3915:
1325:
226:
474:. These zones appear to function as rapid transit regions for brain structures involved in diverse neural circuits—like the NTS and arcuate nucleus—to receive blood signals which are then transmitted into neural output. The permeable capillary zone shared between the median eminence and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is augmented by wide pericapillary spaces, facilitating bidirectional flow of solutes between the two structures, and indicating that the median eminence is not only a secretory organ, but may also be a sensory organ.
29:
488:
challenge to treatment of most brain disorders. In its neuroprotective role, the blood–brain barrier functions to hinder the delivery of many potentially important diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. Therapeutic molecules and antibodies that might otherwise be effective in diagnosis and therapy do not cross the BBB in adequate amounts to be clinically effective. To overcome this problem some peptides able to naturally cross the BBB have been widely investigated as a drug delivery system.
246:
238:
3955:
3927:
354:
In mice, Claudin-5 loss during development is lethal and results in size-selective (upto 742Da) loosening of the BBB. Mosaic deletion of claudin-5 in adult endothelial cells (in mice) reveals BBB leakage upto 10kDa molecule 6 days after deletion of claudin-5 and lethality after 10 days after deletion
550:
The brain can be targeted non-invasively via the nasal passage. The drugs that remain in the passage after mucociliary clearance, enter the brain via three pathways: (1) Olfactory nerve-olfactory bulb-brain; (2) Trigeminal nerve-brain; and (3) Lungs/ Gastrointestinal tract-blood–brain The first and
733:
of animal brains. He found then the brains did become dyed, but the rest of the body did not, demonstrating the existence of a compartmentalization between the two. At that time, it was thought that the blood vessels themselves were responsible for the barrier, since no obvious membrane could be
664:
The first papers modelling blood-brain barrier permeability identified three properties, i.e., molecular volume, lipophilicity, and hydrogen bonding potential, as contributing to solute transport through the blood-brain barrier. A 2022 dataset selected different classification models based on
487:
The blood–brain barrier is formed by the brain capillary endothelium and excludes from the brain 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs. Overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain presents a major
462:
The border zones between brain tissue "behind" the blood–brain barrier and zones "open" to blood signals in certain CVOs contain specialized hybrid capillaries that are leakier than typical brain capillaries, but not as permeable as CVO capillaries. Such zones exist at the border of the area
449:
Permeable capillaries of the sensory CVOs (area postrema, subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis) enable rapid detection of circulating signals in systemic blood, while those of the secretory CVOs (median eminence, pineal gland, pituitary lobes) facilitate transport of
632:
to move across the BBB. However, in many neurodegenerative diseases, the exact cause and pathology remains unknown. It is still unclear whether the BBB dysfunction in the disease is a causative agent, a result of the disease, or somewhere in the middle.
257:
between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries, restricting the passage of solutes. At the interface between blood and the brain, endothelial cells are adjoined continuously by these tight junctions, which are composed of smaller subunits of
696:. Stern was a Russian scientist who published her work in Russian and French. Due to the language barrier between her publications and English-speaking scientists, this could have made her work a lesser-known origin of the term.
2476:
Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, et al. (March 2013). "Therapeutic benefits from nanoparticles: the potential significance of nanoscience in diseases with compromise to the blood brain barrier".
644:
Blood brain barrier is disrupted in aged mice as opposed to young seen with an increased leakage of IgG into the brain parenchyma, a reduction of the tight junction protein occludin, and a reduction in pericyte coverage.
3090:
Young RC, Mitchell RC, Brown TH, et al. (March 1988). "Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists".
202:. The barrier also restricts the passage of peripheral immune factors, like signaling molecules, antibodies, and immune cells, into the CNS, thus insulating the brain from damage due to peripheral immune events.
3381:
Biedl A, Kraus R (1898). "Über eine bisher unbekannte toxische
Wirkung der Gallensäuren auf das Zentralnervensystem" [A previously unknown toxic effect of bile acids on the central nervous system].
1946:"The design of barriers in the hypothalamus allows the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus to enjoy private milieus: the former opens to the portal blood and the latter to the cerebrospinal fluid"
641:
During healthy aging, there is an age-dependent loss of blood brain barrier in hippocampus in individuals with no cognitive impairment. Uptake of
Glucose is also reduced in aged healthy individuals.
551:
second methods involve the nerves, so they use the neuronal pathway and the third is via systemic circulation. However, these methods are less efficient to deliver drugs as they are indirect methods.
351:
Measurement of brain uptake of various blood-borne solutes showed that newborn endothelial cells were functionally similar to those in adults, indicating that a selective BBB is operative at birth.
514:
Other methods used to get through the BBB may entail the use of endogenous transport systems, including carrier-mediated transporters, such as glucose and amino acid carriers, receptor-mediated
2186:
Harilal S, Jose J, Parambi DG, Kumar R, Unnikrishnan MK, Uddin MS, et al. (July 2020). "Revisiting the blood-brain barrier: A hard nut to crack in the transportation of drug molecules".
1994:
Gross PM, Wall KM, Pang JJ, Shaver SW, Wainman DS (December 1990). "Microvascular specializations promoting rapid interstitial solute dispersion in nucleus tractus solitarius".
688:
may have been the first to coin the term "blood–brain barrier" in 1900, referring to the hypothesized semipermeable membrane. There is some debate over the creation of the term
1569:
Vázquez-Liébanas E, Mocci G, Li W, Laviña B, Reddy A, O'Connor C, Hudson N, Elbeck Z, Nikoloudis I, Gaengel K, Vanlandewijck M, Campbell M, Betsholtz C, Mäe MA (2024-03-26).
278:(such as JAM-A). Each of these tight junction proteins is stabilized to the endothelial cell membrane by another protein complex that includes scaffolding proteins such as
1373:
Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D (June 2001). "Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier".
624:. Effects such as impaired glucose transport and endothelial degeneration may lead to metabolic dysfunction within the brain, and an increased permeability of the BBB to
285:
The BBB is composed of endothelial cells restricting passage of substances from the blood more selectively than endothelial cells of capillaries elsewhere in the body.
2809:
Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Zlokovic BV (January 2015).
2915:
Yang AC, Stevens MY, Chen MB, Lee DP, Stähli D, Gate D, Contrepois K, Chen W, Iram T, Zhang L, Vest RT, Chaney A, Lehallier B, Olsson N, du Bois H (July 2020).
722:
of some kinds of animals except for their brains. At that time, Ehrlich attributed this lack of staining to the brain simply not picking up as much of the dye.
3384:
2974:"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction developed during normal aging is associated with inflammation and loss of tight junctions but not with leukocyte recruitment"
1459:
450:
brain-derived signals into the circulating blood. Consequently, the CVO permeable capillaries are the point of bidirectional blood–brain communication for
2860:"Lipoic acid restores age-associated impairment of brain energy metabolism through the modulation of Akt/JNK signaling and PGC1α transcriptional pathway"
2323:"Blood-brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound and circulating preformed microbubbles appears to be characterized by the mechanical index"
2032:
Shaver SW, Pang JJ, Wainman DS, Wall KM, Gross PM (March 1992). "Morphology and function of capillary networks in subregions of the rat tuber cinereum".
1416:
Tsai CE, Daood MJ, Lane RH, Hansen TW, Gruetzmacher EM, Watchko JF (January 2002). "P-glycoprotein expression in mouse brain increases with maturation".
3142:
Zhang L, Zhu H, Oprea TI, Golbraikh A, Tropsha A (14 June 2008). "QSAR Modeling of the Blood–Brain
Barrier Permeability for Diverse Organic Compounds".
658:
389:
are able to pass. In some cases, a drug has to be administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid where it can enter the brain by crossing the
542:, have been found to remain entrapped in brain endothelial cells of capillaries, instead of being ferried across the BBB into the targeted area.
2766:
Alluri H, Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Davis ML, Huang JH, Tharakan B (October 2015). "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury".
568:
is under preliminary research for its potential to facilitate the transfer of drugs across the BBB. Capillary endothelial cells and associated
3788:
3566:
560:
846:
Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M (June 2004). "The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications".
661:
study of brain–blood distribution conducted reported the in vivo values in rats for a large number of H2 receptor histamine agonists.
297:") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells. The BBB is distinct from the quite similar
3499:"Markers for blood-brain barrier integrity: how appropriate is Evans blue in the twenty-first century and what are the alternatives?"
3871:
155:, as well as the selective and active transport of various nutrients, ions, organic anions, and macromolecules such as glucose and
431:
3365:
1349:
914:
681:" failed to affect behavior when injected into the blood of animals. Thus, in theory, the salts failed to enter the brain.
422:
endothelial cells unlike those of the blood–brain barrier. Included among CVOs having highly permeable capillaries are the
3943:
1621:"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection"
1477:(January 1980). "Newborn rabbit blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable and differs substantially from the adult".
3839:
576:, may contribute to the resistance of brain tumors to therapy using nanoparticles. Fat soluble molecules less than 400
572:
may be abnormal in tumors and the blood–brain barrier may not always be intact in brain tumors. Other factors, such as
692:
as it is often attributed to
Lewandowsky, but it does not appear in his papers. The creator of the term may have been
3673:
2431:"Nose-to-brain drug delivery: An update on clinical challenges and progress towards approval of anti-Alzheimer drugs"
1859:
390:
2280:
Marcos-Contreras OA, Martinez de
Lizarrondo S, Bardou I, Orset C, Pruvost M, Anfray A, et al. (November 2016).
714:
to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes. As
Ehrlich injected some of these dyes (notably the
3559:
345:
2666:"Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke"
1888:"New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains"
1239:
Abbott NJ, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E (January 2006). "Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier".
3980:
2372:"Transcytosis and brain uptake of transferrin-containing nanoparticles by tuning avidity to transferrin receptor"
2282:"Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood-brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism"
491:
Mechanisms for drug targeting in the brain involve going either "through" or "behind" the BBB. Modalities for
1752:"Novel modified method for injection into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cerebellomedullary cistern in mice"
761:
605:
1571:"Mosaic deletion of claudin-5 reveals rapid non-cell-autonomous consequences of blood-brain barrier leakage"
275:
4005:
3552:
3203:"Alvascience: A New Software Suite for the QSAR Workflow Applied to the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability"
892:
3437:"The rights and wrongs of blood-brain barrier permeability studies: a walk through 100 years of history"
3990:
3905:
3727:
535:
492:
199:
1570:
3995:
1339:
1098:
Muldoon LL, Alvarez JI, Begley DJ, Boado RJ, Del Zoppo GJ, Doolittle ND, et al. (January 2013).
749:
464:
332:"directly into the systemic circulation", thus melatonin is not affected by the blood–brain barrier.
1324:
3961:
3722:
3710:
3702:
3435:
Saunders NR, Dreifuss JJ, Dziegielewska KM, Johansson PA, Habgood MD, Møllgård K, Bauer HC (2014).
767:
755:
743:
407:
402:
313:
279:
71:
752: – Part of the blood–ocular barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the retina
653:
There have been many attempts to correlate the experimental blood–brain barrier permeability with
3395:
3347:
2429:
Agrawal M, Saraf S, Saraf S, Antimisiaris SG, Chougule MB, Shoyele SA, Alexander A (2018-07-10).
848:
210:
16:
Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain
995:"A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity"
770: – Physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of animal testes
3410:
1182:
van
Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, et al. (February 2018).
613:
601:
121:
109:
83:
2566:
Hashizume H, Baluk P, Morikawa S, McLean JW, Thurston G, Roberge S, et al. (April 2000).
1453:
527:
419:
312:
Not all vessels in the human brain exhibit BBB properties. Some examples of this include the
306:
259:
205:
Specialized brain structures participating in sensory and secretory integration within brain
2517:"Nanotechnology approaches to crossing the blood-brain barrier and drug delivery to the CNS"
3683:
2383:
1474:
666:
593:
539:
2139:"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders"
8:
3853:
3771:
3668:
3608:
746: – Physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the eye itself
730:
374:
179:
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2973:
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Elahy M, Jackaman C, Mamo JC, Lam V, Dhaliwal SS, Giles C, Nelson D, Takechi R (2015).
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1973:
1914:
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1844:
Circumventricular Organs and Brain Fluid
Environment - Molecular and Functional Aspects
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51:
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3054:
3013:
2995:
2954:
2936:
2917:"Physiological blood-brain transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis"
2897:
2879:
2840:
2783:
2748:
2697:
2646:
2632:
2597:
2548:
2494:
2458:
2450:
2411:
2352:
2303:
2262:
2231:"Biological Membrane-Penetrating Peptides: Computational Prediction and Applications"
2215:
2203:
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2011:
2007:
1965:
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1821:
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1080:
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427:
152:
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1977:
1945:
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3003:
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2003:
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1016:
1006:
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902:
877:
857:
818:
810:
617:
411:
194:, hormones) and small non-polar molecules. Cells of the barrier actively transport
28:
2446:
369:
The blood–brain barrier acts effectively to protect brain tissue from circulating
3931:
3809:
3793:
3756:
3651:
3635:
2826:
2435:
Journal of
Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
2298:
2281:
2279:
1586:
1522:"Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice"
1100:"Immunologic privilege in the central nervous system and the blood-brain barrier"
896:
719:
685:
654:
471:
443:
435:
415:
254:
76:
1520:
Nitta T, Hata M, Gotoh S, Seo Y, Sasaki H, Hashimoto N, et al. (May 2003).
814:
4000:
3919:
3834:
3814:
3033:"Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood⁻Brain Barrier Functions"
2376:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1636:
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1011:
726:
700:
565:
531:
451:
341:
302:
214:
206:
171:
3155:
2990:
2932:
2779:
2533:
2247:
2154:
1051:"Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to "open" the blood brain barrier"
861:
245:
3974:
3776:
3766:
3715:
3661:
3598:
3515:
3462:
3453:
3324:
3300:
3277:
3253:
3171:
3163:
3120:
3112:
3058:
2999:
2940:
2883:
2733:
2682:
2568:"Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness"
2454:
1904:
1594:
621:
577:
423:
294:
2430:
2396:
1359:
1284:"Establishment of a human in vitro model of the outer blood-retinal barrier"
3646:
3534:
3480:
3332:
3285:
3238:
3179:
3076:
3017:
2958:
2901:
2844:
2787:
2752:
2701:
2650:
2601:
2552:
2498:
2462:
2415:
2356:
2307:
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2207:
2172:
2110:
1969:
1923:
1816:
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1777:
1768:
1751:
1736:
1685:
1654:
1602:
1555:
1437:
1394:
1317:
1260:
1225:
1168:
1133:
1115:
1084:
1030:
979:
869:
832:
703:
625:
597:
515:
468:
439:
325:
321:
290:
140:
46:
3357:
3219:
3128:
2053:
2015:
1869:
1825:
1717:
1537:
1498:
3618:
3579:
3049:
715:
523:
496:
386:
113:
3104:
2229:
de Oliveira EC, da Costa KS, Taube PS, Lima AH, Junior CS (2022-03-25).
2875:
2077:"Evolving Drug Delivery Strategies to Overcome the Blood Brain Barrier"
2045:
1207:
1160:
693:
629:
573:
504:
382:
237:
195:
183:
175:
156:
3434:
3316:
3269:
2490:
1429:
309:, which can be considered a part of the whole realm of such barriers.
89:
3352:. Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry (1 ed.). Wiley.
1614:
1612:
711:
678:
569:
503:
means, or biochemically by the use of vasoactive substances, such as
378:
329:
286:
230:
144:
137:
133:
3496:
1842:
Gross PM (1992). "Chapter 31: Circumventricular organ capillaries".
1252:
961:
946:"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier"
707:
609:
370:
267:
263:
163:
1609:
1147:
Kaur C, Ling EA (September 2017). "The circumventricular organs".
2615:
Souza RM, da Silva IC, Delgado AB, da Silva PH, Costa VR (2018).
519:
500:
418:
in the brain, and are characterized by dense capillary beds with
385:
are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier, and only certain
116:
that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the
2617:"Focused ultrasound and Alzheimer's disease A systematic review"
132:. The blood–brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the
2765:
729:(one of Ehrlich's students) injected the dye directly into the
167:
3497:
Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD (2015).
2858:
Jiang T, Yin F, Yao J, Brinton RD, Cadenas E (December 2013).
2811:"Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in the Aging Human Hippocampus"
3937:
2808:
2428:
1846:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 91. pp. 219–33.
1568:
581:
271:
249:
Sketch showing constitution of blood vessels inside the brain
129:
125:
2614:
2565:
2228:
151:. This system allows the passage of some small molecules by
3781:
2320:
1674:
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan
1188:
study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using
508:
198:
products such as glucose across the barrier using specific
3089:
1670:"Penetration and activity of antibiotics in brain abscess"
1618:
1181:
355:
demonstrating a critical role of Claudin-5 in adult BBB.
241:
The astrocytes type 1 surrounding capillaries in the brain
3574:
2074:
1372:
1097:
1049:
Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV (September 2008).
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
943:
410:(CVOs) are individual structures located adjacent to the
381:
of the brain that do occur are often difficult to treat.
3299:
Durant JL, Leland BA, Henry DR, Nourse JG (2002-11-01).
1619:
Abdullahi W, Tripathi D, Ronaldson PT (September 2018).
1366:
1344:(1st ed.). Fence Creek Publishing. pp. 76–77.
718:
that were then widely used), the dye stained all of the
636:
3298:
2185:
1943:
340:
The BBB appears to be functional by the time of birth.
3301:"Reoptimization of MDL Keys for Use in Drug Discovery"
3141:
3083:
2475:
2075:
Hersh DS, Wadajkar AS, Roberts N, et al. (2016).
1472:
1037:
944:
Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM (December 2013).
845:
592:
The blood–brain barrier may become damaged in certain
3903:
3305:
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences
2369:
2136:
2031:
1701:"Drug transport in brain via the cerebrospinal fluid"
1668:
Raza MW, Shad A, Pedler SJ, Karamat KA (March 2005).
1667:
1238:
373:
and other potentially toxic substances. Accordingly,
320:, capillaries in the pineal gland on the roof of the
2971:
301:, which is a function of the choroidal cells of the
1993:
1415:
992:
3345:
2914:
2857:
2717:"Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage"
2370:Wiley DT, Webster P, Gale A, Davis ME (May 2013).
2321:McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K (May 2008).
1944:Rodríguez EM, Blázquez JL, Guerra M (April 2010).
1466:
890:
3135:
2137:Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (March 2018).
1519:
1458:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1281:
162:The blood–brain barrier restricts the passage of
3972:
2235:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
1749:
1337:
580:in mass can freely diffuse past the BBB through
217:—have in contrast highly permeable capillaries.
2714:
1625:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
1282:Hamilton RD, Foss AJ, Leach L (December 2007).
993:Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L (November 2020).
893:"Anatomy and physiology of blood-brain barrier"
587:
348:, exists already in the embryonal endothelium.
677:A 1898 study observed that low-concentration "
628:factors, potentially allowing antibiotics and
457:
3560:
3194:
3030:
1804:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1104:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
3258:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
3200:
561:Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain
545:
253:The BBB results from the selectivity of the
3492:
3490:
3207:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3037:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2663:
1797:
986:
796:
396:
128:from harmful or unwanted substances in the
3567:
3553:
3380:
3349:Molecular Descriptors for Chemoinformatics
3251:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1800:"Peering through the windows of the brain"
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
803:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
764: – Semipermeable anatomical interface
665:molecular fingerprints, MACCS166 keys and
27:
3524:
3514:
3470:
3452:
3228:
3218:
3066:
3048:
3007:
2989:
2948:
2891:
2834:
2742:
2732:
2691:
2681:
2640:
2591:
2542:
2532:
2405:
2395:
2346:
2297:
2256:
2246:
2162:
2100:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1903:
1881:
1879:
1837:
1835:
1815:
1767:
1726:
1716:
1698:
1644:
1545:
1307:
1215:
1123:
1074:
1020:
1010:
969:
822:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
499:through the BBB entail its disruption by
3487:
2510:
2508:
1146:
758: – Semipermeable biological barrier
725:However, in a later experiment in 1913,
538:targeting BBB transporters, such as the
509:high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
328:. The pineal gland secretes the hormone
244:
236:
224:
3346:Todeschini R, Consonni V (2009-07-15).
2117:
1784:
1750:Chen Y, Imai H, Ito A, Saito N (2013).
477:
432:vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
3973:
2027:
2025:
1989:
1987:
1930:
1885:
1876:
1832:
1184:"A transgenic zebrafish model for the
781:
3548:
3405:
3403:
2514:
2505:
2068:
1841:
891:Gupta S, Dhanda S, Sandhir R (2019).
637:Blood brain barrier in healthy ageing
159:that are crucial to neural function.
3944:
3254:"Extended-Connectivity Fingerprints"
3031:Erickson MA, Banks WA (2019-04-02).
2715:Mracsko E, Veltkamp R (2014-11-20).
2327:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
1798:Gross PM, Weindl A (December 1987).
1661:
2022:
1984:
1140:
898:Brain Targeted Drug Delivery System
710:, a procedure that is used in many
507:, or even by localized exposure to
482:
316:, the roof of the third and fourth
289:cell projections called astrocytic
13:
3400:
2721:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2670:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2664:Turner RJ, Sharp FR (2016-03-04).
2339:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.10.016
2200:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.018
1996:The American Journal of Physiology
1756:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
1491:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb04633.x
907:10.1016/b978-0-12-814001-7.00002-0
797:Daneman R, Prat A (January 2015).
182:, while allowing the diffusion of
14:
4017:
2572:The American Journal of Pathology
2093:10.2174/1381612822666151221150733
1338:Pritchard TC, Alloway KD (1999).
901:. Academic Press. pp. 7–31.
391:blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
299:blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
3953:
3925:
3913:
3411:"History of Blood-Brain Barrier"
2978:Immunity & Ageing: I & A
2633:10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040003
2008:10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.6.R1131
1323:
1300:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00812.x
554:
3428:
3374:
3339:
3292:
3252:Rogers D, Hahn M (2010-05-24).
3245:
3024:
2965:
2908:
2851:
2802:
2759:
2708:
2657:
2621:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
2608:
2559:
2469:
2422:
2363:
2314:
2273:
2222:
2179:
1743:
1692:
1562:
1513:
1409:
1331:
1275:
1232:
657:properties. In 1988, the first
534:. Some studies have shown that
282:(ZO1) and associated proteins.
143:ensheathing the capillary, and
33:Solute permeability at the BBB
3093:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1962:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.01.003
1705:Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
1175:
1091:
937:
884:
839:
335:
1:
2584:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7
2447:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.011
2081:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1852:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62338-9
1699:Pardridge WM (January 2011).
1387:10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3
774:
648:
606:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2827:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032
2299:10.1182/blood-2016-03-705384
1587:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113911
1241:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1149:Histology and Histopathology
588:Damage in injury and disease
584:mediated passive diffusion.
276:junctional adhesion molecule
220:
7:
3417:. The University of Arizona
3201:Mauri A, Bertola M (2022).
1526:The Journal of Cell Biology
815:10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
737:
467:(NTS), and median eminence—
458:Specialized permeable zones
358:
10:
4022:
2515:Silva GA (December 2008).
1637:10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2018
1067:10.2174/157015908785777210
1012:10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3
895:. In Gao H, Gao X (eds.).
672:
558:
528:active efflux transporters
493:drug delivery to the brain
442:, and three lobes of the
400:
362:
147:embedded in the capillary
3885:
3872:Interventricular foramina
3852:
3827:
3802:
3741:
3701:
3692:
3634:
3586:
3503:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3441:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3156:10.1007/s11095-008-9609-0
2991:10.1186/s12979-015-0029-9
2933:10.1038/s41586-020-2453-z
2780:10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7
2534:10.1186/1471-2202-9-S3-S4
2248:10.3389/fcimb.2022.838259
2155:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188
2143:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1892:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1479:Journal of Neurochemistry
1055:Current Neuropharmacology
862:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016
799:"The blood-brain barrier"
762:blood–spinal cord barrier
546:Intranasal administration
465:nucleus tractus solitarii
82:
70:
62:
57:
45:
40:
26:
21:
3723:Inferior medullary velum
3711:Superior medullary velum
3516:10.3389/fnins.2015.00385
3454:10.3389/fnins.2014.00404
2734:10.3389/fncel.2014.00388
2683:10.3389/fncel.2016.00056
2034:Cell and Tissue Research
1905:10.3389/fnins.2015.00390
408:Circumventricular organs
403:Circumventricular organs
397:Circumventricular organs
314:circumventricular organs
280:tight junction protein 1
211:circumventricular organs
108:) is a highly selective
3144:Pharmaceutical Research
2768:Metabolic Brain Disease
2397:10.1073/pnas.1307152110
2188:Brain Research Bulletin
1473:Braun LD, Cornford EM,
1432:(inactive 2024-09-11).
849:Neurobiology of Disease
612:, ischemic stroke, and
377:of the brain are rare.
3981:Central nervous system
1817:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.120
1769:10.55782/ane-2013-1938
1418:Biology of the Neonate
1116:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.153
526:, and the blocking of
375:blood-borne infections
260:transmembrane proteins
250:
242:
234:
124:, thus protecting the
122:central nervous system
84:Anatomical terminology
3358:10.1002/9783527628766
3220:10.3390/ijms232112882
1718:10.1186/2045-8118-8-7
1538:10.1083/jcb.200302070
750:blood–retinal barrier
667:molecular descriptors
594:neurological diseases
307:blood-retinal barrier
248:
240:
233:supplying brain cells
229:Part of a network of
228:
3684:Posterior commissure
3385:Zentralblatt Inn Med
3050:10.3390/ijms20071632
1341:Medical Neuroscience
768:blood–testis barrier
756:blood–saliva barrier
744:blood–ocular barrier
540:transferrin receptor
478:Therapeutic research
3940:Blood–brain barrier
3862:Blood–brain barrier
3854:Cerebrospinal fluid
3772:Hypoglossal trigone
3669:Hypothalamic sulcus
3652:Infundibular recess
3609:Collateral eminence
3396:4353654721035571173
3105:10.1021/jm00398a028
2388:2013PNAS..110.8662W
2002:(6 Pt 2): R1131-8.
999:Fluids Barriers CNS
731:cerebrospinal fluid
690:blood–brain barrier
602:Alzheimer's disease
180:cerebrospinal fluid
178:molecules into the
166:, the diffusion of
102:blood–brain barrier
22:Blood–brain barrier
4006:Circulatory system
3877:Perilymphatic duct
3657:Suprapineal recess
3588:Lateral ventricles
3576:Ventricular system
2876:10.1111/acel.12127
2046:10.1007/BF00319366
1288:Journal of Anatomy
1208:10.1242/bio.030494
1161:10.14670/HH-11-881
712:microscopy studies
596:, as indicated by
365:Neuroimmune system
251:
243:
235:
200:transport proteins
170:in the blood, and
118:circulatory system
52:Neuroimmune system
35:vs. choroid plexus
3991:Animal physiology
3901:
3900:
3867:Cerebral aqueduct
3848:
3847:
3752:Facial colliculus
3679:Subfornical organ
3626:Septum pellucidum
3367:978-3-527-31852-0
3317:10.1021/ci010132r
3270:10.1021/ci100050t
2927:(7816): 425–430.
2491:10.1021/cr200472g
2292:(20): 2423–2434.
1886:Miyata S (2015).
1430:10.1159/000047185
1375:Neuropharmacology
1351:978-1-889325-29-3
916:978-0-12-814001-7
684:Two years later,
618:systemic diseases
428:subfornical organ
153:passive diffusion
149:basement membrane
114:endothelial cells
98:
97:
93:
4013:
3996:Pharmacokinetics
3966:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3893:Ventriculomegaly
3699:
3698:
3694:Fourth ventricle
3604:Stria terminalis
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3518:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3456:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3407:
3398:
3394:Google Scholar:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3311:(6): 1273–1280.
3296:
3290:
3289:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3213:(12882): 12882.
3198:
3192:
3191:
3150:(8): 1902–1914.
3139:
3133:
3132:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3052:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3011:
2993:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2870:(6): 1021–1031.
2855:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2774:(5): 1093–1104.
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2521:BMC Neuroscience
2512:
2503:
2502:
2479:Chemical Reviews
2473:
2467:
2466:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2134:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2087:(9): 1177–1193.
2072:
2066:
2065:
2029:
2020:
2019:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1631:(3): C343–C356.
1616:
1607:
1606:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1202:(2): bio030494.
1179:
1173:
1172:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1014:
990:
984:
983:
973:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
888:
882:
881:
843:
837:
836:
826:
794:
483:As a drug target
412:fourth ventricle
293:(also known as "
90:edit on Wikidata
87:
31:
19:
18:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:sister projects
3942:at Knowledge's
3936:
3926:
3924:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3881:
3844:
3823:
3819:Lateral/Luschka
3810:Median/Magendie
3798:
3794:Sulcus limitans
3789:Medial eminence
3757:Locus coeruleus
3737:
3688:
3636:Third ventricle
3630:
3615:Occipital horn
3582:
3573:
3543:
3542:
3495:
3488:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3344:
3340:
3297:
3293:
3250:
3246:
3199:
3195:
3140:
3136:
3088:
3084:
3029:
3025:
2970:
2966:
2913:
2909:
2856:
2852:
2807:
2803:
2764:
2760:
2713:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2613:
2609:
2564:
2560:
2527:(Suppl 3): S4.
2513:
2506:
2485:(3): 1877–903.
2474:
2470:
2427:
2423:
2368:
2364:
2319:
2315:
2278:
2274:
2227:
2223:
2184:
2180:
2135:
2118:
2073:
2069:
2030:
2023:
1992:
1985:
1942:
1931:
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1840:
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1796:
1785:
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1617:
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1567:
1563:
1518:
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1471:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1414:
1410:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1280:
1276:
1253:10.1038/nrn1824
1237:
1233:
1180:
1176:
1145:
1141:
1096:
1092:
1047:
1038:
991:
987:
962:10.1038/nm.3407
956:(12): 1584–96.
950:Nature Medicine
942:
938:
929:
927:
917:
889:
885:
844:
840:
795:
782:
777:
740:
699:All the while,
686:Max Lewandowsky
675:
655:physicochemical
651:
639:
626:proinflammatory
590:
563:
557:
548:
485:
480:
472:arcuate nucleus
460:
444:pituitary gland
436:median eminence
416:third ventricle
405:
399:
367:
361:
338:
305:, and from the
255:tight junctions
223:
207:neural circuits
193:
189:
94:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3938:
3935:
3934:
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3898:
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3895:
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3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3840:Tela choroidea
3837:
3835:Rhomboid fossa
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:Lateral recess
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
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3720:
3719:
3718:
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3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
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3681:
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3674:Tela choroidea
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
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3649:
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3638:
3632:
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3628:
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3606:
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3557:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3486:
3427:
3399:
3373:
3366:
3338:
3291:
3264:(5): 742–754.
3244:
3193:
3134:
3099:(3): 656–671.
3082:
3023:
2964:
2907:
2850:
2821:(2): 296–302.
2801:
2758:
2707:
2656:
2627:(4): 353–359.
2607:
2578:(4): 1363–80.
2558:
2504:
2468:
2421:
2382:(21): 8662–7.
2362:
2313:
2272:
2221:
2178:
2149:(3): 133–150.
2116:
2067:
2021:
1983:
1929:
1875:
1860:
1831:
1783:
1762:(2): 304–311.
1742:
1691:
1680:(3): 165–167.
1660:
1608:
1561:
1512:
1465:
1408:
1365:
1350:
1330:
1274:
1231:
1174:
1155:(9): 879–892.
1139:
1090:
1036:
985:
936:
915:
883:
838:
809:(1): a020412.
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
739:
736:
727:Edwin Goldmann
701:bacteriologist
674:
671:
650:
647:
638:
635:
589:
586:
566:Nanotechnology
559:Main article:
556:
553:
547:
544:
532:p-glycoprotein
484:
481:
479:
476:
459:
456:
452:neuroendocrine
401:Main article:
398:
395:
360:
357:
342:P-glycoprotein
337:
334:
303:choroid plexus
222:
219:
215:choroid plexus
191:
187:
134:capillary wall
96:
95:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
32:
24:
23:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4004:
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3997:
3994:
3992:
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3987:
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3979:
3978:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
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3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
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3891:
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3884:
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3868:
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3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
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3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Area postrema
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Vagal trigone
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:Pineal recess
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Lamina affixa
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:(5): 834–40.
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:(3): 437–48.
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:(4): 757–76.
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:9780444814197
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:(6): 663–72.
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:(3): 113911.
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:(3): 653–60.
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:(1): 147–52.
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:(8): 959–75.
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:(6): 707–16.
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:(3): 179–92.
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
926:
922:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
894:
887:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
842:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
780:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
735:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:was studying
705:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
670:
668:
662:
660:
656:
646:
642:
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:liver failure
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
555:Nanoparticles
552:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
475:
473:
470:
466:
455:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:area postrema
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
356:
352:
349:
347:
343:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:glia limitans
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
247:
239:
232:
227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:semipermeable
107:
103:
91:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
50:
48:
44:
39:
30:
25:
20:
3965:from Commons
3960:
3939:
3861:
3647:Optic recess
3506:
3502:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3414:
3392:: 1185–1200.
3389:
3383:
3376:
3348:
3341:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3040:
3036:
3026:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2524:
2520:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2146:
2142:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2037:
2033:
1999:
1995:
1953:
1949:
1895:
1891:
1843:
1807:
1803:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1628:
1624:
1578:
1575:Cell Reports
1574:
1564:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1482:
1478:
1475:Oldendorf WH
1468:
1454:cite journal
1424:(1): 58–64.
1421:
1417:
1411:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1340:
1333:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1247:(1): 41–53.
1244:
1240:
1234:
1199:
1196:Biology Open
1195:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1110:(1): 13–21.
1107:
1103:
1093:
1058:
1054:
1002:
998:
988:
953:
949:
939:
928:. Retrieved
897:
886:
853:
847:
841:
806:
802:
724:
716:aniline dyes
704:Paul Ehrlich
698:
689:
683:
676:
663:
652:
643:
640:
614:brain trauma
598:neuroimaging
591:
564:
549:
516:transcytosis
513:
490:
486:
469:hypothalamic
461:
448:
440:pineal gland
406:
368:
353:
350:
339:
326:pineal gland
322:diencephalon
311:
284:
252:
204:
186:molecules (O
161:
105:
101:
99:
3619:Calcar avis
3580:human brain
3043:(7): 1632.
2441:: 139–177.
2194:: 121–140.
856:(1): 1–13.
600:studies of
524:transferrin
387:antibiotics
346:transporter
336:Development
231:capillaries
184:hydrophobic
176:hydrophilic
157:amino acids
58:Identifiers
3975:Categories
3421:2023-11-02
2864:Aging Cell
2241:: 838259.
930:2023-11-02
775:References
694:Lina Stern
679:bile salts
649:Prediction
630:phagocytes
620:, such as
574:astrocytes
505:bradykinin
497:unit doses
454:function.
383:Antibodies
379:Infections
363:See also:
318:ventricles
262:, such as
112:border of
63:Acronym(s)
3986:Neurology
3803:Apertures
3733:Fastigium
3643:Recesses
3463:1662-453X
3415:Davis Lab
3325:0095-2338
3278:1549-9596
3172:0724-8741
3164:1573-904X
3121:0022-2623
3113:1520-4804
3059:1422-0067
3000:1742-4933
2941:1476-4687
2884:1474-9726
2455:1873-4995
2216:215807970
1595:2211-1247
1269:205500476
1190:claudin 5
1005:(1): 69.
616:, and in
570:pericytes
463:postrema—
420:permeable
371:pathogens
330:melatonin
287:Astrocyte
272:Claudin-5
270:(such as
221:Structure
196:metabolic
164:pathogens
145:pericytes
138:astrocyte
3932:Medicine
3716:Frenulum
3535:26578854
3481:25565938
3333:12444722
3286:20426451
3239:36361669
3188:22184045
3180:18553217
3077:30986918
3018:25784952
2959:32612231
2902:23815272
2845:25611508
2796:17688028
2788:25624154
2753:25477782
2702:26973468
2651:30546844
2602:10751361
2553:19091001
2499:23157552
2463:29772289
2416:23650374
2357:18207311
2308:27531677
2267:35402305
2208:32315731
2173:29377008
2111:26685681
2062:27789146
1978:44760261
1970:20093161
1950:Peptides
1924:26578857
1778:23823990
1737:21349155
1711:(1): 7.
1686:15808097
1655:29949404
1603:38446668
1556:12743111
1507:21944159
1446:46815691
1438:11803178
1403:15395925
1395:11406187
1360:41086829
1318:17922819
1261:16371949
1226:29437557
1169:28177105
1134:23072749
1085:19506719
1031:33208141
980:24309662
925:91847478
870:15207256
833:25561720
738:See also
708:staining
610:epilepsy
530:such as
359:Function
324:and the
268:claudins
264:occludin
141:end-feet
120:and the
3920:Anatomy
3906:Portals
3886:Related
3578:of the
3526:4624851
3509:: 385.
3472:4267212
3447:: 404.
3230:9655980
3129:2894467
3068:6479894
3009:4362825
2950:8331074
2893:3819405
2836:4350773
2744:4238323
2727:: 388.
2693:4777722
2642:6289486
2593:1876882
2544:2604882
2407:3666717
2384:Bibcode
2348:2442477
2258:8992797
2164:5829048
2102:4900538
2054:1571958
2016:2260724
1915:4621430
1898:: 390.
1870:1410407
1826:2891718
1728:3042981
1646:6171039
1547:2172943
1499:7452231
1309:2375847
1217:5861362
1186:in vivo
1125:3597357
1076:2687937
1022:7672931
971:4080800
878:2202060
824:4292164
734:found.
673:History
578:daltons
536:vectors
520:insulin
501:osmotic
168:solutes
77:D001812
41:Details
3763:Lower
3748:Upper
3728:Taenia
3533:
3523:
3479:
3469:
3461:
3364:
3331:
3323:
3284:
3276:
3237:
3227:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3075:
3065:
3057:
3016:
3006:
2998:
2957:
2947:
2939:
2921:Nature
2900:
2890:
2882:
2843:
2833:
2815:Neuron
2794:
2786:
2751:
2741:
2700:
2690:
2676:: 56.
2649:
2639:
2600:
2590:
2551:
2541:
2497:
2461:
2453:
2414:
2404:
2355:
2345:
2306:
2265:
2255:
2214:
2206:
2171:
2161:
2109:
2099:
2060:
2052:
2014:
1976:
1968:
1922:
1912:
1868:
1858:
1824:
1776:
1735:
1725:
1684:
1653:
1643:
1601:
1593:
1554:
1544:
1505:
1497:
1444:
1436:
1401:
1393:
1358:
1348:
1316:
1306:
1267:
1259:
1224:
1214:
1167:
1132:
1122:
1083:
1073:
1029:
1019:
978:
968:
923:
913:
876:
868:
831:
821:
720:organs
47:System
4001:Brain
3962:Media
3828:Other
3742:Floor
3595:Body
3184:S2CID
3160:eISSN
3109:eISSN
2984:: 2.
2792:S2CID
2286:Blood
2212:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1265:S2CID
921:S2CID
874:S2CID
582:lipid
209:—the
172:large
130:blood
126:brain
88:[
3782:Obex
3703:Roof
3531:PMID
3477:PMID
3459:ISSN
3362:ISBN
3329:PMID
3321:ISSN
3282:PMID
3274:ISSN
3235:PMID
3176:PMID
3168:ISSN
3125:PMID
3117:ISSN
3073:PMID
3055:ISSN
3014:PMID
2996:ISSN
2955:PMID
2937:ISSN
2898:PMID
2880:ISSN
2841:PMID
2784:PMID
2749:PMID
2698:PMID
2647:PMID
2598:PMID
2549:PMID
2495:PMID
2459:PMID
2451:ISSN
2412:PMID
2353:PMID
2304:PMID
2263:PMID
2204:PMID
2169:PMID
2107:PMID
2050:PMID
2012:PMID
1966:PMID
1920:PMID
1866:PMID
1856:ISBN
1822:PMID
1774:PMID
1733:PMID
1682:PMID
1651:PMID
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1552:PMID
1495:PMID
1460:link
1434:PMID
1391:PMID
1356:OCLC
1346:ISBN
1314:PMID
1257:PMID
1222:PMID
1165:PMID
1130:PMID
1081:PMID
1027:PMID
976:PMID
911:ISBN
866:PMID
829:PMID
659:QSAR
518:for
344:, a
291:feet
213:and
190:, CO
100:The
72:MeSH
3817:to
3521:PMC
3511:doi
3467:PMC
3449:doi
3354:doi
3313:doi
3266:doi
3225:PMC
3215:doi
3152:doi
3101:doi
3063:PMC
3045:doi
3004:PMC
2986:doi
2945:PMC
2929:doi
2925:583
2888:PMC
2872:doi
2831:PMC
2823:doi
2776:doi
2739:PMC
2729:doi
2688:PMC
2678:doi
2637:PMC
2629:doi
2588:PMC
2580:doi
2576:156
2539:PMC
2529:doi
2487:doi
2483:113
2443:doi
2439:281
2402:PMC
2392:doi
2380:110
2343:PMC
2335:doi
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