208:, intending to restore Ahmad’s father Moulay Hasan to power. The plan failed when Hasan died, possibly poisoned by Ahmad’s agents. The Spanish then tried to instal Ahmad’s son as governor of the city, but ultimately withdrew to reinforce their positions in La Goulette. Ahmad could neither risk a new Spanish invasion nor rely on Ottoman support. He signed new treaties of peace and friendship with Spain on 24 January 1547, 5 January 1548 and 28 December 1550. This last treaty was for a period of six years that Charles V agreed to extend on 6 June 1555. In August 1566 Ahmad explained to Don Sancho de Leiva the dilemma in which he found himself, "seeing himself in such peril that he dared neither break with the Turks nor detach from them, because if at the moment he did so, the Spaniards, who are his protectors, put an end to the truce, he would very quickly find himself lost, his forces unable to defend himself against so many powers.”
294:
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29:
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wished to be baptized. This angered his father and he reduced his inheritance to only two thousand escudos (the same amount assigned to his mother). In August 1575, a few days after Ahmad’s death, his son was baptised in Naples and took the new name Carlos de
Austria, as Don John of Austria was his godfather. On his death in 1601 he bequeathed his estate to the monastery of
279:
Ahmad left behind a wife and two sons. He bequeathed one of them, called “el Cojo” (the Lame), most of his fortune (eight thousand of his twelve thousand escudos) because of this son’s desire to return to his homeland and live as a Muslim. The other son, also named Ahmad (Hamida), lived in Naples and
160:
set sail for Italy, intending to gather weapons and munitions to strengthen his authority. During his absence Ahmad rebelled, declaring that his father was intending to become a
Christian and hand the country over to the Spanish. Abu Abdallah Muhammad returned to Tunis, but he was captured by Ahmad.
200:
of his concerns about the
Spanish fort in La Goulette, which he said "would not last more than twenty days" if attacked by a Turkish fleet. "The best thing for La Goulette would be to drive out the king from Tunis and build a fort in this city on the estuary side linked with La Goulette, and there
178:
for the upkeep of the
Spanish garrison in La Goulette. The population of Tunis thereupon demanded as their ruler one of Ahmad’s brothers, Muhammad, whom Tovar was holding as a hostage. Tovar however placed Abdelmalik’s son, also called Muhammad, on the throne instead. He was a boy of twelve.
284:
in Naples. He had a son, Enrique de
Austria, who was born after his father’s conversion and baptized at birth. Enrique lived in Naples on a monthly stipend of 120 escudos that, on his death, passed to his widow Luisa de Austria.
168:
became involved in intrigues to place on the throne a Hafsid candidate who would ensure the best interests of Spain. While Ahmad was absent from Tunis he arranged for the former caliph’s brother
Abdelmalik to enter the
179:
Meanwhile Ahmad had managed to take refuge inland, where he succeeded in winning over the Arab tribes to his cause. He was eventually able to retake the kasbah, and the young
Muhammad fled into Spanish protection.
173:
in disguise and have himself proclaimed sultan. Just thirty six days later he died of a mysterious fever, but not before he had paid in full the tribute due to Spain under its treaty with Tunis, as well as 6,000
260:
and Sidi Ali El Hattab. His troops scattered and he hurriedly sought refuge in the fortress of La
Goulette. Uluç Ali entered Tunis without firing a shot in December 1569 but was not able to take La Goulette.
255:
for military assistance. However, the governor barely had sufficient forces to defend La
Goulette and could not place any troops at his disposal of the sultan. Ahmad’s forces were defeated at skirmishes in
191:
and sending an embassy to
Istanbul. He also refused to deal with the commander of the Spanish galleys, Francisco de Mendoza. He blockaded the fortress of La Goulette, and its governor, Tovar, urged Emperor
272:
where he had been in exile, and made him sultan. Ahmad himself went into exile in Palermo with his sons. There he was assigned a pension of 850 escudos a year. He died of the plague at
843:
Histoire des derniers rois de Tunis: du malheur des Hafçides, de la prise de Tunis par Charles Quint-- de Kheyr-ed-Din Barberousse, Darghut-- et autres valeureux raïs--
644:
Histoire des derniers rois de Tunis: du malheur des Hafçides, de la prise de Tunis par Charles Quint-- de Kheyr-ed-Din Barberousse, Darghut-- et autres valeureux raïs--
710:
196:
to restore his father Hasan. In November 1565, when Malta was on alert against Ottoman attack, the Viceroy of Sicily Don García de Toledo, wrote to
201:
would be no other king but Your Your Majesty, and... I think that we could get from them the amount necessary for the expenses of the two forts.”
211:
While the Spanish controlled La Goulette and, briefly, Mahdia, the Ottomans were strengthening their position in the south and centre of Tunisia.
252:
268:
retook Tunis, but did not restore Ahmad to the throne as he was too unpopular. Instead the Spanish brought his brother Mouley Mohammed from
508:
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851:
817:
783:
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686:
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420:
386:
71:
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187:
Having ousted Spain’s puppet rulers, Ahmad sought to open diplomatic initiatives with the Ottomans, communicating with
308:, now lost and known from a print. Rubens’ portrayal is idealized and exotic and it later served as a model for the
718:
Das Verhältnis zwischen der osmanischen Zentralgewalt und der Provinz Tunesien während des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts
304:’ portrait of Moulay Ahmad was executed around 1609, long after the subject’s death. It was based on a portrait by
157:
61:
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L'empereur Charles Quint et le sultan hafside Mawlāy al-Ḥasan in: Empreintes espagnoles dans l'histoire tunisienne
479:"Un homme entre deux mondes : la vie mouvementée de Don Philippe d'Afrique, prince de Tunis (1627-1686)"
478:
193:
235:
444:
281:
251:, decided to seize Tunis. Faced with this threat, Ahmad approached the Spanish governor of La Goulette,
164:
His departure did not secure power for Ahmad however. Francisco de Tovar, governor of the fortress of
140:) also known as “Moulay Ahmad” and “Moulay Hamida”, or “Mulay Amida” in some Italian sources, was the
775:
Jews and Muslims Made Visible in Christian Iberia and Beyond, 14th to 18th Centuries: Another Image
605:"Un enjeu espagnol en Méditerranée : les présides de Tripoli et de La Goulette au XVIe siècle"
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Given the choice between execution and blinding, he opted for blinding and went into exile.
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8:
807:
197:
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929:"The Turk and Islam in the Western Eye, 1450?750 ": Visual Imagery before Orientalism
847:
813:
779:
746:
682:
648:
545:
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382:
309:
616:
742:
Dictionnaire de l'Islam, religion et civilisation: Les Dictionnaires d'Universalis
678:
Dictionnaire de l'Islam, religion et civilisation: Les Dictionnaires d'Universalis
445:"I CAVALIERI DELL'EMIRO: LA COMUNITÀ REBATTINA SULLE DUE SPONDE DEL MEDITERRANEO"
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95:
28:
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Histoire universelle: depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'à présent
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LES GOUVERNEURS DE LA GOULETTÈ I)UllAN'r L'OCCUPATION ESPAGNOLE
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516:. Tunis: Société Anonyme de l’Imprimerie Rapide. p. 10
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182:
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in 1549, Mahdia in 1554 after the Spanish withdrawal,
378:
Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs
840:Luis del Mármol Carvajal; Mika Ben Miled (2007).
641:Luis del Mármol Carvajal; Mika Ben Miled (2007).
958:
374:
609:Crises, Conflicts and Wars in the Mediterranean
506:
230:
925:
602:
408:
846:. éditions cartaginoiseries. p. 164.
745:. Encyclopaedia Universalis. p. 795.
720:(PhD). Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
681:. Encyclopaedia Universalis. p. 795.
647:. éditions cartaginoiseries. p. 164.
239:The Ottoman Army Marching On Tunis In 1569
27:
598:
596:
594:
592:
312:in several of Rubens's depictions of the
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739:Encyclopaedia Universalis (2015-10-27).
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675:Encyclopaedia Universalis (2015-10-27).
537:
442:
292:
234:
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531:
476:
959:
603:Brogini, Anne; Ghazali, Maria (2005).
589:
350:Société historique algérienne (1879).
932:. Taylor & Francis. p. 202.
183:Relations with Spain and the Ottomans
72:Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan
634:
528:
415:. Place des éditeurs. p. 104.
137:
13:
778:. BRILL. 2019-05-06. p. 348.
507:Poinssot, L.; Lantier, R. (1930).
247:, supported by the Ottoman sultan
14:
983:
264:In 1573 a Spanish army under Don
33:Portrait of Mulay Ahmed by Rubens
158:Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
62:Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
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577:. Moutard. 1784. pp. 307–8
375:Alan G. Jamieson (2013-02-15).
806:Corrales, Eloy Martin (2020).
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381:. Reaktion Books. p. 63.
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1:
926:JamesG. Harper (2017-07-05).
881:. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
336:
297:Mulay Ahmad print by Vermeyen
243:In 1569 the pasha of Algiers
204:In 1550 the Spanish attacked
151:
544:. Gijón: Ediciones Trea SL.
409:Jacques HEERS (2016-09-15).
231:Ottoman reconquest and exile
7:
972:16th-century Hafsid caliphs
809:Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814
319:
288:
10:
988:
812:. Brill. pp. 95–126.
709:Louhichi, Soumaya (2007).
477:Bonnery, Matthieu (2003).
443:Varriale, Gennaro (2010).
907:. National Gallery of Art
356:. La Société. p. 407
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538:Boubaker, Sadok (2011).
331:Conquest of Tunis (1574)
326:Capture of Mahdia (1550)
306:Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen
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130:Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III
22:Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III
16:Hafsid sultan of Tunis
314:Adoration of the Magi
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238:
901:"The Youngest King"
282:Santa Maria la Nova
253:Don Alonso Pimentel
156:In 1542 his father
148:from 1543 to 1569.
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276:(Sicily) in 1575.
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198:Philip II of Spain
939:978-1-351-53986-9
853:978-9973-704-05-4
819:978-90-04-44376-1
785:978-90-04-39570-1
752:978-2-85229-121-8
688:978-2-85229-121-8
654:978-9973-704-05-4
551:978-84-9704-612-1
422:978-2-262-06593-5
388:978-1-86189-946-0
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274:Termini Imerese
266:John of Austria
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138:أبو العباس أحمد
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223:in 1556 and
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967:1575 deaths
945:21 February
911:21 February
885:21 February
859:21 February
825:20 February
791:18 February
758:21 February
724:20 February
694:20 February
660:20 February
626:20 February
581:19 February
557:14 February
520:19 February
492:18 February
462:18 February
428:18 February
394:18 February
360:18 February
166:La Goulette
93:August 1575
58:Predecessor
961:Categories
615:(70): 87.
337:References
152:Succession
458:: 133–158
310:Balthazar
227:in 1558.
194:Charles V
144:ruler of
68:Successor
53:1543–1569
320:See also
289:Portrait
249:Selim II
245:Uluç Ali
225:Kairouan
146:Ifriqiya
118:Religion
905:nga.gov
879:mfa.org
452:Estudis
270:Palermo
112:Hafsids
107:Dynasty
85:c. 1500
42:of the
936:
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816:
782:
749:
685:
651:
548:
419:
385:
302:Rubens
217:Djerba
213:Dragut
206:Mahdia
189:Dragut
176:ducats
171:kasbah
142:Hafsid
134:Arabic
100:Sicily
40:Caliph
714:(PDF)
514:(PDF)
448:(PDF)
221:Gafsa
215:took
122:Islam
50:Reign
947:2021
934:ISBN
913:2021
887:2021
861:2021
848:ISBN
827:2021
814:ISBN
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780:ISBN
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559:2021
546:ISBN
522:2021
494:2021
464:2021
430:2021
417:ISBN
396:2021
383:ISBN
362:2021
258:Béja
90:Died
82:Born
711:"4"
617:doi
963::
903:.
877:.
716:.
611:.
607:.
591:^
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