751:
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1806:, authorities do not allow many Palestinian herding and agricultural communities access to the water or electricity grids, and tear down olive groves, donated solar panels, access roads to fields and waterlines which lack an Israeli warrant. Often the reason given concerns the 'protection of antiquities'. According to agricultural consultant Samir Muaddi, the Civil Administration helps Palestinian farmers and the Palestinian agriculture ministry market their produce in Israel and ensure its quality. Seminars are held on modern agriculture, exposing the farmers to Israeli and international innovations.
1445:
1247:
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little resistance by the
Israelis. These retreating units, as well as two brigades that were held in reserve in the Jordan Valley, formed defensive positions on the Jordanian side of the Jordan valley and deeper in Jordanian territory. The Jordanian valley features, namely the river and the high and steep escarpments contributed to the strength of this position. Coupled with Israeli reluctance to cross the 1948 British Mandate border in this sector, American diplomatic pressure, and needs on additional fronts the war ended with the sides opposing one another across the Jordan Valley.
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1053:
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362:
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612:
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196:
479:
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413:, separated only by the political boundary of the Jordan River. The Jordanian (North Ghor) IBA on the eastern side covers some 6,000 ha, with the Israeli one covering 7,000 ha of the western side. Significant bird populations for which the IBAs were designated, including resident, wintering and passage migrant species, comprise the following:
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pastoral communities, who roamed the arid plateau above the valley without regard to land ownership, into permanent communities particularly around the
Jericho area. Israel has also enforced zoning rules, building permit requirements, natural reserves, and military firing zones in the territory which
1516:
in the center of those two river courses. In regard to the West Bank, Annex I (a) provides that "This line is the administrative boundary between Jordan and the territory which came under
Israeli military government control in 1967. Any treatment of this line shall be without prejudice to the status
401:
Nowadays the Jordan Valley still is an essential part of one of the main migration routes for birds in the world; within the region, it constitutes the
Eastern Route which, together with the parallel Western Route and the Southern-Eilat Mountains Route, allow an estimated 500 million birds belonging
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While providing benefits elsewhere by utilization of fresh water, the combined result of both of these projects and subsequent management and usage, was to greatly reduce the flow of water through the Jordan valley. The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic meters per year; as of
1744:
in the Jordan Valley formed the
Council of the Gush, a regional municipal framework responsible for liaison with the authorities of the British Mandate. In the 1940s, this economic, cultural, and security cooperation between the kibbutzim continued, and a regional school system was established. In
1231:
and its 6,000 inhabitants were ordered to leave; most, however, returned to the village. The population of the Jordan Valley fled in disproportionate numbers compared to the rest of the West Bank. According to some estimates, the population of the
Jericho sub-district which is in the Jordan Valley
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brigade invaded via
Naharyim in an unsuccessful attempt to take Gesher. After the Tel Or village and the power plant were overrun by the Arab forces they were destroyed. To prevent Iraqi tanks from attacking Jewish villages in the Jordan Valley, the sluice gates of the Degania dam were opened. The
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with limited supply routes from the other side of the Jordan river, was collapsing due to lack of suitable supply and reinforcement routes most of the remaining
Jordanian units able to retreat did so, crossing the Jordan river to Jordan proper and the remaining West Bank cities were captured with
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hostilities Israel controlled roughly the same territory of the Jordan Valley that it was allotted in the partition plan. Some Jewish settlements in the
Jordanian controlled Jordan Valley were abandoned, while significantly more Arab residents fled mixed cities and Arab settlements as part of the
1031:
From the beginning of the second truce on 18 July 1948 and until the end of hostilities with Jordan on 3 April 1949 and Syria on 20 July 1949 there were no further major military operations around the Jordan Valley, and contact lines remained static in this area. Unlike other areas, at the end of
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elected government that the prisoners would be released and the leaving of international wardens who were monitoring the incarceration. The prisoners put up a fight, and after a ten-hour siege, the prisoners surrendered and were arrested. A series of riots and kidnapping of foreigners ensued
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The effect of Black
September on the Jordanian Jordan Valley population was severe as the valley had a relatively high fraction of Palestinian population and PLO bases and fighters. According to some estimates, half the buildings in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley were razed and the
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The Jordan Valley is several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, and its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply made it a site for agriculture dating to about 10,000 years ago. By about 3000 BCE, produce from the valley was being exported to neighboring regions.
1799:), which runs down the east bank of the Jordan Valley for 69 kilometers, has brought new areas under irrigation. The introduction of portable greenhouses has brought about a sevenfold increase in productivity, allowing Jordan to export large amounts of fruit and vegetables year-round.
2547:., p. 81: 'Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April).
213:
According to the definition used in this article, what is elsewhere sometimes termed the Upper Jordan Valley is not considered part of the Jordan Valley. The Upper Jordan Valley comprises the Jordan River sources and the course of the Jordan River through the
141:(BSL) and terminating at less than â400 m (â1,300 ft) BSL. On both sides, to the east and west, the valley is bordered by high, steep escarpments rising from the valley floor by between 1,200 m (3,900 ft) to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).
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under British Administration. The Jordan river, in the middle of the Jordan valley, was the border between these two entities. This agreement split the Jordan valley, which during Ottoman times was under a single administration, to two distinct entities.
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In Palestinian enclaves and refugee camps in Jordan, the Jordanian Police and army were losing their authority. Uniformed PLO militants openly carried weapons, set up checkpoints, and attempted to extort "taxes". During the November 1968 negotiations, a
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of 1994, which establishes an "administrative boundary" between Jordan and the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967, without prejudice to the status of that territory. Israel has allocated 86% of the land, in the West Bank portion of the valley, to
247:), includes the Jordan River segment south of the Sea of Galilee which ends at the Dead Sea. Several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply have made the Ghor a key agricultural area.
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During and following the Six-Day War, many Palestinians, who at the time had Jordanian citizenship, fled the West Bank to Jordan due to choice, fear, and in some cases being forced to do so. In the Jordan valley the majority of the inhabitants of
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command, which were repulsed after some initial successes as a result of Jordanian air force strikes. After a protracted campaign, lasting 10 months, and claiming more than 3,400 Palestinian deaths the king reasserted Jordanian sovereignty.
1753:(same translation), which consists of Israeli settlements built after 1967. The Bik'at HaYarden settlements are located in the West Bank between the pre-1967 borders and Jericho in the south. Settlements near the Dead Sea are part of the
505:, until 1918. The Ottoman internal administrative divisions varied throughout the period with the Jordan river being at times a provincial border, and at times not. However the valley was contained within the group of provinces termed
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in April 1948 a strategic settlement located on the route to the valley was successfully defended by Jewish forces, and Arab positions surrounding it were captured in a counter-attack. The Jewish supply route to the Jordan Valley and
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the northern portion of the western side of the valley would have been assigned to the Jewish state, and the southern portion to an Arab state. However hostilities between the Arabs and Jews commenced soon after the UN resolution as
564:
in which the Ottoman territory of the Levant, which divided the yet undefeated Ottoman regions of the Levant between France and Britain. Under the agreement, the Jordan valley would be entirely within the British sphere of control.
305:
living in the part of the valley that lies in the West Bank. As of 2009, the number of Palestinians remaining in this area was approximately 58,000, living in about twenty permanent communities, mostly concentrated in the city of
1574:
telling the parents: "a crime that is a shame for all of us. I feel as if I have lost a child of my own. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did."
273:, the valley's Jordanian side was home to about 60,000 people largely engaged in agriculture and pastoralism. By 1971, the Valley's Jordanian population had declined to 5,000 as a result of the 1967 war and the 1970â71 "
1332:
Even though Jordan was Western aligned, and was invaded by Syrian forces just three years prior, the Jordanian government decided to intervene in the 1973 conflict a week after the beginning of hostilities, sending an
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sees the actions by the Israeli government as a part of a policy aimed at de facto annexing the Jordan Valley. The Bedouin, who erect structures illegally per the Israeli view, have received material aid from the
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by a Jordanian medical team. Therefore, a five-member military tribunal sentenced him to only 20 years in prison. Daqamseh expressed pride for his actions, and he was later called a "hero" by Jordanian politician
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The Israeli-Jordanian contact line, the main portion being the Jordanian valley, remained quiet during the war. Israel and Jordan did however deploy units in a defensive posture on each side of the Jordan valley.
136:
when reaching the Dead Sea. Due to meandering, the length of the river itself is 220 km (140 mi). This is the valley with the lowest elevation in the world, beginning at â212 m (â696 ft) below
402:
200 species to fly across Israel twice a year - in spring from here or from Africa towards their breeding places in Asia and Europe, and in autumn on the way back to their winter home in the Levant or in Africa.
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resulting in approximately 300 deaths. Between February and June 1970, about a thousand people died in Jordan due to the conflict. In September 1970; following failed assassination attempts of the king, and the
1092:
countriesâIsrael, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Though the plan was rejected by the Arab League, both Israel and Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The US provided funding for Israel's
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of Jordan personally apologized for the incident, traveling to Israel to visit and pay respects to the grieving families of the seven murdered girls during the traditional Jewish mourning ceremony known as
1039:
In the aftermath of the war, a Palestinian Arab state was not formed in the West Bank, and the Jordanians retained control of both sides of the Jordan Valley along the West Bank â Jordan border due to the
1395:, the geographic defensive barrier created by the Jordan valley, and the demographic realities (lack of a significant Arab population in the valley that would impact the overall demographics of Israel).
285:. Investments by the Jordanian government in the region allowed the population to rebound to over 85,000 by 1979. 80% of the farms in the Jordanian part of the valley are family farms no larger than 30
1549:
Ahmed Daqamseh, who stated that he attacked because he was insulted and angered that the girls were whistling and clapping while he was praying. He killed seven schoolgirls, and injured six others.
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Following commencement of hostilities of the Six-Day War on 5 June 1967, initial hostilities between Israel and Jordan were mainly around the line of contact between Israel and Jordan and around
1028:
Throughout the entire war, Jordanian Arab Legion forces as well as Iraqi military forces crossed the Jordan valley to support the Arab effort in the central sector, the current West Bank.
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which would have diverted two of the three sources of the Jordan river. Israel's destruction, via airstrikes, of the diversion project in April 1967 was one of the events leading to the
914:. The power plant workers and their families without a Jordanian ID card evacuated into Mandatory Palestine. On 15 May 1948, the day hostilities formally commenced with Arab states, an
874:. The Arab population of Tiberias (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated under British military protection on 18 April 1948 following clashes in the mixed city. The
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section of the Jordan valley and the north Dead Sea. The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian.
1467:
in 1994. Jericho, which is disconnected from the rest of the West Bank, and is far from the Israeli hinterland, was viewed as a suitable location for nascent Palestinian self-rule.
1345:. However, declassified documents show this was a token participation to preserve King Hussein's status in the Arab world, and that some tacit understandings were made with Israel.
132:", with a width averaging 10 km (6.2 mi) with some points narrowing to 4 km (2.5 mi) over most of the course, before widening out to a 20 km (12 mi)
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1717:
declared that the Israeli government had newly seized 10 km of land in the West Bank; this included parts of the Jordan Valley, as well as land between the Israeli settlements
1908:
Jesus' traditional baptism site has attracted pilgrims throughout history. During the last four decades pilgrimage facilities have been created at three different sites. With
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In the context of pre-state Zionist and later Israeli settlement, "Jordan Valley" means the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee and the first kilometres of the valley towards
1916:
has its own medieval traditions. Both sites were off-limits between 1967 and the 2000s, first due to the conflict between Israel and Jordan and then due to the Palestinian
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area decreased from around 79,407 in May 1967 to 10,800 in the September 1967 census or 83% compared to an estimate of 850,343 to 661,757 or 23% for the entire West Bank.
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3349:
1817:. It flows down into the Sea of Galilee, 212 meters below sea level, and then drains into the Dead Sea. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan Valley turns into the hot, dry
1609:, it was not a major area of operations by either side. The Jericho casino was shut shortly after the beginning of the Intifada, and has not since returned to business.
682:
Following the division, the concept of an east and west bank of the Jordan, as separate territorial units took hold. As a political example to this new reality, in 1929
1795:. Modern methods of farming have vastly expanded the agricultural output of the area. The construction of the East Ghor Canal by Jordan in the 1950s (now known as the
1297:
in which 4 planes were hijacked and landed at a desert airstrip in Jordan; the Jordanian king ordered the army to attack and expel Palestinian militants, and declared
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rush of water, which deepened the Jordan river, was instrumental in blocking the Iraqi-Jordanian incursion. On 20 May 1948, after a failure to reach an agreement with
2070:
Salameh, Elias. "Sources of water salinities in the Jordan Valley Area/Jordan." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 29.6/7 (2002): Introduction on page 330 (2 in PDF)
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were abandoned due to their isolation amidst Arab settlements. The residents and fighters of the villages evacuated via boat over the Dead Sea to the Israeli post at
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Jordan has the historically oldest site, with archaeological finds from the earliest periods of Christian worship. Across the river, on the West Bank side,
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lines, to reflect both the shifting river course and historical claims, and also settled on-going water disputed and instituted a water sharing agreement.
1288:
This agreement, however, was not adhered to, and clashes grew between the Jordanian army and Palestinian militants. In February 1970 fighting broke out in
1168:
in particular. Following heavy fighting in Jerusalem, the city was captured on 7 June. The Israeli Harel Brigade advanced on the Jordan Valley and Israeli
3471:
1695:. Some settler groups have claimed that the EU's ambassador is working to "establish a terror state", with housing aid to Bedouin along strategic routes.
3510:
3079:
1563:. King Hussein's visit to the parents of the victims was broadcast live in Israel and Jordan. During the visit, in which King Hussein stood alongside
2658:
The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the
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and the British, who directly controlled the area west of the valley, chose to avoid any definite connection between the two areas. Following the
2224:
1924:, but have been reopened in 2000 and 2010â2011 respectively. A new alternative site was opened in 1981 further up north on the Israeli side, at
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2305:
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Following the end of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian government has attempted to gain control over additional areas and in particular the
1301:. Syria attempted to aid the Palestinian cause in Jordan by sending significant military forces across the border, though nominally under the
3410:
1629:. Reports from the scene said 50 jeeps, three tanks, and an armored bulldozer pushed into Jericho, and two helicopters were flying overhead.
1097:
after receiving assurances from Israel that it would continue to abide by the plan's allocations. Similar funding was provided for Jordan's
2014:
1674:
Israeli enforcement of zoning rules, building permits, natural reserves, and firing zones in the Jordan valley, the adjoining area east of
851:
1707:
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17:
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In 1998, a $ 150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat. The casino closed subsequently during the
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of Israel with Jordan, intending to annex it or keep deployment of Israeli forces in the valley. An early example of this view was the
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1937:
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Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History
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was granted a 70-year concession for the construction of hydroelectric plants along the Jordan River; the only plant built was the
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in 2013 in which MPs alleged that he had finished his sentence. He was released on 12 March 2017 after he finished his sentence.
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719:
634:, as well as a power vacuum following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to a series of diplomatic conferences and treaties (
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Laurie A. Brand (1991) Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State Columbia University Press,
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646:) which convened with continued armed struggle between the great powers, their proxies, and Arab elements that were part of the
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3142:
Abu Toameh, Khaled (19 February 2006). HAMAS TO BAR JERICHO CASINO REOPENING. Jerusalem Post, 19 February 2006. Retrieved from
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1975â1999: construction of 18 additional settlements, which further reinforces the two settlement lines in the previous phases.
1844:, where it was the site of several miracles for the people of Israel, such as the Jordan River stopping its flow to allow the
1745:
1949, the Jordan Valley Regional Council was formed, becoming the model for regional councils throughout Israel. It is called
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Ammonnews (4 April 2013). House majority call for release of ex-Jordanian soldier. Ammon News, 4 April 2013. Retrieved from
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which ended in the destruction of the PLO base, deaths on both sides, destruction of property, and an Israeli withdrawal.
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2149:
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was completed in stages between 1961 and 1966, and likewise diverts a significant amount of water from the Jordan river.
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153:
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Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present
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Concurrently, on 14 May Syrian forces began attacking via the Syrian-Mandate border in a series of engagement called
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This article is about the physical and human geography of the lower Jordan Valley. For the upper Jordan Valley, see
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were placed in the valley to protect the eastern flank of the British forces facing Ottoman forces in the hills of
1678:, the south Hebron hills and elsewhere, have become an issue covered by activists and human-rights organizations.
365:
The Sea of Galilee. At its southern tip (right side) the Jordan River exits the lake and enters the Jordan Valley.
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1699:
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166:
128:
The valley, in the common, narrow sense, is a long and narrow trough, 105 km (65 mi) long if measured "
3334:
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captured by the time a second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole Lower Galilee from Haifa Bay to the
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1460:
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periods, the Levantine corridor, of which the Jordan Valley is one part, was more important for bi-directional
339:
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and communities in the greater Jericho area in the south of the valley. Of these, approximately 10,000 live in
157:
39:
3250:
1637:
943:
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South of the Dead Sea, the continuation of the larger Jordan Rift Valley contains the hot, dry area known as
2978:
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573:
569:
101:. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to the lower course of the
3515:
3463:
3143:
2363:
854:. The Jewish settlements in the Jordan valley were particularly disconnected from the rest of the Jewish
742:, was founded in the vicinity of the power plant. The plant remained in operation until the war of 1948.
349:
contains 21 settlements with a total of 4,200 residents as of 2014, and the independent municipality of
3565:
3555:
3530:
2979:"Walls going up in Jericho - construction of casino-hotel. Palestinians, Israelis have role in project"
2659:
1970:
Mo 'Awiyah Ibrahim; Sauer, James Abbott; Yassine, Khair (1976). "The East Jordan Valley Survey, 1975".
1722:
1464:
1424:, were reestablished on the sites of settlements that were evacuated in the beginning of the 1948 war.
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Israel has constructed settlements in the West bank portion of the Jordan valley in three main phases:
1269:
stepped up their guerrilla attacks against Israel from Jordanian soil, using the Jordan Valley town of
1085:
1081:
513:
during some periods contained both banks of the Jordan, while during others the valley was bordered by
510:
1375:
Since the end of the 1967 war, many Israeli governments have treated the western Jordan Valley as the
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was captured by Israel opening further supply lines to the settlements in the northern Jordan valley.
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and constitutes a route for animal migration, including in the past for the developing human species.
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561:
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2464:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 232.
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the
1754:
1526:
875:
750:
592:
3307:
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2303:, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
858:, were fairly small and dispersed among Arab settlements, and relied on a tenuous supply line via
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development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997)
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982:, at the northern edge of the Jordan valley. where local militia reinforced by elements of the
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67:
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2115:'Ripe for Abuse:Palestinian Child Labor in Israeli Agricultural Settlements in the West Bank,'
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of the total Jordanian was always high, and the 1967 refugees further increased their number.
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528:, the people who lived in the Jordan Valley in the late 19th century were almost entirely
8:
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162:
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1995:
1987:
1969:
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1474:, handed over additional West Bank territories, however Israel has retained control as
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311:
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35:
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On 10 September 2019, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu said that the government would
1539:, with Israeli private land ownership and property rights, but Jordanian sovereignty.
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WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920â1948, p. 79
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1999:
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1112:, greatly decreased the flow of water from the Sea of Galilee down to Jordan Valley.
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959:
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880:
350:
129:
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Soffer, A.; Bar-Gal, Y. (1985). "Planned Bedouin settlement in Israelâ a critique".
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The treaty defines the international border between the countries on the Jordan and
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development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional
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1979:
1897:
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development of the Jordan Valley. It was negotiated and developed by US ambassador
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was further secured by the Battle of Ramat Yohanan and a modus vivendi agreed with
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that are located in the valley. An additional 12,400 live in 22 communities in the
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in the south. In a wider sense, the term may also cover the Dead Sea basin and the
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Population and Demographic Developments in The West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1990
3380:"Israel announces largest West Bank land seizure since 1993 during Blinken visit"
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to the British Mandate and the Emirate of Transjordan. An adjacent company town,
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330:
Inside pre-1967 borders, 17,332 Israelis live in the independent municipality of
219:
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58:
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formulated in 1967â1968. This Israeli position (which has also been held by the
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as their headquarters. The Israeli army attacked this base in March 1968 in the
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it was agreed that he would administer the territory east of the Jordan River,
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to Israel has been proposed by a variety of Israeli politicians, most recently
106:
2882:, Maj Gen. (res) Uzi Dayan, April 2014, BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 244
2784:, Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. 90.
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Americans for Peace Now report on Jordan Valley settlements and related issues
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United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
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3308:'Red Cross stops providing emergency tents to Palestinians in Jordan Valley,'
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US Assistance, Development, and Hierarchy in the Middle East: Aid for Allies
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2022:. Archaeological Studies Leiden University (ASLU). Leiden University Press.
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Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789â1923
1940:, possibly associated by the Byzantines with Gilgal and the "twelve stones"
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On 14 March 2006, Israel raided the Palestinian jail in Jericho as part of
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village. Following the heavy fighting, the Arab inhabitants of the city of
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valley, which is the rift valley segment beyond the Dead Sea and ending at
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2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.
611:
204:
Satellite map and diagram showing the Jordan valley on either side of the
3421:
2773:
2257:
1874:) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the
1803:
1760:
1679:
1298:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1109:
955:
936:
911:
870:, located at the northern edge of the valley, the inhabitants fleeing to
735:
647:
426:
422:
382:
270:
215:
133:
31:
2458:
Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H.; Palmer, E. H.; Besant, W. (1881â1883).
1501:
In 1994, following the initial Oslo accords, Israel and Jordan signed a
1017:
Following the first truce which ended on 8 July, the successful Israeli
626:
Following conflicting promises and agreements during WWI, in particular
3303:
2239:
1991:
1909:
1890:
1845:
1632:
1486:
and very small Area B zones around some small Palestinian settlements.
1456:
1380:
1224:
498:
386:
3144:
http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-to-bar-Jericho-casino-reopening
3118:"Jordan Frees Soldier Who Killed 7 Israeli Schoolgirls in '97 Rampage"
2863:"Jordan and Israel cooperated during Yom Kippur War, documents reveal"
1353:
Post-1967 Israeli settlements and long-term views of the Jordan Valley
1250:
An Israeli military vehicle on patrol in the Jordan Valley, circa 1968
1130:
which objected to Israeli National Water Carrier approved in 1964 the
3426:'A Short Drive From Tel Aviv, Hundreds Live Without Power or Water ,'
1849:
1702:
by applying "Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and northern
1684:
1675:
1656:
1532:
1506:
1505:. The agreement made minor land adjustments, in relation to existing
1455:
Jericho, and the surrounding area in the southern valley, along with
1165:
970:
using tanks and aircraft, and on 18 May they succeeded in conquering
795:
731:
690:
which asserts that the Jordan river should be the central feature of
138:
2924:"More than the two-state solution: The many possible paths to peace"
2813:
1983:
1451:
in blue, note solid blue area-C strip along most of the Jordan river
1076:
between 1953 and 1955, and based on an earlier plan commissioned by
591:. This position provided a strong position from which to launch the
144:
Over most of its length, the Jordan Valley forms the border between
3158:"A sudden exit, a jail is stormed â and Israel's long wait is over"
2688:
Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin
1925:
1833:
1703:
1546:
1409:
1971â1974: construction of six settlements to the west of the road.
1371:
The 1968 Allon Plan: note blue Israeli zone along the Jordan valley
1342:
1089:
994:. The remaining Syrian forces were driven off the next day by four
871:
859:
600:
545:
110:
3024:
Israel, the Hashemites, and the Palestinians: the fateful triangle
2665:
Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East
1542:
On 13 March 1997, a visiting group of schoolgirls was attacked by
1191:
As it became clear that the Jordanian position, from the get-go a
3428:
3310:
1949:
1741:
1660:
1483:
1432:
1270:
1169:
963:
888:
863:
695:
674:. The area west of the Jordan river was allocated in 1922 to the
497:
in 1486, which involved a small battle in the valley en route to
494:
319:
307:
229:
The lower part of the valley, known as the Ghor (from the Arabic
195:
3230:"Arab nations condemn Netanyahu's Jordan Valley annexation plan"
2891:
2457:
1285:
was reached between King Hussein and Palestinian organizations.
966:, but they were bogged down by resistance. Later, they attacked
698:: "Two Banks has the Jordan/This is ours and, that is as well."
478:
186:
1943:
1875:
1818:
920:
855:
739:
706:
549:
405:
The northern Jordan valley has two adjoining and complementary
282:
252:
149:
145:
114:
109:
in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the
45:
3347:
HUMANITARIAN FACT SHEET ON THE JORDAN VALLEY AND DEAD SEA AREA
2204:"High tech may water Jordan Valley, but dry up family farming"
236:
3266:
Palestinian Politics after Arafat: A Failed National Movement
2744:
2013:
Moawiyah M. Ibrahim (2009). Eva Kaptijn; Lucas Petit (eds.).
1879:
1814:
1728:
1641:
September 2019 annexation proposal by Israeli prime minister
1621:
1417:
1367:
1289:
1266:
1108:
was completed in 1964, and coupled with increased closing of
896:
884:
596:
529:
502:
286:
122:
118:
3293:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 26 January 2011.
2880:
The Jordan Valley is Israelâs Only Defensible Eastern Border
2100:'Israel: Settlement Agriculture Harms Palestinian Children,'
1101:
project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan.
297:
Population levels in the past are unclear. According to the
3366:
Settler group accuses EU envoy of supporting âterror stateâ
3291:"West Bank: enduring the restrictions in the Jordan Valley"
3057:"With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks"
2804:, Dr. Wael R. Ennab, UNCTAD, June 1994, page 73, figure 3.4
991:
588:
998:
mountain guns. Following the Syrian forces' defeat at the
3323:
Israeli demolitions leave West Bank Bedouin, U.N. alarmed
1946:, site in the Jordan Valley mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
1620:
who were jailed there, following the announcement of the
1496:
1262:
606:
318:, including approximately 2,700 people who live in small
298:
1809:
The Jordan River rises from several sources, mainly the
1713:
In late March 2024, Israel's far-right Finance Minister
603:, and the collapse of the Ottoman armies in the Levant.
1236:
Jordan: conflict with PLO and Black September 1967â1971
316:
Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories
2885:
2814:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2005).
1852:
its riverbed at Gilgal, which went dry as soon as the
552:
from the hills come to cultivate their land for them.
2081:
2079:
2077:
1972:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3105:
http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=20576
2537:
Jerusalem Embattled â A diary of a city under siege.
1706:" should he continue being Prime Minister after the
1633:
Future of the West Bank portion of the Jordan Valley
1605:
Despite some clashes in the Jericho area during the
1042:
Jordanian occupation and annexation of the West Bank
978:. On 21 May, the Syrian army was stopped at kibbutz
256:, the "wilderness" or "Arabah desert" of the Bible.
230:
92:
72:
3208:"Netanyahu pledges to annex occupied Jordan Valley"
2603:
2585:
Carta's Atlas of Israel â The First Years 1948â1961
2012:
946:. The Syrians thrust down the eastern and southern
468:
3283:
2074:
1402:1967â1970: construction of five settlements along
3080:"A Time to Mourn: King Hussein Comforts Israelis"
3001:"Jordan MPs: Free man who killed 7 Israeli girls"
2622:Elusive Victory: The ArabâIsraeli Wars, 1947â1974
2596:
2594:
2364:The Jordan River Valley: A Vital Migratory Flyway
2152:. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Archived from
1478:administered by Israel, with the exception of an
3502:
3262:
3017:
1840:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the
1791:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the
1649: Jordan Valley area to be annexed by Israel
1520:
301:, before 1967, there were approximately 250,000
156:, to the west. The details are regulated by the
3202:
3200:
3077:
2854:
2379:
2262:"Israel has de facto annexed the Jordan Valley"
2242:, B'Tselem, May 2011 & updated October 2013
1552:On 16 March 1997, a few days after the attack,
3335:Bedouin vow to stay in contested Jordan Valley
3054:
2711:, Munther J. Haddadin, editor, RFF Press, 2006
2591:
2475:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (1 January 2001).
2252:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2233:
1952:, modern and ancient town in the Jordan Valley
722:in the Jordan valley at the confluence of the
2994:
2992:
2949:
2201:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2016:The Jordan Valley during the Early Bronze Age
1578:The perpetrator, however, was diagnosed with
3251:Abbas rejects Israeli claim to Jordan Valley
3197:
2582:
2256:
2195:
1594:
822: Israeli controlled territory from 1949
734:. The Naharayim plant was a major source of
242:
2860:
2245:
2230:
1708:September 2019 Israeli legislative election
1570:, he expressed an apology on behalf of the
1459:was the first territory handed over to the
1341:to southern Syria to aid in the defense of
1318:population decreased from 63,000 to 5,000.
847:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
560:In 1916, Britain and France engaged in the
489:The Jordan valley was under control of the
473:
391:human migrations between Africa and Eurasia
27:Rift valley in Israel, Palestine and Jordan
3256:
2989:
2474:
2225:Settling area C: the Jordan Valley Exposed
2168:
1729:The Israeli Jordan Valley Regional Council
1618:killers of Israeli minister Rehavam Ze'evi
1199:
482:Approximation of the 'average' borders of
125:, 155 km (96 mi) farther south.
3511:History of the Jews in Palestine (region)
2327:
2218:
1938:Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley
1903:
1824:
840:controlled territory from 1948 until 1967
381:Genetic studies indicate that during the
3269:. Indiana University Press. p. 34.
3011:
2722:"Jordan River could die by 2011: report"
2652:
2600:Morris,2008, pp. 236, 237, 247, 253, 254
2495:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1828:
1774:
1759:
1636:
1443:
1366:
1245:
1151:
1051:
910:were shelled on 27â29 April 1948 by the
852:1947â48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
749:
745:
705:
701:
610:
477:
360:
44:
3155:
3071:
2976:
2843:, By Anne Mariel Zimmermann, page 112,
2807:
2556:
2550:
1180:in the south of the valley, and forces
1132:Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River)
1047:
720:First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House
581:British occupation of the Jordan Valley
568:In February 1918, as part of the wider
532:of various tribes, save for a group of
14:
3503:
3136:
2921:
2915:
2108:
1497:1994 Israeli-Jordanian peace agreement
1431:, Israel has sought to settle migrant
1321:
768: Area assigned for a Jewish state
607:Formation of Transjordan and Palestine
342:whose southern half is in the valley.
3377:
3097:
2735:
2618:
2576:
2468:
2407:"Northern Jordan Valley (North Ghor)"
2357:
2123:
1188:located in the middle of the valley.
1034:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1002:a few days later, they abandoned the
802:Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 (
778: Area assigned for an Arab state
314:which is administered by the Israeli
34:. For the geology of the valley, see
3440:
3371:
2998:
2425:
2373:
2321:
2150:"Touristic Sites: The Jordan Valley"
758:1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine
3175:
3021:; Kumaraswamy, P. R., eds. (2003).
2714:
2399:
2380:Avigayil Kadesh (30 January 2011).
2330:"Routes of migrating soaring birds"
1871:
1391:) stems from the narrowness of the
1359:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
1261:After the Six-Day War in 1967, the
895:further opened up supply lines via
334:, 12,000 live in 24 communities in
243:
105:, from the spot where it exits the
82:
62:
24:
3183:"West Bank jail raid sparks chaos"
2851:(Print) 978-1-349-95000-3 (Online)
2563:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2507:
2386:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2315:American Journal of Human Genetics
986:halted Syrian armored forces with
615:The Jordan valley divided between
356:
336:Valley of Springs Regional Council
25:
3587:
3546:Valleys of the State of Palestine
3453:
3253:, Times of Israel, September 2013
3078:Serge Schmemann (16 March 1997).
3027:. Psychology Press. p. 157.
2861:Ofer Aderet (12 September 2013).
2778:The Palestinian Exodus, 1948â1998
2668:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
1614:Operation Bringing Home the Goods
1436:has restricted Arab development.
1227:over 800 homes were razed by the
710:Rutenberg power plant, circa 1933
658:area east of the valley become a
369:The Jordan Valley is part of the
279:Palestine Liberation Organization
3368:, Times of Israel, February 2016
3263:As'ad Ghanem (26 January 2010).
3156:McGreal, Chris (15 March 2006).
3055:Jerrold Kessel (16 March 1997).
2368:Friends of the Earth Middle East
2202:Dana Charkasi (31 August 2000).
1836:baptism site on the Jordan River
1751:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council
1363:Strategic depth § In Israel
1106:National Water Carrier of Israel
1062:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
1056:National Water Carrier of Israel
798:would be neither Jewish nor Arab
469:History, geopolitics, and events
353:an additional 1,206 as of 2015.
347:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council
194:
185:
3526:Geography of Palestine (region)
3443:"Joining forces on agriculture"
3434:
3415:
3404:
3359:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3297:
3244:
3222:
3149:
3110:
3048:
2970:
2943:
2873:
2834:
2795:
2767:
2750:
2702:
2679:
2643:
2612:
2559:"The Power Plant on Two Rivers"
2557:Avitzur, Shmuel (22 May 2003).
2529:
2451:
2382:"Birds on the wing over Israel"
2328:Leshem, Yossi; Yom-Tov, Yoram.
2292:
2280:
2240:Background on the Jordan Valley
1889:The Jordan River is revered by
1587:. A petition circulated in the
1580:antisocial personality disorder
1439:
1310:and remaining fighters fled to
526:PEF Survey of Western Palestine
376:
292:
167:Annexation of the Jordan Valley
3576:Important Bird Areas of Israel
3571:Important Bird Areas of Jordan
2999:Okbi, Yasser (12 April 2013).
2820:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569â573.
2625:. Military Book Club. p.
2439:. BirdLife International. 2021
2433:"Northern lower Jordan valley"
2413:. BirdLife International. 2021
2093:
2063:
2006:
1963:
1770:
1747:Emek HaYarden Regional Council
1470:Subsequent agreements, in the
1461:Palestinian National Authority
1406:which runs through the valley.
1141:
1068:", was a plan for the unified
931:and the nearby north Dead sea
628:McMahonâHussein Correspondence
555:
340:Emek HaYarden Regional Council
40:Jordan Valley (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3378:Brown, Cate (22 March 2024).
3337:, Times of Israel, April 2014
3232:. BBC News. 11 September 2019
3210:. BBC News. 10 September 2019
2977:LoLordo, Ann (26 July 1998).
1956:
1521:1997 Island of Peace massacre
1427:Concurrently, as it has done
990:, hand grenades and a single
944:Battles of the Kinarot Valley
927:, the southern Jordan valley
595:which lead to the capture of
393:than was the Horn of Africa.
345:In the West Bank the Israeli
264:
259:
2964:10.1016/0016-7185(85)90049-1
2922:Keinon, Herb (20 May 2017).
2481:. Harvard University Press.
1749:, and is different from the
686:composed the political poem
574:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
570:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
493:from their victory over the
237:
176:
7:
3464:American Center of Research
3441:Levy, Elior (3 June 2011).
2587:. Jerusalem, Israel: Carta.
2502:The East Bank of the Jordan
1931:
1387:government that signed the
974:and occupied the abandoned
902:In the lead up to the full
579:. Subsequently, during the
548:. The explorers added that
325:
231:
97:) forms part of the larger
93:
73:
18:Jordan Valley (Middle East)
10:
3592:
2895:; Jehuda Reinharz (2008).
2660:Tennessee Valley Authority
2583:Nur, Eviatar, ed. (1978).
2370:. Accessed 17 January 2020
1598:
1524:
1356:
1325:
1239:
1203:
1145:
1082:Tennessee Valley Authority
1080:(UNRWA). Modeled upon the
756:Boundaries defined in the
511:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
431:black-crowned night herons
158:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
154:Israeli-occupied West Bank
29:
2709:Water Resources in Jordan
2619:Dupuy, Trevor N. (2002).
2491:– via Google Books.
1765:Panorama of Jordan Valley
1595:2000â2006 Second Intifada
1303:Palestine Liberation Army
1295:Dawson's Field hijackings
1064:, commonly known as the "
1014:across the Jordan River.
906:, Naharayim, Tel-Or, and
644:PauletâNewcombe Agreement
322:and herding communities.
3551:Valleys of the West Bank
3356:, UN OHCA, February 2012
2685:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007)
2609:Pollack 2002, pp. 448â57
2308:16 February 2012 at the
1755:Megilot Regional Council
1527:Island of Peace massacre
1416:Two of the settlements,
1172:blew up sections of the
876:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
794:with the intention that
474:Under the Ottoman Empire
447:black-winged pratincoles
396:
3460:Photos of Jordan Valley
3352:7 November 2012 at the
1740:In the late 1930s, the
1700:annex the Jordan Valley
1627:Palestinian territories
1535:power plant was dubbed
1531:The site of the former
1206:1967 Palestinian exodus
1200:1967 Palestinian exodus
1010:in the northern valley
958:and the settlements of
688:Two Banks to the Jordan
664:Cairo Conference (1921)
455:European honey-buzzards
3541:Landforms of West Asia
2517:. Palestine Remembered
1904:Pilgrimage and tourism
1837:
1825:Religious significance
1811:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
1784:
1779:Date palms of kibbutz
1767:
1664:
1565:Israeli Prime Minister
1465:GazaâJericho Agreement
1452:
1372:
1256:Palestinians in Jordan
1251:
1161:
1095:National Water Carrier
1057:
842:
711:
672:Emirate of Transjordan
623:
621:Emirate of Transjordan
486:
411:BirdLife International
366:
50:
38:. For other uses, see
3487:32.31722°N 35.57000°E
3325:, Reuters, March 2016
2901:. UPNE. p. 542.
2504:, Lyrics, ZFA website
2214:on 27 September 2007.
2090:.jewishvirtuallibrary
1832:
1778:
1763:
1640:
1463:, as a result of the
1447:
1393:Israeli coastal plain
1370:
1357:Further information:
1283:seven-point agreement
1249:
1155:
1055:
950:shores, and attacked
904:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
753:
746:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
709:
702:Naharayim power plant
694:, with the repeating
614:
572:the British empire's
562:SykesâPicot Agreement
481:
409:(IBAs) recognised by
364:
48:
3185:. BBC. 14 March 2006
2782:University of London
2260:(13 February 2006).
1848:, led by Joshua, to
1589:Jordanian parliament
1482:enclave surrounding
1178:King Abdullah Bridge
1117:East Ghor Main Canal
1099:East Ghor Main Canal
1048:Water wars 1953â1967
668:Abdullah bin Hussein
585:Desert Mounted Corps
222:, both north of the
3536:Landforms of Jordan
3483: /
3385:The Washington Post
2515:"Welcome to Samakh"
2351:Tel Aviv University
1893:as the place where
1884:Ark of the Covenant
1856:reached the shore (
1854:Ark of the Covenant
1797:King Abdullah Canal
1517:of the territory."
1339:Expeditionary Force
1322:1973 Yom Kippur War
676:Mandatory Palestine
640:San Remo conference
632:Balfour Declaration
617:Mandatory Palestine
538:Mount of Temptation
459:Levant sparrowhawks
407:Important Bird Area
173:in September 2019.
163:Israeli settlements
3516:Jordan River basin
3492:32.31722; 35.57000
3122:The New York Times
3084:The New York Times
3005:The Jerusalem Post
2929:The Jerusalem Post
2437:BirdLife Data Zone
2411:BirdLife Data Zone
2118:Human Rights Watch
2103:Human Rights Watch
1838:
1785:
1768:
1665:
1655: Rest of the
1643:Benjamin Netanyahu
1568:Benjamin Netanyahu
1453:
1373:
1254:The proportion of
1252:
1162:
1058:
843:
712:
666:and meetings with
652:Battle of Maysalun
624:
487:
371:Levantine corridor
367:
277:" war between the
269:Prior to the 1967
171:Benjamin Netanyahu
99:Jordan Rift Valley
51:
36:Jordan Rift Valley
3566:Valleys of Israel
3556:Regions of Israel
3531:Great Rift Valley
3411:The Jordan Valley
3313:, 6 February 2014
3276:978-0-253-00401-7
3034:978-0-7146-5434-8
2908:978-0-87451-962-4
2893:Itamar Rabinovich
2849:978-1-349-94999-1
2827:978-1-85109-842-2
2790:978-0-86372-244-8
2762:978-0-231-06723-2
2697:978-0-7914-7201-9
2674:978-1-85065-214-4
2636:978-0-9654428-0-0
2545:978-0-304-33765-1
2488:978-0-674-00541-9
2029:978-908-72-8076-5
1572:Kingdom of Jordan
1335:armoured division
1275:Battle of Karameh
988:Molotov cocktails
893:Operation Yiftach
881:Galilee Panhandle
593:Battle of Megiddo
524:According to the
463:Dead Sea sparrows
451:Egyptian vultures
148:to the east, and
130:as the crow flies
91:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3583:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:on 23 March 2024
3388:. Archived from
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2983:baltimoresun.com
2974:
2968:
2967:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2771:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2683:
2677:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:. Archived from
2254:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2210:. Archived from
2208:The Jordan Times
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1967:
1922:Second Intifadas
1895:John the Baptist
1873:
1783:, Jordan Valley.
1715:Bezalel Smotrich
1654:
1648:
1312:Southern Lebanon
954:the neighboring
891:. Subsequently,
868:Samakh, Tiberias
866:forces captured
862:. In March 1948
831:
827:
821:
817:
813:
791:Corpus separatum
787:
783:
777:
773:
767:
716:Pinhas Rutenberg
684:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
650:. Following the
636:Treaty of Sèvres
577:captured Jericho
534:Armenian hermits
415:black francolins
289:(3 ha, 7.4 ac).
246:
245:
240:
234:
198:
189:
96:
86:
84:
83:ע־×֜ק ×Öˇ×֡רְ×ÖľÖź×
76:
66:
64:
63:ŘşŮŮŮŘą اŮŘŁŮŘąŮŘŻŮŮŮ
21:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3561:Valleys of Asia
3501:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3424:, Alex Levac,
3420:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3354:Wayback Machine
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3124:. 12 March 2017
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3016:
3012:
2997:
2990:
2975:
2971:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2859:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2772:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2684:
2680:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2551:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2310:Wayback Machine
2297:
2293:
2289:, 7 August 2008
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2268:on 1 March 2009
2255:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1984:10.2307/1356299
1968:
1964:
1959:
1934:
1906:
1827:
1773:
1766:
1731:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1625:throughout the
1616:to capture the
1607:Second Intifada
1603:
1601:Second Intifada
1597:
1537:Island of Peace
1529:
1523:
1499:
1491:Second Intifada
1442:
1365:
1355:
1330:
1324:
1244:
1242:Black September
1238:
1208:
1202:
1150:
1144:
1050:
1019:Operation Dekel
984:Carmeli Brigade
845:Under the 1947
841:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
808:
800:
799:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
763:
762:
754:
748:
704:
609:
558:
540:and a group of
476:
471:
399:
379:
359:
357:Migration route
328:
295:
275:Black September
267:
262:
220:Korazim Plateau
211:
210:
209:
208:
201:
200:
199:
191:
190:
179:
74:Ghawr al-Urdunn
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3454:External links
3452:
3449:
3448:
3433:
3414:
3403:
3370:
3358:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3296:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3243:
3221:
3196:
3174:
3148:
3135:
3109:
3096:
3070:
3047:
3033:
3010:
2988:
2969:
2958:(4): 423â428.
2942:
2914:
2907:
2884:
2872:
2853:
2833:
2826:
2806:
2794:
2766:
2749:
2734:
2713:
2701:
2691:, SUNY Press,
2678:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2611:
2602:
2590:
2575:
2549:
2539:Cassel, 1997.
2535:Levin, Harry.
2528:
2506:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2450:
2424:
2398:
2372:
2356:
2353:(TAU) website.
2320:
2318:, 74: 532-544.
2291:
2279:
2244:
2229:
2227:, Al haq, 2018
2217:
2194:
2183:. Country Data
2167:
2122:
2120:13 April 2015.
2107:
2092:
2073:
2062:
2028:
2005:
1978:(222): 41â66.
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1905:
1902:
1898:baptized Jesus
1826:
1823:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1730:
1727:
1689:European Union
1651:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1596:
1593:
1585:Hussein Mjalli
1544:Jordanian Army
1522:
1519:
1514:Yarmouk Rivers
1498:
1495:
1441:
1438:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1377:eastern border
1354:
1351:
1328:Yom Kippur War
1323:
1320:
1237:
1234:
1201:
1198:
1174:Allenby Bridge
1143:
1140:
1115:The Jordanian
1070:water resource
1049:
1046:
1023:Sea of Galilee
976:Sha'ar HaGolan
960:Sha'ar HaGolan
948:Sea of Galilee
824:
810:
788: Planned
780:
770:
764:
747:
744:
703:
700:
692:Greater Israel
608:
605:
557:
554:
519:Beirut Vilayet
491:Ottoman Empire
475:
472:
470:
467:
398:
395:
378:
375:
358:
355:
351:Ma'ale Efrayim
327:
324:
294:
291:
266:
263:
261:
258:
224:Sea of Galilee
203:
202:
193:
192:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
178:
175:
107:Sea of Galilee
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3588:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3184:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3058:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:Karsh, Efraim
3014:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2747:1 March 2005.
2746:
2743:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2156:on 1 May 2009
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2105:13 April 2015
2104:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:Qasr el Yahud
1911:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:(Aliyah Day,
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1802:According to
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:Old Testament
1789:
1782:
1777:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:Ma'ale Adumim
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Yitzhak Rabin
1382:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:Yasser Arafat
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:refugee camps
1218:
1217:Ein as-Sultan
1215:(30,000) and
1214:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:36th Division
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Eric Johnston
1071:
1067:
1066:Johnston Plan
1063:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
839:
835:
807:
805:
797:
793:
792:
761:
759:
752:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Yarmouk River
721:
717:
708:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:no man's land
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
618:
613:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
566:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:Syria Vilayet
512:
508:
507:Ottoman Syria
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
484:Ottoman Syria
480:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:little egrets
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:marbled teals
416:
412:
408:
403:
394:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
363:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
257:
255:
254:
248:
239:
233:
227:
225:
221:
217:
207:
197:
188:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
94:Emek HaYarden
89:
80:
75:
69:
60:
56:
55:Jordan Valley
49:Jordan Valley
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3468:
3436:
3417:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3383:
3373:
3361:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3299:
3285:
3265:
3258:
3246:
3236:11 September
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3214:10 September
3212:. Retrieved
3187:. Retrieved
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3162:The Guardian
3161:
3151:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3023:
3013:
3004:
2982:
2972:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2897:
2887:
2875:
2866:
2856:
2836:
2816:
2809:
2797:
2777:
2774:Karmi, Ghada
2769:
2752:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2708:
2704:
2687:
2681:
2664:
2654:
2645:
2621:
2614:
2605:
2584:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2536:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2509:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2410:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2375:
2359:
2349:– via
2343:. Retrieved
2341:(140): 41â52
2336:
2323:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2220:
2212:the original
2207:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2110:
2095:
2086:
2065:
2033:. Retrieved
2015:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1907:
1888:
1864:Yom HaAliyah
1862:
1842:Hebrew Bible
1839:
1808:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1739:
1732:
1712:
1697:
1673:
1666:
1659:, including
1611:
1604:
1577:
1558:
1554:King Hussein
1551:
1541:
1530:
1511:
1503:peace treaty
1500:
1488:
1472:Oslo Accords
1469:
1454:
1440:Oslo accords
1426:
1422:Beit HaArava
1415:
1397:
1389:Oslo Accords
1376:
1374:
1347:
1331:
1316:
1287:
1279:
1260:
1253:
1229:Israeli army
1213:Aqabat Jaber
1209:
1190:
1186:Damia Bridge
1163:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1104:The Israeli
1103:
1065:
1059:
1038:
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996:Napoleonchik
980:Degania Alef
941:
929:Beit HaArava
901:
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801:
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755:
728:Jordan River
713:
681:
625:
567:
559:
523:
488:
427:white storks
404:
400:
380:
377:Early humans
368:
344:
329:
303:Palestinians
296:
293:Palestinians
268:
251:
249:
228:
212:
206:Jordan River
143:
127:
103:Jordan River
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52:
3490: /
3422:Gideon Levy
3128:20 February
3089:22 February
3063:22 February
3040:15 February
2935:23 November
2742:Aqabat Jabr
2568:3 September
2443:24 February
2417:24 February
2299:J. R. Luis
2053:|work=
1804:Gideon Levy
1771:Agriculture
1735:Beit She'an
1299:martial law
1160:, 5â7 June.
1156:The Jordan
1148:Six-Day War
1142:Six-Day War
1136:Six-Day War
1128:Arab League
1110:Degania Dam
1008:Beit She'an
956:Tegart fort
921:Transjordan
912:Arab Legion
736:electricity
656:Transjordan
648:Arab Revolt
556:World War I
542:Greek monks
383:Paleolithic
332:Beit She'an
271:Six-Day War
253:Wadi 'Araba
216:Hula Valley
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3505:Categories
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3475:32°19â˛02âłN
3304:Amira Hass
2727:16 January
2521:4 December
2391:17 January
2345:17 January
1957:References
1910:Al Maghtas
1891:Christians
1872:××× ×ע××××
1846:Israelites
1691:, and the
1599:See also:
1525:See also:
1404:highway 90
1381:Allon Plan
1326:See also:
1240:See also:
1225:al-Jiftlik
1204:See also:
1146:See also:
1086:engineered
804:Green Line
499:Khan Yunis
387:Mesolithic
265:Jordanians
260:Demography
3431:19 August
2055:ignored (
2045:cite book
2000:163704234
1878:month of
1742:kibbutzim
1685:Red Cross
1676:Jerusalem
1657:West Bank
1533:Naharayim
1507:ceasefire
1429:elsewhere
1223:fled. In
1219:(20,000)
1166:Jerusalem
838:Jordanian
796:Jerusalem
732:Naharayim
726:with the
177:Geography
139:sea level
88:romanized
68:romanized
3521:Dead Sea
3396:23 March
3350:Archived
3189:21 March
3167:21 March
2952:Geoforum
2776:(1999).
2306:Archived
2258:B'tselem
2181:"Jordan"
2035:19 March
1932:See also
1926:Yardenit
1858:Joshua 3
1834:Yardenit
1821:valley.
1704:Dead Sea
1680:B'Tselem
1547:Corporal
1343:Damascus
1184:blew up
1090:riparian
1000:Deganias
925:Abdullah
923:'s King
872:Nazareth
860:Nazareth
834:Egyptian
714:in 1926
601:Damascus
550:fellahin
546:Mar Saba
443:collared
326:Israelis
218:and the
152:and the
111:Dead Sea
3462:at the
3445:. Ynet.
3429:Haaretz
3311:Haaretz
2867:Haaretz
2764:, p 152
2187:10 July
2160:10 July
2087:Annex I
1992:1356299
1950:Jericho
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1158:salient
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864:Haganah
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536:on the
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1990:
1944:Gilgal
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1868:Hebrew
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1687:, the
1669:area C
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1480:Area A
1476:Area C
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972:Samakh
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3059:. CNN
2745:UNRWA
2333:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1996:S2CID
1988:JSTOR
1918:First
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1850:cross
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1560:shiva
1418:Kalya
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937:Sodom
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897:Safed
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503:Egypt
423:black
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134:delta
123:Eilat
119:Aqaba
3398:2024
3271:ISBN
3238:2019
3216:2019
3191:2009
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