:(sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others). 12198:"The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems" 10942: 8420:"Parenting for mental health: what does the evidence say we need to do? Report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project" 2874:

has questioned the basis of psychiatry through his work on the dismantling of two psychiatric hospitals (in the city of

1908:

should "have a specificity of at least 80% for distinguishing this disorder from other psychiatric or medical disorders"

1519:

and schizophrenia, usage of a number of drugs has been associated with development of the disorder, including cannabis,

827:

in the case of the DSM-IV. A number of different personality disorders are listed, including those sometimes classed as

14367: 14342: 14177: 13483:

Matthews K, Christmas D, Swan J, Sorrell E (2005). "Animal models of depression: navigating through the clinical fog".

11762: 9049:"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication" 8053: 3477: 3301: 3100: 3080:

to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of disabled people, including those with psychiatric disabilities.

3066:

laws (known by different names) are used in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, and most of the United States.

3062:

as far as possible. Involuntary treatment laws are increasingly extended to those living in the community, for example

2208: 1897:

will be able to be used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. The criteria presented by the APA stated that the

1886: 544: 385: 8171: 2452:

Ancient civilizations described and treated a number of mental disorders. Mental illnesses were well known in ancient

1569:

which incorporates biological, psychological and social factors, although this may not always be applied in practice.

15153: 14973: 14871: 13780: 13679: 11028: 10673:

Rissmiller DJ, Rissmiller JH (June 2006). "Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism".

9807: 8631:"National estimates for mental health mutual support groups, self-help organizations, and consumer-operated services" 7564: 4245: 4015: 3926: 3460: 2918: 2673:

gained widespread use in the 1970s for anxiety and depression, until dependency problems curtailed their popularity.

1805: 856: 719: 17: 13871: 3300:

conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment, and

2889:

organizations have expanded with increasing deinstitutionalization in developed countries, working to challenge the

15245: 14482: 14453: 14394: 12951:

Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (December 2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors".

12740:"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods" 12656:"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey" 11913:, Nairn R, Claasen D (October 2002). "Depictions of mental illness in print media: a prospective national sample". 11301: 9966:

Heinimaa M (2002). "Incomprehensibility: the role of the concept in DSM-IV definition of schizophrenic delusions".

9263:"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication" 7068: 5153: 2567:

The turn of the 20th century saw the development of psychoanalysis, which would later come to the fore, along with

2002: 1937: 1337:, ability to form relationships and sustain them, ability to leave the home or mix in crowds or particular settings 840: 442: 294: 10009: 3734: 3054:

stipulating how they wish to be treated should they be deemed to lack mental capacity in the future. The right to

2924:

within those cultures, as even reliable application can prove only consistency, not legitimacy. Advocating a more

15757: 14487: 14282: 14207: 14115: 13824: 13180:

Ferdowsian HR, Durham DL, Kimwele C, Kranendonk G, Otali E, Akugizibwe T, et al. (2011). Callaerts P (ed.).

11845: 3202: 2042: 1460: 1194:

period. Less than half go on to experience a new episode of mania or major depression within the next two years.

852: 848: 844: 581: 11357: 9877:"In West Africa, traditional or religious practices are often the preferred method of treating mental disorders" 9156: 3030:

to be administered (by force if necessary), it should be shown that an individual lacks the mental capacity for

2115:

are used for the treatment of clinical depression, as well as often for anxiety and a range of other disorders.

15140: 14925: 14896: 14157: 13841: 8801: 7771:"A review of the psychometric properties of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) family of measures" 6386: 5323: 3235: 2867: 2662: 2246: 1931: 1349: 1121:

where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other.

1041: 864: 723: 658:

supporting heritable factors for externalizing and internalizing disorders. A leading dimensional model is the

260: 7396: 4491: 14666: 14384: 14360: 11558:"Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color: Advancing Our Understanding of Race-related Stressors" 9209: 8151:

World Health Organization; Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht (2004).

4602:"Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession" 3585: 3214: 2962: 2325: 1972: 1968: 1849: 1779: 1610:

is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context of mental disorders.

1069: 860: 836: 832: 744:(also known as unipolar or clinical depression). Milder, but still prolonged depression, can be diagnosed as 282: 13718:

Ending Discrimination Against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change

5487: 4225: 2616:. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also developed a section on mental disorders. The term 1481: 15747: 15647: 15329: 14866: 14399: 14244: 14134: 13947: 12073: 10640:"Something is happening: the contemporary consumer and psychiatric survivor movement in historical context" 8629:

Goldstrom ID, Campbell J, Rogers JA, Lambert DB, Blacklow B, Henderson MJ, Manderscheid RW (January 2006).

2061: 1597: 961:. Doctors will do a multiple sleep latency test, which measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep. 703: 600:

Unlike the DSM and ICD, some approaches are not based on identifying distinct categories of disorder using

345: 12986:

Lögdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (August 2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime".

12099: 2072:

or family therapy is sometimes used, addressing a network of significant others as well as an individual.

15737: 14574: 14372: 11956: 2837: 2442: 2321: 1627: 1330: 392:"disorder", while "illness" is also common. It has been noted that using the term "mental" (i.e., of the 15387: 13564: 9424: 5288:"Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization" 2538:

movement gradually developed. Clear descriptions of some syndromes may be rare before the 19th century.

2207:

or drama therapy. Lifestyle adjustments and supportive measures are often used, including peer support,

15642: 15324: 14239: 13666: 9114:

Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, Lepine JP, et al. (June 2004).

7000:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations" 6150:

Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, et al. (May 2008).

5225: 3851: 3699:"Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to be Feared?" 3449: 3154: 3122: 2994: 2882: 2862: 2805: 2425:

other factors. A US survey that incidentally screened for personality disorder found a rate of 14.79%.

1986: 1976: 1631: 1589: 1422: 1369: 1324: 1303: 504: 365: 256: 248: 14092: 11414:

Manitoba Family Services and Housing. The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act, 1996

11376:"Starson v. Swayze: the Supreme Court speaks out (not all that clearly) on the question of "capacity"" 7822:"Value of HoNOS in assessing patient change in NHS psychotherapy and psychological treatment services" 6411: 5517: 5433: 3072:

Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care

15742: 15688: 15334: 15303: 14681: 14564: 14150: 14068: 13831: 13770: 12528:"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy" 11606: 10070:

Pro, George; Brown, Clare; Rojo, Martha; Patel, Jenil; Flax, Chasmine; Haynes, Tiffany (3 May 2022).

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DSM-IV predicates the definition with caveats, stating that, as in the case with many medical terms,

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account for close to 41.9% of the psychiatric disabilities among women compared to 29.3% among men.

499:

In eliminating the nervous breakdown, psychiatry has come close to having its own nervous breakdown.

15752: 15678: 15601: 15382: 15298: 15293: 14990: 14953: 14945: 14763: 14732: 14473: 14458: 14101: 13987: 8531:"Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders" 6939:

Prevention of Mental Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Problem Behaviors: A Developmental Perspective

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4751:

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3487: 3465: 3455: 3150: 3047: 2866:. Some ex-patient groups have become militantly anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as 2230: 2226: 2159: 2084: 1096: 1000: 795: 650: 11469: 10544: 5603: 5116: 2025:

Lifestyle strategies, including dietary changes, exercise and quitting smoking may be of benefit.

1911:"should be reliable, reproducible, and ideally be noninvasive, simple to perform, and inexpensive" 798:

is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders.

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Routine diagnostic practice in mental health services typically involves an interview known as a

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theory. Mental disorders were described, and treatments developed, in Persia, Arabia and in the

929:, which is described as difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. Other sleep disorders include 431:

for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from a dysfunction in the individual.

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4237: 3997: 3318: 3270: 3059: 3012: 2947: 2914: 2894: 2790: 2658: 2603: 2132: 2108: 1593: 1299: 1149: 1061: 1014: 946: 752:(also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as 586: 314: 302: 275:, but often relying on observation and questioning. Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as 225: 139: 31: 10277:"Mental Health Stigma, Fueled by Religious Belief, May Prevent Many Latinos from Seeking Help" 9157:"Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature" 8102:

First MB, Drevets WC, Carter C, Dickstein DP, Kasoff L, Kim KL, et al. (September 2018).

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received much publicity and was viewed as an attack on the efficacy of psychiatric diagnosis.

403:

According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (

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can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various

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More structured approaches are being increasingly used to measure levels of mental illness.

1044:(which was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder or "split personality"). 513:

Nerves stand at the core of common mental illness, no matter how much we try to forget them.

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came to be used by mid-century. In the 1960s there were many challenges to the concept of

1084:(or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses. 1050:: These affect cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. This category includes 774:

Patterns of belief, language use and perception of reality can become dysregulated (e.g.,

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within psychiatric services. There are also ongoing attempts to improve professional

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diversity of individuals is often discounted by researchers and service providers.

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personality disorders; types that have described as dramatic or emotional, such as

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was coined (1808), though medical superintendents were still known as alienists.

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that vary widely between specific disorders. A mental disorder is one aspect of

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Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders

13079:"What is Mental Health and Mental Illness? | Workplace Mental Health Promotion" 12716: 12632: 11392: 11375: 11057: 10840: 10478: 9907:"Why accessible, affordable treatment is vital to curbing rising mental health" 9226: 9173: 9088: 8321: 7975: 7686: 7669: 6692:"Patterns of Nonrandom Mating Within and Across 11 Major Psychiatric Disorders" 5964: 5947: 5604:"The spectra of neurasthenia and depression: course, stability and transitions" 4049: 4032: 3800: 3440: 3016: 2893:, stigma and exclusion associated with psychiatric conditions. There is also a 2759: 2747: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2591: 2568: 2128: 2065: 2038: 1845: 1611: 1190: 916: 783: 711: 691: 176: 127: 13609: 13437: 13046: 13031:"Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan" 12756: 12739: 12671: 12301: 11649: 11238: 11203: 10985: 10729: 10563: 10521: 10087: 9979: 9518: 9278: 9065: 9048: 8736: 8659: 8596: 8579: 7601: 7542: 7438: 7352: 7015: 6579: 6167: 5622: 5366: 5233: 5187: 4947: 4882: 4768: 4166: 4089: 2476:

was notorious for its members often being insane. The Greeks coined terms for

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Adults with imbalance work to life are at higher risk for developing anxiety.

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personality disorders; and those sometimes classed as fear-related, such as

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Eight patients representing mental diagnoses as of the 19th century at the

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was created from a revision of this article dated 20 August 2005

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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

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Statistical research looking at eleven disorders found widespread

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Different societies or cultures, even different individuals in a

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In 2019, common mental disorders around the globe include:

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Sleep disorders are associated with disruption to normal

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The Hague: Nijhoff. 13638:Psychiatry as Medicine 12578:Stuart H (June 2003). 12532:Annals of Epidemiology 12485:Law and Human Behavior 12214:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1339 12165:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328 10143:minorityhealth.hhs.gov 8950:The Lancet. Psychiatry 8367:The Future of Children 7934:. Ideas and Opinions. 7788:10.1186/1477-7525-3-76 7341:Psychological Medicine 6874:The Lancet. Psychiatry 6834:Schizophrenia Bulletin 6453:Risks to mental health 6391:The Lancet. Psychiatry 6085:4 January 2012 at the 5486:. 2021. 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Sussex Publishers. 11759:Sydney Morning Herald 11374:Sklar R (June 2007). 11023:. Blackwell Science. 10872:10.1001/jama.2010.616 10436:10.1007/s001270200005 10014:Mental Health America 8912:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2 8607:10536/DRO/DU:30108896 8437:10.1093/heapro/dar056 8177:on 30 September 2004. 7839:10.1192/bjp.178.6.561 7584:Davies T (May 1997). 6847:10.1093/schbul/sbi060 5892:10.1192/bjp.178.6.506 5045:Psychological Science 3139: 3113:Further information: 3064:outpatient commitment 3028:involuntary treatment 2860:. Thomas Szasz wrote 2827: 2819: 2734: 2582: 2562: 2521: 2448:Ancient civilizations 2324: 2254: 2164:conflicts of interest 1995:psychiatric hospitals 1984: 1679:Psychological testing 1660:general practitioners 1573:Biological psychiatry 1567:biopsychosocial model 1477:in mental disorders. 1430: 1189:A follow-up study by 1089:somatization disorder 1034:Dissociative disorder 988:and various kinds of 947:restless leg syndrome 905:binge eating disorder 591:learning disabilities 522: 511: 497: 485: 415:(e.g., via a painful 315:involuntary detention 287:psychiatric hospitals 285:are usually based in 261:clinical psychologist 154:environmental factors 132:personality disorders 15684:Soft tissue disorder 15630:Male genital disease 15443:Major Disease groups 15388:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 15218:Substance dependence 15131:Postpartum psychosis 14677:Huntington's disease 14459:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 14308:Personality disorder 14069:More spoken articles 13877:on 12 November 2020. 13697:. Worth Publishers. 12621:Psychiatric Services 11274:Psychiatric Bulletin 11120:10.5172/hesr.13.1.54 10718:Psychiatric Services 10675:Psychiatric Services 10076:Psychiatric Services 9853:. 25 November 2016. 9568:10.4088/JCP.v65n0711 9007:(4): 413–426. 2000. 8042:Greenberg G (2013). 7635:Psychiatric Services 7570:26 June 2006 at the 7476:Molecular Psychiatry 7158:10.1192/apt.11.6.432 6138:New York City Voices 4586:11 June 2018 at the 4303:Pickering N (2006). 3345:learned helplessness 3147:socioeconomic status 3103:in some countries). 2991:institutional racism 2989:, including alleged 2926:culturally sensitive 2903:global mental health 2750:or pathologization. 1656:clinical formulation 1433:economically unequal 1385:Psychiatric genetics 1335:communication skills 1300:institutionalization 1221:Alcohol-use disorder 1107:Factitious disorders 1023:Substance dependence 869:obsessive–compulsive 812:Personality disorder 806:Personality disorder 469:mental health crisis 15748:Abnormal psychology 15712:Congenital disorder 15653:Postpartum disorder 15584:Respiratory disease 15517:Hematologic disease 15268:Delusional disorder 15213:Stimulant psychosis 15203:Physical dependence 15057:Rumination syndrome 14959:Conversion disorder 14936:Psychogenic amnesia 14786:with depressed mood 14784:Adjustment disorder 14687:Parkinson's disease 14662:Alzheimer's disease 14555:Atypical depression 14391:Social functioning 14266:Munchausen syndrome 14261:Factitious disorder 14095:29 May 2009 at the 14086:clevelandclinic.org 14082:4 July 2022 at the 13563:Atkinson J (2006). 13198:2011PLoSO...619855F 12847:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9 11363:on 25 October 2013. 10947:The Washington Post 9913:. 10 October 2021. 8837:1 July 2017 at the 8430:(Suppl 1): i10-28. 8204:European Psychiatry 7488:10.1038/mp.2011.182 5583:on 29 December 2020 4942:(4pt1): 1089–1101. 4579:Perring, C. (2005) 4470:Peter Tyrer (2013) 4450:David Healy (2013) 4397:"Nervous breakdown" 4369:"Nervous Breakdown" 4226:"Use of the Manual" 3119:Refrigerator mother 2727:Society and culture 2596:Clinical psychology 2460:, meaning "Hand of 2221:dietary supplements 2191:(professional) and 1191:Tohen and coworkers 1115:relational disorder 1093:conversion disorder 974:complex sleep apnea 970:central sleep apnea 874:adjustment disorder 792:delusional disorder 644:The high degree of 234:relapsing–remitting 136:psychotic disorders 68:clinical psychology 15738:Disability by type 15499:Metabolic disorder 15287:schizophrenia-like 14931:Dissociative fugue 14380:Movement disorders 14039: 12497:10.1037/lhb0000075 11955:Edney, RD. (2004) 11848:on 17 January 2013 11765:on 20 January 2013 10843:on 3 January 2014. 10638:Everett B (1994). 10611:Tom Burns (2006). 8380:10.1353/foc.0.0031 6239:(9783): 2093–102. 6126:Ferney, V. (2003) 5691:Trimble M (2002). 5510:"Eating Disorders" 5480:"Eating Disorders" 5267:on 18 October 2021 5013:10.1037/bul0000069 4763:(4pt1): 987–1012. 4474:, Wiley-Blackwell 4426:Shorter E (2013). 4385:, 2 November 2021. 3874:"Mental disorders" 3852:"Mental disorders" 3668:"Mental Disorders" 3306:two continua model 2830: 2822: 2736: 2692:Africa and Nigeria 2588: 2565: 2542:Nineteenth century 2528: 2514:Eighteenth century 2488:and developed the 2404: 2319: 2154:of medication and 1991: 1545:Personality traits 1437: 1410:assortative mating 1348:In terms of total 1240:14.4 million 1232:16.8 million 1224:23.7 million 1216:65.5 million 1164:Signs and symptoms 1158:Geschwind syndrome 1048:Cognitive disorder 770:Psychotic disorder 764:Psychotic disorder 640:Dimensional models 291:outpatient clinics 273:psychometric tests 238:signs and symptoms 15725: 15724: 15571:Lymphatic disease 15489:Endocrine disease 15458:Parasitic disease 15410: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15231: 15230: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15018: 15017: 15014: 15013: 14907: 14906: 14745: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14702:Vascular dementia 14624:Asperger syndrome 14590: 14589: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14434:Tourette syndrome 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14116:Library resources 14035: 14013: 14012: 13907:978-1-84718-060-5 13867:978-92-4-155038-3 13791:on 18 March 2022. 13738:978-0-309-43912-1 13704:978-0-7167-5704-7 13664:Hicks JW (2005). 13648:978-90-247-2837-4 13619:978-90-277-0704-8 13576:978-1-903765-61-6 13089:on 1 August 2010. 12130:The Carter Center 11691:on 31 August 2019 11481:978-0-16-050300-9 11353:978-92-4-156282-9 10817:Republished from 10624:978-0-19-157939-4 10405:978-0-470-97029-4 10394:Clarke I (2010). 10082:(11): 1232–1238. 9746:978-1-4833-6583-1 9735:Wenzel A (2017). 9721:978-0-7141-1705-8 9685:978-0-313-29497-6 8899:Nutrition Journal 8361:Barth RP (2009). 8167:978-92-4-159215-4 8088:978-0-8156-0867-7 7896:(28 April 2012). 7347:(14): 2883–2906. 7186:10.1586/ern.11.83 6956:978-0-309-12674-8 6318:978-1-85433-290-5 6113:978-0-335-21583-6 5490:on 14 August 2021 5286:Clark LA (2007). 5128:978-0-16-050300-9 4877:(4pt1): 971–986. 4480:978-1-118-54052-7 4460:978-0-520-27576-8 4437:978-0-19-997825-0 4316:978-0-19-853087-9 3769:978-0-19-856592-5 3756:Bolton D (2008). 3427:Psychology portal 3413:Psychiatry portal 3399:Philosophy portal 3087:, sometimes used 3052:advance directive 3007:Mental health law 3001:Laws and policies 2965:in the domain of 2872:Giorgio Antonucci 2820:Giorgio Antonucci 2555:Twentieth century 2394: 4,000–4,200 2388: 3,800–4,000 2382: 3,600–3,800 2376: 3,400–3,600 2370: 3,200–3,400 2364: 3,000–3,200 2358: 2,800–3,000 2352: 2,600–2,800 2346: 2,400–2,600 2340: 2,200–2,400 2219:). Some advocate 2213:supported housing 2162:and professional 2007:recovery approach 1860:disease mongering 1818:Since the 1980s, 1816: 1815: 1808: 1790: 1644:medical diagnosis 1608:attachment theory 1284: 1283: 1280:3.5 million 1272:3.6 million 1264:5.1 million 1256:7.0 million 1248:8.4 million 980:Sexuality related 611:spectrum approach 255:or assessed by a 206: 205: 120:Anxiety disorders 39:Medical condition 18:Nervous breakdown 16:(Redirected from 15770: 15743:Mental disorders 15615:Urologic disease 15437: 15430: 15423: 15414: 15413: 15369: 15368: 15258: 15257: 15237: 15236: 15172: 15171: 15047:Anorexia nervosa 15035: 15034: 15024: 15023: 15001:Psychogenic pain 14969:Globus pharyngis 14817:Childhood phobia 14800: 14799: 14772: 14771: 14751: 14750: 14607: 14606: 14596: 14595: 14506: 14505: 14405:Selective mutism 14356:Conduct disorder 14339: 14338: 14326: 14325: 14303:Trichotillomania 14278:Gender dysphoria 14273:Fear of intimacy 14230:Sexual anhedonia 14198: 14197: 14187: 14186: 14174:Mental disorders 14167: 14160: 14153: 14144: 14143: 14059: 14057: 14046: 14045: 14036: 14026: 14024: 14019: 13922: 13921: 13911: 13892: 13886: 13878: 13876: 13870:. Archived from 13859: 13847: 13823: 13822:on 4 April 2022. 13818:. Archived from 13792: 13790: 13785:. Archived from 13762: 13760: 13758: 13730: 13708: 13696: 13685: 13660: 13631: 13596: 13549: 13548: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13399:Psychiatric News 13394: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13383: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13219: 13209: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13102: 13091: 13090: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13026: 13020: 13019: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12905: 12899: 12898: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12813: 12803: 12779: 12770: 12769: 12759: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12683: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12599: 12584:World Psychiatry 12575: 12566: 12565: 12555: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12463: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12414: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12368:Psychology Today 12359: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12285: 12279: 12278: 12242: 12236: 12235: 12225: 12208:(9): 1339–1345. 12193: 12187: 12186: 12176: 12159:(9): 1328–1333. 12144: 12138: 12137: 12132:. 19 July 2016. 12122: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12046:(12): 1594–600. 12035: 12029: 12028: 12000: 11994: 11993: 11973: 11967: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11907: 11901: 11900: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11789: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11761:. 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Archived from 10816: 10795:Weitz D (2003). 10792: 10786: 10785: 10757: 10751: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10608: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10588: 10558:(11): 1095–103. 10549: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10419: 10410: 10409: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10374: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10256: 10245:10.1037/h0099844 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10169:Pattani, Aneri. 10166: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10135: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9883:. 12 June 2019. 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9835:on 7 March 2008. 9816: 9810: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9705: 9690: 9689: 9673: 9660: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9521: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9480: 9470: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9430:on 9 August 2017 9429: 9423:. 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Archived from 8159: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8077:Szasz T (2007). 8074: 8068: 8067: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8022: 8005:(7342): 886–91. 7990: 7984: 7983: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7951: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7841: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7800: 7790: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7746:. Archived from 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7710:"What is HoNOS?" 7706: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7613: 7596:(7093): 1536–9. 7581: 7575: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7536: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7450: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7312:. Archived from 7302: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7065: 7054: 7053: 7043: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6627:10.1172/jci38832 6606: 6600: 6599: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6448: 6433: 6432: 6414: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6350:World Psychiatry 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6147: 6141: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6099: 6090: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6059: 6027: 6021: 6020: 5995:(12): 2099–107. 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5894: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5838:(9690): 635–45. 5827: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5413:on 13 March 2023 5409:. 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Archived from 5215: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5171: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5114: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5059: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4655:World Psychiatry 4646: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4606:World Psychiatry 4597: 4591: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4488: 4482: 4468: 4462: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4392: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4202: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4125: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3858:. 22 June 2022. 3848: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3789:Behavior Therapy 3780: 3774: 3773: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3504: 3483:Parity of esteem 3443: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3364:behavior therapy 3360:social isolation 3352:anthropomorphism 3097:insanity defense 3032:informed consent 2887:Patient advocacy 2857:The Divided Self 2698:spiritual attack 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2125:Mood stabilizers 2070:Systemic therapy 2035:psychotherapists 1867:the Book of Woe" 1811: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1748: 1724: 1716: 1461:traumatic events 1308:social exclusion 1269:Primary insomnia 1237:Bipolar disorder 1202: 1201: 1154:Couvade syndrome 1138:Othello syndrome 1130:Capgras syndrome 1074:conduct disorder 901:exercise bulimia 893:anorexia nervosa 861:anxious-avoidant 780:thought disorder 750:Bipolar disorder 742:major depression 686:Anxiety disorder 680:Anxiety disorder 534: 519: 508: 494: 429:deviant behavior 374:social exclusion 370:social movements 334:bipolar disorder 189:mood stabilizers 124:eating disorders 42: 41: 21: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15768: 15767: 15753:Psychopathology 15728: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15703: 15670: 15657: 15634: 15606: 15588: 15575: 15557: 15534: 15530:Mental disorder 15521: 15508: 15504:Immune disorder 15480: 15462: 15444: 15441: 15411: 15402: 15374: 15355: 15339: 15308: 15286: 15277: 15252: 15227: 15184: 15181:substance abuse 15158: 15135: 15112: 15066: 15052:Bulimia nervosa 15029: 15010: 14986:Hypochondriasis 14981:False pregnancy 14964:Ganser syndrome 14946:Somatic symptom 14940: 14903: 14855: 14844:Specific phobia 14789: 14766: 14737: 14711: 14643: 14639:Savant syndrome 14611:Autism spectrum 14601: 14586: 14514: 14492: 14471: 14465: 14440: 14333: 14312: 14288:Dermatillomania 14249: 14235:Sexual anorexia 14192: 14181: 14171: 14141: 14140: 14139: 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10281:www.rutgers.edu 10275: 10274: 10270: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10167: 10163: 10152: 10150: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10121: 10119: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10008: 10007: 10003: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9943:. 25 May 2021. 9935: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9817: 9813: 9801: 9797: 9766: 9762: 9747: 9733: 9729: 9722: 9706: 9693: 9686: 9661: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9595: 9591: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9498: 9494: 9447: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9153: 9149: 9126:(21): 2581–90. 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9045: 9038: 8995: 8994: 8987: 8942: 8938: 8891: 8887: 8848: 8844: 8839:Wayback Machine 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8764: 8760: 8721: 8717: 8712:Wayback Machine 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8651:10.1.1.476.1948 8633: 8627: 8623: 8576: 8572: 8541:(6): CD004408. 8527: 8523: 8492: 8488: 8457: 8453: 8416: 8412: 8359: 8355: 8302: 8298: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8263: 8261: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8200: 8196: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8075: 8071: 8056: 8040: 8036: 7991: 7987: 7973: 7969: 7930:(August 2013). 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7902:Washington Post 7891: 7887: 7818: 7814: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7666: 7662: 7631: 7627: 7582: 7578: 7572:Wayback Machine 7562: 7558: 7534:10.1.1.500.5290 7517: 7513: 7468: 7464: 7419: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7316:on 16 July 2022 7304: 7303: 7299: 7262: 7258: 7217:"Schizophrenia" 7213: 7209: 7170: 7166: 7137: 7133: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7067: 7066: 7057: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6957: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6914:on 5 April 2013 6906: 6905: 6901: 6870: 6863: 6826: 6819: 6796:10.2307/2137220 6780: 6776: 6737: 6733: 6696:JAMA Psychiatry 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6607: 6603: 6564: 6557: 6512: 6508: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6450: 6449: 6436: 6383: 6379: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6268: 6229: 6225: 6148: 6144: 6135:Wayback Machine 6125: 6121: 6114: 6100: 6093: 6087:Wayback Machine 6077: 6073: 6048:10.1038/475027a 6042:(7354): 27–30. 6028: 6024: 5985: 5981: 5958:(14): 892–900. 5944: 5940: 5871: 5867: 5828: 5824: 5799:10.1038/nrn2513 5779: 5775: 5730: 5726: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5218:C N S Spectrums 5213: 5207: 5203: 5172: 5168: 5162:Wayback Machine 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5129: 5112: 5095: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5071:. 1 July 2005. 5061: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5038: 4993: 4989: 4928: 4924: 4863: 4859: 4814: 4810: 4749: 4745: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4692: 4647: 4643: 4598: 4594: 4588:Wayback Machine 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4389: 4376:Wayback Machine 4366: 4362: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4248: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4147: 4143: 4070: 4066: 4029: 4025: 4018: 3994: 3990: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3850: 3849: 3834: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3715:10.2307/2676305 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3648:on 7 April 2017 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3588:on 30 June 2022 3576: 3575: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3341:self-mutilation 3324:Psychopathology 3321: 3315: 3294: 3288: 3250: 3206:Rosalynn Carter 3183: 3177: 3157:, or a lack of 3130: 3125: 3109: 3009: 3003: 2987:minority groups 2943:Arthur Kleinman 2921: 2911: 2834:anti-psychiatry 2814: 2793: 2787: 2756: 2729: 2722:pharmacotherapy 2694: 2671:Benzodiazepines 2577: 2557: 2544: 2536:moral treatment 2516: 2507: 2502: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2402: 2401: 2400: >4,200 2397: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2334: <2,200 2331: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2197:Psychoeducation 2172: 2152:adverse effects 2113:Antidepressants 2105: 2093:confidentiality 2031: 2023: 1979: 1967:Main articles: 1965: 1934: 1928: 1883: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1737:primary sources 1725: 1714: 1640: 1624:systemic-family 1555: 1547: 1538: 1536:Chronic disease 1497: 1425: 1419: 1387: 1381: 1372: 1366: 1296:mental disorder 1200: 1171: 1166: 1146:Cotard delusion 1142:Ganser syndrome 1066:autism spectrum 1027:substance abuse 998: 982: 959:polysomnography 919: 913: 897:bulimia nervosa 888: 886:Eating disorder 882: 880:Eating disorder 814: 808: 772: 766: 738: 732: 688: 682: 674: 668: 642: 547: 541: 539:Classifications 535: 528: 520: 517: 509: 503: 495: 492: 477: 475:Nervous illness 436:mental disorder 389: 382: 210:mental disorder 177:Antidepressants 166:and medications 45:Mental disorder 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15776: 15766: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15668: 15662: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15639: 15636: 15635: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15625:Breast disease 15622: 15617: 15611: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15604: 15599: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15568: 15562: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15539: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15526: 15523: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15473: 15467: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15460: 15455: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15439: 15432: 15425: 15417: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15347: 15345: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15290: 15288: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15275: 15270: 15264: 15262: 15254: 15253: 15233: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15208:Rebound effect 15205: 15200: 15195: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15149:Hypersexuality 15145: 15143: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15088: 15083: 15077: 15075: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15043: 15041: 15031: 15030: 15020: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14956: 14950: 14948: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14915: 14909: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14884: 14882:Panic disorder 14879: 14874: 14869: 14863: 14861: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14849:Claustrophobia 14841: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14832:Anthropophobia 14824: 14822:Social anxiety 14819: 14814: 14808: 14806: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14780: 14778: 14768: 14767: 14747: 14746: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14692:Pick's disease 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14653: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14615: 14613: 14603: 14602: 14592: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14436: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14353: 14347: 14345: 14335: 14334: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14210: 14204: 14202: 14194: 14193: 14183: 14182: 14178:Classification 14170: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14147: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14121:Mental illness 14114: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14099: 14087: 14062: 14048: 14041: 14029: 14016: 14015: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14006: 13995: 13984: 13965: 13950: 13934: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13925:Classification 13918: 13917:External links 13915: 13913: 13912: 13906: 13893: 13866: 13848: 13842: 13827: 13793: 13781: 13763: 13737: 13728:10.17226/23442 13709: 13703: 13686: 13680: 13661: 13647: 13632: 13618: 13597: 13575: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13475: 13416: 13389: 13306: 13231: 13172: 13113:(8): 1246–59. 13092: 13070: 13041:(2): 110–119. 13021: 12978: 12943: 12900: 12825: 12771: 12750:(5): 393–401. 12730: 12695: 12646: 12611: 12567: 12518: 12475: 12426: 12385: 12354: 12323: 12280: 12237: 12188: 12139: 12117: 12091: 12065: 12030: 11995: 11984:(3): 289–302. 11968: 11948: 11921:(5): 697–700. 11902: 11859: 11833: 11776: 11745: 11702: 11671: 11628: 11611:www.samhsa.gov 11597: 11568:(4): 466–485. 11548: 11499: 11480: 11442: 11416: 11407: 11366: 11352: 11323: 11293: 11280:(10): 367–68. 11260: 11217: 11182: 11133: 11098: 11079:(7): 1625–35. 11063: 11036: 11029: 11007: 10964: 10933: 10914:(1): 377–404. 10895: 10866:(19): 1976–7. 10846: 10787: 10752: 10743: 10708: 10665: 10650:(1–2): 55–70. 10630: 10623: 10600: 10535: 10500: 10457: 10411: 10404: 10386: 10341: 10298: 10268: 10239:(4): 353–363. 10219: 10188: 10161: 10130: 10062: 10031: 10001: 9958: 9928: 9898: 9868: 9851:Africa Renewal 9838: 9811: 9795: 9760: 9745: 9727: 9720: 9691: 9684: 9664:Nemet-Nejat KR 9650: 9624: 9589: 9545: 9492: 9441: 9376: 9332: 9321:on 24 May 2013 9302: 9253: 9200: 9147: 9106: 9080: 9059:(6): 593–602. 9036: 8985: 8936: 8885: 8842: 8823: 8793: 8758: 8715: 8696: 8621: 8590:(4): 427–436. 8570: 8521: 8502:(8): 1385–91. 8486: 8451: 8410: 8353: 8316:(2): 125–139. 8296: 8274: 8260:on 6 July 2012 8237: 8194: 8166: 8143: 8114:(9): 915–916. 8094: 8087: 8069: 8055:978-0399158537 8054: 8034: 7985: 7967: 7919: 7885: 7812: 7761: 7750:on 1 July 2017 7731: 7701: 7660: 7625: 7576: 7556: 7511: 7462: 7433:(5): 686–697. 7410: 7327: 7297: 7256: 7227:(7610): 91–5. 7207: 7180:(8): 1185–95. 7164: 7131: 7090: 7055: 6990: 6955: 6947:10.17226/12480 6925: 6899: 6861: 6817: 6774: 6747:(4): 197–217. 6731: 6682: 6650: 6601: 6555: 6506: 6471: 6434: 6397:(7): 591–604. 6377: 6336: 6317: 6297: 6266: 6223: 6142: 6119: 6112: 6091: 6071: 6022: 5979: 5938: 5865: 5822: 5793:(12): 947–57. 5773: 5724: 5683: 5594: 5564: 5553:on 16 May 2022 5531: 5520:on 7 June 2022 5501: 5471: 5444:(3): 129–136. 5424: 5337: 5278: 5201: 5166: 5146: 5127: 5086: 5049: 5036: 5007:(2): 142–186. 4987: 4922: 4857: 4828:(2): 119–137. 4808: 4743: 4740:on 7 May 2013. 4721: 4690: 4641: 4592: 4581:Mental Illness 4572: 4513: 4483: 4463: 4443: 4436: 4418: 4387: 4360: 4322: 4315: 4295: 4265: 4246: 4217: 4141: 4064: 4043:(12): 656–62. 4023: 4016: 3988: 3934: 3927: 3895: 3865: 3832: 3795:(4): 576–587. 3775: 3768: 3748: 3709:(2): 188–207. 3689: 3659: 3629: 3599: 3566: 3529: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3441:Society portal 3430: 3416: 3402: 3386: 3383: 3339:of movements, 3317:Main article: 3314: 3311: 3302:classification 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3249: 3246: 3179:Main article: 3176: 3173: 3129: 3126: 3108: 3105: 3017:medical ethics 3002: 2999: 2910: 2907: 2813: 2810: 2786: 2783: 2760:Latin American 2755: 2752: 2748:medicalization 2728: 2725: 2693: 2690: 2644:Erving Goffman 2640:mental illness 2636:chlorpromazine 2592:mental hygiene 2576: 2573: 2556: 2553: 2543: 2540: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2470:hallucinations 2449: 2446: 2441:Main article: 2438: 2435: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2245:Main article: 2242: 2239: 2171: 2168: 2129:Antipsychotics 2104: 2101: 2066:Psychoanalysis 2039:family therapy 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2001:or a range of 1987:rehabilitation 1964: 1961: 1930:Main article: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1882: 1879: 1850:Robert Spitzer 1846:Stuart A. Kirk 1814: 1813: 1728: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1639: 1636: 1612:Psychoanalytic 1554: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1496: 1493: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1328: 1304:discrimination 1282: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253:Panic disorder 1250: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1150:Ekbom syndrome 1007:(stealing) or 997: 994: 981: 978: 917:Sleep disorder 915:Main article: 912: 911:Sleep disorder 909: 884:Main article: 881: 878: 810:Main article: 807: 804: 784:hallucinations 768:Main article: 765: 762: 734:Main article: 731: 728: 712:panic disorder 684:Main article: 681: 678: 667: 664: 641: 638: 570: 569: 561: 556:, part of the 543:Main article: 540: 537: 526: 515: 501: 490: 476: 473: 381: 378: 366:discrimination 230:social context 214:mental illness 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 181:antipsychotics 174: 168: 167: 161: 157: 156: 147: 143: 142: 128:mood disorders 117: 113: 112: 109: 103: 102: 77: 71: 70: 61: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15775: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15718: 15717:Fetal disease 15715: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15706: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15673: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15660: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15609: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15560: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15537: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15524: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15511: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15483: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15465: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15447: 15438: 15433: 15431: 15426: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15377: 15370: 15366: 15352: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15342: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15313:Schizophrenia 15311: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15284: 15280: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15242:Schizophrenia 15238: 15234: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15193:Drug overdose 15191: 15190: 15187: 15182: 15178: 15173: 15169: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15142: 15141:Sexual desire 15138: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15069: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15025: 15021: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14910: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14858: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14827:Social phobia 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14792: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14762:-related and 14761: 14757: 14752: 14748: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14597: 14593: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14468: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14327: 14323: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14252: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14188: 14184: 14179: 14175: 14168: 14163: 14161: 14156: 14154: 14149: 14148: 14145: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14110: 14106: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14051: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13949: 13945: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13927: 13923: 13909: 13903: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13856: 13855: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13828: 13826: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13800: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13782:0-19-280267-4 13778: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13764: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13720: 13719: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13687: 13683: 13681:9780300106572 13677: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13568: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13432:(3): 419–49. 13431: 13427: 13420: 13412: 13408: 13405:(12): 20–30. 13404: 13400: 13393: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13326:(4): 365–75. 13325: 13321: 13317: 13310: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13235: 13227: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13192:(6): e19855. 13191: 13187: 13183: 13176: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13074: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13025: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12982: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12959:(5): 139–51. 12958: 12954: 12947: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12904: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12829: 12821: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12788:PLOS Medicine 12785: 12778: 12776: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12711:(6): 655–94. 12710: 12706: 12699: 12691: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12666:(8): 911–21. 12665: 12661: 12657: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12574: 12572: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12538:(5): 366–76. 12537: 12533: 12529: 12522: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12491:(5): 439–49. 12490: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12430: 12422: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12405:(2): 152–61. 12404: 12400: 12396: 12389: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12358: 12342: 12339:. Australia. 12338: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12233: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12192: 12184: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12069: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12011:(3): 259–69. 12010: 12006: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11952: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11875:(5): 303–18. 11874: 11870: 11863: 11847: 11843: 11842:"Stop Stigma" 11837: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11792:The Telegraph 11788: 11780: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11675: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11632: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11601: 11593: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11411: 11403: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11342: 11341: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11288: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11233:(4): 215–35. 11232: 11228: 11221: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11052:(2): 184–85. 11051: 11047: 11040: 11032: 11030:9780865426740 11026: 11021: 11020: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10902: 10900: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10756: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10607: 10605: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10516:(3): 245–59. 10515: 10511: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10473:(2): 158–72. 10472: 10468: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10418: 10416: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10357:(4): 505–27. 10356: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10314:(3): 163–72. 10313: 10309: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10202:Salud America 10199: 10192: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9809: 9808:3-927408-82-4 9805: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9776:(4): 337–51. 9775: 9771: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9605:(1): 109–34. 9604: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9562:(7): 948–58. 9561: 9557: 9549: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9455:PLOS Medicine 9452: 9445: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9399:(4): 357–76. 9398: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9349:(420): 21–7. 9348: 9344: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9273:(6): 617–27. 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9220:(2): 124–38. 9219: 9215: 9211: 9204: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9167:(2): 100–13. 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9041: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8858:(3): 409–19. 8857: 8853: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8832:Psychosurgery 8827: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8774:(4): 258–65. 8773: 8769: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8700: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8644:(1): 92–103. 8643: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8373:(2): 95–118. 8372: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8271: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8184: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7527:(3): 307–10. 7526: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7482:(4): 377–88. 7481: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7415: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7159: 7154: 7151:(6): 432–39. 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7010:(3): 881–97. 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6866: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6790:(2): 122–37. 6789: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6702:(4): 354–61. 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6574:(6): 647–54. 6573: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526:(1): 103–14. 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487:(6): 416–25. 6486: 6482: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162:(5): 368–75. 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5885:(6): 506–17. 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5744:(4): 359–64. 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5361:(7): 983–94. 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5298:(1): 227–57. 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533:(2): 145–60. 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4383:Archived copy 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4341:(2): 242–52. 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4247:9780890425541 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4017:9780890425541 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3957:(17): 24–29. 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3928:9780890425541 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3618:on 2 May 2022 3617: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3379:animal rights 3376: 3372: 3371:animal models 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326:in non-human 3325: 3320: 3313:Other animals 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298:mental health 3293: 3292:Mental health 3286:Mental health 3283: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3203:US First Lady 3200: 3196: 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2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532:Enlightenment 2525: 2520: 2511: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2327: 2323: 2315: 100–356 2253: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:music therapy 2198: 2194: 2193:co-counseling 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179:Psychosurgery 2176: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:off-label use 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:psychotherapy 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047:public health 2044: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Peter Breggin 1834: 1833:Allen Frances 1829: 1826: 1821: 1810: 1807: 1799: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: – 1756: 1752: 1751:Find sources: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1729:This section 1727: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628:medical model 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:developmental 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553:Causal models 1550: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465:socioeconomic 1462: 1458: 1457:social stress 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1229:Schizophrenia 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 993: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 887: 877: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:schizophrenia 785: 781: 777: 771: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 737: 736:Mood disorder 730:Mood disorder 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 687: 677: 673: 663: 661: 656: 652: 647: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583: 578: 577: 567: 566: 562: 559: 555: 552: 551: 550: 546: 532: 525: 514: 506: 500: 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Laing 2789:See also: 2740:subculture 2629:lobotomies 2549:psychiatry 2478:melancholy 2189:Counseling 2137:Stimulants 2103:Medication 2097:engagement 2077:humanistic 2043:counselors 1963:Management 1926:Prevention 1899:biomarkers 1766:newspapers 1733:references 1683:algorithms 1620:behavioral 1577:biomedical 1575:follows a 1482:urbanicity 1435:countries. 1403:biomarkers 1198:Disability 1082:psychopath 1068:disorder, 990:paraphilia 955:actigraphs 931:narcolepsy 853:histrionic 849:borderline 845:antisocial 831:, such as 800:Schizotypy 670:See also: 626:scientific 421:disability 380:Definition 340:and other 326:depression 193:stimulants 172:Medication 88:depression 64:Psychiatry 15763:Suffering 15453:Infection 15351:Catatonia 15283:Psychosis 15118:Postnatal 15101:Nightmare 14707:Wandering 14560:Dysthymia 14528:Bipolar I 14483:Pervasive 14298:Pyromania 14223:Voyeurism 14218:Fetishism 13883:cite book 13816:643092515 13808:1095-5054 13628:2214-7942 13593:475785132 13521:78-643607 13513:0149-7634 13505:1873-7528 13454:0954-5794 13446:1469-2198 13348:0735-7036 13340:1939-2087 13277:78-643607 13269:0149-7634 13261:1873-7528 13143:78-643607 13135:0149-7634 13127:1873-7528 12863:0007-1250 12855:1472-1465 12725:145599816 12060:145696394 12025:145291023 11800:0307-1235 11753:Lucas C. 11128:145545714 11114:: 54–64. 10530:145793759 10495:207509518 10381:145541617 10112:248503963 10096:1075-2730 9755:982958263 8646:CiteSeerX 8348:234820994 8183:cite book 8064:827119919 7928:Frances A 7894:Caplan PJ 7856:0007-1250 7848:1472-1465 7781:(1): 76. 7529:CiteSeerX 7369:0033-2917 7361:1469-8978 7032:0954-5794 7024:1469-2198 6973:142581788 6329:24 August 6261:205962371 6184:0007-1250 6176:1472-1465 6140:Jan/March 5909:0007-1250 5901:1472-1465 5860:208792724 5647:613502930 5639:0940-1334 5631:1433-8491 5458:0022-3999 5383:0033-2917 5375:1469-8978 5347:Skodol AE 5258:Q47783989 5242:1092-8529 4964:0954-5794 4956:1469-2198 4899:0954-5794 4891:1469-2198 4785:0954-5794 4777:1469-2198 4506:13 August 4183:0033-2917 4175:1469-8978 4106:0033-2917 4098:1469-8978 3809:0005-7894 3723:0022-1465 3592:10 August 3522:10 August 3512:mhamd.org 3381:grounds. 3375:empirical 3271:mediating 3151:resilient 3083:The term 2978:heretical 2930:Carl Bell 2868:survivors 2812:Movements 2797:spiritual 2779:familismo 2569:Kraepelin 2458:Qāt Ištar 2267: 7–9 2261: 0–6 2156:adherence 2121:sedatives 2021:Lifestyle 1953:Parenting 1871:suffering 1796:July 2021 1712:Criticism 1638:Diagnosis 1616:cognitive 1517:psychosis 1469:migration 1354:self-harm 1342:workplace 1126:syndromes 1009:pyromania 865:dependent 829:eccentric 776:delusions 758:hypomania 746:dysthymia 666:Disorders 630:prototype 622:objective 607:continuum 465:stressors 342:psychoses 319:treatment 311:self-help 295:community 253:diagnosed 199:Frequency 160:Treatment 100:psychosis 80:Agitation 59:Specialty 15086:Insomnia 14756:Neurotic 14723:Delirium 14649:Dementia 14488:Specific 14105:Archived 14093:Archived 14080:Archived 14067: · 13769:(2002). 13767:Porter R 13757:8 August 13751:Archived 13747:27631043 13715:(2016). 13657:83004224 13545:23468566 13537:15925695 13470:25469071 13462:11523842 13382:8 August 13376:Archived 13372:10608560 13364:08997203 13356:83648068 13301:20587935 13293:17079015 13226:21698223 13186:PLOS ONE 13167:10101196 13159:17141312 13065:20502508 13016:12605241 13008:15233709 12973:11779087 12938:20067766 12930:15574672 12895:24432329 12887:10211145 12871:89649366 12820:19668362 12690:16061769 12641:11585953 12606:16946914 12562:24861430 12505:24730388 12470:25496006 12421:19188537 12372:Archived 12341:Archived 12318:34916201 12310:18444456 12275:19652980 12267:24660972 12232:10474550 12183:10474548 12134:Archived 12104:Archived 12078:Archived 11960:Archived 11943:19862722 11935:12225457 11897:27738025 11889:17022790 11852:23 April 11820:Archived 11808:49632006 11740:45821626 11732:16874128 11666:26075592 11658:16283995 11615:Archived 11592:30484715 11543:27470237 11486:Archived 11461:(1999). 11429:Archived 11402:17696026 11310:Archived 11255:20638428 11247:16333686 11212:53444644 11177:11264215 11093:15652693 11002:43256486 10951:Archived 10928:10751976 10890:20483977 10837:15279009 10813:15279009 10782:11421968 10738:16870979 10703:19635873 10695:16754765 10652:Archived 10584:Archived 10580:13042932 10572:19821066 10487:20557227 10444:11990010 10336:22897500 10328:15990520 10285:Archived 10263:24999521 10206:Archived 10175:Archived 10147:Archived 10116:Archived 10104:35502519 10049:Archived 10018:Archived 9996:28266198 9988:12517037 9945:Archived 9915:Archived 9885:Archived 9855:Archived 9666:(1998). 9637:Archived 9619:14959805 9584:29235629 9576:15291684 9532:Archived 9528:11386989 9487:15916472 9434:20 April 9421:26089761 9413:15961293 9371:24499847 9363:15128384 9297:15939839 9240:Archived 9236:15065747 9187:Archived 9183:16989109 9142:15173149 9093:Archived 9075:15939837 9031:10885160 8980:31672337 8931:18208598 8905:(1): 2. 8880:10303872 8872:15914249 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6017:30881311 6009:14638578 5974:16494258 5933:11388966 5917:89649366 5852:19700006 5817:19002191 5768:17551351 5667:Archived 5663:21221326 5655:17131216 5587:31 March 5557:31 March 5466:11897231 5417:13 March 5407:15568151 5399:17121690 5391:01588231 5324:Archived 5312:16903806 5254:Wikidata 5250:28264727 5196:16488021 5158:Archived 5133:Archived 5108:(1999). 5073:Archived 5031:28004947 4982:27739393 4917:27739384 4852:25360393 4803:27739389 4708:Archived 4685:21991278 4636:20148149 4584:Archived 4559:Archived 4555:25866251 4547:10336212 4500:Archived 4411:25 March 4405:Archived 4372:Archived 4282:Archived 4258:2 August 4252:Archived 4209:20624327 4191:01588231 4132:20624327 4114:01588231 4059:24331284 3983:28242200 3882:Archived 3880:. 2016. 3860:Archived 3827:24912469 3741:14 March 3735:Archived 3676:Archived 3652:28 April 3550:Archived 3516:Archived 3385:See also 3328:primates 3248:Violence 3244:(2013). 3231:Homeland 3085:insanity 2967:morality 2847:Diazepam 2785:Religion 2653:Rosenhan 2631:and the 2490:humorism 2482:hysteria 1648:symptoms 1630:" or a " 1559:eclectic 1529:cannabis 1509:caffeine 1501:cannabis 1495:Drug use 1453:bullying 1399:genetics 1379:Genetics 1205:Disorder 1056:dementia 1052:delirium 927:insomnia 891:include 837:schizoid 833:paranoid 655:p factor 651:g factor 527:— 516:— 502:— 491:— 413:distress 409:syndrome 348:include 330:dementia 96:paranoia 75:Symptoms 14795:Anxiety 14634:PDD-NOS 14523:Bipolar 14176: ( 14054: ( 14025:minutes 13993:D001523 13529:3552135 13285:3552135 13217:3116818 13194:Bibcode 13151:3552135 13056:2866965 12879:1537306 12811:2718581 12766:9596041 12681:1389236 12597:1525086 12553:4211925 12513:2228512 12461:4318286 12223:1508769 12174:1508784 11583:6532404 11534:5007563 11435:15 July 11168:1119907 10994:9385013 10881:3432444 10452:8949296 10291:17 July 10254:4194077 10212:17 July 10181:17 July 10153:17 July 10122:17 July 10055:14 July 10024:14 July 9478:1140952 9288:2847357 9022:2560724 8971:6949116 8922:2248201 8556:4393705 8405:2548960 8331:9749862 8129:6583905 8020:1122833 7976:Kirk SA 7872:1537306 7798:1315350 7620:9183204 7611:2126757 7497:3312951 7448:4382368 7283:2811144 7242:1914490 7202:5364016 7041:2504732 6812:9113138 6804:2137220 6717:5082975 6636:2662575 6541:3181941 6464:21 June 6363:1489848 6290:2 April 6209:2681238 6200:1537306 6057:3173804 5925:1537306 5808:2762785 5759:1925038 5718:1738003 5330:21 June 5320:2728977 5022:5269437 4973:5079621 4908:5098269 4843:4209412 4794:5119897 4676:3188773 4627:2816922 4355:9857496 4200:3101504 4123:3101504 3974:5360575 3888:9 April 3818:4234113 3731:2676305 3682:10 June 3259:victims 3199:Romania 3159:courage 3093:synonym 2956:DSM-III 2667:lithium 2649:Science 2586:, 1950s 2526:, Paris 2466:Shamash 2437:History 2029:Therapy 2014:placebo 1999:clinics 1780:scholar 1670:cases. 1668:chronic 1521:cocaine 1513:anxiety 1505:alcohol 1449:neglect 1019:alcohol 700:phobias 692:anxiety 417:symptom 220:, or a 150:Genetic 84:anxiety 15476:Cancer 15039:Eating 14887:Stress 14804:Phobia 14760:stress 14619:Autism 14412:Speech 14201:Sexual 14118:about 13904: 13864: 13840: 13814: 13806: 13779: 13745: 13735: 13701: 13678: 13655: 13645: 13626: 13616: 13591: 13583: 13573: 13543: 13535: 13527: 13519: 13511: 13503: 13468: 13460: 13452: 13444: 13370: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13299: 13291: 13283: 13275: 13267: 13259: 13224: 13214: 13165: 13157: 13149: 13141: 13133: 13125: 13063: 13053: 13014: 13006: 12971: 12936: 12928: 12893: 12885: 12877: 12869: 12861: 12853: 12818: 12808: 12764: 12723: 12688: 12678: 12639: 12604: 12594: 12560: 12550: 12511: 12503: 12468: 12458: 12419: 12378:4 July 12347:4 July 12316: 12308: 12273: 12265: 12230: 12220: 12181: 12171: 12110:28 May 12084:28 May 12058: 12023: 11941: 11933: 11895: 11887: 11814: 11806: 11798: 11738: 11730: 11695:9 July 11664: 11656: 11590: 11580: 11541: 11531: 11492:28 May 11478: 11400: 11350: 11316:1 July 11253: 11245: 11210: 11175: 11165: 11126: 11091: 11027: 11000: 10992: 10926: 10888: 10878: 10835: 10811: 10780: 10736: 10701: 10693: 10621: 10578: 10570: 10528: 10493: 10485: 10450: 10442: 10402: 10379: 10334: 10326: 10261: 10251: 10110: 10102: 10094: 9994: 9986: 9951:2 July 9921:2 July 9891:2 July 9861:2 July 9806: 9790:336681 9788: 9753: 9743: 9718: 9682: 9617: 9582: 9574: 9538:25 May 9526: 9485: 9475: 9419: 9411: 9369: 9361: 9325:27 May 9295: 9285: 9246:28 May 9234: 9193:28 May 9181: 9140: 9073: 9029: 9019: 8978: 8968: 8929: 8919: 8878: 8870: 8786: 8751: 8743: 8674: 8666: 8648: 8614: 8563: 8553: 8514: 8479: 8444: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8346: 8338: 8328: 8264:27 May 8230: 8222: 8164: 8136: 8126: 8085: 8062: 8052: 8027: 8017: 7956: 7878: 7870: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7805: 7795: 7754:13 May 7724:13 May 7694: 7653: 7618: 7608: 7549: 7531: 7504: 7494: 7455: 7445: 7391: 7383: 7375: 7367: 7359: 7290: 7280: 7249: 7239: 7200: 7192: 7124: 7048: 7038: 7030: 7022: 6971: 6963: 6953: 6892: 6854: 6810: 6802: 6767: 6759: 6724: 6714: 6643: 6633: 6594: 6586: 6548: 6538: 6499: 6427: 6419: 6370: 6360: 6315: 6259: 6251: 6233:Lancet 6216: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6110: 6064: 6054: 6036:Nature 6015: 6007: 5972: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5858: 5850: 5832:Lancet 5815: 5805: 5766: 5756: 5715: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5464: 5456: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5318: 5310: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5194: 5139:28 May 5125: 5029: 5019: 4980: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4915: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4850: 4840: 4801: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4683: 4673: 4634: 4624: 4553: 4545: 4478: 4458: 4434: 4353: 4313: 4244: 4207: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4173: 4130: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4057: 4014: 3981: 3971: 3925: 3911:101–05 3825: 3815: 3807: 3766: 3729: 3721: 3582:ws.edu 3128:Stigma 3121:, and 2934:ethnic 2618:stress 2500:Europe 2486:phobia 2462:Ishtar 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2045:, and 1975:, and 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1753: 1586:stress 1523:, and 1515:. For 1323:Basic 1169:Course 1148:, and 1076:, and 972:, and 945:, and 790:, and 618:normal 460:ICD-10 452:ICD-11 405:DSM-IV 362:Stigma 356:, and 309:, and 146:Causes 15344:Other 15073:sleep 14860:Other 14716:Other 14582:Mania 14254:Other 14004:28852 13858:(PDF) 13541:S2CID 13501:eISSN 13466:S2CID 13442:eISSN 13336:eISSN 13297:S2CID 13257:eISSN 13163:S2CID 13123:eISSN 13012:S2CID 12934:S2CID 12891:S2CID 12851:eISSN 12721:S2CID 12509:S2CID 12314:S2CID 12271:S2CID 12056:S2CID 12021:S2CID 11939:S2CID 11893:S2CID 11736:S2CID 11662:S2CID 11466:(PDF) 11361:(PDF) 11344:(PDF) 11251:S2CID 11208:S2CID 11124:S2CID 10998:S2CID 10699:S2CID 10587:(PDF) 10576:S2CID 10548:(PDF) 10526:S2CID 10491:S2CID 10448:S2CID 10377:S2CID 10332:S2CID 10108:S2CID 9992:S2CID 9678:–81. 9580:S2CID 9428:(PDF) 9417:S2CID 9389:(PDF) 9367:S2CID 9099:1 May 8876:S2CID 8816:6 May 8749:S2CID 8683:(PDF) 8672:S2CID 8634:(PDF) 8401:S2CID 8385:JSTOR 8344:S2CID 8250:(PDF) 8228:S2CID 8175:(PDF) 8158:(PDF) 7844:eISSN 7547:S2CID 7389:S2CID 7357:eISSN 7198:S2CID 7020:eISSN 6969:S2CID 6800:JSTOR 6765:S2CID 6669:(PDF) 6662:(PDF) 6596:95140 6592:S2CID 6425:S2CID 6257:S2CID 6172:eISSN 6013:S2CID 5897:eISSN 5856:S2CID 5670:(PDF) 5659:S2CID 5627:eISSN 5607:(PDF) 5524:6 May 5494:6 May 5403:S2CID 5371:eISSN 5316:S2CID 5265:(PDF) 5224:(2). 5214:(PDF) 5113:(PDF) 5068:WebMD 4952:eISSN 4887:eISSN 4773:eISSN 4551:S2CID 4171:eISSN 4094:eISSN 3727:JSTOR 3622:3 May 3559:2 May 3553:(PDF) 3546:(PDF) 3091:as a 2876:Imola 2799:, or 2170:Other 2089:trust 1787:JSTOR 1773:books 1664:acute 1652:signs 1445:abuse 996:Other 923:sleep 867:, or 754:mania 447:DSM-5 425:grief 116:Types 92:mania 15248:and 14897:PTSD 14511:Mood 14351:ADHD 13988:MeSH 13973:9-CM 13948:6E8Z 13902:ISBN 13889:link 13862:ISBN 13838:ISBN 13812:OCLC 13804:ISSN 13777:ISBN 13759:2016 13743:PMID 13733:ISBN 13699:ISBN 13676:ISBN 13653:LCCN 13643:ISBN 13624:ISSN 13614:ISBN 13589:OCLC 13581:LCCN 13571:ISBN 13533:PMID 13525:OCLC 13517:LCCN 13509:ISSN 13458:PMID 13450:ISSN 13384:2019 13368:PMID 13360:OCLC 13352:LCCN 13344:ISSN 13289:PMID 13281:OCLC 13273:LCCN 13265:ISSN 13222:PMID 13155:PMID 13147:OCLC 13139:LCCN 13131:ISSN 13061:PMID 13004:PMID 12969:PMID 12926:PMID 12883:PMID 12875:OCLC 12867:LCCN 12859:ISSN 12816:PMID 12762:PMID 12686:PMID 12637:PMID 12602:PMID 12558:PMID 12501:PMID 12466:PMID 12417:PMID 12380:2022 12349:2022 12306:PMID 12263:PMID 12228:PMID 12179:PMID 12112:2013 12086:2013 11931:PMID 11885:PMID 11854:2013 11828:2013 11812:Gale 11804:OCLC 11796:ISSN 11771:2012 11728:PMID 11697:2019 11685:健康遠見 11654:PMID 11623:2018 11588:PMID 11539:PMID 11494:2013 11476:ISBN 11437:2022 11398:PMID 11348:ISBN 11318:2022 11243:PMID 11173:PMID 11089:PMID 11025:ISBN 10990:PMID 10959:2017 10924:PMID 10886:PMID 10860:JAMA 10833:PMID 10809:PMID 10778:PMID 10734:PMID 10691:PMID 10660:2012 10619:ISBN 10595:2019 10568:PMID 10483:PMID 10440:PMID 10400:ISBN 10324:PMID 10293:2022 10259:PMID 10214:2022 10183:2022 10155:2022 10124:2022 10100:PMID 10092:ISSN 10057:2022 10026:2022 9984:PMID 9953:2022 9923:2022 9893:2022 9863:2022 9804:ISBN 9786:PMID 9751:OCLC 9741:ISBN 9716:ISBN 9680:ISBN 9645:2012 9615:PMID 9572:PMID 9540:2019 9524:PMID 9483:PMID 9436:2018 9409:PMID 9359:PMID 9327:2013 9293:PMID 9248:2013 9232:PMID 9195:2013 9179:PMID 9138:PMID 9120:JAMA 9101:2007 9071:PMID 9027:PMID 8976:PMID 8927:PMID 8868:PMID 8818:2019 8784:PMID 8741:PMID 8691:2017 8664:PMID 8612:PMID 8561:PMID 8512:PMID 8477:PMID 8442:PMID 8393:PMID 8336:PMID 8266:2013 8220:PMID 8189:link 8162:ISBN 8134:PMID 8083:ISBN 8060:OCLC 8050:ISBN 8025:PMID 7954:PMID 7914:2017 7876:PMID 7868:OCLC 7860:LCCN 7852:ISSN 7803:PMID 7756:2013 7726:2013 7692:PMID 7651:PMID 7616:PMID 7502:PMID 7453:PMID 7405:2019 7381:PMID 7373:OCLC 7365:ISSN 7322:2019 7288:PMID 7247:PMID 7190:PMID 7122:PMID 7085:2013 7046:PMID 7028:ISSN 6985:2012 6961:PMID 6951:ISBN 6920:2013 6890:PMID 6852:PMID 6808:PMID 6757:PMID 6722:PMID 6677:2016 6641:PMID 6584:PMID 6546:PMID 6497:PMID 6466:2022 6417:PMID 6368:PMID 6331:2020 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