429:
1020:, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups. Israel used the attacks of ASALA against Turkey as a diplomatic tool to heal rifts in relations between Israel and Turkey; Israeli diplomats condemned terrorist acts such as the killing of Ekurt Akbay, the administrative attaché of the Turkish embassy in Lisbon, in June 1982 and appealed to the Turkish government by emphasising Israel's and Turkey's shared history of being targeted by terrorist organisations to foster cooperation between the two nations.
4799:
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4811:
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410:. The organization has also claimed responsibility for more than 50 bomb attacks. Suffering from internal schisms, the group was relatively inactive in the 1990s, although in 1991 it claimed an unsuccessful attack on the Turkish ambassador to Hungary. ASALA's last and most recent attack took place in Brussels in 1997, where a group of militants claiming to be ASALA bombed the Turkish Embassy in the city. The organization has not engaged in militant activity since then. The group's mottos were "The armed struggle and right political line are the way to Armenia" and "
4640:
820:
239:
1040:
565:, is the best known of the guerrilla groups responsible for assassinations of at least 36 Turkish diplomats. Since 1975, a couple of dozen Turkish diplomats or members of their families had been targeted in a couple of dozens of attacks, with the outcome that the Armenian vengeance, as well as the background to the Armenian struggle, have made it to the world press. These notable acts, while carried out by a small group, were successful in conveying the Armenian Genocide to the forefront of international awareness.
1218:
46:
288:
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206:
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217:
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195:
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267:
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184:
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228:
1157:, a Marxist militant group in which ASALA founder Hagop Hagopian was rumored to have been a member in his youth. Through his involvement with Palestinian groups, Hagopian earned the nickname "Mujahed," meaning "Warrior." Hagopian's sympathetic connection with Palestinian liberation/separatist movements bolstered ASALA's goals and helped pave the way for ASALA's eventual training with another Palestinian rebel group, the
2646:
1205:, while JCAG's nationalist goals were more focused on establishing an independent Armenian state. Whereas JCAG wanted a free and independent Armenia separate from the Soviet Union, ASALA considered the Soviet Union a "friendly country;" because of this, ASALA was content with remaining a part of the USSR so long as the other parts of the Armenian homeland could be united within the entity of the Armenian S.S.R.
303:
912:, when its members targeted non-diplomat civilians for the first time. Two militants opened fire in a crowded passenger waiting room. One of the shooters took more than 20 hostages while the second was apprehended by police. Altogether, nine people died and 82 were injured. The arrested militant Levon Ekmekjian condemned the attack in its aftermath and appealed to other members of ASALA to stop the violence.
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802:
734:
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532:. Another major figure in the establishment of ASALA was Hagop Darakjian, who was a driving force in the earlier operations of the group. Darakjian headed the group for a period of time between 1976 and 1977 when Hagopian was unable to lead due to injuries sustained from his involvement with the Palestinians. At the beginning, ASALA bore the name of "The Prisoner
508:. This event might have been forgotten had it not initiated a chain of events which turned it, and its perpetrator, into a symbol representing the end of the conspiracy of silence which since 1915 had surrounded the Armenian Genocide. ASALA was founded in 1975 (thought to correspond to the 60th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide) in
1085:, to lead the French contingent. Günyol says he did not reveal his identity to Çatlı, who referred to him as "Colonel", thinking Günyol used to be a soldier. A second French unit was assembled under MİT operative Sabah Ketene. The Lebanese contingent, consisting only of MİT operatives and members of the "Special Warfare Department" (
1476:
1141:
were accused of reaching accommodations with ASALA, allowing the militants freedom to target
Turkish interests in exchange for promises not to attack their own citizens. A previous report from September 29, 1983, also highlighted Armenian terrorists, specifically mentioning ASALA, as a growing international threat.
1208:
In addition to having different ideologies, ASALA and JCAG also carried out their attacks in different styles. ASALA was much more prone to using explosives in its attacks rather than firearms as JCAG favored. ASALA used explosives in 146 of 186 incidents/attacks compared to using firearms in only 33
1144:
The majority of the investigations in the
Western countries where the attacks took place were inconclusive and the cases remained unresolved. Australian government told the media that they reopened their investigation into the 1980 assassination of two Turkish diplomats made by ASALA. $ AUS 1 million
1070:
Levon
Ekmekjian was captured and placed in Ankara's Mamak Prison. He was told that he had to choose between confessing and being executed. After being promised that his comrades would not be harmed, he revealed how ASALA worked to a team led by MİT's Presidential Liaison and Evren's son-in-law, Erkan
955:
called ASALA's cause "just", and four
Armenians arrested for taking hostages at the Turkish Embassy in September 1981 were given light sentences." France was free of ASALA attacks after this concession until the government arrested suspected bomber Vicken Tcharkutian. ASALA only agreed to temporarily
950:
Afterwards, French forces promptly arrested those involved. Moreover, this attack eliminated the suspected secret agreement that the French government made with ASALA, in which the government would allow ASALA to use France as a base of operations in exchange for refraining from launching attacks on
1281:
Although ASALA attacks all but stopped in the late 1980s as a result of the group's fragmentation and lack of support after the 1983 Orly attack, ASALA is said to have continued in a lesser capacity into the 1990s, even after the group suffered further disorganization after
Hagopian's assassination
934:
near Paris, in which 8 people were killed, half of them French nationals, and 55 were injured, most of them not being Turks. The attack resulted in a split in ASALA, between the individuals who carried out the bombing, and those who believed the attack to be counterproductive. The split resulted in
1140:
In
January 1984, the CIA labeled members of the ASALA militant organization as terrorists, deeming ASALA a continuing international threat. The Terrorism Analysis Branch of the CIA reported that ASALA posed a growing threat to various U.S. policy interests. It noted that some West European nations
480:
killed or expelled surviving
Armenians that tried to return home. The Republic of Turkey denied that any crime had been committed against the Armenian people, actively campaigning against any and all attempts to publicise the events and bring about recognition in the West. It blamed Armenians for
975:
ASALA's last attack, on 19 December 1991, targeted the bulletproof limousine carrying the
Turkish Ambassador to Budapest. The ambassador was not injured in the attack, which was claimed by ASALA in Paris. Since this attack, the militant organization is considered not active thus USA or UK do not
3511:
It was the raid of Paris's Orly
Airport in 1983 that finished ASALA off. Feeling ill at ease by the raid, the French and U.S. Armenians who used to support ASALA monetarily stopped the aid and the issue was closed. I know this through French authorities that were involved. The ones that were
1101:, however he was in a French prison (again, on narcotics charges) at the time of the attack. Papazyan is now believed to have been killed as a result of infighting. The second French team (led by Ketene) did carry out some attacks (which Çatlı also claimed credit for), such as the 1984
1460:
1096:
The bomb that Çatlı's team had planted in Ara
Toranyan's car on 22 March 1983 did not explode. A follow-up attempt also failed. Toranyan said they had planted the bomb in the wrong car. Likewise, Henri Papazyan's car bomb on 1 May 1984 did not explode. Çatlı claimed credit for killing
967:
on two occasions in order to expedite the release of certain Armenian prisoners, as well as after a Swiss judge disagreed with the Turkish government's refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide and other abuses of the Armenian people. Additionally, ASALA negotiated with the
996:, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding ASALA. Although they publicly distanced themselves from ASALA, Turkey's Armenian community came under attack by Turkish nationalists in reaction to the group's actions. This became apparent after the assassination of
1308:
organ of ASALA published in 1980–1987 and 1991–1997. The first issue was published in October 1980 and contained 40 pages. The place of publication and names of contributors are not known. It was published monthly, sometimes with united volumes. The main language was
484:
In 1965, Armenians around the world publicly marked the 50th anniversary and began to campaign for world recognition. As peaceful marches and demonstrations failed to move an intransigent Turkey, the younger generation of Armenians, resentful at the
1282:
in 1988. In addition to the ASALA-claimed 1991 attack on the Turkish ambassador in Budapest, ASALA members last attack is claimed to have been in Brussels in 1997 (although ASALA hasn't claimed responsibility) where bombers attacking under the name
1240:(PLO), withdrew their support and passed materials to the French intelligence services in 1983, detailing ASALA operatives. One of the group's last attacks, on 19 December 1991, targeted the bullet-proof limousine carrying the Turkish Ambassador to
2923:
1185:(JCAG), who, while a right-wing nationalist group that often competed with ASALA, had similar political goals regarding wanting Turkey to acknowledge its role in the Armenian Genocide and wanting the establishment of an Armenian homeland.
540:. ASALA was critical of its political predecessors and Diasporan parties, accusing them of failing to deal with the problems of the Armenian people. The apex of the group's structure was the General Command of the People of Armenia (
560:
on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. ASALA's eight-point manifesto was published in 1981. ASALA, trained in the Beirut camps of the
2318:"Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections, Collection: "Fortier, Donald: Files," Folder Title: "Turkish Armenian File: [US Department of State Remarks on the Armenian Genocide]," Box: RAC Box 19"
547:
The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and Western Asia. Their first acknowledged killing was the assassination of the Turkish diplomat,
3383:
3512:
instrumental in the stopping of the aid were MİT and the Foreign Ministry. Otherwise, ASALA did not yield because it was afraid of the Turkish bullies. They were stopped because they had gone too far with their murders.
3354:
2062:
The ideology informing ASALA's activities is therefore nationalistic and leftist, with a strong accent on motives such as revenge on Turkey, and on forcing the world to recognize the historic injustice inflicted on the
1117:
The militant organization is referred to as a terrorist organization in some instances. The United States Department of State classified ASALA militant group as a terrorist organization in their 1989 report archived by
947:. While Melkonian's faction insisted on attacks strictly against Turkish officials and the Turkish government, Hagopian's group disregarded the losses of unintended victims and regularly executed dissenting members.
3449:
3614:
3139:
884:
including two Armenian clergymen, 5 Turks and 5 Kurds. Coverage of the takeover received one of the highest television ratings in France in 1981. Among those who supported the militants during the trial were
4706:
4742:
4736:
3667:
2328:
2019:
1336:
The journal's mottos were "The armed struggle and right political line are the way to Armenia" and "Viva the revolutionary solidarity of oppressed people!" It had sister publications including left-wing
612:
describes the stated aims of ASALA as "righteous" but the means sought for these aims, i.e. the "wilful murder innocent people" as not righteous, and thus argues that it was a terrorist organisation.
5483:
5478:
4700:
4444:
3841:
3753:
1063:'s Foreign Operations Department. Evren's own daughter, a member of the MİT, ran the operation together with Foreign Intelligence Department chief Metin (Mete) Günyol, and Istanbul region director
1353:) which used "Hayasdan" in their titles since 1980. Both were published by the Popular Movements which worked towards mobilising support among Armenians for a political movement focused on ASALA.
1543:
Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements, by Henry W. Degenhardt, Alan John Day, Gale Research Company, 1983, p. 489
536:
Group". Consisting primarily of Lebanese-born Armenians of the Diaspora (whose parents and/or grandparents were survivors of the genocide), the organization followed a theoretical model based on
2280:
5463:
5458:
972:
government in 1979 in exchange for a halt in attacks provided that Italy close its Armenian emigration offices. When Italy agreed to ASALA's request, it saw no further attacks from the group.
4754:
4718:
2915:
1012:
at the Istanbul airport for the alleged possession of maps that indicated Armenian territory within modern-day Turkey and was sentenced to 14 years in prison for possible ties with ASALA.
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4712:
2616:
6138:
5999:
3633:
5165:
3931:
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581:, which would unite nearby regions formerly under Armenian control or with large Armenian populations. Additionally, ASALA stated in a Cypriot newspaper in 1983 that it supported the
5488:
5493:
5468:
4688:
3660:
1274:, ASALA was dissolved after the assassination of Hagopian. According to Turkish sources, another reason is that financial backing was withdrawn by the Armenian diaspora after the
6004:
4748:
4464:
3375:
3190:
3164:
3346:
6143:
3812:
4437:
963:
ASALA interacted and negotiated with a number of other European governments during its peak in order to make political or organizational gains. ASALA stopped its attacks in
4883:
2427:
1833:
1071:
Gürvit. He was tried by Ankara martial law command military court, and sentenced to death. His appeal of the sentence was declined, and he was hanged on 29 January 1983.
585:
and aimed to garner support from other Soviet republics toward the cause of eliminating Turkish colonialism. These goals helped shape the following political objectives:
6103:
3653:
1145:
reward was offered by the Australian government for the capture of the perpetrators of the assassination on the occasion of 39th anniversary of the 1980 assassinations.
1119:
828:
3052:
5680:
1201:), the groups are often compared or confused; however, ASALA sets itself apart from JCAG because of its Marxist/leftist ideology. ASALA often aligned itself with the
3131:
2713:
5064:
6078:
4430:
3020:
2987:
2957:
2317:
2016:
3314:
3281:
3104:
3076:
2673:
6123:
5414:
1647:
1445:
3532:
2764:"Superpower by invitation: late Cold War diplomacy and leveraging Armenian terrorism as a means to rapprochement in Israeli-Turkish relations (1980–1987)"
2534:
1255:, Greece on April 28, 1988. He was shot several times while he was walking with two women at 4:30 in the morning. Veteran member Hagop Tarakchian died of
5566:
5546:
5194:
4724:
3805:
2272:
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5119:
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2201:
Near East/South Asia Report, by United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service, United States Joint Publications Research Service, 1987, p. 3
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instigating the violence and falsely claimed that Armenians had massacred thousands of Turks, prompting the commencement of their deportations.
5239:
4011:
2803:
2613:
2088:
1385:
group attack in 1980. Then Gurriarán was interested what the group's purposes were; he found and interviewed ASALA members. In 1982 his book,
5094:
4833:
3798:
1154:
221:
6022:
4998:
3989:
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1625:
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1528:
1404:
1267:
1060:
75:
1678:
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4155:
3956:
3944:
3885:
1194:
1182:
851:
3186:
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1691:
A leftist separatist terrorist group that, before 1984, was quite active in the European area, ASALA began its operations before 1975.
5204:
5264:
6063:
5503:
5498:
4970:
4694:
4542:
4469:
3589:
Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries. by Vered Amit Talai, Vered Amit, Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 36
2398:
2223:
Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries, by Vered Amit Talai, Vered Amit, Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 27
339:
2499:
Brian Forst, Jack R. Greene, James P. Lynch. Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1367:
154:
6148:
5429:
4908:
2431:
2435:
1825:
1516:
Jürgen Gottschlich: Beihilfe zum Völkermord: Deutschlands Rolle bei der Vernichtung der Armenier. Christoph Links-Verlag, 2015.
6068:
4682:
1864:
1366:
wrote a poem "It's raining my sonny" dedicated to the memory of Levon Ekmekjian, an ASALA member, one of two organizers of the
876:) ASALA militants held 56 hostages for fifteen hours; it became the first operation of its kind. Militants demanded release of
869:
149:
3499:
2135:
Kevork Ajemian, Prominent Contemporary Writer and Surviving Member of Triumvirate Which Founded ASALA, Dies in Beirut, Lebanon
1023:
In April 2000 the opening ceremony of "In Memory of killed ASALA commandos" monument took place at Armenian military pantheon
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4595:
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3041:
2600:
2504:
2031:
1984:
1962:
1933:
1765:
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in 1982 the group lost much of its organization and support. Previously sympathetic Palestinian organizations, including the
468:
systematically deported and exterminated its Armenian population, killing around 1.5 million Armenians. The survivors of the
2873:
2464:
1169:
ASALA was rumored to have interacted with other leftist/Marxist militant organizations in Europe and Eurasia, including the
5254:
2134:
1181:. In addition to having potential connections to leftist groups, ASALA also had ties to another Armenian organization, the
428:
2838:
2705:
5372:
5302:
4850:
4766:
3641:
Terrorist Incidents attributed to the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia in the Global Terrorism Database
291:
3404:
2746:
2352:
Le Combat armenien: entre terrorisme et utopie : Lausanne, 1923–1983, by Armand Gaspard, L'AGE D'HOMME, 1984, p. 72
5179:
4547:
4507:
4004:
602:
243:
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1980:"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide"
1608:
1431:
6118:
4916:
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4335:
4083:
3769:
2592:
2055:
1757:
1732:
1707:
1672:
1470:
1237:
1158:
616:
562:
406:
ASALA attacks and assassinations resulted in the deaths of 46 people and 299 injured, mostly individuals serving the
335:
210:
4370:
3774:
2999:
Benim gerçek kimliğim mi? Bunu hiçbir zaman bilmedi. Bana 'Albayım' derdi, çünkü beni askerlikten ayrılmış sanıyordu
2979:
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1329:. The journal published editorials, official announcements of ASALA, and articles on political and military issues.
1052:
6133:
4791:
4760:
4109:
3012:
2949:
5337:
3321:
3288:
3111:
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Le procés des Arméniens, Paris, traduit du français par Grigor Djanikian, editions VMV-Print, Erevan, 2010, p. 200
5362:
4401:
4125:
4094:
1300:
Since the 1970s the ASALA Information Branch published books, booklets, posters and other promotional materials.
486:
461:
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attacks. By comparison, JCAG used explosives in 23 of its 47 attacks and used firearms in 26 of its 47 attacks.
5473:
5357:
4330:
4104:
3524:
2526:
831:
website, there had been 84 incidents involving ASALA leaving 46 dead and 299 injured, including the following:
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4940:
2556:
2173:
6113:
5775:
4391:
4150:
3997:
3875:
3409:
2655:
1592:
Untold Histories of the Middle East, by Amy Singer, Christoph Neumann, Selcuk Somel – 2010 – 240 pages, p. 27
1134:
1016:
adopted him as a prisoner of conscience, concluding that the evidence against him was baseless. According to
490:
327:
5842:
5029:
4019:
6053:
5847:
5317:
5287:
4815:
4537:
477:
106:
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4532:
4320:
4160:
3921:
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1399:
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1198:
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5229:
2303:
The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and the Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era
1780:
The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and the Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era
1004:. The reaction to the attack led to the bombing of the church of the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate in
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6038:
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4355:
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and the failure by their parents' generation to effect change, sought new approaches to bringing about
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5199:
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4803:
4396:
4284:
3849:
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2362:
1954:
1248:
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805:
521:
318:) was a militant organization active between 1975 and the 1990s whose stated goal was "to compel the
59:
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2763:
2081:
5619:
5382:
5352:
5214:
4964:
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4375:
3779:
2399:"The Reconstruction of Armenian Identity in Turkey and the Weekly Agos (Interview with Hrant Dink)"
1409:
1275:
927:
814:
624:
574:
400:
159:
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5897:
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1727:
Michel Wieviorka, David Gordon White. The making of terrorism. University of Chicago Press, 1993.
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French soil. Belief in this suspected agreement was further bolstered after "Interior Minister
343:
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5725:
5244:
1885:
1525:
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and Suzy Mahserejian, who were wounded after the accidental explosion of a bomb in a hotel in
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1662:
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119:
17:
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5114:
4562:
4552:
4527:
4512:
4340:
4145:
4027:
3315:"The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat"
3282:"The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat"
3077:"The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat"
2674:"The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat"
2185:. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 283, 354–355
1808:. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 283, 354–355
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on October 19 in retaliation. In 1980, the Turkish government arrested Armenian priest Fr.
597:
549:
407:
319:
115:
5882:
5877:
5730:
5219:
5054:
4422:
3561:
The Armenian Question, encyclopedia, Ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdyan, Yerevan, 1996, p. 209,
3042:"EU and Member States' policies and laws on persons suspected of terrorism-related crimes"
1137:, a secular terrorist group active in Belgium during 70s and 80s, as a key ally to ASALA.
8:
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5424:
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concert room attacks. It is unknown whether the Lebanese contingent did anything at all.
1078:
920:
334:." ASALA itself and other sources described it as a guerilla and armed organization. The
5943:
5918:
5887:
5837:
5807:
5039:
2406:
2232:
The Middle East Annual: Issues & Events, 1984, edited by David H. Partington, p. 155
384:
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5963:
5347:
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4502:
4234:
4184:
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3490:
2795:
2629:
2069:
1921:
877:
648:
517:
130:
86:
5715:
5594:
5589:
3441:
2017:“ASALA de Nemesis voor de Armeense genocide. Stadsguerrilla tegen Turkije (1975–1988)”
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was assassinated by three members of ASALA. Two days later, the Turkish Ambassador in
5958:
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4855:
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4345:
4179:
3259:
3225:
2799:
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2500:
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2182:
2116:
2051:
2027:
1958:
1929:
1809:
1761:
1753:
1736:
1728:
1711:
1703:
1668:
1641:
1517:
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1244:. The ambassador was not injured in the attack, which was claimed by ASALA in Paris.
1074:
In the early spring of 1983 two teams were sent to France and Lebanon. Günyol tapped
894:
890:
858:
819:
628:
505:
433:
432:"The Armenian leader Papasian considers the last remnants of the horrific murders at
423:
388:
375:
323:
90:
5978:
5639:
5003:
1856:
1193:
Because ASALA shared similar political goals with the right-wing militant group the
757:
592:
Attack institutions and representatives of Turkey and of countries supporting Turkey
6058:
5852:
5822:
5249:
5024:
4860:
4585:
4360:
4289:
4229:
4214:
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4189:
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1993:
1363:
1326:
1318:
1283:
1271:
1233:
1082:
1064:
1039:
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533:
501:
457:
111:
5923:
5659:
2781:
1188:
623:— as well as the militants themselves — attributed ASALA's deeds to Turkey's open
6048:
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5139:
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5099:
4304:
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4239:
4135:
4120:
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1322:
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839:
449:
366:
331:
5968:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5862:
5832:
5812:
5720:
5644:
5624:
3790:
1389:
was published, dedicated to the Armenian cause and Armenian militants' struggle.
1043:
Memorial to the fallen diplomats at the site of the attack on Atilla Altıkat in
5827:
5817:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5629:
5609:
5104:
4279:
4259:
4224:
4204:
4199:
4072:
4041:
3859:
3695:
2852:
1086:
1028:
886:
578:
525:
465:
453:
392:
380:
370:
362:
350:
5913:
5892:
5700:
5599:
783:
6097:
5745:
5735:
5124:
5089:
4269:
4254:
4219:
4046:
3598:
3414:
3229:
2743:
2739:
2120:
1305:
1217:
1112:
1017:
683:
620:
469:
5705:
5685:
3263:
5760:
5710:
5614:
2834:
1605:
1202:
1174:
1106:
997:
931:
582:
529:
473:
358:
1998:
1979:
1583:
The history of Turkey, by Douglas Arthur Howard – 2001 – 241 pages, p. 161
1574:
The Caucasus: an introduction, by Frederik Coene, 2009 – 238 pages, p. 221
45:
5802:
5695:
5604:
2190:
2158:
1813:
1664:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996
1056:
964:
957:
916:
847:
795:
770:
497:
287:
27:
Armenian militant organization that operated from 1975 to the early 1990s
3495:
1059:
issued a decree for the elimination of ASALA. The task was given to the
976:
include ASALA in their list of foreign terrorist organizations anymore.
5750:
5690:
4274:
3552:
Mamule 1967–1980, by Zhirair Danielyan, Haigazian handes, hador T, 1981
2564:
1791:
1789:
1090:
898:
282:
93:
in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland."
3675:
2790:
2516:
Council of Europe, Documents, Vol. 1, May 1984, Report by Amadei, p. 9
5928:
5450:
1556:
1081:, who had just finished serving a prison sentence in Switzerland for
1001:
441:
396:
354:
135:
3049:
EU Parliament Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union
2644:
Armenian bombing at Orly ends pact between Socialists and terrorists
1786:
4264:
4209:
4077:
2170:
1951:
Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey
1259:
in 1980. Assassinations of former members of ASALA-RM continued in
1241:
1222:
1024:
1005:
589:
Force an end to Turkish colonialism by using revolutionary violence
445:
139:
3442:"Gunmen Kill Man in Athens Identified as Armenian Terrorist Chief"
1752:
Bruce Hoffman. Inside terrorism. Columbia University Press, 2006.
1498:
4406:
4052:
4022:
3822:
2843:
1857:"Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1997: Europe and Eurasia Overview"
1260:
1226:
993:
857:
The first two ASALA militants, arrested on October 3, 1980, were
835:
790:
727:
722:
675:
537:
513:
199:
801:
733:
528:, a prominent contemporary writer, with the help of sympathetic
476:, as well as in Western Europe and North America; forces of the
302:
4487:
4089:
3628:
3602:
2902:
1342:
1314:
1256:
1252:
1189:
Differences with the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1044:
985:
909:
881:
862:
843:
778:
765:
752:
716:
711:
687:
679:
671:
557:
553:
509:
271:
260:
188:
177:
2113:
Armenian terrorism : the past, the present, the prospects
1251:
was assassinated on a sidewalk in an affluent neighborhood in
4839:
4609:
4249:
3710:
3574:
1854:
1434:. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-11-15.
1350:
989:
969:
737:
232:
2048:
JCSS Study No. 2 ASALA – Irrational Terror or Political Tool
1153:
ASALA had ties to Palestinian liberation groups such as the
573:
The main two political goals of ASALA were to get Turkey to
4452:
3472:
My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia
3429:
My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia
3312:
3279:
2671:
1177:, and the Spanish Basque terrorist separatist group called
1120:
National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
1027:
with participation of Greek anti-fascist resistance leader
691:
379:) that was promised to the Armenians by American President
6139:
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
1886:
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
1113:
Recognition as a terrorist organization and investigations
33:
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
3187:"Australia: New progress in Turkish officials' martyrdom"
2273:"Turks' Ambassador Murdered in Paris; 2d Slain in 2 Days"
823:
Countries where ASALA made attacks between 1975 and 1985.
3161:"Turkey welcomes Australia's move on martyred diplomats"
1333:
was distributed free of charge in Armenian communities.
3256:
Transnational sources of support for Armenian terrorism
1795:
Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 1989. p. 32
2901:
BBC, February 2, 1983. Armenian terrorist executed in
984:
Continuous attacks by ASALA prompted Turkey to accuse
101:
Lebanon, Western Europe, Greece, United States, Turkey
6144:
Organizations based in Europe designated as terrorist
2557:"He Was a Man Deeply Connected to the Natural World"
1496:
1155:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
496:
In 1973, two Turkish diplomats were assassinated in
2839:"Asala operasyonlarını Kenan Evren'in kızı yönetti"
575:
recognize its culpability for the Armenian Genocide
414:the revolutionary solidarity of oppressed people!"
322:to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the
89:to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the
6104:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
5195:December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
4141:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
3832:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
3677:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
3634:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
3474:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 277–278.
2110:
939:led by Hagopian and the 'Revolutionary Movement' (
312:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
3820:
3132:"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
2045:
923:, set himself on fire in protest of this attack.
6095:
5035:August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
3615:José Antonio Gurriarán, by El Pais, 4 April 1982
1926:Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History
1646:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1444:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
37:Հայաստանի Ազատագրութեան Հայ Գաղտնի Բանակ (ՀԱՀԳԲ)
5388:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
5328:March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
5045:March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1221:The ASALA memorial in the military cemetery of
956:halt its attacks once more when France did not
349:The principal goal of ASALA was to establish a
3253:
3136:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2706:"Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations"
2015:Paul Moussault (red.) & Barbara Sahakian,
1373:Spanish journalist, assistant director of the
1313:. From 1983 to 1987 it had separate issues in
1000:on October 12, 1979, by Armenian militants in
850:and his chauffeur were killed. Both ASALA and
35:
4438:
4005:
3806:
3661:
3431:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 pg. 187.
2614:French Hold Armenians In Orly Airport Bombing
1628:. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008
1462:Understanding International Counter Terrorism
373:. The group sought to claim the area (called
6023:Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security
5567:2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
4707:Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan
2554:
2144:
2046:Kurz & Merari, Anat & Ariel (1985).
1928:. Indiana University Press. pp. 3, 30.
1055:in August 1982 the then President of Turkey
6124:Defunct Armenian paramilitary organizations
5547:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
4743:Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan
2485:"Armenian Dies from Self-Inflicted Burns".
2361:Guerilla threat to kill 40 in Paris siege,
2011:
2009:
1948:
1405:Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide
1195:Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide
904:One of the most known attacks of ASALA was
834:On October 22, 1975, Turkish Ambassador in
5240:August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
4445:
4431:
4156:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
4012:
3998:
3945:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
3886:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
3813:
3799:
3668:
3654:
3525:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 199706230005"
2916:"Turkey Executes 5, Including an Armenian"
2761:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2527:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 198307150003"
2241:
1667:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 39.
1501:Patterns of Global Terrorism Report – 1996
1183:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
5205:2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2943:
2941:
2789:
2587:. Encyclopedia of terrorism. SAGE, 2002.
1997:
1606:Patterns of Global Terrorism Report: 1989
1458:
1381:was accidentally injured during an ASALA
1126:Armenian terrorist group formed in 1975.
1122:. ASALA militant group is described as a
340:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan
6064:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
4999:Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
4737:Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan
2880:(in Turkish). 2004-09-08. Archived from
2006:
1909:Thirty years ago this day was born ASALA
1626:"Armenian Aggression Against Azerbaijan"
1497:U.S. Department of State. "Appendix B".
1452:
1286:bombed the Turkish embassy in Brussels.
1216:
1038:
818:
556:on October 22, 1975. A failed attack in
427:
5557:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
5430:October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
4454:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
3448:. The Associated Press. 28 April 1988.
2922:. Reuters. 30 January 1983. p. 5.
2824:Arax Monthly, No. 4, 2000, Tehran, p. 4
2728:
2432:Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2087:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2041:
2039:
1977:
1159:Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
926:On July 15, 1983, ASALA carried out an
889:, Mélinée Manouchian, the widow of the
568:
332:cede territory for an Armenian homeland
14:
6096:
6069:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
4840:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
4683:National Liberation Front of Kurdistan
3483:
3275:
3273:
3211:
2938:
2851:. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from
2833:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
1911:, Azg daily, Yerevan, January 20, 2005
1660:
1654:
1426:
1424:
870:1981 Turkish consulate attack in Paris
417:
342:and some other sources listed it as a
4695:People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan
4426:
3993:
3794:
3765:1980 Turkish Consulate attack in Lyon
3649:
3413:. Hungary. 1981-12-19. Archived from
3126:
3124:
3010:
2980:"Çatlı'yı kullandık ve başarılı oldu"
2977:
2947:
2926:from the original on 20 November 2018
2806:from the original on 16 February 2023
2667:
2665:
2374:Children of Armenia, by M. Bobelian,
2300:
1985:European Journal of International Law
1777:
1600:
1598:
1465:. Universal-Publishers. p. 431.
1368:Esenboğa International Airport attack
4755:Confederation Community of Kurdistan
4701:Democratic People's Union of Kurdish
3313:Central Intelligence Agency (1984).
3280:Central Intelligence Agency (1984).
3023:from the original on 4 December 2008
2990:from the original on 4 February 2009
2960:from the original on 4 December 2008
2672:Central Intelligence Agency (1984).
2396:
2036:
1920:
1164:
456:, almost two millennium ago to the
5373:Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
4767:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
3876:New Armenian Resistance Group (NAR)
3306:
3270:
3214:"Armenian Terrorism: A Reappraisal"
3193:from the original on 7 January 2021
3167:from the original on 9 January 2021
2716:from the original on 7 January 2021
2315:
2095:
1867:from the original on April 11, 2019
1855:Federation of American Scientists.
1604:United States Department of State.
1421:
1051:After the ASALA attack against the
1034:
472:found refuge in other countries in
24:
3405:"ASALA attacked Diplomatic target"
3121:
3069:
2662:
2325:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
1836:from the original on 27 March 2020
1595:
1268:National Intelligence Organization
1061:National Intelligence Organization
960:Tcharkutian to the United States.
504:, an elderly man who survived the
244:Lebanese National Resistance Front
25:
6160:
6109:Defunct communist militant groups
5265:September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack
4719:Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan
4366:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
4084:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
4078:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
3912:Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA)
3770:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
3622:
3484:Birand, Mehmet Ali (2008-12-21).
3452:from the original on 4 March 2016
2874:"Evren: Kızım MİT'te çalışıyordu"
2762:Ben Aharon, Eldad (4 July 2018).
2555:Baghdasaryan, Edik (2007-11-26).
2467:from the original on 5 March 2007
2457:"He was an Armenian: Artin Penik"
1238:Palestine Liberation Organization
563:Palestine Liberation Organization
336:United States Department of State
5255:June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
5166:2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown
4889:
4834:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
4827:
4821:Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan
4809:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
4670:
4657:
4638:
4626:
4480:
4110:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
4021:
3709:
3627:
2950:"ASALA operasyonları efsane mi?"
2212:Turkey Today: A European Nation?
800:
789:
777:
764:
751:
732:
721:
710:
353:that would include the formerly
301:
286:
276:
265:
254:
237:
226:
215:
204:
193:
182:
171:
44:
5363:December 2016 Istanbul bombings
5190:October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
4731:Free Women's Party of Kurdistan
4713:Free Women's Union of Kurdistan
4402:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3608:
3592:
3583:
3568:
3555:
3546:
3535:from the original on 2021-01-01
3517:
3502:from the original on 2013-04-18
3477:
3464:
3434:
3421:
3397:
3386:from the original on 2021-02-05
3368:
3357:from the original on 2021-01-01
3339:
3247:
3236:from the original on 2021-01-01
3205:
3179:
3153:
3142:from the original on 2021-01-07
3097:
3058:from the original on 2021-01-09
3034:
3004:
2978:Erdem, Ali Kemal (2007-10-17).
2971:
2908:
2895:
2866:
2827:
2818:
2755:
2698:
2636:
2606:
2578:
2548:
2537:from the original on 2020-10-23
2519:
2510:
2493:
2478:
2449:
2420:
2390:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2346:
2334:from the original on 2021-02-10
2309:
2294:
2283:from the original on 2022-05-17
2265:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2195:
2127:
1971:
1942:
1914:
1898:
1879:
1848:
1818:
1798:
1771:
1746:
1721:
1697:
1681:from the original on 2021-01-01
1618:
1479:from the original on 2021-01-01
1432:"MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base"
1289:
941:ASALA-Mouvement Révolutionnaire
462:Committee of Union and Progress
460:. In 1915 and 1916, the ruling
6149:1975 establishments in Lebanon
5358:Assassination of Deryan Aktert
4689:Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan
4371:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
4331:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
4132:Defunct militant organizations
4105:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
3775:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
3013:"Boş konser salonu bombalandı"
2305:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 251–2.
2250:. Vol. 32. Archived from
1586:
1577:
1568:
1546:
1537:
1510:
1490:
1212:
1053:Esenboğa International Airport
150:Paris Turkish consulate attack
13:
1:
5180:2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
4151:New Armenian Resistance Group
3577:journal, No. 12, 1991, p. 32
3446:Associated Press News Archive
3410:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
2782:10.1080/14682745.2018.1483342
2656:The Christian Science Monitor
1415:
1356:
1304:('Armenia') was the official
1135:New Armenian Resistance Group
935:emergence of two groups, the
6054:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
5318:February 2016 Ankara bombing
5095:Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
4336:Yıldız assassination attempt
3011:Kilic, Ecevit (2008-09-28).
2948:Kilic, Ecevit (2008-09-28).
2428:"Armenian Issue: Chronology"
979:
478:Turkish nationalist movement
458:Turkish presence in the area
7:
5343:May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
5215:October 2008 Aktütün attack
4392:Provisional Republic of Van
4321:Armenian national awakening
4161:Armenian Revolutionary Army
4100:National Revival of Artsakh
3922:Armenian Revolutionary Army
3218:Journal of Conflict Studies
3212:Gunter, Michael M. (2007).
3105:"CIA Terrorism Review 1983"
2397:Oran, Baskın (2006-12-17).
2111:Hyland, Francis P. (1991).
1949:Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna (2016).
1782:. I.B. Tauris. p. 151.
1400:Armenian Revolutionary Army
1393:
1234:Israeli invasion of Lebanon
1199:Armenian Revolutionary Army
1148:
1031:and other special guests.
577:in 1915 and to establish a
10:
6165:
6044:Kurdish separatism in Iran
5552:2013–2015 Solution process
5313:February 2016 Lice bombing
5303:Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
4356:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4326:Armenian national movement
3943:Affiliated organizations:
3910:Affiliated organizations:
3874:Affiliated organizations:
2301:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011).
1830:United Press International
1778:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011).
1553:Remembering with Vengeance
1293:
1089:), was led by MİT officer
812:
634:
452:, is documented since the
421:
76:Turkish Intelligence (MİT)
6031:
5998:
5991:
5906:
5795:
5788:
5673:
5582:
5575:
5537:
5517:
5449:
5442:
5323:March 2016 Ankara bombing
5273:
5172:
5160:
5017:
4991:
4984:
4907:
4871:
4618:
4608:
4561:
4508:National Security Council
4495:
4478:
4460:
4397:First Republic of Armenia
4384:
4313:
4169:
4062:
4034:
3980:Affiliated organizations:
3966:Assassination attempt on
3955:
3920:
3884:
3830:
3745:
3718:
3707:
3683:
2744:Armenians in Turkey today
2363:The Sydney Morning Herald
2242:Iyer, Pico (1983-08-08).
2159:Political Interest Groups
1955:Stanford University Press
743:
702:
654:
646:
641:
524:(Harutiun Tagushian) and
297:
249:
166:
145:
129:
105:
97:
81:
68:
55:
43:
36:
32:
6119:Armenian militant groups
5393:2020 İskenderun shootout
5338:May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
5230:2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
5009:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4376:1983 Orly Airport attack
4246:Militants and commanders
4069:Active political parties
3932:JCAG-ARA List of attacks
3780:1983 Orly Airport attack
2050:. Jerusalem. p. 3.
1978:Avedian, Vahagn (2012).
1410:List of attacks by ASALA
1276:1983 Orly Airport attack
1173:(PKK) in Kurdistan, the
1171:Kurdistan Worker's Party
921:Turk of Armenian descent
854:claimed responsibility.
815:List of attacks by ASALA
617:U.S. Department of State
601:as the main ideology of
6134:Guerrilla organizations
6018:Düzce Military Cemetery
5368:2017 Diyarbakır bombing
5288:Operation Martyr Yalçın
5200:2008 Diyarbakır bombing
5080:May 24, 1993 PKK attack
5075:Operation Northern Iraq
4664:People's Defence Forces
4581:Turkish Revenge Brigade
3760:July 1980 Athens attack
3486:"Thanks to Nuri Gündeş"
2171:Turkey: A Country Study
1806:Turkey: A Country Study
906:Esenboga airport attack
155:Esenboğa Airport attack
131:Political position
124:Revolutionary socialism
74:1975–1991 according to
6039:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
5562:Musa Anter peace train
5398:Operation Claw-Eagle 2
5298:Siege of Silvan (2015)
5260:2012 Gaziantep bombing
5225:2010 İskenderun attack
5210:2008 Istanbul bombings
5145:1999 Istanbul bombings
4899:(until the late 1980s)
3726:Alexander Yenikomshian
1379:José Antonio Gurriarán
1229:
1048:
908:on August 7, 1982, in
824:
744:Commanders and leaders
437:
344:terrorist organization
5843:İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
5525:Mothers of Diyarbakır
5235:2010 Istanbul bombing
4126:National United Party
4095:National Agenda Party
3866:Other personalities:
3842:ASALA List of attacks
3636:at Wikimedia Commons
2365:, Sep. 25, 1981, p. 3
1565:, № 32, 8 August 1983
1347:Hayasdan – Hay Baykar
1296:Hayastan (periodical)
1266:According to Turkish
1263:into the late 1990s.
1220:
1042:
1014:Amnesty International
822:
431:
395:murdered 1.5 million
120:Left-wing nationalism
6114:Communism in Armenia
6000:Memorials, monuments
5974:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
5420:Operation Claw-Sword
5293:2015 Hakkari assault
5150:Blue Market massacre
5115:1996 Tunceli bombing
5065:1992 Taşdelen attack
4341:Battle of Sardarabad
4146:Army of Independence
4028:Armenian nationalism
3896:JCAG List of attacks
3376:"GTD Search Results"
3347:"GTD Search Results"
3327:on November 28, 2020
3294:on November 28, 2020
3117:on 16 December 2020.
2686:on November 28, 2020
2642:Echikson, William. "
2376:Simon & Schuster
2327:. pp. 8–9, 42.
1895:. GlobalSecurity.org
1175:Italian Red Brigades
1103:Alfortville monument
915:On August 10, 1982,
598:scientific socialism
569:Political objectives
116:Armenian nationalism
6013:33 Martyrs Memorial
6005:military cemeteries
5776:Sırrı Süreyya Önder
5726:Selahattin Demirtaş
5681:Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
5425:2023 Ankara bombing
5408:Zakho resort attack
5403:Operation Claw-Lock
5383:2018 Gercüş bombing
5353:2016 Elazığ bombing
5308:Siege of Sur (2016)
5245:2011 Hakkâri attack
5185:2007 Ankara bombing
4412:Republic of Artsakh
4407:Republic of Armenia
3868:Varoujan Garabedian
3731:Varoujan Garabedian
3470:Melkonian, Markar.
3427:Melkonian, Markar.
3254:Gunter, Michael M.
2403:Nouvelles d'Armenie
2279:. 25 October 1975.
2026:, Amsterdam, 2015.
1999:10.1093/ejil/chs056
1922:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1197:(also known as the
1131:European Parliament
878:political prisoners
678:with spillovers in
418:Origins and history
160:Orly Airport attack
98:Active regions
6074:Turkish war crimes
5964:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
5848:Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
5415:2022 Mersin attack
5348:2016 Cizre bombing
5333:2016 Bursa bombing
5283:2015 Siirt bombing
5085:Başbağlar massacre
4677:Free Women's Units
4385:Political entities
4235:Rafayel Ishkhanian
4185:Mikayel Nalbandian
3968:Kemalettin Demirer
3491:Turkish Daily News
2920:The New York Times
2749:2020-10-24 at the
2649:2012-10-21 at the
2633:, October 9, 1983.
2630:The New York Times
2619:2020-05-18 at the
2277:The New York Times
2176:2011-07-22 at the
2164:2011-06-04 at the
2115:. Westview Press.
2022:2023-05-11 at the
1891:2009-04-22 at the
1611:2014-02-19 at the
1531:2023-10-10 at the
1459:Hunsicker (2006).
1230:
1049:
825:
649:Lebanese Civil War
619:, under President
518:Lebanese Civil War
438:
408:Turkish government
320:Turkish Government
87:Turkish Government
70:Dates of operation
6129:Far-left politics
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
5987:
5986:
5959:Necmettin Erbakan
5784:
5783:
5731:Nurettin Demirtaş
5540:and peace efforts
5533:
5532:
5438:
5437:
5220:Reşadiye shooting
5055:Yeşilova incident
5050:Pınarcık massacre
4980:
4979:
4900:
4864:
4749:People's Congress
4604:
4603:
4571:Counter-Guerrilla
4420:
4419:
4351:Karabakh movement
4346:February Uprising
4180:Khachatur Abovian
3987:
3986:
3957:Red Armenian Army
3788:
3787:
3719:Prominent members
3632:Media related to
3529:www.start.umd.edu
3380:www.start.umd.edu
3351:www.start.umd.edu
3051:. December 2017.
2855:on April 26, 2006
2601:978-0-7619-2408-1
2585:Harvey W. Kushner
2531:www.start.umd.edu
2505:978-0-521-89945-1
2316:Fortier, Donald.
2183:Helen Chapin Metz
2139:Armenian Reporter
2032:978-90-6728-307-6
1964:978-0-8047-9706-1
1935:978-0-253-20773-9
1766:978-0-231-12699-1
1741:978-0-226-89650-2
1716:978-0-313-28112-9
1522:978-3-86153-817-2
1165:Possible linkages
895:Missak Manouchian
891:French resistance
859:Alex Yenikomshian
827:According to the
811:
810:
698:
697:
629:Armenian genocide
506:Armenian genocide
493:and reparations.
454:ninth century BCE
424:Armenian genocide
389:Armenian genocide
376:Wilsonian Armenia
324:Armenian genocide
309:
308:
91:Armenian genocide
64:
16:(Redirected from
6156:
6059:Kurdish refugees
5996:
5995:
5934:Yıldırım Akbulut
5919:Süleyman Demirel
5898:Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu
5888:Erdal Ceylanoğlu
5873:Aydoğan Babaoğlu
5808:Tahsin Şahinkaya
5793:
5792:
5655:Hüseyin Velioğlu
5650:Muhammad Mustafa
5580:
5579:
5447:
5446:
5250:Roboski massacre
5130:Operation Hammer
5060:Battle of Şırnak
5025:1984 PKK attacks
4989:
4988:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4858:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4725:Free Women Party
4675:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4586:Susurluk scandal
4493:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4361:Khojaly massacre
4290:Movses Gorgisyan
4230:Silva Kaputikyan
4215:Avetis Aharonian
4195:Mkrtich Khrimian
4026:
4025:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3713:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3631:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3579:Hayasdan Gaydzer
3572:
3566:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3438:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3320:. Archived from
3319:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3287:. Archived from
3286:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3110:. Archived from
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3086:. Archived from
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:on June 16, 2009
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2793:
2769:Cold War History
2759:
2753:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2710:Government of UK
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2679:. Archived from
2678:
2669:
2660:
2659:, July 19, 1983.
2640:
2634:
2625:Associated Press
2610:
2604:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2563:. Archived from
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:Associated Press
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2434:. Archived from
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2405:. Archived from
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2155:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2043:
2034:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1804:Pitman, Paul M.
1802:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1725:
1719:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1364:Silva Kaputikyan
1339:Hayasdan Gaydzer
1284:Gourgen Yanikian
1247:ASALA's founder
1124:Marxist-Leninist
1083:drug trafficking
1035:Counteroffensive
1010:Manuel Yergatian
804:
794:
793:
782:
781:
769:
768:
756:
755:
736:
726:
725:
715:
714:
656:
655:
642:ASALA insurgency
639:
638:
610:Fatma Müge Göçek
538:leftist ideology
502:Kourken Yanigian
487:denial by Turkey
440:The presence of
387:, following the
385:Treaty of Sèvres
305:
290:
281:
280:
279:
270:
269:
268:
259:
258:
257:
242:
241:
240:
231:
230:
229:
220:
219:
218:
209:
208:
207:
198:
197:
196:
187:
186:
185:
176:
175:
174:
112:Marxism-Leninism
71:
62:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:
21:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6079:Iraq operations
6049:Rojava conflict
6027:
6002:
5983:
5902:
5868:Yaşar Büyükanıt
5858:İbrahim Fırtına
5789:Turkish leaders
5780:
5716:Tuncer Bakırhan
5669:
5595:Murat Karayılan
5590:Abdullah Öcalan
5576:Kurdish leaders
5571:
5539:
5529:
5513:
5434:
5378:2018 Siirt raid
5269:
5168:
5156:
5140:Operation Murat
5110:Operation Tokat
5100:Operation Steel
5013:
4976:
4903:
4890:
4888:
4867:
4828:
4826:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4671:
4669:
4658:
4656:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4600:
4557:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4456:
4451:
4421:
4416:
4380:
4309:
4305:Jirair Sefilian
4300:Vazgen Sargsyan
4295:Monte Melkonian
4240:Monte Melkonian
4165:
4136:Armenian fedayi
4121:Armenakan Party
4117:Defunct parties
4058:
4030:
4020:
4018:
3988:
3983:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3924:
3916:
3904:Mourad Topalian
3902:Personalities:
3888:
3880:
3855:James Karnusian
3834:
3826:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3741:
3736:Monte Melkonian
3714:
3705:
3701:James Karnusian
3679:
3674:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3601:, #1–12, 2005,
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3503:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3005:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2760:
2756:
2751:Wayback Machine
2738:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2651:Wayback Machine
2641:
2637:
2621:Wayback Machine
2611:
2607:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2461:Turkish Journal
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2438:on May 23, 2009
2426:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2244:"Long Memories"
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2178:Wayback Machine
2166:Wayback Machine
2156:
2145:
2132:
2128:
2109:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2024:Wayback Machine
2014:
2007:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:Wayback Machine
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1751:
1747:
1726:
1722:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1661:Jessup (1998).
1659:
1655:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:Wayback Machine
1603:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:Wayback Machine
1515:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1396:
1359:
1298:
1292:
1215:
1191:
1167:
1151:
1115:
1076:contract killer
1037:
982:
953:Gaston Defferre
945:Monte Melkonian
840:Danis Tunaligil
817:
788:
776:
763:
750:
720:
709:
694:
637:
571:
550:Daniş Tunalıgil
534:Kurken Yanikian
450:Western Armenia
448:, often called
426:
420:
399:, which Turkey
391:, during which
367:Western Armenia
328:pay reparations
292:Lebanese Forces
285:
277:
275:
274:
266:
264:
263:
255:
253:
238:
236:
235:
227:
225:
224:
216:
214:
213:
205:
203:
202:
194:
192:
191:
183:
181:
180:
172:
170:
158:
153:
146:Notable attacks
122:
118:
114:
85:"To compel the
69:
51:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6162:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5979:Süleyman Soylu
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Necip Torumtay
5825:
5820:
5818:Nurettin Ersin
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5771:Osman Baydemir
5768:
5766:Fatma Kurtulan
5763:
5758:
5756:Sebahat Tuncel
5753:
5748:
5743:
5741:Gültan Kışanak
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Nizamettin Taş
5637:
5632:
5630:Mahsum Korkmaz
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Mustafa Karasu
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5135:Operation Dawn
5132:
5127:
5122:
5120:Siege of Varto
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Operation Hawk
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5070:Battle of Kulp
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5004:Maraş massacre
5001:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4973:(2023–present)
4968:
4967:(2014–present)
4962:
4961:(2012–present)
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4913:
4911:
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4902:
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4553:Village Guards
4550:
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4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4490:
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4317:
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4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Hagop Hagopian
4282:
4280:Garegin Nzhdeh
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:Kevork Chavush
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Kevork Ajemian
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Garegin Nzhdeh
4202:
4200:Shahan Natalie
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
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4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4073:Adequate Party
4070:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4042:United Armenia
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3975:Personalities:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3938:Personalities:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3860:Kevork Ajemian
3857:
3852:
3850:Hagop Hagopian
3845:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3810:
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3708:
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3703:
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3696:Kevork Ajemian
3693:
3691:Hagop Hagopian
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3624:
3623:External links
3621:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3591:
3582:
3567:
3554:
3545:
3516:
3476:
3463:
3433:
3420:
3417:on 2007-08-27.
3396:
3367:
3338:
3305:
3269:
3246:
3204:
3178:
3152:
3120:
3096:
3093:on 2020-11-28.
3068:
3033:
3019:(in Turkish).
3003:
2986:(in Turkish).
2970:
2956:(in Turkish).
2937:
2907:
2894:
2865:
2847:(in Turkish).
2837:(2004-09-06).
2826:
2817:
2776:(2): 275–293.
2754:
2740:Tessa, Hofmann
2727:
2697:
2661:
2635:
2605:
2577:
2547:
2518:
2509:
2492:
2477:
2448:
2419:
2389:
2380:
2378:, 2009, p. 159
2367:
2354:
2345:
2308:
2293:
2264:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2210:Roy, Olivier.
2203:
2194:
2143:
2126:
2094:
2056:
2035:
2005:
1992:(3): 797–820.
1970:
1963:
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1362:Armenian poet
1358:
1355:
1294:Main article:
1291:
1288:
1249:Hagop Hagopian
1214:
1211:
1190:
1187:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1147:
1114:
1111:
1099:Hagop Hagopian
1087:special forces
1079:Abdullah Çatlı
1045:Ottawa, Canada
1036:
1033:
1029:Manolis Glezos
981:
978:
937:ASALA-Militant
887:Henri Verneuil
813:Main article:
809:
808:
806:Hagop Hagopian
798:
758:Fahri Korutürk
746:
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579:United Armenia
570:
567:
526:Kevork Ajemian
522:Hagop Hagopian
466:Ottoman Empire
436:in 1915-1916."
419:
416:
381:Woodrow Wilson
371:Soviet Armenia
363:Ottoman Empire
351:United Armenia
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60:Hagop Hagopian
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5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Bülent Ecevit
5922:
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5749:
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5746:Pervin Buldan
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:Ayla Akat Ata
5734:
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5729:
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5724:
5722:
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5660:Celal Başkale
5658:
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5538:Peace process
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5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:Sazak assault
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
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5091:
5090:Lice massacre
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4319:
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4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Aram Manukian
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Aghbiur Serob
4253:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Hayk Asatryan
4218:
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4213:
4211:
4208:
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4201:
4198:
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4085:
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4079:
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4074:
4071:
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4065:
4063:Organizations
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:Tseghakronism
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:(only attack)
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
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3648:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3599:Spurk Journal
3595:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3565:by A. Sanjian
3564:
3558:
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3534:
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3526:
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3501:
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3492:
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3000:
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2898:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:Mercan, Faruk
2830:
2821:
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2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
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2615:
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2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:0-7619-2408-6
2590:
2586:
2581:
2567:on 2009-05-22
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2489:. 1982-08-15.
2488:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2409:on 2012-02-16
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2254:on 2016-03-11
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2198:
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2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
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2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:0-8133-0324-9
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1957:. p. 4.
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1907:G. Yazchian,
1905:(in Armenian)
1901:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:"27 May 1988"
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:0-231-12699-9
1755:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:0-226-89650-1
1730:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:0-313-28112-2
1705:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1674:0-313-28112-2
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1627:
1621:
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1610:
1607:
1601:
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1504:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1472:1-58112-905-X
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
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1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1306:multi-lingual
1303:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
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1068:
1066:
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1058:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:Tessa Hofmann
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
977:
973:
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918:
913:
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907:
902:
900:
897:, and singer
896:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
874:Van operation
871:
866:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
821:
816:
807:
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739:
735:
731:
729:
724:
719:
718:
713:
707:
706:
701:
693:
689:
685:
684:United States
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
645:
640:
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:Ronald Reagan
618:
613:
611:
604:
600:
599:
594:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
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566:
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531:
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523:
519:
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511:
507:
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499:
494:
492:
488:
482:
479:
475:
471:
470:death marches
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
430:
425:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
401:openly denies
398:
394:
393:Ottoman Turks
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
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108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
67:
61:
58:
54:
50:Logo of ASALA
47:
42:
31:
19:
5969:Abdullah Gül
5954:Mesut Yılmaz
5949:Tansu Çiller
5939:Mesut Yılmaz
5883:Işık Koşaner
5878:İlker Başbuğ
5863:Faruk Cömert
5833:Eşref Bitlis
5813:Bülend Ulusu
5761:Kemal Burkay
5721:Aysel Tuğluk
5711:Murat Bozlak
5665:İsmail Özden
5645:Mazlum Doğan
5635:Şemdin Sakık
5625:Osman Öcalan
5615:Duran Kalkan
5275:2015–present
4985:The conflict
4895:
4751:(Kongra-Gel)
4140:
4051:
3831:
3825:armed groups
3752:
3676:
3626:
3610:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3528:
3519:
3510:
3504:. Retrieved
3489:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3456:15 September
3454:. Retrieved
3445:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:the original
3408:
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3359:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3322:the original
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3289:the original
3255:
3249:
3238:. Retrieved
3221:
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3135:
3112:the original
3099:
3088:the original
3084:CIA Archives
3083:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3048:
3036:
3025:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:
2998:
2992:. Retrieved
2983:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2953:
2930:15 September
2928:. Retrieved
2919:
2910:
2897:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2877:
2868:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:the original
2848:
2842:
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2773:
2767:
2757:
2718:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2654:
2638:
2628:
2608:
2580:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2550:
2539:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2512:
2495:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2422:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2402:
2392:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2338:December 16,
2336:. Retrieved
2324:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2247:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2169:
2141:, 1999-02-01
2138:
2129:
2112:
2061:
2047:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1950:
1944:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1805:
1800:
1779:
1773:
1748:
1723:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1683:. Retrieved
1663:
1656:
1632:December 19,
1630:. Retrieved
1620:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1512:
1500:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1461:
1454:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1301:
1299:
1290:Publications
1280:
1265:
1246:
1231:
1207:
1203:Soviet Union
1192:
1168:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1116:
1107:Salle Pleyel
1095:
1073:
1069:
1050:
1022:
998:Ahmet Benler
983:
974:
962:
949:
940:
936:
932:Orly Airport
925:
914:
903:
873:
867:
856:
833:
826:
786:(1989-1991)
775:
773:(1980-1989)
762:
760:(1975-1980)
749:
708:
703:Belligerents
614:
607:
596:
583:Soviet Union
572:
546:
541:
530:Palestinians
495:
483:
474:Western Asia
439:
411:
405:
383:in the 1920
374:
359:six vilayets
348:
315:
311:
310:
5944:Erdal İnönü
5914:Turgut Özal
5893:Necdet Özel
5853:Hilmi Özkök
5838:Doğan Güreş
5823:Necdet Üruğ
5803:Kenan Evren
5701:Orhan Doğan
5696:Hatip Dicle
5620:Haji Ahmadi
5605:Bahoz Erdal
5600:Cemîl Bayik
4955:(2008–2014)
4949:(2005–2009)
4937:(1997–2005)
4931:(1994–2003)
4925:(1993–1994)
4919:(1990–1993)
4576:Grey Wolves
4538:Coast Guard
4533:Gendarmerie
2810:15 February
2561:Hetq Online
2078:|work=
1526:Digitalisat
1377:newspaper,
1272:Nuri Gündeş
1213:Dissolution
1065:Nuri Gündeş
1057:Kenan Evren
965:Switzerland
917:Artin Penik
868:During the
848:Ismail Erez
796:Michel Aoun
784:Turgut Özal
771:Kenan Evren
662:1975 – 1991
516:during the
498:Los Angeles
491:recognition
444:in eastern
434:Deir ez-Zor
357:-inhabited
63:(1975–1988)
6098:Categories
5751:Emine Ayna
5706:Ahmet Türk
5691:Leyla Zana
5686:Yaşar Kaya
4679:(YJA-STAR)
4563:Deep state
4503:Government
4275:Armen Garo
4080:(Ramgavar)
3848:Founders:
3539:2019-04-11
3506:2008-12-21
3390:2019-05-10
3361:2019-05-10
3240:2019-05-10
3146:2021-01-06
3062:2021-01-06
3027:2008-12-25
2994:2009-01-02
2964:2008-12-25
2888:2008-12-13
2859:2008-12-13
2791:1887/81165
2571:2008-09-02
2541:2019-04-11
2471:2007-02-21
2442:2007-02-21
2413:2008-09-02
2287:2022-05-17
2258:2008-09-02
2063:Armenians.
1840:20 October
1685:2020-12-24
1483:2020-11-24
1416:References
1357:In culture
1133:named the
1091:Hiram Abas
988:, Greece,
899:Liz Sarian
608:Historian
422:See also:
283:Azerbaijan
5929:Ali Bozer
5907:Political
5674:Political
5583:Insurgent
5504:2011–2012
5451:Serhildan
5173:2004–2012
5161:1999–2004
5030:Karageçit
5018:1984–1999
4992:1974–1984
4909:Political
4619:Insurgent
4591:Ergenekon
4523:Air Force
4112:(Hunchak)
4086:(Dashnak)
3563:Hayaqsdan
3331:April 11,
3298:April 11,
3230:1715-5673
3197:6 January
3171:6 January
2800:218575454
2720:6 January
2690:April 11,
2121:466448724
2080:ignored (
2070:cite book
1871:April 11,
1557:Pico Iyer
1383:October 3
1270:official
1232:With the
1002:the Hague
980:Reactions
958:extradite
943:) led by
442:Armenians
397:Armenians
326:in 1915,
250:Opponents
136:Left-wing
5992:See also
5796:Military
5443:Protests
4861:Hüda-Par
4513:Military
4465:Timeline
4265:Andranik
4210:Siamanto
4176:Thinkers
4035:Ideology
3823:Armenian
3821:Defunct
3684:Founders
3605:, p. 35.
3533:Archived
3500:Archived
3496:Hürriyet
3450:Archived
3384:Archived
3355:Archived
3264:36960193
3234:Archived
3191:Archived
3165:Archived
3140:Archived
3053:Archived
3021:Archived
2988:Archived
2958:Archived
2924:Archived
2804:Archived
2747:Archived
2714:Archived
2647:Archived
2617:Archived
2535:Archived
2507:, p. 431
2465:Archived
2329:Archived
2281:Archived
2191:17841957
2174:Archived
2162:Archived
2020:Archived
1924:(1993).
1889:Archived
1865:Archived
1834:Archived
1814:17841957
1743:, p. 256
1679:Archived
1642:cite web
1609:Archived
1529:Archived
1477:Archived
1440:cite web
1394:See also
1387:La Bomba
1370:in 1983.
1331:Hayasdan
1311:Armenian
1302:Hayasdan
1242:Budapest
1223:Yerablur
1149:Linkages
1025:Yerablur
1006:Istanbul
667:Location
647:Part of
446:Anatolia
355:Armenian
140:far-left
107:Ideology
5040:Ortabağ
4842:(YDG-H)
4823:(TECAK)
4745:(KADEK)
4650:History
4610:Kurdish
4314:History
4053:Miatsum
3835:(ASALA)
3746:Attacks
2844:Aksiyon
2603:, p. 47
2214:p. 169.
1768:, p. 71
1718:, p. 39
1327:Turkish
1319:English
1261:Armenia
1227:Yerevan
994:Lebanon
970:Italian
930:at the
836:Austria
728:Lebanon
676:Lebanon
635:Attacks
627:of the
603:Armenia
595:Affirm
514:Lebanon
464:of the
361:of the
338:, the
200:Armenia
157:(1982)
152:(1981)
82:Motives
5518:Others
4943:(2005)
4872:Allies
4836:(MLKP)
4769:(PPKK)
4733:(PAJK)
4721:(PJKK)
4715:(YAJK)
4697:(ARGK)
4685:(ERNK)
4612:groups
4543:Police
4488:Turkey
4485:
4170:People
4090:Hosank
3948:(JCAG)
3889:(JCAG)
3738:(left)
3603:Beirut
3262:
3228:
2903:Turkey
2798:
2599:
2591:
2503:
2189:
2119:
2054:
2030:
1961:
1932:
1812:
1764:
1756:
1739:
1731:
1714:
1706:
1671:
1615:, p 57
1520:
1503:
1469:
1375:Pueblo
1345:) and
1343:London
1323:French
1315:Arabic
1257:cancer
1253:Athens
986:Cyprus
928:attack
910:Ankara
893:hero,
882:Turkey
863:Geneva
844:France
717:Turkey
688:Canada
680:Europe
672:Turkey
625:denial
558:Geneva
554:Vienna
510:Beirut
369:) and
330:, and
272:Israel
261:Turkey
189:Cyprus
178:Greece
167:Allies
162:(1983)
56:Leader
6032:Other
4935:DEHAP
4929:HADEP
4896:ASALA
4792:KDP/N
4763:(PŞK)
4757:(KKK)
4739:(KJB)
4727:(PJA)
4709:(CDK)
4703:(YDK)
4691:(HRK)
4666:(HPG)
4596:JİTEM
4496:State
4250:Arabo
4190:Raffi
3960:(RAA)
3925:(ARA)
3575:Spurk
3325:(PDF)
3318:(PDF)
3292:(PDF)
3285:(PDF)
3224:(2).
3115:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
3056:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
3017:Sabah
2984:Sabah
2954:Sabah
2878:Sabah
2796:S2CID
2684:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
1555:, by
1351:Paris
990:Syria
738:ASALA
552:, in
316:ASALA
233:Syria
18:ASALA
6003:and
5509:2014
5499:2009
5494:2008
5489:2006
5484:2005
5479:2001
5474:1999
5469:1992
5464:1991
5459:1990
4804:PJAK
4528:Navy
4518:Army
3754:List
3458:2012
3333:2019
3300:2019
3260:OCLC
3226:ISSN
3199:2021
3173:2021
2932:2012
2812:2023
2722:2021
2692:2019
2597:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2340:2021
2248:TIME
2187:OCLC
2181:ed.
2117:OCLC
2089:link
2082:help
2052:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1873:2019
1842:2020
1810:OCLC
1762:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1648:link
1634:2021
1562:Time
1518:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1446:link
1325:and
1129:The
1105:and
852:JCAG
829:MIPT
692:Iran
690:and
674:and
659:Date
615:The
412:Viva
298:Flag
222:PFLP
4971:DEM
4965:DBP
4959:HDP
4953:BDP
4947:DTP
4941:DTH
4923:DEP
4917:HEP
4884:TDP
4879:DHP
4851:HİK
4846:PIK
4816:KKP
4780:TAK
4645:PKK
4633:KCK
4548:MİT
4470:Map
2849:509
2786:hdl
2778:doi
2653:",
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2168:",
2137:",
1994:doi
1861:FAS
1179:ETA
880:in
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542:VAN
520:by
500:by
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