829:
1004:
971:
919:
increase the power and the reliability of the power pack, an improvement to the tank's firepower and accuracy, as well as to increase the vehicle's ballistic protection and overall survivability. A number of modernization packages were proposed, including a suggestion to mount the AMX-30E's turret on a
Leopard 1's chassis. Other options included swapping the existing power pack for a new American diesel engine and transmission or exchanging the power pack for a new German diesel engine and transmission. More austere versions of these same options were offered, pairing the existing
82:
69:
963:. A new ballistics computer, the NSC-800, was issued, as well as a new digital panel for the gunner, designed and manufactured by the Spanish company INISEL. The tank commander also received a control unit that allowed the choice of ammunition for the gun and provided information on the ballistics of the round and the target to be engaged. As a result, the loader received a presentation unit to display information on which round to load into the gun's breech and to communicate ballistic data received, including
2474:
2484:
991:
original standards. The CD-850-6A was an automatic transmission, with a triple differential providing two forward velocities and one reverse velocity. However, the new transmission resulted in a new problem. The excessive heat produced by the transmission reduced the vehicle's range. The reconstruction of the 149 AMX-30Es began in 1988, and these were designated AMX-30EM1s. In the early 1990s Spain received a large number of
57:
94:
911:
31:
785:
867:. The grade of local production varied per batch. The first 20 tanks were to have 18% of each vehicle manufactured in Spain; the next 40 would have 40% of the vehicle manufactured in Spain. The other 120 had 65% of the tank manufactured in the country. Production began in 1974, at a rate of five tanks per month, and ended on 25 June 1979. The first five tanks were delivered to the
895:
that the degree of local construction of each vehicle augmented considerably. Production of the second batch lasted between 1979 and 1983. By the time production ended, the
Spanish Army fielded 299 AMX-30Es (280 produced between 1974 and 1983, and 19 delivered from France in 1970) and 4 training vehicles delivered in 1975. Santa Bárbara Sistemas also manufactured 18
967:, wind velocity, gun elevation and vehicle inclination. The fire control system also allowed for the future upgrade to a more sophisticated stabilization system for the tank's main gun. Survivability improvements included the addition of new steel side-skirts, a new smoke generating system linked to the engine and a new fire suppression system.
990:
The other 149 AMX-30Es were reconstructed to improve their mobility. The reconstruction consisted of the replacement of the original French transmission with the
American Allison CD-850-6A. Furthermore, several parts of the tank, such as the brakes, were renovated in order to bring them up to their
918:
Although brand new, the AMX-30E entered service with automotive issues, including problems with the antiquated 5SD-200D transmission. Consequently, as the first production batch began to end, the
Spanish Army and Santa Bárbara Sistemas began to study possible upgrades. The main objectives were to
894:
signed a contract for the production and delivery of a second batch of 100 AMX-30Es. In 1980, after the 200th AMX-30E was delivered to the
Spanish Army, the tank's patent was awarded to Spain. This allowed minor modifications to be done to the vehicle without having to consult GIAT. It also meant
943:
833 Ka-501 diesel engine, producing 850 metric horsepower (625 kW), and the transmission with a German ZF LSG-3000, compatible with engines of up to 1,500 metric horsepower (1103 kW). The first 30 engines were to have 50% of the engine manufactured in Spain; the rest,
792:
On 22 June 1970, the
Spanish Ministry of Defense signed an agreement of military cooperation with France, which outlined plans for the future acquisition of around 200 tanks for the Spanish Army. Of these, 180 were to be manufactured under license in Spain and 20 were to be manufactured by France.
775:
to begin production of the AMX-30. However, it was not the advantages of the French vehicle itself that influenced the decision. Rather, it was the UK's unwillingness to sell their L7 tank-gun, the low cost of the AMX-30, and the French offer to allow Spain to manufacture the tank, that led the
944:
73% were to be produced indigenously. This new engine gave the modernized tank a power ratio of 23 metric horsepower per tonne (21.13 hp/S/T). The new engine was coupled with the AMX-30B2's improved torsion-bar suspension, which used larger diameter torsion-bars and new shocks.
483:
Spain's AMX-30E fleet went through two separate modifications in the late 1980s, a modernization program and a reconstruction program. The former, named the AMX-30EM2 (150 tanks), sought to modernize and improve the vehicle's automotive characteristics, while the latter, or the AMX-30EM1 (149
592:
The
Leopard 1 and the AMX-30 originated from a joint tank development program known as the Europanzer. For a tank, the AMX-30 had a low silhouette; the height of the tank was 2.28 meters (7.5 feet), compared to the Leopard's 2.6 meters (8.5 feet). In terms of lethality, the AMX-30's
956:. The new system allowed firing during the day and during night operations, and increased the likelihood of a first round impact. The fire control system was also modernized through the exchange of the old M282 gunner's periscope with a new periscope and a new
947:
To improve the tank's firepower, the gun mount around the loader's turret hatch was modified to allow the installation of a 12.7-millimeter (0.5 in) machine gun, while the main gun's firepower was augmented through the introduction of the new CETME437A
1023:
approached Spain in an attempt to procure armaments for the modernization of its armed forces. Of the possible armaments for sale, Indonesia expressed interest in the procurement of the AMX-30. Although this deal fell through, in 2004 the
Spanish and
581:), or the BSR, which was responsible for the coordination of the national defense policy. Ultimately, the council ruled that Krauss-Maffei could sign an export contract with Spain. The deal was, however, stalled by pressure from the United Kingdom's
630:, capable of penetrating the frontal armor of most contemporary tanks. Although the Leopard boasted greater armor than the AMX-30—partially accounting for the weight difference between the two tanks—the latter was sold at a cheaper price.
1620:
479:
in late 2003. Although final assembly was carried out by Santa Bárbara
Sistemas, the production of the AMX-30E also included other companies in the country. Total production within Spain amounted to as much as 65% of the tank.
1864:
463:
United States tanks and to reduce Spain's reliance on
American equipment in its army. The first 19 AMX-30 tanks were acquired from France in 1970, while another 280 were assembled in Spain. It was Spain's first
978:
One hundred fifty AMX-30Es received this modernization package and were designated AMX-30EM2s. The program began in 1989 and ended in 1993. Ultimately, Spain's AMX-30EM2s were replaced by brand-new
923:
engine with the already mentioned transmissions. Another prototype was produced using the Leopard's more modern tracks, and another similar prototype mounted a new 12.7-millimeter (0.5 in)
547:, the United States' ban on the usage of American ordnance supplied earlier as military aid to Spain pushed Spain to look for alternative equipment which could be freely employed in the
612:
warhead was mounted on ball bearings within an outer casing, allowing the round to be spin stabilized through the rifling of the gun without affecting the warhead inside. The
1708:
1639:
1028:
governments agreed on the sale of between 33 and 46 second-hand AMX-30EM2s, which had recently been replaced in the Spanish Army. However, the deal was canceled after
1601:
571:
927:
for the loader's position. France's GIAT also offered to modernize Spain's AMX-30Es to AMX-30B2 standards, a modernization being applied to French AMX-30s.
600:(HEAT) round was one of the most advanced projectiles at the time. Because HEAT warheads become less efficient during spin stabilization induced by the
2539:
1036:
as prime minister of Spain—the new Spanish government declared that Spain didn't even have enough AMX-30EM2s in working condition to sell to Colombia.
444:, the AMX-30 was ultimately awarded the contract due to its lower price and the ability to manufacture it in Spain. 280 units were manufactured by
939:(Santa Bárbara-Bazán Technology) (or TSB) was chosen. The improvement of the tank's mobility entailed replacing the HS-110 diesel engine with an
471:
and developed the country's industry to the point where the government felt it could produce a tank on its own, leading to the development of the
2147:
1050:
952:(APFSDS). The gun's accuracy was improved through the installation of the new Mark 9 modification A/D fire control system, designed by
2549:
2524:
2534:
2487:
1905:
806:
492:. Both programs extended the vehicle's lifetime. Spain's fleet of AMX-30EM1s was replaced in the late 1990s by the German
2529:
828:
554:
In the early 1960s, Spain looked towards its European neighbors for a new tank. The Spanish government first approached
531:
tanks. The M47s had been acquired by the Spanish army in the mid-1950s, replacing the previous fleet of 1930s-vintage
511:
in 1970, the tank never saw combat. In 1985 Indonesia expressed interest in the AMX-30E, while in 2004 the Spanish and
2167:
1853:
1827:
Rudnick, David (April 1976). "Atlantic Relations: Policy Co-ordination and Conflict (The Case of the Leopard Tank)".
1799:
1780:
1761:
1697:
1678:
1033:
801:
company, deployed in the Spanish Sahara. The first six AMX-30s were delivered by rail to the Spanish border city of
597:
2477:
2329:
475:
tank project in 1985. It also offered Santa Bárbara Sistemas the experience which led to the production of the
1727:
Hilmes, Rolf (January 1, 2001). "Battle Tanks for the Bundeswehr: Modern German Tank Development, 1956–2000".
907:(US$ 642,800). Cost per tank increased during the second batch to 62 million pesetas (885,700 dollars).
821:
in the Spanish Sahara. This unit existed until 1975, when it was disbanded and its tanks transferred to the
562:, and the company applied for an export license from the German Economics Ministry. Spain's status as a non-
2544:
1898:
2444:
2102:
1003:
970:
293:
1045:
949:
382:
891:
445:
153:
2250:
900:
489:
2459:
1891:
953:
848:
576:
331:
281:
515:
governments discussed the possible sale of around 40 AMX-30EM2s. Both trade deals fell through.
2369:
2065:
1845:
589:
was British technology. Meanwhile, Spain tested the French AMX-30 between 2 and 10 June 1964.
1753:
2502:
2364:
1029:
843:
This agreement laid the foundations for the upcoming tank plant at the industrial polygon of
2419:
1837:
1745:
982:
anti-tank vehicles, which were partially manufactured in Spain, in the early 21st century.
2414:
890:
On 27 March 1979, prior to the end of production of the first batch, the Spanish Army and
8:
2498:
2494:
2177:
940:
632:
2197:
2172:
262:
2439:
2344:
2152:
2124:
872:
771:
In May 1970, the Spanish government decided to sign a contract with the French company
1838:
566:
country meant that the decision to grant the export license had to be reviewed by the
2454:
2449:
2288:
2215:
1973:
1849:
1795:
1776:
1757:
1746:
1732:
1693:
1674:
960:
851:. Several parts of the tank were subcontracted to other Spanish companies, including
793:
Ultimately, GIAT was contracted to manufacture 19 tanks. These were delivered to the
586:
582:
1709:"España ayuda a Colombia a luchar contra la guerrilla con tanques, obuses y aviones"
2278:
1963:
1946:
1926:
1660:
964:
433:
44:
1573:
España ayuda a Colombia a luchar contra la guerrilla con tanques, obuses y aviones
2429:
1012:
465:
74:
2334:
914:
Close-up of the AMX-30E's turret bustle, grenade launchers and commander's hatch
2424:
2192:
2187:
2087:
2035:
904:
833:
794:
620:
548:
508:
501:
245:
871:
Mechanized Infantry Regiment on 30 October 1974. This batch also replaced the
864:
35:
An AMX-30E on display at the Museum of Armored Vehicles of El Goloso, in Spain
2518:
2245:
2240:
2157:
1736:
1640:"El Gobierno del PP vendiĂł aviones y barcos militares a Colombia y Venezuela"
609:
555:
485:
304:
2359:
2107:
2092:
2082:
1958:
1585:
El Gobierno del PP vendiĂł aviones y barcos militares a Colombia y Venezuela
957:
810:
472:
449:
403:
1818:
Perez-Guerra, Jaime (1 April 1987). "Spanish AMX-30 MBT upgrade program".
440:. Although originally the Spanish government sought to procure the German
2399:
2339:
2207:
2112:
979:
924:
497:
493:
1883:
995:
tanks, replacing its fleet of M47s and M48s, as well as its AMX-30EM1s.
818:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2265:
2225:
2220:
2134:
2003:
1998:
1978:
1831:. London, United Kingdom: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 11.
1658:
Candil, Antonio J. (1 January 2006). "Spain's Armor Force Modernizes".
1008:
992:
876:
736:
528:
524:
476:
460:
456:
408:
903:. The average cost per tank, in the first batch, was 45 million
837:
2303:
2293:
2255:
2235:
2230:
2117:
2040:
2030:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1968:
1602:"Defensa firma un contrato de 200 millones de euros con Finmeccanica"
1020:
660:
559:
540:
441:
315:
20 metric horsepower to tonne (16.9 hp/STon)
200:
809:, and then transferred to Bilbao. Finally, they were shipped by the
455:
First acquired in 1970, the tank was to supplement Spain's fleet of
2010:
1951:
1918:
1509:
Defensa firma un contrato de 200 millones de euros con Finmeccanica
1025:
627:
544:
532:
512:
265:
2349:
2182:
2097:
2020:
1865:"Indonesia trata de modernizar su Ejército con armamento español"
1621:"Defensa gastar a 916 millones en destruir 480 carros de combate"
601:
393:
1673:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: Quiron Ediciones. p. 184.
376:
2434:
2379:
2374:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2273:
2142:
2015:
1934:
1794:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: Quiron Ediciones. p. 80.
1560:
Indonesia trata de modernizar su Ejército con armamento español
1547:
Defensa gastar a 916 millones en destruir 480 carros de combate
920:
910:
616:
was designed to penetrate up to 400 millimetres (16 inches) of
437:
286:
135:
62:
585:
on the basis that the Leopard's 105-millimeter (4.13 in)
349:
962 liters (211.6 imp gal; 254.1 U.S. gal)
2162:
2077:
2025:
1731:(January–February 2001). Fort Knox: US Army Armor Center: 6.
1671:
Blindados en España 2ª Parte: La Dificil Postguerra 1939–1960
656:
617:
484:
tanks), resulted in a more austere improvement of the tank's
196:
99:
86:
81:
30:
784:
523:
In 1960, Spain's tank fleet was composed mainly of American
2354:
2283:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
1914:
974:
A side and back view of the AMX-30E on display at El Goloso
802:
772:
687:
624:
563:
536:
468:
366:
290:
899:(denominated AMX-30RE) anti-air vehicles and 10 AMX-30D
1813:. Berkshire, United Kingdom: Profile Publications Ltd.
371:
65 kilometers per hour (40.39 mph)
623:. On the other hand, the Leopard was armed with the
488:
by maintaining the existing engine and replacing the
1770:
776:Spanish Army to favor the French armored vehicle.
832:An AMX-30E in the Museographic Collection of the
2516:
1789:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
307:HS-110 12-cylinder 670.7 hp (500.1 kW)
1664:. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 3.
1241:
1239:
950:armor-piercing, fin-stabilized discarding sabot
1775:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. p. 48.
1387:
1385:
680:90 mm L/48 M36 rifled (3.54 inches)
1899:
1692:(in Spanish). Aldaba Ediciones. p. 104.
1119:
1051:List of armoured fighting vehicles by country
1817:
1687:
1668:
1236:
1225:
1223:
1015:in the Museum of Armored Units of El Goloso.
1808:
1489:
1382:
1260:The "Hows" and "Whys" of Armour Penetration
1196:
1194:
887:, receiving 23 and 44 tanks, respectively.
87:Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982)
2483:
1906:
1892:
1844:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. p.
1752:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. p.
683:90 mm L/48 M41 rifled (3.54 in)
507:Although 19 AMX-30Es were deployed to the
2540:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
2488:List of modern armoured fighting vehicles
1913:
1809:Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (December 1973).
1220:
1202:Modern German Tank Development, 1956–2000
1771:Lathrop, Richard; John McDonald (2003).
1706:
1191:
1002:
969:
909:
827:
783:
1826:
1743:
693:105 L/56 F2 rifled (4.13 in)
2517:
1862:
1835:
1726:
1657:
879:tanks in the Armored Cavalry Regiment
496:, and the AMX-30EM2s were replaced by
1887:
1707:Gonzáles, Miguel (26 February 2004).
380:
1790:Manrique, JosĂ© MarĂa; Lucas Molina.
1748:Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank 1965–1995
1231:Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank 1965–1995
211:9.48 meters (31.1 feet)(hull length)
1820:Jane's International Defence Review
935:Ultimately, a mixed solution named
13:
1458:Spanish AMX-30 MBT upgrade program
1007:From left to right: an AMX-30E, a
883:and the Armored Infantry Regiment
727:500–600 km (310–370 mi)
543:tank designs. During the 1957-58
432:, Spanish for Spain) is a Spanish
14:
2561:
2535:Main battle tanks of the Cold War
985:
759:48.28 km/h (30.00 mph)
558:, the German manufacturer of the
381:
2482:
2473:
2472:
1863:YarnĂłz, Carlos (12 March 1985).
930:
92:
80:
67:
55:
29:
2550:France–Spain military relations
2525:Post–Cold War main battle tanks
1578:
1565:
1552:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1502:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1207:
163:1974–83 (manufactured in Spain)
1608:(in Spanish). 12 February 2002
1535:Spain's Armor Force Modernizes
1178:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
937:TecnologĂa Santa Bárbara-Bazán
825:Mechanized Infantry Regiment.
721:482.8 km (300.0 mi)
669:42.2 t (46.52 tons)
666:53.5 t (58.97 tons)
168:
1:
1688:de Mazarrasa, Javier (1990).
1669:de Mazarrasa, Javier (1994).
1627:(in Spanish). 27 January 1992
1056:
779:
748:680 PS (500.14 kW)
742:750 PS (551.62 kW)
518:
1840:The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks
1773:M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91
1312:The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks
1273:M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91
1088:The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks
1034:JosĂ© Luis RodrĂguez Zapatero
672:36 t (39.68 tons)
361:400 kilometers (250 mi)
7:
1646:(in Spanish). 31 March 2005
1039:
765:65 km/h (40 mph)
762:62 km/h (39 mph)
756:48 km/h (30 mph)
504:in the early 21st century.
294:general-purpose machine gun
10:
2566:
2530:Main battle tanks of Spain
1836:Zaloga, Steven J. (1999).
1593:
745:830 PS (610 kW)
724:600 km (370 mi)
604:of a tank-gun barrel, the
2468:
2302:
2264:
2206:
2133:
1925:
1744:Jerchel, Michael (1995).
1046:Tanks in the Spanish Army
998:
901:armored recovery vehicles
718:128 km (80 mi)
608:was designed so that the
452:, between 1974 and 1983.
389:
365:
353:
345:
337:
327:
319:
311:
300:
272:
254:
244:
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
191:
186:
182:AMX-30EM1 & AMX-30EM2
178:
167:
159:
149:
141:
131:
126:
118:
110:
105:
51:Place of origin
50:
40:
28:
21:
2440:Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant
1690:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1522:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1497:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1471:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1445:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1432:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1419:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1393:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1377:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1364:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1271:Lathrop & McDonald,
1134:Carro de Combate AMX-30E
1061:
788:Front view of an AMX-30E
598:high-explosive anti-tank
572:Federal Security Council
250:80 mm (3.1 in)
1484:Carro de Combate AMX-30
1404:Manrique & Molina,
1349:Manrique & Molina,
1099:Manrique & Molina,
1073:Manrique & Molina,
954:Hughes Aircraft Company
527:tanks, with some newer
282:M2 Browning machine gun
1016:
975:
915:
892:Santa Bárbara Sistemas
840:
789:
690:rifled (4.13 in)
446:Santa Bárbara Sistemas
227:2.87 meters (9.4 feet)
154:Santa Bárbara Sistemas
2503:Tanks in the Cold War
2365:M8 armored gun system
1829:International Affairs
1006:
973:
913:
831:
787:
341:.45 meters (1.5 feet)
338:Ground clearance
323:5SD-200D 5-speed
853:Astilleros Españoles
568:Bundessicherheitsrat
219:3.1 meters (10 feet)
2545:History of the tank
2499:Tank classification
2495:History of the tank
1792:La Brunete 1ÂŞ Parte
1299:Blindados en España
847:, near the town of
813:, on the transport
280:1Ă— coaxial 12.7 mm
2420:Spähpanzer SP I.C.
2345:Expeditionary Tank
2153:M41 Walker Bulldog
1811:AMX-30 Battle Tank
1338:Atlantic Relations
1325:AMX-30 Battle Tank
1286:Atlantic Relations
1247:AMX-30 Battle Tank
1215:AMX-30 Battle Tank
1186:Atlantic Relations
1173:Atlantic Relations
1160:Atlantic Relations
1147:Atlantic Relations
1017:
976:
916:
873:M41 Walker Bulldog
849:Alcalá de GuadaĂra
841:
790:
502:anti-tank vehicles
436:based on France's
346:Fuel capacity
127:Production history
2510:
2509:
2455:WZ-132 light tank
2450:WZ-111 heavy tank
2415:Spähpanzer Ru 251
1974:CM-11 Brave Tiger
1019:In the mid-1980s
961:laser rangefinder
885:Alcázar de Toledo
769:
768:
739:(595.75 kW)
417:
416:
375:
374:
2557:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2445:Vickers MBT Mk 7
2173:SK-105 KĂĽrassier
2125:Vickers MBT Mk 3
2113:Vickers MBT Mk 1
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1859:
1843:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1786:
1767:
1751:
1740:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1703:
1684:
1665:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1032:was replaced by
1030:JosĂ© MarĂa Aznar
965:angular velocity
875:light tanks and
715:Road range
633:
580:
434:main battle tank
378:
377:
368:
263:105 mm Modèle F1
170:
98:
96:
95:
85:
84:
73:
71:
70:
61:
59:
58:
45:Main battle tank
33:
24:
19:
18:
16:Main battle tank
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2464:
2430:T95 medium tank
2307:
2298:
2260:
2202:
2129:
2066:Lion of Babylon
1921:
1912:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1856:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1681:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1042:
1001:
988:
933:
782:
574:
521:
418:
413:
385:
358:
356:
284:
277:
275:
259:
257:
240:
111:In service
106:Service history
93:
91:
90:
79:
78:
75:Francoist Spain
68:
66:
65:
56:
54:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2478:Cold War tanks
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:T92 light tank
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Stridsvagn 103
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1741:
1724:
1704:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1655:
1636:
1617:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1456:PĂ©rez-Guerra,
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1381:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1206:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1118:
1114:Ifni 1957–1958
1105:
1092:
1079:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1000:
997:
987:
986:Reconstruction
984:
932:
929:
834:Spanish Legion
815:Almirante Lobo
807:Basque Country
795:Spanish Legion
781:
778:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:Maximum speed
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
733:
732:Engine output
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
549:Spanish Sahara
520:
517:
509:Spanish Sahara
415:
414:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
387:
386:
373:
372:
369:
367:Maximum speed
363:
362:
359:
354:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
302:
298:
297:
278:
273:
270:
269:
268:(4.13 in)
260:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
193:
189:
188:
187:Specifications
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:experimentals
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Super Sherman
2244:
2242:
2241:Stridsvagn 74
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:M551 Sheridan
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Type 80/85/88
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1855:1-85532-825-9
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1801:84-96016-28-5
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:1-84176-551-1
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1763:1-85532-520-9
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1699:84-86629-29-2
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1680:84-87314-10-4
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1340:, pp. 203–204
1339:
1333:
1326:
1323:Ogorkiewicz,
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1245:Ogorkiewicz,
1242:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1213:Ogorkiewicz,
1210:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
996:
994:
983:
981:
972:
968:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
945:
942:
938:
931:Modernization
928:
926:
922:
912:
908:
906:
902:
898:
897:Roland España
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:Duro Felguera
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
786:
777:
774:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
610:shaped charge
607:
603:
599:
596:
590:
588:
584:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Krauss-Maffei
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
478:
474:
470:
467:
466:mass-produced
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
384:
383:Spanish tanks
379:
370:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Hispano-Suiza
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
283:
279:
271:
267:
264:
261:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
88:
83:
76:
64:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2512:
2493:Background:
2492:
2360:Lorraine 40t
2335:EE-T1 OsĂłrio
1959:Challenger 1
1939:
1873:. Retrieved
1871:(in Spanish)
1868:
1839:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1791:
1772:
1747:
1728:
1717:. Retrieved
1715:(in Spanish)
1712:
1689:
1670:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1629:. Retrieved
1624:
1610:. Retrieved
1605:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1018:
989:
977:
946:
936:
934:
917:
896:
889:
884:
881:Villaviciosa
880:
868:
860:
856:
852:
845:Las Canteras
844:
842:
822:
814:
811:Spanish Navy
798:
791:
770:
686:105 mm
659:(51.19
613:
605:
594:
591:
583:Labour Party
567:
553:
522:
506:
490:transmission
482:
454:
450:Spanish Army
429:
425:
421:
419:
398:
320:Transmission
312:Power/weight
296:roof-mounted
199:(39.68
150:Manufacturer
119:Used by
2400:Object 490A
2370:MB-3 Tamoyo
1927:Main battle
1524:, pp. 83–85
1520:Mazarrasa,
1495:Mazarrasa,
1486:, pp. 81–83
1482:Mazarrasa,
1469:Mazarrasa,
1443:Mazarrasa,
1434:, pp. 78–80
1430:Mazarrasa,
1421:, pp. 60–61
1417:Mazarrasa,
1391:Mazarrasa,
1379:, pp. 59–60
1375:Mazarrasa,
1366:, pp. 58–59
1362:Mazarrasa,
1297:Mazarrasa,
1132:Mazarrasa,
1077:, pp. 31–69
1013:Leopard 2A4
925:machine gun
865:E. N. Bazán
698:Ammunition
641:M48 Patton
638:M47 Patton
587:L7 tank gun
575: [
494:Leopard 2A4
486:power plant
428:stands for
355:Operational
332:Torsion bar
289:7.62Ă—51 mm
171: built
2519:Categories
2410:Object 785
2405:Object 770
2395:Object 292
2390:Object 279
2385:Object 187
2304:Prototypes
2226:M47 Patton
2221:M46 Patton
2216:Charioteer
2093:Type 69/79
1999:M48 Patton
1875:2008-08-12
1719:2008-08-12
1650:2008-08-12
1631:2008-08-12
1612:2008-08-12
1571:González,
1406:La Brunete
1351:La Brunete
1101:La Brunete
1075:La Brunete
1057:References
1009:M60 Patton
993:M60 Patton
877:M48 Patton
857:Boetticher
855:(turret),
780:Production
710:50 rounds
707:55 rounds
704:62 rounds
701:71 rounds
661:short tons
529:M48 Patton
525:M47 Patton
519:Background
477:Leopard 2E
461:M48 Patton
409:Leopard 2E
328:Suspension
201:short tons
2279:Conqueror
2236:Panzer 61
2231:Panzer 58
2118:Vijayanta
2031:Panzer 68
1994:M1 Abrams
1989:Leopard 2
1984:Leopard 1
1969:Chonma-ho
1964:Chieftain
1947:Centurion
1822:. Jane's.
1737:0004-2420
1587:, El PaĂs
1575:, El PaĂs
1562:, El PaĂs
1549:, El PaĂs
1511:, El PaĂs
1336:Rudnick,
1284:Rudnick,
1258:Ferrari,
1229:Jerchel,
1184:Rudnick,
1171:Rudnick,
1158:Rudnick,
1145:Rudnick,
1026:Colombian
1021:Indonesia
805:, in the
735:810
560:Leopard 1
541:Panzer IV
513:Colombian
442:Leopard 1
274:Secondary
114:1970–2002
2330:Char 25T
2178:Stingray
2011:M60 tank
1919:Cold War
1558:YarnĂłz,
1533:Candil,
1460:, p. 500
1310:Zaloga,
1288:, p. 204
1200:Hilmes,
1188:, p. 199
1175:, p. 203
1162:, p. 201
1149:, p. 200
1086:Zaloga,
1040:See also
980:Centauro
819:El AaiĂşn
644:Leopard
628:tank gun
545:Ifni War
533:Panzer I
500:wheeled
498:Centauro
448:for the
276:armament
266:tank gun
258:armament
195:36
179:Variants
160:Produced
142:Designed
132:Designer
23:AMX-30E
2350:HSTV(L)
2193:Type 64
2188:Type 63
2183:Type 62
2148:HSTV(L)
2108:Type 90
2098:Type 74
2088:Type 61
2083:Type 59
2021:Merkava
1940:AMX-30E
1917:of the
1869:El PaĂs
1713:El PaĂs
1644:El PaĂs
1625:El PaĂs
1606:El PaĂs
1594:Sources
1537:, p. 41
1499:, p. 85
1473:, p. 82
1447:, p. 80
1408:, p. 73
1395:, p. 60
1353:, p. 69
1327:, p. 20
1314:, p. 29
1301:, p. 88
1262:, p. 87
1233:, p. 28
1204:, p. 17
1136:, p. 57
1116:, p. 70
1112:Vidal,
1103:, p. 34
1090:, p. 36
905:pesetas
869:Uad Ras
838:AlmerĂa
823:Uad-Ras
652:Weight
647:AMX-30
602:rifling
422:AMX-30E
399:AMX-30E
394:Verdeja
2460:WZ-122
2435:TR-125
2380:MBT-80
2375:MBT-70
2325:AMX-50
2320:AMX-40
2315:AMX-32
2274:ARL 44
2208:Medium
2143:AMX-13
2016:Magach
1935:AMX-30
1852:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1735:
1696:
1677:
1275:, p. 5
1249:, p. 8
1217:, p. 5
1011:and a
999:Export
958:Nd:YAG
921:HS-110
799:Bakali
655:46.44
614:Obus G
606:Obus G
595:Obus G
438:AMX-30
430:España
301:Engine
287:MG1S3A
224:Height
208:Length
197:tonnes
97:
72:
63:France
60:
2266:Heavy
2168:PT-85
2163:PT-76
2135:Light
2078:TR-85
2026:OF-40
2004:CM-12
1979:K1 88
1952:Sho't
1915:Tanks
1729:Armor
1661:Armor
1062:Notes
817:, to
621:armor
618:steel
579:]
473:Lince
404:Lince
357:range
246:Armor
216:Width
122:Spain
100:Spain
2355:IS-7
2340:Emil
2294:T-10
2289:M103
2284:IS-4
2256:T-54
2073:T-80
2061:M-84
2056:T-72
2051:T-64
2046:T-62
2041:T-55
1850:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1733:ISSN
1694:ISBN
1675:ISBN
863:and
803:IrĂşn
773:GIAT
688:L7A3
677:Gun
625:L7A3
564:NATO
539:and
537:T-26
469:tank
459:and
420:The
291:NATO
256:Main
232:Crew
192:Mass
145:1974
136:GIAT
41:Type
2251:TAM
2198:X1A
941:MTU
836:in
797:'s
457:M47
285:1Ă—
174:299
169:No.
2521::
2501:,
2497:,
1867:.
1848:.
1846:48
1756:.
1754:48
1711:.
1642:.
1623:.
1604:.
1384:^
1238:^
1222:^
1193:^
1121:^
859:,
737:PS
663:)
577:de
551:.
535:,
2306:,
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1878:.
1858:.
1804:.
1785:.
1766:.
1739:.
1722:.
1702:.
1683:.
1653:.
1634:.
1615:.
657:t
570:(
426:E
424:(
235:4
203:)
89:/
77:/
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