375:
1529:
55:
33:
206:
4231:
291:. A patient who has contracted this illness usually displays subacute symptoms, including altered mental status, headaches, fever, neck stiffness, seizures, and focal neurological signs (such as cranial nerve palsies and coma), all leading to death within one week to several months. Due to the rarity of this parasite and a lack of knowledge, no good diagnoses or treatments for
412:
In May 2007, Advanced
Medical Optics, manufacturer of Complete Moisture Plus Contact Lens Solution products, issued a voluntary recall of their Complete Moisture Plus solutions. The fear was that contact lens wearers who used their solution were at higher risk of acanthamoebic keratitis than contact
623:
also has served as a model to study the evolution of certain G-proteins. This unicellular eukaryote expresses few GPCRs over its cell membrane that serve vital role for the microorganism, structural homology bioinformatics tools have been used to show the presence of a homolog of human M1-muscarinic
269:
by means that are not yet understood. Subsequent invasion of the connective tissue and induction of pro-inflammatory responses leads to neuronal damage that can be fatal within days. Pure granulomatous lesions are rare in patients with AIDS and other related immunodeficiency states, as the patients
500:
does not differ greatly at the ultrastructural level from a mammalian cell, it is an attractive model for cell-biology studies; it is important in cellular microbiology, environmental biology, physiology, cellular interactions, molecular biology, biochemistry, and evolutionary studies, due to the
632:
spp. (CavAc) have been reported to have similarities with human voltage-gated calcium channels such as TPC-1 and L-type calcium channels and respond to Ca-channel blockers such as loperamide. This model microbe has been studied to understand complex neurodegenerative states including
Alzheimer's
196:
spp. are among the most prevalent protozoa found in the environment. They are distributed worldwide, and have been isolated from soil, air, sewage, seawater, chlorinated swimming pools, domestic tap water, bottled water, dental treatment units, hospitals, air-conditioning units, and contact lens
618:
to discover and characterize many proteins that are essential for cell motility, not only in amoebae, but also in many other eukaryotic cells, especially those of the human nervous and immune systems, the developing embryo, and cancer cells.
232:(GAE). The latter is often but not always seen in immunosuppressed patients. GAE is caused by the amoebae entering the body through an open wound and then spreading to the brain. The combination of host immune responses and secreted amoebal
652:
that are similar to human pathogens, so they are considered to be potential emerging human pathogens. The exact nature of these symbionts and the benefit they represent for the amoebic host still have to be clarified. These include
1962:
Baig AM, Rana Z, Tariq S, Lalani S, Ahmad HR (March 2018). "Traced on the
Timeline: Discovery of Acetylcholine and the Components of the Human Cholinergic System in a Primitive Unicellular Eukaryote Acanthamoeba spp".
252:
including headache, seizures, and mental-status abnormalities. These worsen progressively over weeks to months, leading to death in most patients. Infection is generally associated with underlying conditions such as
354:, are only tentatively successful. Correct and timely diagnosis, as well as improved treatment methods and an understanding of the parasite, are important factors in improving the outcome of infection by
479:
This species is able to lyse bacteria and produce a wide range of enzymes, such as cellulases or chitinases, and probably contributes to the breakdown of organic matter in soil, contributing to the
398:
wearers who do not properly disinfect their lenses, exacerbated by a failure to wash hands prior to handling the lenses. Multipurpose contact lens solutions are largely ineffective against
261:, and alcoholism. The parasite enters the body through cuts in the skin or by being inhaled into the upper respiratory tract. The parasite then spreads through the blood into the CNS.
1191:
Di
Gregorio C, Rivasi F, Mongiardo N, De Rienzo B, Wallace S, Visvesvara GS (December 1992). "Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome".
274:
infection in CNS and other organs and tissues. A perivascular cuffing with amoebae in necrotic tissue is usual finding in the AIDS and related T-cell immunodeficiency conditions.
2301:
366:
effects, but as the drugs are already approved, human infections can be targeted after dose calculations in clinical trials done with these diverse groups of drugs.
1927:
Baig AM, Rana Z, Mannan M, Tariq S, Ahmad HR (2017). "Antibiotic
Effects of Loperamide: Homology of Human Targets of Loperamide with Targets in Acanthamoeba spp".
3878:
3870:
1277:"In vitro efficacies of clinically available drugs against growth and viability of an Acanthamoeba castellanii keratitis isolate belonging to the T4 genotype"
299:
keratitis cases in the past have resolved from a therapy consisting of atropine and some other drugs with no antimicrobial effects. Recent publications show
3857:
3737:
3569:
3118:
2636:
2631:
594:, about 1 kg of cells can be obtained after several days of aerated culture at room temperature. Pioneered in the laboratory of Edward D. Korn at the
3714:
2892:
2885:
1762:
Anderson IJ, Watkins RF, Samuelson J, Spencer DF, Majoros WH, Gray MW, Loftus BJ (August 2005). "Gene discovery in the
Acanthamoeba castellanii genome".
628:. Blocking these muscarinic receptors in past studies has proven to be amoebicidal in Acanthamoeba spp. More recently, voltage-gated calcium channels in
4159:
3928:
3673:
3668:
2843:
1821:
Baig AM, Khan NA, Abbas F. Eukaryotic cell encystation and cancer cell dormancy: is a greater devil veiled in the details of a lesser evil? Cancer Biol
2076:
Philippe N, Legendre M, Doutre G, Couté Y, Poirot O, Lescot M, Arslan D, Seltzer V, Bertaux L, Bruley C, Garin J, Claverie JM, Abergel C (July 2013).
4005:
3954:
3888:
3650:
3574:
3559:
3077:
1324:
Baig AM (August 2015). "Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: Are the amoebae being credited to an 'inside job' done by the host immune response?".
4173:
3977:
3946:
3790:
3679:
3645:
3637:
3001:
2766:
590:
in the 1960s, has been effectively used as a classic model organism in the field of cell biology. From just 30 L of simple medium inoculated with
461:
has been associated with enhanced growth in macrophages, and increased resistance to some antibiotics. Furthermore, due to the high prevalence of
4577:
4117:
3767:
3508:
3192:
4201:
4068:
4016:
3919:
3759:
3581:
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4089:
3750:
3549:
3522:
3515:
3501:
3494:
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cases. Additionally, they have been isolated from human skin, nasal cavities, throats, and intestines, as well as plants and other mammals.
4267:
4194:
4103:
3781:
3686:
3529:
2801:
2710:
3816:
2668:
611:
4075:
2654:
2647:
2239:
4082:
2808:
2534:
248:
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is caused by amoebic infection of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by
4564:
185:. However, they are also opportunistic pathogens able to cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in humans and other animals.
2244:
1882:"1-muscarinic GPCR homolog in unicellular eukaryotes: featuring Acanthamoeba spp bioinformatics 3D-modelling and experimentations"
720:
can be distinguished from other genera of amoebae based on morphological characteristics. However, differentiating one species of
4590:
579:
diverged early from the eukaryotic family tree, these results suggest that meiosis was present early in eukaryotic evolution.
1806:
615:
4595:
2333:
1591:
Johnston SP, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, Roy S, Verani J, Yoder J, Lorick S, Roberts J, Beach MJ, Visvesvara G (July 2009).
4346:
4325:
229:
465:
in the environment, these amoebae have been proposed to serve as an environmental reservoir for some human pathogens.
1041:(spike/thorn), which was added before "amoeba" (change) to describe this organism as having a spine-like structure (
476:
can be found at high densities in various soil ecosystems. It preys on bacteria, but also fungi and other protozoa.
4639:
4260:
2366:
1689:
739:, with sequence types noted where known. Species that have been identified in diseased patients are marked with *.
4682:
4290:
2361:
318:, or viral encephalitis. The misdiagnosis often leads to erroneous, ineffective treatment. In the case that the
505:, act as vectors and reservoirs for microbial pathogens, and to produce serious human infections. In addition,
2041:
Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS (February 2004). "Opportunistic amoebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment".
4384:
2445:
2435:
2418:
1049:, an amphizoic, opportunistic, and nonopportunistic protozoan protist widely distributed in the environment.
595:
4677:
258:
732:
strains can be organized into 12 groups, denoted T1-T12. Most disease-causing isolates belong to type T4.
4512:
4253:
414:
54:
598:(NIH), many important biological molecules have been discovered and their pathways elucidated using the
575:
is capable of some form of meiosis and may be able to undergo sexual reproduction. Furthermore, since
374:
429:
Several species of bacteria that can cause human disease are also able to infect and replicate within
4667:
4644:
4618:
4556:
1528:
4340:
2450:
2326:
2077:
1067:
524:
406:
266:
2078:"Pandoraviruses: amoeba viruses with genomes up to 2.5 Mb reaching that of parasitic eukaryotes"
4503:
4465:
4330:
4315:
1058:
607:
441:
435:
391:
225:
4582:
1544:"Efficacy of contact lens systems against recent clinical and tap water Acanthamoeba isolates"
4439:
4429:
4413:
2413:
1998:
Horn M, Wagner M (September–October 2004). "Bacterial endosymbionts of free-living amoebae".
1881:
453:
394:, which may lead to corneal ulcers or even blindness. This condition occurs most often among
358:. A paper published in 2013 has shown substantial effects of some FDA-approved drugs with an
249:
213:
4631:
4538:
4447:
4434:
4351:
4320:
2092:
8:
1169:
603:
2096:
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lens wearers who used other solutions. The manufacturer recalled the product after the
4372:
4234:
2972:
2430:
2408:
2396:
2371:
2319:
2212:
2185:
2161:
2140:
2116:
2023:
2011:
1909:
1857:
1832:
1666:
1641:
1617:
1592:
1573:
1512:
1487:
1301:
1276:
1254:
49:
2276:
2251:
1940:
1412:
1395:
1337:
1133:
1108:
4672:
4626:
4525:
4424:
3995:
3936:
2488:
2440:
2403:
2391:
2381:
2281:
2166:
2108:
2058:
2015:
1980:
1944:
1901:
1862:
1802:
1779:
1744:
1739:
1722:
1671:
1622:
1593:"Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions"
1565:
1517:
1468:
1427:
1376:
1341:
1306:
1246:
1200:
1173:
1138:
162:
4517:
2120:
2027:
1577:
1258:
402:, whereas hydrogen peroxide-based solutions have good disinfection characteristics.
3905:
3701:
3082:
2951:
2878:
2355:
2271:
2263:
2207:
2197:
2156:
2148:
2100:
2050:
2007:
1972:
1936:
1913:
1893:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1771:
1734:
1661:
1653:
1612:
1604:
1555:
1507:
1499:
1458:
1417:
1407:
1368:
1333:
1296:
1288:
1236:
1165:
1128:
1120:
587:
447:
335:
270:
do not have adequate numbers of CD+ve T-cells to mount a granulomatous response to
254:
2267:
1897:
1225:"Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host?"
1124:
4530:
4378:
3972:
3897:
3798:
3660:
3228:
3200:
3061:
3053:
2815:
2752:
2596:
2568:
2495:
1976:
1775:
1560:
1543:
1372:
311:
106:
1359:
Khan NA (February 2007). "Acanthamoeba invasion of the central nervous system".
513:
and cancer cell dormancy by in-depth exploration of the process of encystation.
4551:
4488:
4152:
3964:
3449:
3410:
3356:
3102:
2967:
2871:
2724:
2689:
2513:
2386:
2054:
1503:
1035:
480:
323:
237:
174:
2233:
2152:
421:
infection after using
Complete Moisture Plus in the month prior to diagnosis.
32:
4661:
4300:
4138:
3834:
3586:
3554:
3543:
3405:
3343:
3333:
3305:
3287:
3282:
3223:
3215:
3205:
3173:
3027:
3022:
2920:
2794:
2787:
2586:
2563:
2558:
2518:
2505:
1723:"Interactions of some common pathogenic bacteria with Acanthamoeba polyphaga"
1394:
Kaushal V, Chhina DK, Kumar R, Pannu HS, Dhooria HP, Chhina RS (March 2007).
702:
510:
96:
2104:
1488:"An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment"
4208:
4124:
3617:
3454:
3400:
3392:
3351:
3310:
3297:
3274:
3183:
3165:
3087:
3043:
3006:
2927:
2913:
2906:
2857:
2822:
2773:
2696:
2553:
2285:
2202:
2170:
2112:
2062:
2019:
1984:
1948:
1905:
1866:
1783:
1748:
1626:
1569:
1521:
1472:
1463:
1446:
1431:
1380:
1345:
1310:
1250:
1241:
1224:
1142:
686:
649:
502:
501:
organisms' versatile roles in the ecosystem and ability to capture prey by
395:
347:
339:
331:
277:
129:
1675:
1657:
1204:
1177:
4497:
4404:
4363:
4187:
4096:
4010:
4000:
3839:
3724:
3709:
3602:
3441:
3328:
3265:
2864:
2703:
2682:
2612:
2545:
1608:
1292:
672:
557:
351:
343:
285:
205:
182:
170:
158:
1696:
4569:
4419:
4180:
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3826:
3320:
3251:
3246:
3097:
2934:
2850:
2836:
2829:
2731:
2578:
2483:
2306:
655:
327:
315:
4245:
1422:
633:
disease. Scientists have isolated a neurotransmitter acetylcholine in
4276:
4145:
4110:
3536:
3467:
3238:
2780:
2591:
2475:
2466:
2342:
1833:"Is there evidence of sexual reproduction (meiosis) in Acanthamoeba?"
680:
676:
532:
76:
66:
4608:
4459:
4603:
4482:
4215:
3808:
3626:
3485:
3156:
2661:
2425:
1190:
725:
567:
417:
in the United States found that 21 people had possibly received an
300:
288:
233:
154:
86:
4285:
3383:
582:
Owing to its ease and economy of cultivation, the Neff strain of
528:
509:
has been used extensively to understand the molecular biology of
4400:
3430:
3374:
2745:
2296:
1761:
541:
520:
281:
4543:
3599:
1542:
Shoff ME, Joslin CE, Tu EY, Kubatko L, Fuerst PA (July 2008).
1447:"Recommendations for the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis"
705:(that have more than 1000 protein-coding genes; for instance,
405:
The first cure of a corneal infection was achieved in 1985 at
1721:
Huws SA, Morley RJ, Jones MV, Brown MR, Smith AW (May 2008).
553:
549:
545:
537:
304:
2311:
1485:
709:, which has about 2500 protein-coding genes in its genome).
2075:
1590:
963:(Olive & Stoianovitch 1969) Spiegel & Shadwick 2016
561:
243:
169:
has two stages in its life cycle, the metabolically active
724:
from another by morphology has proven difficult. Based on
322:
is diagnosed correctly, the current treatments, such as
1642:"Acanthamoeba keratitis successfully treated medically"
1393:
637:
and the enzymatic machinery needed for its synthesis.
2249:
1106:
1886:
Journal of
Receptor and Signal Transduction Research
1720:
1541:
1156:
De
Jonckheere JF (1991). "Ecology of Acanthamoeba".
1961:
1926:
1639:
240:resulting in death in about 95% of those infected.
2252:"Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans"
2040:
1109:"Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans"
2245:Video of Acanthamoeba from contact lens keratitis
701:are unusual in serving as hosts for a variety of
457:. For some of these bacteria, replication inside
4659:
1486:Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J (2015).
1929:Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery
1640:Wright P, Warhurst D, Jones BR (October 1985).
1193:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
3896:
1444:
1270:
1268:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
4261:
2327:
1274:
1155:
1149:
4299:
2069:
2034:
1955:
1830:
1824:
1479:
3758:
3391:
2609:
2134:
2132:
2130:
1633:
1317:
1265:
1211:
1081:
612:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
491:
424:
310:Infection usually mimics that of bacterial
4268:
4254:
2334:
2320:
2250:Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G (April 2003).
2240:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1997:
1184:
1107:Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G (April 2003).
369:
31:
2275:
2211:
2201:
2160:
1879:
1856:
1738:
1665:
1616:
1559:
1511:
1462:
1421:
1411:
1300:
1275:Baig AM, Iqbal J, Khan NA (August 2013).
1240:
1132:
2127:
1714:
735:Below is a list of described species of
373:
362:kill rate above 90%. These results were
257:, diabetes, malignancies, malnutrition,
244:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)
204:
4275:
2531:
2307:Acanthamoeba pictures and illustrations
2183:
1445:Baig AM, Zuberi H, Khan NA (May 2014).
756:Qvarnstrom, Nerad & Visvesvara 2013
157:that are commonly recovered from soil,
4660:
3382:
2218:citing public domain text from the CDC
2000:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1799:Acanthamoeba: Biology and Pathogenesis
1400:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
1361:International Journal for Parasitology
1045:). This organism is now well known as
173:stage and a dormant, stress-resistant
4464:
4463:
4249:
2987: Glutinoconcha
2315:
2141:"Molecular phylogeny of acanthamoeba"
1790:
1281:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
616:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
4619:ee3aca08-c765-4fe3-a64e-47c425578fe2
2138:
1796:
1646:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1358:
1323:
1222:
989:Willaert, Stevens & Tyndall 1978
851:Moura, Wallace & Visvesvara 1992
868:Sawyer, Nerad & Visvesvara 1992
842:Sawyer, Visvesvara & Harke 1977
783:(Singh & Das 1970) Griffin 1972
13:
4326:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
2145:The Korean Journal of Parasitology
2012:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00278.x
1170:10.1093/clind/13.supplement_5.s385
230:granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
200:
181:species are generally free-living
14:
4694:
2227:
1941:10.2174/1574891X12666170425170544
1831:Khan NA, Siddiqui R (June 2015).
1338:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.022
4230:
4229:
1740:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01123.x
1597:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1527:
945:(Puschkarew 1913) Volkonsky 1931
884:Molet & Ermolieff-braun 1976
747:(Ray & Hayes 1954) Page 1967
666:
640:
382:as seen under a light microscope
303:to interfere with the protist's
53:
40:Phase contrast micrograph of an
4347:Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis
2184:Pradhan, Nitika (August 2020).
2177:
1991:
1920:
1880:Baig AM, Ahmad HR (June 2017).
1873:
1815:
1755:
1682:
1584:
1535:
1451:Journal of Medical Microbiology
1229:Journal of Medical Microbiology
648:spp. contain diverse bacterial
606:applied this model at the NIH,
188:
1849:10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000009
1438:
1387:
1352:
1158:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
307:receptor, causing cell death.
1:
4385:Sappinia amoebic encephalitis
2341:
2268:10.1128/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003
2256:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1898:10.1080/10799893.2016.1217884
1413:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)01941-1
1125:10.1128/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003
1113:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1074:
596:National Institutes of Health
571:. This finding suggests that
486:
1977:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00254
1776:10.1016/j.protis.2005.04.001
1561:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815e7251
1373:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.010
1029:
712:
259:systemic lupus erythematosus
212:encephalitis microscopy and
7:
2302:Eye health and Acanthamoeba
2147:. 47 Suppl (Suppl): S21–8.
1837:Pathogens and Global Health
1396:"Acanthamoeba encephalitis"
1052:
415:Centers for Disease Control
10:
4701:
4321:Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis
2186:"Etymologia: Acanthamoeba"
2055:10.1016/j.drup.2004.01.002
1801:. Caister Academic Press.
586:, discovered in a pond in
523:sequence revealed several
468:
4472:
4399:
4362:
4284:
4225:
4058:
3986:
3963:
3945:
3927:
3918:
3887:
3869:
3856:
3825:
3807:
3789:
3780:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3700:
3659:
3636:
3616:
3595:
3484:
3440:
3427:
3423:
3373:
3342:
3319:
3296:
3273:
3264:
3237:
3214:
3191:
3182:
3164:
3155:
3111:
3070:
3052:
3036:
3015:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2960:
2944:
2622:
2605:
2577:
2544:
2527:
2504:
2474:
2465:
2349:
2153:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S21
1965:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
1727:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1223:Baig AM (December 2014).
980:(Singh 1952) Griffin 1972
860:Dobel & O'connor 1921
386:When present in the eye,
295:infection are now known.
135:
128:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
2139:Kong HH (October 2009).
1504:10.1051/parasite/2015010
997:Kyung-il & Shin 2003
535:. These genes included
492:Role as a model organism
425:As a bacterial reservoir
280:normally reveals severe
137:Acanthamoeba castellanii
4341:Balamuthia mandrillaris
2105:10.1126/science.1239181
2043:Drug Resistance Updates
1690:"Abbott Medical Optics"
1068:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1023:Lewis & Sawyer 1979
1014:Pussard & Pons 1977
971:Pussard & Pons 1977
954:Pussard & Pons 1977
928:Pussard & Pons 1977
902:Pussard & Pons 1977
893:Pussard & Pons 1977
801:Pussard & Pons 1977
792:Pussard & Pons 1977
516:The recently available
433:species. These include
407:Moorfields Eye Hospital
392:acanthamoebic keratitis
370:Acanthamoebic keratitis
4683:Taxa described in 1931
4331:Acanthamoeba infection
4316:Acanthamoeba keratitis
2293:Comprehensive resource
2203:10.3201/eid2608.et2608
1464:10.1099/jmm.0.069237-0
1242:10.1099/jmm.0.081315-0
919:(Reich 1933) Page 1977
608:Harvard Medical School
445:, and some strains of
442:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
436:Legionella pneumophila
383:
238:massive brain swelling
217:
42:Acanthamoeba polyphaga
4440:Amoebic brain abscess
4430:Amoebic liver abscess
4414:Entamoeba histolytica
3879:Echinosteliopsidaceae
1658:10.1136/bjo.69.10.778
697:Members of the genus
527:of genes employed in
454:Staphylococcus aureus
377:
250:neurological symptoms
214:molecular diagnostics
208:
4448:Entamoeba gingivalis
4435:Cutaneous amoebiasis
4352:Balamuthia infection
3871:Echinosteliopsidales
1609:10.1128/JCM.00575-09
1293:10.1128/AAC.00299-13
4678:Parasitic amoebozoa
2097:2013Sci...341..281P
1164:(Suppl 5): S385–7.
911:Corsaro et al. 2015
604:Thomas Dean Pollard
267:blood–brain barrier
220:Diseases caused by
16:Genus of protozoans
4373:Sappinia diploidea
4235:Category:Amoebozoa
3858:Columellomycetidae
3738:Lucisporomycetidae
3608:(true slime molds)
3605:
3601:
3570:Schizoplasmodiidae
3433:
3429:
3119:Cylindrifflugiidae
2973:Cryptodifflugiidae
2637:Mississippiellidae
2632:Bipseudostomatidae
2615:
2611:
2537:
2533:
1005:Sawyer et al. 1993
925:A. paradivionensis
728:sequencing, known
390:strains can cause
384:
218:
216:: scale bar: 10 ÎĽm
177:stage. In nature,
4655:
4654:
4627:Open Tree of Life
4466:Taxon identifiers
4457:
4456:
4425:Amoebic dysentery
4395:
4394:
4243:
4242:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
3996:Lamprodermataceae
3937:Clastodermataceae
3914:
3913:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3776:
3775:
3715:Protosporangiidae
3696:
3695:
3419:
3418:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3260:
3259:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3054:Hyalospheniformes
2893:Pseudawerintzewia
2886:Protocucurbitella
2489:Trichosphaeriidae
1808:978-1-904455-43-1
1235:(Pt 12): 1763–6.
1024:
1015:
1006:
998:
990:
981:
972:
964:
955:
946:
938:
937:Nerad et al. 1995
929:
920:
912:
903:
899:A. mauritaniensis
894:
885:
876:
869:
861:
852:
843:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
663:-like pathogens.
146:
145:
124:
4690:
4668:Amoebozoa genera
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4572:
4560:
4559:
4547:
4546:
4534:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4461:
4460:
4297:
4296:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4233:
4232:
4160:Pseudothecamoeba
3929:Clastodermatales
3925:
3924:
3906:Echinosteliaceae
3894:
3893:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3787:
3786:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3702:Protosporangiida
3674:Dictyosteliaceae
3669:Raperosteliaceae
3634:
3633:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3596:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3271:
3270:
3189:
3188:
3162:
3161:
3083:Distomatopyxidae
2992:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2952:Microchlamyiidae
2879:Protoplagiopyxis
2844:Planhoogenraadia
2620:
2619:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2472:
2471:
2378:
2358:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2289:
2279:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2190:Emerg Infect Dis
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1695:. Archived from
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1104:
1022:
1013:
1004:
996:
988:
979:
970:
962:
953:
944:
936:
927:
918:
916:A. palestinensis
910:
901:
892:
883:
875:
867:
859:
850:
841:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
588:Golden Gate Park
448:Escherichia coli
336:sulfamethoxazole
255:immunodeficiency
122:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4391:
4379:Sappinia pedata
4358:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4244:
4239:
4221:
4022:
4006:Kelleromyxaceae
3982:
3973:Stemonitidaceae
3959:
3955:Meridermataceae
3941:
3910:
3898:Echinosteliales
3889:Echinosteliidia
3883:
3861:
3860:
3844:
3821:
3803:
3799:Reticulariaceae
3772:
3742:(bright-spored)
3741:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3692:
3661:Dictyosteliales
3655:
3651:Acytosteliaceae
3632:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3591:
3575:Soliformoviidae
3560:Fractovitellida
3480:
3428:
3415:
3361:
3338:
3315:
3292:
3256:
3233:
3229:Cochliopodiidae
3210:
3201:Acanthamoebidae
3178:
3123:
3112:Cylindrothecina
3107:
3078:Cucurbitellidae
3066:
3062:Hyalospheniidae
3048:
3032:
3011:
2986:
2977:
2956:
2940:
2816:Paracentropyxis
2753:Lagenodifflugia
2610:
2601:
2597:Hartmannellidae
2573:
2569:Gephyramoebidae
2532:
2523:
2500:
2496:Microcoryciidae
2461:
2460:
2376:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2182:
2178:
2137:
2128:
2091:(6143): 281–6.
2080:
2074:
2070:
2039:
2035:
1996:
1992:
1960:
1956:
1925:
1921:
1878:
1874:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1797:Khan N (2009).
1795:
1791:
1760:
1756:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1638:
1634:
1589:
1585:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1484:
1480:
1457:(Pt 5): 770–1.
1443:
1439:
1392:
1388:
1357:
1353:
1322:
1318:
1273:
1266:
1221:
1212:
1189:
1185:
1154:
1150:
1105:
1082:
1077:
1055:
1032:
1011:A. triangularis
715:
669:
643:
494:
489:
471:
427:
372:
312:leptomeningitis
246:
203:
201:Role in disease
191:
142:
139:
121:
107:Acanthamoebidae
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4698:
4697:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4613:
4600:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4509:
4494:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4409:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4174:Schoutedamoeba
4170:
4163:
4156:
4153:Penardochlamys
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4060:incertae sedis
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3978:Comatrichaceae
3975:
3969:
3967:
3965:Stemonitidales
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3947:Meridermatales
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3791:Reticulariales
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:Ceratiomyxidae
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3680:Coremiostelium
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:Cavenderiaceae
3642:
3640:
3638:Acytosteliales
3631:
3630:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:Mastigamoebida
3446:
3444:
3435:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Squamamoebidae
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3357:Vexilliferidae
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3103:Trigonopyxidae
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3071:Sphaerothecina
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:Lesquereusidae
2998:
2996:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:Phryganellidae
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2872:Proplagiopyxis
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2767:Lamptoquadrula
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2725:Geoplagiopyxis
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2690:Ellipsopyxella
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2624:incertae sedis
2617:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:Echinamoebidae
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:Mesomycetozoea
2448:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2387:Diaphoretickes
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2262:(2): 273–307.
2247:
2242:
2229:
2228:External links
2226:
2223:
2222:
2176:
2126:
2068:
2033:
1990:
1971:(3): 494–504.
1954:
1919:
1892:(3): 267–275.
1872:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1789:
1754:
1713:
1702:on 7 July 2011
1681:
1652:(10): 778–82.
1632:
1583:
1534:
1478:
1437:
1386:
1351:
1316:
1264:
1210:
1199:(12): 1363–5.
1183:
1148:
1119:(2): 273–307.
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
991:
983:
974:
965:
957:
948:
939:
931:
922:
913:
905:
896:
890:A. lugdunensis
887:
881:A. lenticulata
878:
870:
862:
854:
845:
836:
827:
825:Volkonsky 1931
819:
811:
809:Schmöller 1964
803:
795:
789:A. divionensis
786:
780:A. culbertsoni
777:
768:
765:Volkonski 1931
762:A. castellanii
759:
750:
714:
711:
668:
665:
642:
639:
626:A. castellanii
592:A. castellanii
584:A. castellanii
493:
490:
488:
485:
481:microbial loop
474:A. castellanii
470:
467:
426:
423:
371:
368:
324:amphotericin B
314:, tuberculous
245:
242:
202:
199:
190:
187:
153:is a genus of
144:
143:
141:Volkonsky 1931
140:
133:
132:
126:
125:
123:Volkonsky 1931
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4695:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4301:Centramoebida
4298:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:Oscillosignum
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:Malpighamoeba
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3862:(dark-spored)
3859:
3855:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Dianemataceae
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3768:Cribrariaceae
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:(Myxomycetes)
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3587:Holomastigida
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Protosteliida
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:Phalansterium
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:Darbyshirella
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Sapocribridae
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3344:Dactylopodida
3341:
3335:
3334:Discamoebidae
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Dermamoebidae
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3288:Thecamoebidae
3286:
3284:
3283:Stenamoebidae
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Parvamoebidae
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:Himatismenida
3213:
3207:
3206:Balamuthiidae
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:Acanthopodida
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3174:Stygamoebidae
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:Plagiopyxidae
3026:
3024:
3023:Centropyxidae
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:Phryganellina
2959:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:Suiadifflugia
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:Microquadrula
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:Meisterfeldia
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Nolandellidae
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Flabellulidae
2562:
2560:
2559:Rhizamoebidae
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:Vermamoebidae
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:Echinamoebida
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Stramenopiles
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:(major groups
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:(5): 509–14.
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(2): 203–14.
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1733:(2): 258–65.
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:(7): 2040–5.
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:(8): 3561–7.
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:A. stevensoni
1000:
995:
992:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
961:
960:A. pyriformis
958:
952:
949:
943:
940:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
874:
871:
866:
863:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
823:
822:A. gleichenii
820:
817:(Dobell 1914)
815:
812:
807:
804:
799:
798:A. echinulata
796:
790:
787:
781:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
744:A. astronyxis
742:
741:
740:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
708:
704:
703:giant viruses
700:
695:
693:
689:
688:
683:
682:
678:
674:
673:giant viruses
667:Giant viruses
664:
662:
658:
657:
651:
650:endosymbionts
647:
641:Endosymbionts
638:
636:
631:
627:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
514:
512:
511:cell motility
508:
504:
499:
484:
482:
477:
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
422:
420:
416:
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
376:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
198:
195:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:
138:
134:
131:
127:
120:
119:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:Centramoebida
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4518:Acanthamoeba
4504:Acanthamoeba
4474:Acanthamoeba
4473:
4446:
4412:
4377:
4371:
4339:
4310:Acanthamoeba
4309:
4308:
4214:
4207:
4202:Triaenamoeba
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4125:Microcorycia
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4069:Belonocystis
4067:
4059:
4017:Tasmaniomyxa
4015:
3920:Stemonitidia
3760:Cribrariales
3685:
3678:
3625:
3618:Dictyostelia
3582:Cavosteliida
3565:Acramoebidae
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3455:Pelobiontida
3401:Idionectidae
3393:Squamocutida
3352:Paramoebidae
3311:Mayorellidae
3298:Dermamoebida
3275:Thecamoebida
3184:Centramoebia
3166:Stygamoebida
3088:Lamtopyxidae
3044:Heleoperidae
3016:Excentrosoma
3007:Difflugiidae
2995:Longithecina
2945:Organoconcha
2933:
2928:Trigonopyxis
2926:
2919:
2914:Sexangularia
2912:
2907:Schoenbornia
2905:
2900:Pseudonebela
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2858:Pontigulasia
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2823:Paraquadrula
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2774:Leptochlamys
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2739:Hoogenraadia
2737:
2730:
2723:
2718:Geamphorella
2716:
2709:
2702:
2697:Ellipsopyxis
2695:
2688:
2681:
2676:Conicocassis
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2642:Shamkiriidae
2623:
2554:Leptomyxidae
2436:Opisthokonta
2259:
2255:
2235:Acanthamoeba
2234:
2217:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2144:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2049:(1): 41–51.
2046:
2042:
2036:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1935:(1): 44–60.
1932:
1928:
1922:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1843:(4): 193–5.
1840:
1836:
1826:
1817:
1798:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1554:(6): 713–9.
1551:
1547:
1537:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1406:(2): 182–4.
1403:
1399:
1389:
1367:(2): 131–8.
1364:
1360:
1354:
1329:
1326:Acta Tropica
1325:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1232:
1228:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1116:
1112:
1066:
1060:Acanthamoeba
1059:
1047:Acanthamoeba
1046:
1043:acanthopodia
1042:
1038:
1033:
1019:
1010:
1001:
993:
985:
976:
967:
959:
951:A. pustulosa
950:
942:A. polyphaga
941:
933:
924:
915:
907:
898:
889:
880:
873:A. keratitis
872:
864:
856:
847:
839:A. hatchetti
838:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
788:
779:
774:Pussard 1964
771:A. comandoni
770:
761:
752:
743:
737:Acanthamoeba
736:
734:
730:Acanthamoeba
729:
722:Acanthamoeba
721:
718:Acanthamoeba
717:
716:
707:Pandoravirus
706:
699:Acanthamoeba
698:
696:
692:Acanthamoeba
691:
687:Pandoravirus
685:
675:
670:
660:
654:
646:Acanthamoeba
645:
644:
635:Acanthamoeba
634:
630:Acanthamoeba
629:
625:
624:receptor in
621:Acanthamoeba
620:
600:Acanthamoeba
599:
591:
583:
581:
577:Acanthamoeba
576:
573:Acanthamoeba
572:
566:
536:
518:Acanthamoeba
517:
515:
507:Acanthamoeba
506:
503:phagocytosis
498:Acanthamoeba
497:
495:
478:
473:
472:
463:Acanthamoeba
462:
459:Acanthamoeba
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
431:Acanthamoeba
430:
428:
419:Acanthamoeba
418:
411:
404:
400:Acanthamoeba
399:
396:contact lens
388:Acanthamoeba
387:
385:
380:Acanthamoeba
379:
363:
359:
356:Acanthamoeba
355:
348:sulfadiazine
340:ketoconazole
332:trimethoprim
320:Acanthamoeba
319:
309:
297:Acanthamoeba
296:
293:Acanthamoeba
292:
278:Brain biopsy
276:
272:Acanthamoeba
271:
265:crosses the
263:Acanthamoeba
262:
247:
222:Acanthamoeba
221:
219:
210:Acanthamoeba
209:
194:Acanthamoeba
193:
192:
189:Distribution
183:bacterivores
179:Acanthamoeba
178:
167:Acanthamoeba
166:
165:. The genus
161:, and other
150:Acanthamoeba
149:
148:
147:
136:
130:Type species
118:Acanthamoeba
117:
116:
41:
25:Acanthamoeba
24:
18:
4498:Wikispecies
4405:Archamoebae
4364:Flabellinia
4291:free-living
4188:Subulamoeba
4167:Rhabdamoeba
4132:Microglomus
4097:Gibbodiscus
4090:Corallomyxa
4011:Physaraceae
4001:Didymiaceae
3840:Trichiaceae
3751:Cribariidia
3725:Myxogastria
3603:Eumycetozoa
3550:Flamellidae
3523:Ischnamoeba
3516:Dictyamoeba
3502:Arboramoeba
3495:Angulamoeba
3475:Rhizomastix
3461:Tricholimax
3442:Archamoebea
3329:Vannellidae
3266:Flabellinia
3093:Netzeliidae
2865:Prantlitina
2760:Lamptopyxis
2704:Erugomicula
2683:Cornuapyxis
2613:Arcellinida
2546:Leptomyxida
2196:(8): 1855.
1020:A. tubiashi
977:A. rhysodes
833:Sawyer 1971
830:A. griffini
806:A. gigantea
378:Pathogenic
352:albendazole
344:fluconazole
286:hemorrhagic
171:trophozoite
159:fresh water
4662:Categories
4420:Amoebiasis
4277:Amoebozoal
4195:Thecochaos
4181:Stereomyxa
4104:Hartmannia
3988:Physarales
3827:Trichiales
3782:Trichiidia
3687:Synstelium
3530:Heliamoeba
3321:Vannellida
3252:Goceviidae
3247:Pellitidae
3098:Arcellidae
3037:Volnustoma
2935:Wailesella
2851:Pomoriella
2837:Physochila
2830:Pentagonia
2802:Nabranella
2732:Geopyxella
2711:Frenopyxis
2579:Euamoebida
2484:Trichosida
1423:1807/53578
1075:References
986:A. royreba
934:A. pearcei
908:A. micheli
865:A. jacobsi
857:A. hyalina
661:Legionella
656:Legionella
614:, and the
533:eukaryotes
531:of sexual
487:Physiology
328:rifampicin
316:meningitis
4146:Parmulina
4111:Malamoeba
3817:Liceaceae
3537:Filamoeba
3468:Entamoeba
3239:Pellitida
2781:Maghrebia
2669:Armipyxis
2592:Amoebidae
2476:Corycidia
2467:Tubulinea
2431:Amoebozoa
2409:Alveolata
2397:Cryptista
2372:Eukaryota
2343:Amoebozoa
1062:infection
1034:From the
1030:Etymology
848:A. healyi
814:A. glebae
753:A. byersi
713:Diversity
681:Megavirus
677:Mimivirus
525:orthologs
234:proteases
226:keratitis
77:Amoebozoa
67:Eukaryota
4673:Discosea
4604:MycoBank
4552:Fungorum
4489:Q1152218
4483:Wikidata
4279:diseases
4216:Zonomyxa
4076:Boveella
3809:Liceales
3627:Coenonia
3486:Variosea
3157:Discosea
2662:Argynnia
2655:Apolimia
2648:Acipyxis
2426:Amorphea
2404:Rhizaria
2392:Hacrobia
2382:Excavata
2367:Bacteria
2286:12692099
2171:19885332
2121:16877147
2113:23869018
2063:15072770
2028:21052932
2020:15537084
1985:29058403
1949:28506204
1906:27601178
1867:25800982
1784:16171187
1749:18399997
1627:19403771
1578:54503941
1570:18580265
1522:25687209
1492:Parasite
1473:24509420
1432:18445961
1381:17207487
1346:25930186
1332:: 72–6.
1311:23669391
1259:28069984
1251:25239626
1143:12692099
1053:See also
968:A. quina
726:18S rDNA
556:, Mnd1,
496:Because
364:in vitro
360:in vitro
301:atropine
289:necrosis
224:include
163:habitats
103:Family:
87:Discosea
73:Phylum:
63:Domain:
4583:1096208
4570:7237940
4286:Lobosea
4083:Biomyxa
3384:Cutosea
2809:Oopyxis
2535:Elardia
2441:Animals
2362:Archaea
2213:7392430
2162:2769217
2093:Bibcode
2085:Science
1914:5234123
1858:4530557
1764:Protist
1676:4052364
1667:1040738
1618:2708465
1513:4330640
1302:3719691
1205:1456885
1178:2047667
1039:akantha
994:A. sohi
844:* (T11)
785:* (T10)
767:* (T4)
690:infect
602:model.
529:meiosis
469:Ecology
236:causes
155:amoebae
113:Genus:
93:Order:
83:Class:
4645:120531
4632:120249
4616:NZOR:
4401:Conosa
3431:Conosa
3375:Evosea
2746:Jungia
2419:Plants
2356:Domain
2297:Amoeba
2284:
2277:153146
2274:
2210:
2169:
2159:
2119:
2111:
2061:
2026:
2018:
1983:
1947:
1912:
1904:
1865:
1855:
1805:
1782:
1747:
1706:31 May
1674:
1664:
1625:
1615:
1576:
1568:
1548:Cornea
1520:
1510:
1498:: 10.
1471:
1430:
1379:
1344:
1309:
1299:
1257:
1249:
1203:
1176:
1141:
1134:153146
1131:
982:* (T4)
947:* (T4)
921:* (T1)
895:* (T4)
749:* (T7)
684:, and
565:, and
521:genome
282:oedema
44:cyst.
4640:WoRMS
4609:39000
4596:43901
4578:IRMNG
4557:39000
4544:62538
2446:Fungi
2117:S2CID
2081:(PDF)
2024:S2CID
1910:S2CID
1700:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1574:S2CID
1255:S2CID
1036:Greek
1007:(T11)
853:(T12)
554:Rad52
550:Rad51
546:Rad50
542:Mre11
538:Spo11
350:, or
305:CHRM1
4591:ITIS
4565:GBIF
4209:Unda
2282:PMID
2167:PMID
2109:PMID
2059:PMID
2016:PMID
1981:PMID
1945:PMID
1902:PMID
1863:PMID
1803:ISBN
1780:PMID
1745:PMID
1708:2009
1672:PMID
1623:PMID
1566:PMID
1518:PMID
1469:PMID
1428:PMID
1377:PMID
1342:PMID
1307:PMID
1247:PMID
1201:PMID
1174:PMID
1139:PMID
1025:(T8)
1016:(T4)
956:(T2)
930:(T4)
904:(T4)
886:(T3)
835:(T3)
794:(T4)
776:(T9)
671:The
659:and
558:Dmc1
451:and
284:and
228:and
175:cyst
4539:EoL
4531:LYM
4526:CoL
4513:AFD
2295:on
2272:PMC
2264:doi
2208:PMC
2198:doi
2157:PMC
2149:doi
2101:doi
2089:341
2051:doi
2008:doi
1973:doi
1937:doi
1894:doi
1853:PMC
1845:doi
1841:109
1772:doi
1768:156
1735:doi
1731:282
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1613:PMC
1605:doi
1556:doi
1508:PMC
1500:doi
1459:doi
1418:hdl
1408:doi
1369:doi
1334:doi
1330:148
1297:PMC
1289:doi
1237:doi
1197:116
1166:doi
1129:PMC
1121:doi
568:Mlh
562:Msh
4664::
4642::
4629::
4606::
4593::
4580::
4567::
4554::
4541::
4528::
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2194:26
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2188:.
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2143:.
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2014:.
2004:51
2002:.
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1967:.
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1933:12
1931:.
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1900:.
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