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crop increases. This causes a cascading socioeconomic driver for the need for more agricultural croplands to support the growing demand. However, with the lack of available land from the crop substitution to biofuels, countries must look into areas further away to develop these original croplands. This causes spillover systems in countries where this new development takes place. For instance, African countries are converting savanna's into cropland and this all stems from the socioeconomic driver of wanting to develop biofuels. Furthermore, socioeconomic driver that cause land use change don't all occur at an international level. These drivers can be experienced all the way down to the household level. Crop substitution doesn't only come from biofuel shifts in agriculture, a big substitution came from
Thailand when they switched the production of opium poppy plants to non-narcotic crops. This caused Thailand's agricultural sector to grow, but it caused global rippling effects (
602:
socioeconomic drivers can change the way we live. For instance, going back to the soy bean example, when the supply can't meet the demand for soy beans the global market for this crop increases which then in turn affects countries that rely on this crop for a food source. These affects can cause a higher price for soy beans at their stores and markets or it can cause an overall lack of availability for this crop in importing countries. With both of these outcomes, the household level is being affected by a national level socioeconomic driver of an increased demand for
Brazilian soy beans in China. From just this one example alone, one can see how socioeconomic drivers influence changes at a national level that then lead to more global, regional, communal, and household level changes. The main concept to take away from this is the idea that everything is connected and that our roles and choices as humans have major driving forces that impact our world in numerous ways.
121:
570:
34:
388:
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exposures in and around the time of pregnancy, the maternal metabolic exposome includes exposures such as maternal obesity/overweight and diabetes, and malnutrition, including high fat/high calorie diets, which are associated with poor fetal, infant and child growth, and increased incidence of obesity and other metabolic disorders in later life.
585:
development for countries within their membership. With an international socioeconomic driver of increasing the production biofuels comes affects in land use in these countries. When agricultural cropland shift to bioenergy cropland the original crop supply decreases while the global market for this
276:
Christopher Paul Wild in an article entitled "Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology". The concept of the exposome and how to assess it has led to lively discussions with varied views in 2010, 2012, 2014
601:
In conclusion, one can see how socioeconomic drivers at any level play a role in the consequences of human actions on the environment. These drivers all have cascading effects on land, humans, resources, and the environment as a whole. With this being said, humans need to fully understand how their
565:
for soy bean production in Brazil, and the importance of strengthening foreign trade between the two countries. All of these socioeconomic drivers have implications in climate change. For instance, an increase in the development for soy bean croplands in Brazil means there needs to be more and more
540:
factors which in turn, these can be seen as drivers in their own regard. Socioeconomic drivers of climate change can be triggered by a social or economic demand for resources such as a demand for timber or a demand for agricultural crops. In tropical deforestation for instance, the main
404:
For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of
566:
land made available for this resource. This causes the general land cover of forest to be converted into croplands which in its own regard has an impact on the environment. This example of land use change driven by a demand of a resource, isn't only happening in Brazil with soy bean production.
593:
For instance, in Wolong China, locals use forests as fuelwood to cook and heat their homes. So, the socioeconomic driver in play here is the local demand for timber to support subsistence in this area. With this driver, locals are depleting their supply for fuelwood so they have to keep moving
395:
In late 2013, this definition was explained in greater depth in the first book on the exposome. In 2014, the same author revised the definition to include the body's response with its endogenous metabolic processes which alter the processing of chemicals. More recently, evidenced by metabolic
433:
In late 2013, a major initiative called the "Health and
Environment-Wide Associations based on Large Scale population Surveys" or HEALS, began. Touted as the largest environmental health-related study in Europe, HEALS proposes to adopt a paradigm defined by interactions between DNA sequence,
288:
period onwards." The concept was first proposed to draw attention to the need for better and more complete environmental exposure data for causal research, in order to balance the investment in genetics. According to Wild, even incomplete versions of the exposome could be useful to
597:
However, when researching local trends the focus tends to be on outcomes instead of on how changes in the global drivers affect outcomes. With this being said, community level planning needs to be implemented when analyzing socioeconomic drivers of change.
541:
driver is economic opportunities that come the extraction of these resources and the conversion of this land to crop or rangelands. These drivers can be manifested at any level, from the global level demand for timber all the way to the household level.
560:
has grown immensely in the past few decades. This growth in trade between these two countries is stimulated by socioeconomic drivers. Some of the socioeconomic drivers in play here are the rising demand for
Brazilian soy beans in China, the increase in
515:, "the unique disease principle": Every individual has a unique disease process different from any other individual, considering uniqueness of the exposome and its unique influence on molecular pathologic processes including alterations in the
473:, has been proposed and discussed in numerous scientific meetings, but as of 2017, no such project exists. Given the lack of clarity on how science would go about pursuing such a project, support has been lacking. Reports on the issue include:
535:
Global change is driven by many factors; however the five main drivers of global change are: population growth, economic growth, technological advances, attitudes, and institutions. These five main drivers of global change can stem from
409:
have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible. However, it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E".
150:, and subject to influences by many environmental effects. In this context, a phenotype (or phenotypic trait) can be viewed as any definable and measurable characteristic of an organism, such as its body mass or
224:
is often related to environmental factors. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, minimizing alcohol and eliminating smoking reduces the risk of developing the disease, according to researchers.
1946:
1336:
Warth B, Spangler S, Fang M, Johnson CH, Forsberg EM, Granados A, et al. (November 2017). "Exposome-Scale
Investigations Guided by Global Metabolomics, Pathway Analysis, and Cognitive Computing".
1947:
National
Research Council, Division on Earth Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Human Environmental Exposure Science in the 21st Century (2012-09-07).
1432:
Strain J, Spaans F, Serhan M, Davidge ST, Connor KL (October 2022). "Programming of weight and obesity across the lifecourse by the maternal metabolic exposome: A systematic review".
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further away to extract this resource. This movement and demand for timber is in turn contributing to the loss of pandas in this area because their ecosystem is getting destroyed.
426:-based Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology was launched around 2014, and aimed to develop an early-life exposome. A second project, Exposomics, based at
519:. This principle was first described in neoplastic diseases as "the unique tumor principle". Based on this unique disease principle, the interdisciplinary field of
450:
203:
found in almost all personal-care products and household cleaners are common environmental factors that determine a large segment of non-hereditary disease.
418:
As of 2016, it may not be possible to measure or model the full exposome, but several
European projects have started to make first attempts. In 2012, the
766:
2237:
Eakin H, DeFries R, Kerr S, Lambin EF, Liu J, Marcotullio PJ, et al. (2014). "Significance of telecoupling for exploration of land-use change.".
2317:
Downing TE, Ziervogel G, Patwardhan A (2003). Linking Global and Local
Scenarios under Climate Change (Report). Stockholm Environment Institute.
758:
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and
Stephen Rappaport, "Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health sciences" in the journal
251:
819:"Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology"
1090:
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overview, "Exposome and
Exposomics", outlines the three priority areas for researching the occupational exposome as identified by the
446:
1267:
498:"Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy", outlining the challenges in systematic evaluations of the exposome.
96:
of the water soil in which an organism lives. Biotic factors would include the availability of food organisms and the presence of
2081:"Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology"
2177:
Liu J, Hull V, Batistella M, DeFries R, Dietz T, Fu F, et al. (June 2013). "Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world".
495:
280:
In his 2005 article, Wild stated, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course environmental exposures (including
1585:"Systematic identification of interaction effects between genome- and environment-wide associations in type 2 diabetes mellitus"
22:
2246:
1958:
164:, environmental factors may determine the development of disease in those genetically predisposed to a particular condition.
1983:"Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease"
120:
520:
1382:
457:(NIH) has invested in technologies supporting exposome-related research including biosensors, and supports research on
2222:
Turner II BL, Meyer W (1994). "Global Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: An Overview.". In Meyer W, Turner II BL (eds.).
2128:
Liverman D, Yarnal B, Turner II BL (2003). "The Human Dimensions of Global Change.". In Gaile GL, Willmott CJ (eds.).
1277:
487:
458:
2359:
578:
2364:
537:
454:
1926:
442:
301:' technologies, to better define the exposome. He described three overlapping domains within the exposome:
430:, launched in 2012, aimed to use smartphones utilising GPS and environmental sensors to assess exposures.
994:"Understanding the link between environmental exposures and health: does the exposome promise too much?"
1372:
215:
1879:"Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health sciences"
1848:
1793:
2032:"How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine"
569:
2144:
1115:"The exposome--exciting opportunities for discoveries in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology"
667:
427:
642:
322:
273:
97:
2143:
Lambin EF, Turner BL, Geist HJ, Agbola SB, Angelsen A, Bruce JW, et al. (December 2001).
1306:
1165:
Vrijheid M, Slama R, Robinson O, Chatzi L, Coen M, van den Hazel P, et al. (June 2014).
682:
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341:
281:
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1697:
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632:
470:
158:
1772:
8:
2262:
Liu J, Dietz T, Carpenter SR, Alberti M, Folke C, Moran E, et al. (September 2007).
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Zhang X, Gao P, Snyder MP (July 2021). "The Exposome in the Era of the Quantified Self".
713:
524:
419:
265:
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hosted a meeting entitled "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Individual Exposomes." A
47:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2007:
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Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM, et al. (April 2013).
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awarded two large grants to pursue exposome-related research. The HELIX project at the
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Any factor, whether abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms in an ecosystem
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2012:
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Wang J, Pan L, Liu E, Liu H, Liu J, Wang S, Guo J, Li N, Zhang C, Hu G (April 2019).
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1634:"Building exposure biology centers to put the E into "G x E" interaction studies"
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1526:"An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus"
1266:
Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM (2014). Porta M (ed.).
507:
The concept of the exposome has contributed to the 2010 proposal of a new
969:
952:
516:
329:
255:
101:
85:
1894:
1182:
925:
908:
2145:"The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths"
1477:"Gestational diabetes and offspring's growth from birth to 6 years old"
734:"Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests"
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435:
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an internal environment to include internal biological factors such as
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If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of
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1167:"The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design"
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143:
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Buck Louis GM, Yeung E, Sundaram R, Laughon SK, Zhang C (May 2013).
790:"Study showing evidence of a major environmental trigger for autism"
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influences, its etiological origin can be referred to as having a
1814:
794:
582:
549:
345:
314:
77:
2339:
1219:"The nature of nurture: refining the definition of the exposome"
1583:
Patel CJ, Chen R, Kodama K, Ioannidis JP, Butte AJ (May 2013).
553:
438:
DNA modifications, gene expression, and environmental factors.
269:
233:
229:
221:
136:
124:
1112:
293:. In 2012, Wild outlined methods, including personal sensors,
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encompasses the set of human environmental (i.e. non-genetic)
2344:
1950:
Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
662:
557:
298:
188:
180:
140:
913:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
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between Brazil and China. The trading of soy beans from to
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1980:
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2224:
Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective
2176:
1582:
1335:
464:
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2127:
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The idea of a Human Exposome Project, analogous to the
93:
2236:
2226:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–9.
1523:
2029:
991:
710:
Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development
451:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2132:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 267–282.
2130:
Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century
1272:(6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
909:"Implications of the exposome for exposure science"
767:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1927:"NRC report supports NIEHS vision of the exposome"
1032:
2264:"Complexity of coupled human and natural systems"
992:Peters A, Hoek G, Katsouyanni K (February 2012).
2351:
823:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
573:Harvesting crawfish in Acadia Parish, Louisiana.
1524:Patel CJ, Bhattacharya J, Butte AJ (May 2010).
544:An example of how socioeconomic drivers affect
2221:
2030:Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (July 2012).
1631:
1292:
857:
727:
725:
723:
328:a specific external environment with specific
272:. The exposome was first proposed in 2005 by
2078:
1876:
1474:
1160:
1158:
860:"Epidemiology. Environment and disease risks"
305:a general external environment including the
127:is mainly the result of environmental factors
2255:
1468:
1425:
1035:"Exposome: time for transformative research"
1033:Buck Louis GM, Sundaram R (September 2012).
998:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
946:
944:
1216:
720:
268:from conception onwards, complementing the
2239:Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era
1155:
1091:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
447:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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2104:
2055:
2006:
1902:
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146:through development during an organism's
2085:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
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1307:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807
1295:Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science
568:
530:
386:
119:
1877:Lioy PJ, Rappaport SM (November 2011).
953:"The exposome: from concept to utility"
858:Rappaport SM, Smith MT (October 2010).
759:"Asthma and Its Environmental Triggers"
496:United States National Research Council
413:
2352:
2036:Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics
1834:
1773:"National Academy of Sciences meeting"
1674:
1632:Smith MT, Rappaport SM (August 2009).
1404:
1370:
1080:
1078:
707:
23:Environmental factor (green chemistry)
1286:
1119:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
957:International Journal of Epidemiology
465:Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP)
1686:"Daily dose of toxics to be tracked"
1217:Miller GW, Jones DP (January 2014).
950:
816:
27:
21:For the green-chemistry metric, see
1075:
521:molecular pathological epidemiology
84:. Abiotic factors include ambient
13:
2079:Ogino S, Stampfer M (March 2010).
1815:"Genes and Environment Initiative"
477:a 2011 review on the exposome and
14:
2376:
2333:
1883:Environmental Health Perspectives
1638:Environmental Health Perspectives
1171:Environmental Health Perspectives
502:
488:Environmental Health Perspectives
1794:"NIEHS Gene-Environment studies"
1481:International Journal of Obesity
732:Gallagher J (17 December 2015).
32:
2310:
2241:. MIT Press. pp. 141–161.
2230:
2215:
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2136:
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2072:
2023:
1974:
1940:
1919:
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1841:Chemical & Engineering News
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1807:
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579:Renewable Energy Directive 2009
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782:
751:
701:
577:Another example came from The
399:
1:
2164:10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00007-3
1434:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
1405:Miller G (20 November 2013).
836:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456
694:
459:gene–environment interactions
455:National Institutes of Health
1953:. National Academies Press.
1835:Arnaud CH (16 August 2010).
1684:Callaway E (November 2012).
1551:10.1371/journal.pone.0010746
1371:Miller G (2 December 2013).
1350:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02759
1269:A dictionary of epidemiology
443:National Academy of Sciences
7:
2340:Environmental factor, NIEHS
2152:Global Environmental Change
605:
239:
228:Environmental triggers for
80:or biotic, that influences
10:
2381:
1999:10.1038/modpathol.2012.214
249:
243:
115:
20:
1849:American Chemical Society
1601:10.1007/s00439-012-1258-z
1493:10.1038/s41366-018-0193-z
1446:10.1016/j.mam.2021.100986
1377:. Elsevier. p. 118.
1086:"Exposome and Exposomics"
951:Wild CP (February 2012).
581:Union when they mandated
441:In December 2011, the US
41:This article needs to be
1011:10.1136/jech-2011-200643
2288:10.1126/science.1144004
2191:10.5751/ES-05873-180226
1857:10.1021/CEN081010151709
1837:"Exposing The Exposome"
876:10.1126/science.1192603
817:Wild CP (August 2005).
668:Occupational toxicology
494:a 2012 report from the
428:Imperial College London
236:have been studied too.
92:, air, soil, water and
2360:Diseases and disorders
1374:The Exposome: A Primer
1223:Toxicological Sciences
1039:Statistics in Medicine
643:Epidemiology of cancer
574:
392:
139:) translated into the
128:
98:biological specificity
1235:10.1093/toxsci/kft251
907:Rappaport SM (2011).
683:Quantitative genetics
628:Environmental disease
572:
531:Socioeconomic drivers
390:
274:cancer epidemiologist
123:
2365:Environmental health
1338:Analytical Chemistry
633:Environmental health
471:Human Genome Project
414:Research initiatives
212:environmental factor
157:Apart from the true
66:environmental factor
2280:2007Sci...317.1513L
2274:(5844): 1513–1516.
2179:Ecology and Society
2097:10.1093/jnci/djq031
1895:10.1289/ehp.1104387
1702:2012Natur.491..647C
1542:2010PLoSO...510746P
1344:(21): 11505–11513.
1183:10.1289/ehp.1307204
926:10.1038/jes.2010.50
798:. November 10, 2008
714:John Wiley and Sons
548:can be seen in the
525:molecular pathology
420:European Commission
284:factors), from the
1734:"About Exposomics"
970:10.1093/ije/dyr236
658:Hygiene hypothesis
575:
527:and epidemiology.
393:
129:
2248:978-0-262-02690-1
2048:10.1586/erm.12.46
1960:978-0-309-26468-6
1889:(11): A466–A467.
1650:10.1289/ehp.12812
1131:10.1111/ppe.12040
1045:(22): 2569–2575.
870:(6003): 460–461.
708:Gilpin A (1996).
613:Accidental injury
588:opium replacement
523:(MPE) integrates
358:physical activity
307:urban environment
162:genetic disorders
70:ecological factor
62:
61:
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2010:
1987:Modern Pathology
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1644:(8): A334–A335.
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1418:
1407:"G x E = ?"
1402:
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695:References
688:Toxicology
436:epigenetic
338:infections
295:biomarkers
277:and 2021.
252:Exposomics
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152:skin color
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