Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah

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camel and threw sand at them while admonishing them that "it has not been even a year since you have come out of the hunger and hard life of Arabia, and you have forgotten all the simplicity when you saw the glamour of Syria's Emperors?" Both men were incidentally wearing better garments than they were previously accustomed to; Khalid ibn al-Walid noted that beneath their clothes, they were still sufficiently armed, indicating they were still accustomed to the practical ways of hard desert life, bringing some relief to the Caliph. Comparatively, Abu Ubayda was also present but had always maintained his humble dress and way of life. Umar was pleased to see him, and that very evening, when Umar arrived at his home, he saw that Abu Ubayda, a man-made successful in the art of battle (earning him rights to much booty), had no possessions at home except one bed, a sword, and a shield. Umar said to him, "O' Abu Ubayda, you have arranged some things of comfort for yourself at home." Replied Abu Ubayda "O' Umar that's enough for me."

1014:. Umar may have sent Abu Ubayda to assume the supreme command. Several accounts in the Islamic tradition claim Abu Ubayda concealed the caliph's order from the rest of the army to avoid potentially insulting Khalid or provoking a mutiny while the Muslims were on the cusp of a major confrontation with the Byzantines. Athamina dismisses the reliability of these claims, considering them militarily illogical and meant to dramatize the change in command and emphasize Abu Ubayda's "moral superiority and unselfishness". Instead, Athamina maintains Abu Ubayda's appointment to the supreme command was made by Umar, who had kept in constant contact with Abu Ubayda through letters and emissaries, after the decisive Muslim victory at the Yarmuk. 1461:

Muslims occupied in Syria. He sought help of the Christian Arabs of Al-Jazira who mustered up a large army and marched against Emesa, Abu Ubayda's headquarters. Abu Ubayda withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa, and the Christian Arabs laid siege to the city. Khalid was in favour of an open battle outside the fort, but Abu Ubayda rather sent the matter to Umar, who handled it brilliantly. Umar sent detachments of the Muslim army from Iraq to invade Al-Jazira, homeland of the invading Christian Arabs, from three different routes. Moreover, another detachment was sent to Emesa from Iraq under Qa'qa ibn Amr, a veteran of Yarmouk who was sent to Iraq for the

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Khalid was demoted in favor of Abu Ubayda, but most modern historians view these as either partially valid or literary innovations. Athamina holds Abu Ubayda was likely installed because Khalid and his large force of tribesmen from Arabia and Iraq, along with their families, presented a threat to the old-established, formerly Byzantine-allied, and militarily experienced Arab tribes of Syria, whose defection was considered vital by Umar to form a network of defense against the Byzantines. This motivated him to demote Khalid and disband his army, the remnants of which were transferred to the

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Heraclius' ambitious plan to take back Syria. They told him that an army, possibly 200,000 strong, would soon emerge to recapture their territory. Khalid stopped there. After his past experiences, Heraclius, now had been avoiding pitch battles with the Muslims. He planned to send massive reinforcements to all the major cities and isolate the Muslim corps from each other, and thus separately encircle and destroy the Muslim armies. Five massive armies were launched in June 636 to roll back Syria.

34: 768:'s cavalry attacked the Muslims from the rear, changing an Islamic victory into defeat, the bulk of the Muslim soldiers were routed from the battlefield, and few remained steadfast. Abu Ubayda was one of them and he guarded Muhammad from the attacks of the Qurayshi soldiers. On that day, Abu Ubayda lost two of his front teeth while trying to extract two links of Muhammad's armour that had penetrated into his cheeks. 1236:). Having mustered sizeable armies at Antioch, Heraclius sent them to reinforce strategically important areas of northern Syria, like Emesa and Chalcis. With the arrival of Byzantine army in the city, the peace treaty was violated, Abu Ubadiah and Khalid thus marched to Emesa, and a Byzantine army that halted Khalid's advance guard was defeated. The Muslims 1287:, to check the strength of the Muslims. Khalid's mobile guard defeated and routed the Christian Arabs; this was the last action before the battle started. For the next month negotiations continued between the two armies, and Khalid went to meet Vahan in person at Byzantine camp. Meanwhile, the Muslims received reinforcements sent by Caliph Umar. 1413:. The Byzantine army was composed of the survivors of Yarmouk and other Syrian campaigns. After being defeated, the Byzantines retreated to Antioch and the Muslims besieged the city. Having little hope of help from Emperor Herakleios, Antioch surrendered on 30 October 637, with the terms that all Byzantine troops would be given safe passage to 1092:, gave peace to them, which was reluctantly endorsed by Khalid. The Byzantine army was given a cease fire of three days and allowed to go as far as they could with their families and treasure. Others simply agreed to stay at Damascus and pay tribute. The Muslims controlled the road to Emessa, so the Byzantines went west and then north up the 1465:. Umar himself marched from Medina at the head of 1,000 men. The Christian Arabs, when they received the news of the Muslim invasion of their homeland, abandoned the siege and hastily withdrew to Al-Jazira. At this point Khalid and his mobile guard came out of the fort and devastated the army, attacking them from the rear. 1312:, and Shurahbil ibn Hassana back to their areas to reconquer them. Most of the areas submitted without a fight. Abu Ubayda himself, along with Khalid, moved to northern Syria once again to conquer them with a 17,000 strong army. Khalid along with his cavalry was sent to Hazir and Abu Ubayda moved to Chalcis. 1526:

Later that year Arabia fell into a severe drought, and large sums of people began to perish from hunger and epidemic diseases alike, both resulting from the drought and its complications. Therefore, countless numbers of people (in the hundreds of thousands), from throughout Arabia, gathered at Medina

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After the devastating defeat in the Battle of Yarmouk, the remainder of the Byzantine empire was left vulnerable. With few military resources left, it was no longer in a position to attempt a military comeback in Syria. To gain time to prepare a defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the

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After capturing Emesa, the Muslims moved north to capture whole of the northern Syria. Khalid, acting as an advance guard took his mobile guard to raid northern Syria. At Shaizer, Khalid intercepted a convoy taking provisions for Chalcis. The prisoners were interrogated and informed him about Emperor

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He chose to live a simple life, opting for the most modest of garments when compared to some of the other sahaba (companions of Muhammad). During the conquest of Jerusalem, when Caliph Umar had come to Syria, he was met by Khalid ibn al-Walid and Yazid bin Abu Sufyan. Caliph Umar dismounted from his

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zone's capital Antioch. Abu Ubayda sent Khalid, with his elite cavalry, the mobile guard, towards Chalcis. The fort was guarded by the Greek troops under their commander, Menas, who was reported to be of high prestige, second only to the emperor himself. Menas, diverting from conventional Byzantine

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on April 637. After Jerusalem, the Muslim armies broke up once again. Yazid's corps went to Damascus and captured Beirut. Amr and Shurahbil's corps went on to conquer the rest of Palestine, while Abu Ubayda and Khalid, at the head of a 17,000 strong army moved north to conquer whole of the northern

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Abu Ubayda may have been chosen to lead at that time, when the Byzantine defense of Syria had taken an enormous blow, as the circumstances called for an able administrator to take the helm from a military commander like Khalid. The Islamic tradition provides a host of moral and personal reasons why

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The Islamic tradition generally portrays Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubayda as operating in concert and decisively intervening against the Ansar at Saqifa. After a debate, the triumvirate obtained the allegiance of the Ansar to Abu Bakr despite their reservations. There are indications, according to the

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Several early Islamic sources and the hadith compilations of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim all note that Muhammad held Abu Ubayda to be the "man of trust" of the umma (Muslim community). Other Islamic sources refer to him as "al-qawiyy al-amin" (the strong and the trustworthy). According to Gibb,

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to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison had been left. Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims having finished the business at Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. The Byzantine army met the Muslims halfway to Emesa, at Maraj al-Rome. During the night, Theodras sent

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garrison guarding that fair, the size of the garrison was miscalculated by the Muslim informants and it quickly encircled the small Muslim detachment. Before it would have been completely destroyed, Abu Ubayda, having received new intelligence, sent Khalid to rescue the Muslim army. Khalid reached

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by al-Baladhuri, the latter states "there is no truth" to the claim Abu Ubayda was sent by Abu Bakr; rather, the caliph "intended to send Abu ʿUbayda at the head of one of the armies, but the latter asked the caliph to relieve him of this mission". Athamina assesses that "certain allusions" in the

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of food supplies were the first to reach Medina, with 4,000 camels arriving full of food. To handle the overwhelming amount, Umar appointed Abu Ubayda to distribute this among the thousands of people living in the outskirts of Medina. Following Abu Ubayda's generous aid and efforts, Umar provided

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With the devastating defeat at Yarmouk his empire was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. With few military resources left he was no longer in a position to attempt a military come back in Syria. To gain time for the preparations of the defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the

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Finally on 15 August, the Battle of Yarmouk was fought, it lasted for 6 days and ended in a devastating defeat for the Byzantines. The Battle of Yarmouk is considered to be one of the most decisive battles of history. It was the historic defeat that sealed the fate of Byzantines, the magnitude of

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With the Byzantine army shattered and routed, the Muslims quickly recaptured the territory that they conquered prior to Yarmouk. Abu Ubayda held a meeting with his high command, including Khalid, to decide on future conquests. They decided to conquer Jerusalem. The Siege of Jerusalem lasted four

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Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab once said about him, "Three persons in the tribe of Quraysh were most prominent, had the best character, and were the most modest. If they spoke to you, they would not deceive you, and if you spoke to them, they would not accuse you of lying: Abu Bakr as-Siddiq,

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Abu Ubayda was appointed by Khalid ibn al-Walid to siege the Jabiya Gate of Damascus. It was Abu Ubayda who gave peace to Damascus after Khalid ibn al-Walid attacked the city and conquered it by force. Abu Ubayda, Shurahbeel ibn Hassana and 'Amr ibn al-'As, unaware of Khalid's attack from the

1275:. This maneuver gave a decisive blow to the Heraclius's plan, as he did not wish engage his troops in an open battle with the Muslims, where the light cavalry could be effectively used. From Jabiya, on Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubayda ordered the Muslim army to withdraw on the plain of the 1527:

as food was being rationed. Soon, Medina's food reserves declined to alarming levels; by this time, Caliph Umar had already written to the governors of his provinces requesting any relevant aid they might assist with. One such letter was rushed to Abu Ubayda, who responded promptly:

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His appearance was striking. He was slim and tall, with a bright face and a sparse beard. Looking at him was pleasing and meeting him was refreshing. He was an extremely courteous and humble person, and quite shy. However, he would become earnest and alert in a tough situation.

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Islamic sources offer context to the notion that Abu Ubayda, despite his participation in several expeditions under Muhammad and his high-standing among the Muslims, did not have the desire nor the necessary military experience and merit to accept the post Abu Bakr offered him.

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Abu Ubayda soon joined Khalid at the virtually impregnable fort of Chalcis, which surrendered in June 637. With this strategic victory, the territory north of Chalcis lay open to the Muslims. Khalid and Abu Ubayda continued their march northward and laid

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months after which the city agreed to surrender, but only to caliph Umar in person. 'Amr ibn al-'As suggested that Khalid should be sent as caliph, because of his very strong resemblance to Umar. Khalid was recognized and eventually, Umar came and the

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he suggested that Abu Ubayda draw all the Muslim armies to one place so as to fight a decisive battle with the Byzantines. As per Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubayda ordered all the Muslim armies in Syria to evacuate the conquered land and concentrate at

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defeat was so intense that Byzantine could never recover from it. It left whole of the Byzantine Empire vulnerable to the Muslims. The battle was the greatest battle ever fought on Syrian soil till then and was a tactical marvel of Abu Ubayda.

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Muhammad died in 632 and the Muslims were in disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of their nascent community. On the same day of the Islamic prophet's death, the Ansar convened in a controversial meeting that became known as the

1096:. After the three-day truce was over, the Muslim cavalry, under Khalid's command, pursued the Byzantine column via the shorter Emessa road and caught them in the northwest Beqaa Valley, just before they entered the mountains en route to 854:. Muhammad sent Abu Ubayda in command of an army that included Abu Bakr and Umar. They attacked and defeated the enemy. Later in the same year, another expedition was sent under his command to locate the routes of Qurayshi caravans. 1517:

Due to the dismissal of Khalid from the army and a famine and plague the next year, the Muslim armies were kept from invading Anatolia. The expedition to Anatolia and Armenia marked the end of the military career of Khalid.

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Umar for the time being stopped his armies from further invasion deeper into Anatolia but rather ordered Abu Ubayda, now the governor of Syria, to consolidate his rule in Syria. At this point, Umar is reported to have said:

1409:; from there the Muslims attacked Antioch on the eastern side. In order to save the empire from annihilation, a desperate battle was fought between the Muslim army and that of the defenders of Antioch, popularly known as 1279:, where cavalry could be used. While the Muslim armies were gathering at Yarmouk, Khalid intercepted and routed the Byzantine advance guard. This was to ensure the safe retreat of the Muslims from conquered land. 1400:

Before marching towards Antioch, Khalid and Abu Ubayda decided to isolate the city from Anatolia. Accordingly, they sent detachments north to eliminate all possible Byzantine forces and captured a garrison town,

1152:, and where a strong Byzantine garrison and survivors of Battle of Ajnadayn were present. The region was crucial because from here the Byzantine army could strike eastwards and cut the communications line with 1282:

The Muslim armies reached there in July 636. A week or two later, around mid July, the Byzantine army arrived. The Byzantine commander in chief, Vahan, sent Christian Arab troops of the Ghassanid king,

1397:, which was captured after fierce resistance from desperate Byzantine troops in October 637. The next objective was the splendid city of Antioch, the capital of the Asian zone of the Byzantine Empire. 884:

due to his seniority, closeness to Muhammad, and the increasingly important role he was attaining in the prophet's last years. The bulk of the Qurayshite new converts, with the prominent exception of

1991:"ABU UBAIDAH MEMPERLEMAH PEMBERONTAK ROMAWI DI SYAM amquoting Tarikh Ath-Thabari, 4: no. 50-52; Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah Ibnu Katsir; Vol.Conquest of Sham during Umar ibn al-Khattab, h. h. 230-231" 1347:. Abu Ubayda withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa as a part of complex strategy which he devised to repel the massive invasion of the Christian Arabs against Emesa, while Caliph 757:. In this battle, he fought his own father Abdullah ibn al-Jarrah, who was fighting alongside the army of Quraysh. Abdullah ibn al Jarrah attacked his son with his sword and Ubaydah killed him. 1380:

tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading elements of the Muslim army before the main body could join them at Hazir, 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Chalcis. This is known as the

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Muslims occupied in Syria Heraclius thus sought help from the Christian Arab tribes which came of Jazirah that mainly from Circesium and Hīt and the tribes mustered a large army and marched to

1232:. The peace treaties were, however, on Heraclius's instructions, to lure the Muslims and to secure time for preparation of defenses of northern Syria (present-day Lebanon, Syria and southern 896:, that Umar initially favored Abu Ubayda but that he lacked sufficient support against Abu Bakr, who he consequently supported against other potential candidates. A report in the history of 722:

Abu Ubayda lived through the harsh experience that the Muslims went through in Mecca from beginning to end. With other early Muslims, he endured the insults and oppressions of the Quraysh.

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Athamina, Khalil (July 1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria".

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Abu Ubayda was born around 583 CE. Before embracing Islam, he was considered to be one of the nobles of the Quraysh and had a reputation among his tribesmen for modesty and bravery.

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In 638 the Muslims attacked Hīt, which they found to be well fortified; thus, they left a fraction of the army to impose a siege on the city, while the rest went after Circesium.

873:. They chose one of their own as caliph. Their principal aim was to prevent a Meccan, especially the new converts among the Qurayshi aristocracy, from gaining power over them. 1456:

Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Thou art an infidel's (enemy's) now. Peace be with you, O' Syria – what a beautiful land you will be for the enemy hands.

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sued for peace for a year. Abu Ubayda, accepted the offer and rather than invading the districts of Emesa and Chalcis, he consolidated his rule in conquered land and captured

1175:, the Muslim armies split up. Shurahbeel and Amr's corps moved south to capture Palestine. Meanwhile, Abu Ubayda and Khalid with a relatively larger corps moved north through 1038:. All the divisions of the Muslim army, about 32,000 in number, joined Khalid at Ajnadayn on 24 July 634. Under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid the Muslims defeated the 829:

arrived in Medina and showed interest in Islam and asked Muhammad to send them a person to guide them in the matters of religion and in other tribal affairs according to

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and its environs). The traveler al-Harawi, who visited the tomb in Ammata at the beginning of the 13th century, mentions that his tomb was shown in all three places.

1134: 1002:(d. 1175) mention it was in the capacity of commander of an army of reinforcements. His arrival most likely dated to around 636, shortly after the first Muslim 942: 2326: 1609:

area of Transjordan. That part of the valley became known 'Ghawr Abi Ubayda'. Earlier places where Abu Ubayda and his wife were said to have been buried were

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Soon after the appointment of Abu-Ubayda as commander in chief, he sent a small detachment to the annual fair held at Abu-al-Quds, modern day Abla, near

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After the battle Umar ordered the conquest of Al-Jazira, which was completed by late summer 638 A.D. Following the victory, Abu Ubayda sent Khalid and

1051: 2459: 916:(the Muslim community), as the prophet called you". Abu Ubayda is then said to have declined in favor of Abu Bakr. Another report in the history of 994:

Modern research indicates that Abu Ubayda was dispatched to the Syrian front by Abu Bakr's successor, Umar, and early Muslim authors al-Baladhuri,

1711: 805:, Abu Ubayda was commanding one of the four divisions that entered the city from four different routes. Later that year, he participated in the 715:

to the people of Mecca. He began by inviting his closest companions and relatives in private to the way of Islam. He embraced Islam a day after

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Abu Ubayda was "a man whose personality impressed his contemporaries, but he is presented by later tradition in a rather colourless fashion".

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the city from the northeast, Thomas, the purported son-in-law of the Emperor Heraclius, surrendered the city to Ubayda, who was besieging the

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in mid-August 634. Caloiis and Azrail, the governor of Damascus, led another army to stop Khalid's corps but they were also defeated in the

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instructed Abu Ubaydah to send his field commanders outside of Emesa with sufficient splinter forces to lay counter siege to cities in

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stood. It surrendered to Muslim rule after little resistance and agreed to pay tribute. Abu Ubayda sent Khalid straight towards Emesa.

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Athamina, Khalil (2007). "Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarrāḥ". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.).

1355:, homeland of enemy Arab christian tribes, in order to divert the focus of enemy concentration in Emesa. So the splinter forces under 1334:

With Emesa already in hand, Abu Ubayda and Khalid moved towards Chalcis, which was strategically the most significant Byzantine fort.

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With central Syria captured, the Muslims has given a decisive blow to the Byzantines. The communication between northern Syria and

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and Armenia and left for his capital Constantinople. On his way to Constantinople he had a narrow escape when Khalid, after the

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Khalid's spy informed him about the move, Khalid having received permission from Abu Ubayda, galloped towards Damascus with his

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and raided northern and central Anatolia. Heraclius has already abandoned all the forts between Antioch and Tartus to create a

1485:(conqueror of Al-Jazira) to invade the Byzantine territory north of Al-Jazira. They marched independently and captured Edessa, 2367: 2054: 2027: 638: 310: 1513:

I wish there was a wall of fire between us and Romans, so that they could not enter our territory nor we could enter theirs.

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holds that Abu Bakr offered the caliphate to Umar or Abu Ubayda at the Saqifa, but both insisted on Abu Bakr's succession.

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as a modest stipend or token of appreciation which, he refused on the grounds that the deed was done for the sake of God.

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on the property and collected donations to Abu Ubayda's memory from farmers and traders at the market nearest the tomb.

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The Jarrahs, the family that traditionally maintained the tomb, claimed descent from Abu Ubayda, and were exempt by the

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In the year 624, Abu Ubayda participated in the first major battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, at the

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to conquer that region. Though there are several versions in the early Islamic tradition, including in the works of

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Khalid is truly the commander, May Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr. He was a better judge of men than I have been.

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and Khalil Athamina date his dispatch to after Abu Bakr's death. In the comprehensive 9th-century history of the

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and was made one of the witnesses over the pact. Later in the same year, he was a part of the Muslim campaign to

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While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, sensing the opportunity, quickly sent an army under General

1076:, 20 mi (32 km) from Damascus, Khalid's forces attacked and entered the city. With Khalid's divisions 1990: 55: 876:

Opinion among the Muhajirun were split, with one side favoring a person closer to Muhammad in kinship, namely

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on 15 October 634 and returned with tons of looted booty from the fair and hundreds of Byzantine prisoners.

20: 1214: 880:, who they held was favored by Muhammad to succeed him. The other faction of the Muhajirun mostly backed 840: 285: 2268:(2018). "Witnessed by Three Disciples of the Prophet: The Jerusalem 32 Inscription from 32 AH/652 CE". 1066: 1473: 1462: 1266:

Khalid, sensing Heraclius's plan, feared that the Muslim armies would be isolated and destroyed. In a

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He is regarded by Muslims to be one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised during their lifetime.

779:. He was also made commander of a small expedition that set out to attack and destroy the tribes of 2321: 2222: 1531:

I am sending you the Caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other will be at Madinah.

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came to an end, Abu Bakr dispatched three or four armies at the same or different intervals toward

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holds that after Muhammad died, Umar told Abu Ubayda, "Stretch your hand and let us give you the

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Beginning in the 13th century, Abu Ubayda's tomb was held to be in the village of Ammata in the

2418: 1437: 1425: 987: 833:, Abu Ubayda was appointed by Muhammad to go with them. He was also sent as the tax collector ( 408: 2413: 2403: 1410: 1394: 1195: 1077: 983: 966:, that place Abu Ubayda as one of these commanders, modern research, including by historians 847: 791: 742: 596: 540: 502: 482: 356: 1384:, which even forced Umar to praise Khalid's military genius. Umar is reported to have said: 1254: 1344: 1326: 1309: 1284: 1229: 1112: 1007: 772: 733:, Abu Ubayda also migrated. When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off each immigrant ( 576: 498: 490: 420: 1977: 1973: 1962: 1958: 8: 2454: 2449: 2408: 1433: 1183: 1011: 938: 814: 765: 440: 2316: 1593: 517: 2277: 2153: 1141: 1043: 677: 646: 544: 456: 395: 361: 1420:

Abu Ubayda sent Khalid northwards, while he marched south and captured Lazkia, Jabla,

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half of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise attack on the Muslim garrison.

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Thus the Muslim army moved to Fahl. The Byzantine army was eventually defeated at the

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Abu Ubayda belonged to the al-Harith ibn Fihr clan, also called the Balharith, of the

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and was on the list of Umar's appointed successors to the Caliphate, but died in the

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to Daat al-Salaasil from where he called for reinforcements, this was known as the

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army (Eastern Roman army) at Ajnadayn, about 15 mi (24 km) southwest of

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before the arrival of the Muslims. He arranged for the necessary defenses in

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Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of northern Syria.

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Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of central Syria.

1093: 971: 897: 692:. Abu Ubayda's father Abd Allah was among the chiefs of the Quraysh in the 588: 580: 1536: 1498: 1432:(Kızılırmak) in Anatolia. Emperor Heraclius had already left Antioch for 1010:. At the time, supreme command of the Muslim armies in Syria was held by 817:

campaign under the command of Muhammad himself. On their return from the

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The Ubaydah Bin Al Jarrah Air Base near Kut, Iraq is named after him.

1240:, which was finally conquered in March 636 after six months of siege. 1166: 1149: 1069: 1035: 917: 902: 734: 693: 33: 2383: 1610: 1477:

Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria.

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Muslim and Byzantine Troop Movements before the battle of Yarmouk.

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nomads in the late 6th century. His mother was also a Qurayshite.

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After the battle, which would prove to be a key to Palestine and

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The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns

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by Muhammad. He was present in Mecca when Muhammad died in 632.

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7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon

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in late 635 or during the preparation for the subsequent

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Abu Ubayda died of the plague and left no descendants.

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between Muslim controlled areas and mainland Anatolia.

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Tehrani, Hamid (2015). "Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarrāḥ". In

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was now cut off. Abu Ubayda decided to march to Fahl (

857: 676:(western Arabia) and home of the Quraysh. During the 2369: 1468: 1428:. Khalid moved north and raided territory up to the 834: 668:

tribe. The clan was settled in the lower quarter of

2084: 1167:

Battles for Emesa and the second battle of Damascus

58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 16:

Companion of Muhammad and military leader (583–639)

1761: 641:. He remained commander of a large section of the 19:"Abu Ubaidah" redirects here. For other uses, see 1575:Uthman ibn Affan and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah." 1367:Later on, In Chalcis, the Byzantines would guard 1148:), which is about 500 ft (150 m) below 748: 2441: 1308:Abu Ubayda sent the commanders 'Amr ibn al-'As, 1030:Soon the Muslims heard of a gathering of 90,000 1209:A week later, Abu Ubayda himself moved towards 960:(d. 944), as well as the 10th-century-compiled 745:with Abu Ubayda making them brothers in faith. 633:‎) was a Muslim commander and one of the 1784:Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, page no:62 1061:The next day the Muslims reached Damascus and 711:By 611, Muhammad was preaching the oneness of 2352: 2049:. American Eagle Animal Rescue. p. 310. 1617:in the Jordan district (corresponding to the 1315: 929:Deployment and appointment to supreme command 680:(pre-620s), the Balharith were allied to the 2322:Ameen ul Ummah Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah 1780: 1778: 1776: 1107: 445:Expedition of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (629) 2475:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant 2292:Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia 706: 684:(the ancestral clan of the Islamic prophet 2359: 2345: 2244:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 1703: 1628:authorities from paying taxes. They had a 1202:and attacked and defeated Theodras in the 771:Later in the year 627 he took part in the 764:. In the second phase of the battle, when 659: 2252:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 158–159. 2188: 2174:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2120: 1773: 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 2460:7th-century deaths from plague (disease) 2368:The ten to whom Paradise was promised – 2295:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2288: 2135: 2022:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 548. 2015: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1907: 1895: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1709: 1592: 1472: 1325: 1253: 1111: 1025: 760:In the year 625, he participated in the 1734: 1179:to conquer Lebanon and northern Syria. 787:, who were plundering nearby villages. 737:) with one of the residents of Medina ( 2465:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 2442: 2264: 2164: 2105: 2042: 852:Expedition of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 801:In the year 630, when the Muslim army 637:. He is mostly known for being one of 621:‎; 583–639 CE), better known as 2340: 2019:50 Great Military Leaders of All Time 1989:Martasyabana, Ilham (6 August 2017). 1294: 923: 639:the ten to whom Paradise was promised 524:Campaigns of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 521: 311:the ten to whom Paradise was promised 2209: 2090: 1796:book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Saif-al-Jara 1767: 1535:True to his assurance, Abu Ubayda's 1522:Relief efforts during the 638 famine 1243: 1198:, Khalid moved to Damascus with his 1084:(Jabiya Gate), on 19 September 634. 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 1337: 790:In the year 628 he participated in 630: 618: 13: 2470:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate 2195:. Leiden, Boston and Koln: Brill. 858:Role in the succession of Abu Bakr 719:in the year 611 at the age of 28. 611:ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Jarrāḥ 14: 2501: 2310: 2192:State, Society, and Land in Jorda 1469:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia 32: 2129: 2075: 2063: 2043:Kathir, Ibn (18 October 2017). 2036: 2016:Tibbetts, Jann (30 July 2016). 2009: 1952: 1755:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0229 1652:List of expeditions of Muhammad 1133:there and defeated them in the 43:needs additional citations for 2189:Fischbach, Michael R. (2000). 1787: 1728: 1722:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_SIM_0036 1676: 1664: 1424:and the coastal areas west of 1362: 846:In the year 629 Muhammad sent 749:Military career under Muhammad 1: 1713:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 1697: 1405:50 km (31 mi) from 906:, for you are the custodian ( 453:Muslim conquest of the Levant 276: 251: 1561: 1452:, is reported to have said: 1444:, was heading south towards 1128:. There was a Byzantine and 1042:there on 30 July 634 at the 495:Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) 21:Abu Ubaidah (disambiguation) 7: 2485:Rashidun governors of Syria 2370: 2289:Shoufani, Elias S. (1973). 2171:The Early Islamic Conquests 1997:. Warta Pilihan news agency 1635: 1493:and whole of Armenia up to 835: 286:Jordan Valley (Middle East) 10: 2506: 2270:Israel Exploration Journal 2215:"Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarraḥ" 1551: 1319: 1316:Conquest of northern Syria 1247: 861: 813:. He was also part of the 197:Commander-in-chief of the 67:"Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah" 18: 2379: 2371:al-ʿashara al-mubashshara 2327:Abu Ubaydah ibn Al-Jarrah 1820:, pp. 49, 53–54, 58. 1204:second battle of Damascus 1108:Conquest of central Syria 725:In 623 CE, when Muhammad 635:Companions of the Prophet 619:عامر بن عبدالله بن الجراح 530: 512: 507:Battle of the Iron Bridge 404: 386: 378: 368: 352: 347: 337: 326: 316: 302: 291: 272: 247: 242: 238: 226: 216: 205: 196: 184: 172: 161: 150: 146: 134:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 132: 2490:Sahabah hadith narrators 2429:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 1968:17 February 2003 at the 1673:: The Custodian of Ummah 1657: 1599:Mausoleum of Abu Ubaydah 1547: 1322:Muslim conquest of Syria 1102:Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj 1074:Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab 1056:battle of Maraj-al-Safar 777:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 707:Companion of The prophet 473:Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj 469:Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab 462:Battle of Maraj-al-Safar 425:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 2150:10.1163/157005894X00191 1588: 1463:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah 1371:, Heraclius's homeland 1163:on 23 January 635 A.D. 660:Ancestry and early life 645:during the time of the 465:Siege of Damascus (634) 330:Abdullah ibn al-Jarrah 2317:The Battle of Ajnadein 1746:Encyclopaedia Islamica 1684:Conquest of the Levant 1602: 1533: 1515: 1478: 1458: 1426:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 1390: 1331: 1259: 1117: 988:early Muslim conquests 2414:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 2404:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 2144:(2). Brill: 253–272. 1808:, pp. 51–52, 54. 1596: 1529: 1511: 1476: 1454: 1411:Battle of Iron Bridge 1386: 1329: 1320:Further information: 1302:Jerusalem surrendered 1257: 1196:Battle of Marj ar-Rum 1135:Battle of Abu-al-Quds 1115: 1026:Ajnadayn and Damascus 792:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 743:Muhammad ibn Maslamah 503:Siege of Aleppo (637) 483:Battle of Marj ar-Rum 476:Battle of Abu-al-Quds 379:Years of service 307:Companion of Muhammad 1310:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan 1285:Jabalah ibn al-Aiham 1211:Heliopolis (Baalbek) 1008:Battle of the Yarmuk 943:Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi 773:Battle of the Trench 656:in 639 before Umar. 499:Siege of Emesa (638) 491:Battle of the Yarmuk 421:Battle of the Trench 52:improve this article 2419:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 2409:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 2108:, pp. 105–106. 1949:, pp. 262–268. 1910:, pp. 258–259. 1883:, pp. 257–258. 1682:Established by the 1184:Theodore Trithyrius 1012:Khalid ibn al-Walid 1004:capture of Damascus 950: 12th century 888:, backed Abu Bakr. 766:Khalid ibn al-Walid 727:migrated from Mecca 441:Expedition of Tabuk 136:أبي عبيدة بن الجراح 2227:Lévi-Provençal, E. 2081:Regan 2003, p. 167 1859:, pp. 53, 56. 1603: 1479: 1332: 1295:Siege of Jerusalem 1260: 1213:, where the great 1118: 1058:on 19 August 634. 1044:Battle of Ajnadayn 924:Commander in Syria 678:pre-Islamic period 457:Battle of Ajnadayn 409:Muslim–Quraysh War 396:Commander-in-chief 362:Rashidun Caliphate 179:Office established 2437: 2436: 2056:978-1-948117-27-2 2029:978-93-85505-66-9 1871:, pp. 56–57. 1832:, pp. 60–62. 1597:Courtyard of the 1250:Battle of Yarmouk 1244:Battle of Yarmouk 1230:Maarrat al-Nu'man 1215:Temple of Jupiter 1063:besieged the city 892:modern historian 607: 606: 537:Battle of Yarmouk 516: 515: 429:Conquest of Mecca 400: 393: 333: 283:(aged 55–56) 128: 127: 120: 102: 2497: 2373: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2306: 2285: 2261: 2206: 2185: 2161: 2124: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072:: Vol. 3, p. 98. 2070:Tafsir al-Tabari 2067: 2061: 2060: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1995:WARTAPILIHAN.com 1986: 1980: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1794:Sahih al-Bukhari 1791: 1785: 1782: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1737:Wilferd Madelung 1732: 1726: 1725: 1707: 1691: 1688:Byzantine Empire 1680: 1674: 1668: 1442:capturing Marash 1338:Defense of Emesa 1052:Battle of Yakusa 951: 948: 838: 825:delegation from 807:Battle of Hunayn 775:and also in the 672:, a town in the 632: 620: 525: 519: 518: 460:Battle of Yakusa 433:Battle of Hunayn 398: 391: 390:Field Commander 348:Military service 331: 282: 278: 256: 253: 243:Personal details 233:Khalid ibn Walid 229: 210: 187: 175: 166: 130: 129: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2375: 2365: 2313: 2303: 2203: 2182: 2166:Donner, Fred M. 2132: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1987: 1983: 1970:Wayback Machine 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1733: 1729: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1647:List of Sahabah 1638: 1591: 1564: 1556: 1554:Plague of Amwas 1550: 1524: 1471: 1395:siege to Aleppo 1382:Battle of Hazir 1365: 1357:Iyadh ibn Ghanm 1340: 1324: 1318: 1297: 1252: 1246: 1169: 1110: 1028: 1022:front in Iraq. 980:Andreas Stratos 976:Philip K. Hitti 963:Kitab al-Aghani 949: 939:Byzantine Syria 931: 926: 866: 860: 848:'Amr ibn al-'As 819:Battle of Tabuk 803:conquered Mecca 751: 709: 690:Banu Abd al-Dar 662: 654:Plague of Amwas 608: 603: 526: 523: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 394: 360: 284: 280: 257: 254: 227: 211: 206: 198: 185: 173: 167: 162: 142: 137: 135: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2424:Sa'id ibn Zayd 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2311:External links 2309: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2286: 2276:(1): 100–111. 2262: 2223:Kramers, J. H. 2219:Gibb, H. A. R. 2211:Gibb, H. A. R. 2207: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2162: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2121:Fischbach 2000 2110: 2095: 2093:, p. 159. 2083: 2074: 2062: 2055: 2035: 2028: 2008: 1981: 1951: 1939: 1937:, p. 260. 1927: 1925:, p. 259. 1912: 1900: 1898:, p. 258. 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1772: 1770:, p. 158. 1760: 1741:Farhad Daftary 1727: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1590: 1587: 1563: 1560: 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1523: 1520: 1489:(Diyarbakır), 1483:Iyad ibn Ghanm 1470: 1467: 1450:Cilician Gates 1415:Constantinople 1375:and there the 1364: 1361: 1339: 1336: 1317: 1314: 1296: 1293: 1268:council of war 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1238:besieged Emesa 1168: 1165: 1161:Battle of Fahl 1130:Christian Arab 1109: 1106: 1040:Byzantine army 1027: 1024: 930: 927: 925: 922: 894:Elias Shoufani 862:Main article: 859: 856: 811:Siege of Ta'if 762:Battle of Uhud 755:Battle of Badr 750: 747: 708: 705: 682:Banu Abd Manaf 661: 658: 605: 604: 531: 528: 527: 514: 513: 510: 509: 487:Siege of Emesa 479:Battle of Fahl 437:Siege of Ta'if 417:Battle of Uhud 413:Battle of Badr 406: 402: 401: 388: 384: 383: 380: 376: 375: 370: 369:Branch/service 366: 365: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 304: 300: 299: 293: 289: 288: 274: 270: 269: 249: 245: 244: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 203: 202: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 176: 170: 169: 159: 158: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2502: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2304: 2302:0-8020-1915-3 2298: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266:Sharon, Moshe 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2202:90-04-11912-4 2198: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2181:0-691-05327-8 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2123:, p. 13. 2122: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1947:Athamina 1994 1943: 1936: 1935:Athamina 1994 1931: 1924: 1923:Athamina 1994 1919: 1917: 1909: 1908:Athamina 1994 1904: 1897: 1896:Athamina 1994 1892: 1890: 1882: 1881:Athamina 1994 1877: 1870: 1869:Shoufani 1973 1865: 1858: 1857:Shoufani 1973 1853: 1847:, p. 56. 1846: 1845:Shoufani 1973 1841: 1839: 1831: 1830:Shoufani 1973 1826: 1819: 1818:Shoufani 1973 1814: 1807: 1806:Shoufani 1973 1802: 1795: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Jordan Valley 1600: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503:no man's land 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:besiege Emesa 1335: 1328: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1277:Yarmouk River 1274: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1200:light cavalry 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1082:Bab al-Jabiya 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998:(d. 890) and 997: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:H. 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Becker 961: 932: 911: 907: 901: 898:al-Baladhuri 890: 875: 867: 845: 831:Islamic laws 800: 789: 770: 759: 752: 724: 721: 710: 702: 696:against the 663: 622: 610: 609: 405:Battles/wars 292:Burial place 207: 186:Succeeded by 178: 163: 139: 114: 108:January 2022 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 2332:Abu Ubaidah 2239:Pellat, Ch. 2231:Schacht, J. 2106:Sharon 2018 1499:buffer zone 1430:Kızıl River 1363:After Emesa 741:), joining 623:Abū ʿUbayda 541:Iron Bridge 281:(639-00-00) 228:Preceded by 174:Preceded by 2455:639 deaths 2450:583 births 2444:Categories 2001:10 October 1698:References 1220:Emesa and 1124:; east of 1000:Ibn Asakir 984:D. R. Hill 956:(d. 956), 954:al-Mas'udi 935:Ridda wars 910:) of this 886:Abu Sufyan 449:Ridda Wars 353:Allegiance 255: 583 191:Muawiyah I 78:newspapers 2258:495469456 2248:Volume I: 2235:Lewis, B. 2091:Gibb 1960 1978:dead link 1974:dead link 1963:dead link 1959:dead link 1768:Gibb 1960 1686:from the 1601:in Jordan 1562:Character 1438:Al-Jazira 1150:sea level 1142:Palestine 1078:investing 1070:Heraclius 1036:Jerusalem 1032:Byzantine 996:al-Fasawi 918:al-Tabari 823:Christian 781:Tha'libah 694:Fijar War 631:أبو عبيدة 399:(634–639) 392:(632–634) 364:(632–639) 359:(624–630) 327:Parent(s) 309:; one of 303:Known For 208:In office 164:In office 2384:Abu Bakr 2282:26740639 2241:(eds.). 2213:(1960). 2168:(1981). 1966:Archived 1636:See also 1611:Tiberias 1537:caravans 1369:Anatolia 1048:Damascus 1020:Sasanian 882:Abu Bakr 809:and the 717:Abu Bakr 686:Muhammad 599: – 595: – 591: – 587: – 583: – 579: – 575: – 571: – 567: – 563: – 559: – 555: – 551: – 547: – 545:Ajnadayn 543: – 539: – 535: – 357:Muhammad 332:(father) 317:Religion 295:Ammata, 152:Governor 2480:Quraysh 2158:4057449 2138:Arabica 1743:(ed.). 1671:English 1626:Ottoman 1619:Galilee 1491:Malatya 1373:Armenia 1305:Syria. 1222:Chalcis 1177:Lebanon 1100:at the 1098:Antioch 1072:at the 1067:Emperor 958:al-Azdi 933:As the 841:Bahrain 796:Khaybar 735:Muhajir 698:Hawazin 666:Quraysh 589:Qurayza 581:Qaynuqa 573:Khaybar 382:632–639 342:Quraysh 217:Monarch 212:634–639 168:634–639 154:of the 92:scholar 2394:Uthman 2299: 2280: 2256: 2237:& 2199: 2178: 2156: 2053: 2026: 1615:Beisan 1542:dinars 1540:4,000 1495:Ararat 1446:Munbij 1434:Edessa 1422:Tartus 1407:Aleppo 1353:Jazira 1273:Jabiya 1234:Turkey 1173:Jordan 1154:Arabia 1126:Beirut 903:bay'ah 871:Saqifa 864:Saqifa 836:'aamil 827:Najran 739:Ansari 731:Medina 627:Arabic 615:Arabic 597:Aleppo 577:Trench 553:Hunayn 297:Jordan 267:Arabia 156:Levant 94: 87: 80: 73: 65: 2278:JSTOR 2217:. 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Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah

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