511:
traveled for some 500 kilometres (310 miles) without any maintenance problems, the only issue being the large consumption of water by the gasoline engine, due to the lack of an efficient radiator, and the loss of a rubber liner of one of the roadwheels. It was found that the maximum velocity of the
Verdeja was either on par with similar vehicles in foreign service or superior, while the Verdeja proved itself capable of going over trenches almost 2 m wide and climbing slopes of 40°. In terms of armament, it was proved that the vehicle could withstand the recoil of the 45 millimetre high-velocity tank gun. One of the vehicle's disadvantages was that the tank commander's aiming device was designed for a 37 millimetre anti-tank cannon, adapted into the Verdeja due to the lack of time to manufacture one for the 45 millimetre Mark I. Testing concluded with the Verdeja receiving a total of 243 points, compared to the 205 points awarded to the T-26B. Testing completed, the prototype was returned and several problems were fixed, including engine deficiencies, the elevation of the sprocket and an increase to 10 millimetre of armor on all areas that had less. These changes made, the Verdeja returned to testing, this time scoring 261.98 points.
592:
558:
rear as well. The movement of the engine's location allowed for better cooling of the vehicle's motor and the fighting compartment, as well as allowing the turret to be moved forward. The vehicle's armor was also increased substantially by between five and ten millimetres. This new tank was not approved for production or further development due to continued postponement of the production of the
Verdeja 1 for reasons which included offers by the German government to supply the Panzer IV's engine for the Verdeja 1. Although production of the new vehicle finally began in 1942, it was not until August 1944 that the Verdeja 2 prototype was delivered. The program was delayed by the incorporation of twenty
507:. A major external difference between the previous model and this prototype was the new, low-profile turret which allowed the 45 millimetre gun to depress and elevate from 8° to 70°. The original 45 millimetre model 1932 gun was exchanged with a new 45 millimetre Mark I tank gun fabricated by S.A. Placencia de las Armas, in Spain. However, the new prototype adopted the suspension and tracks from the original prototype. In essence, the main advantages of the new prototype were its low-profile, high elevation of the main gun and the increased sloping of the armor from 12° to 45°. The Verdeja 1 retained the original configuration by placing the engine in the front, to increase crew survivability.
486:
revolutions for the engine, offering less torque which made slopes greater than 40° difficult. Possibly the most unusual features of the
Verdeja were the suspension and tracks. To prevent the tank's tracks slipping off the roadwheels, two track pieces were fitted together to create a central groove for the roadwheel to travel in. With a weight of under 5 tonnes (5.5 short tons) the Verdeja had a maximum speed of 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) and a combat radius of 120 kilometres (75 mi). Following the prototype's success in testing between 10 January and 20 January 1939, Captain Verdeja was ordered to begin construction of the definitive model of the light tank.
784:. This required reconstruction of the turret's casemate, in a fashion similar to the Verdeja 75-millimeter self-propelled howitzer. Although one vehicle began conversion, the program was never finalized. There were similar programs to fit an 88-millimeter L/56 and a 122-millimeter L/46 howitzer thereafter, but these did not advance beyond the planning stage, either. One of the most successful programs was the attempt to produce a 75-millimeter self-propelled howitzer based on the chassis of the Verdeja 1 prototype. Beginning in 1945, now-Major Verdeja was ordered to begin designing this piece using a rapid-firing 75-millimeter L/40 howitzer designed by
376:. The Trubia tank program, based on the FT, led to the development of four prototypes, but ultimately the program failed due to lack of interest from the national government. These prototypes influenced a subsequent indigenous attempt to produce a tank, named the Trubia-Naval. This design also failed to get past the prototype stage. Due to the failure of Spanish efforts to produce a tank, and the ineffective attempts to procure foreign designs such as the Italian
445:("Tank Battalion"), began to privately develop a new light tank. His position, with direct access to Panzer Is and T-26s, gave Verdeja direct evidence of the shortcomings of current tank models in terms of combat ability and maintenance issues. Verdeja established a future tank requiring the 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) gun fitted in the T-26; two coaxial light machine guns; a low profile, all-around armor greater than 15 millimetres (0.59 inches), with a turret
806:
515:
540:. In order to begin production, the Tank Workshop in Zaragoza was to be expanded to allow final assembly of at least five tanks per month. Despite funding and two years of construction allotted, the factory construction and expansion was never completed. Other problems arose, including the failure to reach an agreement with Ford or Maybach. These factors, the poor economic situation in Spain, the lack of clients other than the
462:
42:
818:. As mounted, the howitzer could fire between 0.5° and 25°, and move 4.5° either left or right. The crew could stow eight rounds of ammunition in a ready-round stowage area near the walls of the gun shield on each side of the breech, allowing easy access to projectiles. Otherwise, the vehicle could store another 24 rounds in an auxiliary carriage. The carriage was based on the axles and wheels of a
790:. The availability of the required parts and the lack of complicated changes meant that the vehicle was quickly prepared and tested extensively. The fate of the self-propelled piece was much the same as that of the Verdeja 2, and the vehicle was left untouched at the proving grounds in Carabanchel until 1973, when it was moved to the Spanish base
415:. The Nationalists quickly found out the light machine guns on their tanks could not penetrate the T-26's armor at over 150 metres (160 yd), and Republican tankers could routinely knock out Panzer Is and L-3-35s at ranges of up to 1,000 metres (1,100 yd). In order to re-equip Nationalist armored forces with the T-26, German Major
473:
drive, beside the driver. The rear half of the vehicle was taken up mostly by the turret basket and forty-six 45 millimetre rounds, as well as two 60 liter (13 Imp gal) fuel tanks. Turret space was used by the tank commander-gunner and the loader, as well as the 45 millimetre model 1932 anti-tank gun and two
499:, the only city in Spain with a heavy vehicle assembly line. Due to the end of the Spanish Civil War and a shortage of funds, construction was postponed until May 1940. The prototype was completed three months later and delivered to the proving grounds in Carabanchel, Madrid, powered with basically the same
557:
As the
Verdeja 1 program dissolved, Captain Verdeja began to design a successor taking into consideration lessons learned during the opening campaigns of the Second World War. The new design featured a redesigned engine bay at the rear of the chassis, which meant moving the drive sprocket to the
813:
Major changes to the original
Verdeja 1 included removing the turret and replacing it with a gun shield with 10 millimetre thick steel armor. This meant that much of the chassis' roof and rear wall was eliminated. The howitzer was designed as a monoblock steel tube, using a double-baffle muzzle
494:
The appearance of the resulting
Verdeja 1 prototype was close to that originally envisioned in Captain Verdeja's first designs. The vehicle's hull was elongated and the rear plate sloped, while the fuel capacity—and thus combat range—was increased, as was the ammunition capacity and the thickness of
510:
On arrival at
Carabanchel, the vehicle was tested against the T-26 in mobility over different terrain types and in firepower. The vehicles were graded based upon a five-point scale for each test, which would be multiplied by a coefficient of importance for each test. During the testing the Verdeja
477:
machine guns. The main gun was originally commissioned as the Soviet 45 millimetre 19K anti-tank gun in March 1932, and featured heavier ammunition and a faster rate of fire than older anti-tank guns. Starting in 1934, a newer model began to be fitted into newly assembled T-26s. Apart from the
472:
The prototype was manufactured from spare parts and equipment scavenged from other light tanks, and featured a rectangular turret with 16 millimetres (0.63 inches) basic armor. The chassis was divided into four quarters, with the forward right half occupied by the engine, gear box, clutch and final
325:
armed with a 75 millimeters (3.0 inches) gun. It was designed as an advanced light tank and was one of the first development programs which took into account survivability of the crew as opposed to the protection of the tank itself. The tank was influenced by several of the light tanks which it was
485:
engine taken from a civilian automobile, displacing 3,622 cc (221 in) and producing 85 hp (63 kW) at 2,000 rpm. The engine was paired with a brand-new radiator and exhaust system. The
Verdeja prototype used the Panzer I's Aphon PG-31 gearbox, although this worked at excessive
449:
plate of at least 30 millimetres (1.2 inches); road speed of 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph), combat range of 200 kilometres (120 mi), and a capable suspension and new track system. This latter requirement was based on experiences with existing light tanks, which frequently lost their
535:
engine, requiring a contract between the
Spanish government and Ford Motor Ibérica, Ford's Spanish subsidiary. Simultaneously, in case of failure of talks between Ford and Spain, the government also began to contact a number of German companies, including
454:. Although the project was approved, the program had to use scrap to build the first prototype due to a lack of resources and money. Despite early obstacles, including criticism from von Thoma, the program continued and Verdeja was awarded a warehouse in
1016:
GarcĂa 2004, pp. 6–7. On 24 August 1925, the
Spanish government successfully petitioned to procure six more FTs, to replace those operating in Morocco since 1922; GarcĂa 2004, pp. 19–21. At the start of the war there were 15 FTs, but only 10 in working
873:. Although the Verdeja was Spain's most successful indigenous design, it was outclassed as foreign countries produced superior products. Furthermore, the need for self-propelled artillery was soon eliminated as the United States offered Spain
853:
and the US M47. The T-54 had 200 millimetre of steel armor on the turret mantlet, far greater than the Verdeja 2's maximum armor thickness of 40 millimetres. The Soviet 45 millimetre model 1932 gun was replaced by the
438:, there was no widespread program to retrofit the gun into the Panzer I. Instead, the Nationalists began to press captured T-26s into service against their previous owners, with the first Nationalist T-26 unit formed in June 1937.
845:. From 1954, the Spanish Army received 389 M47 Patton Tanks, replacing the T-26s, Panzer Is and Panzer IVs then in service. The Verdeja had become completely obsolete when compared to larger, more potent tanks such as the German
549:) company, to manufacture two Verdeja light tanks for experimental purposes. Despite the failure to procure an engine, ADESA offered to construct 300 units, but these attempts failed and the program was abandoned by 1941.
544:
and the lack of incentives for Spanish companies to partake in the construction program, led to the abandonment of the attempt to fabricate the Verdeja 1. Another attempt was undertaken at contracting the ADESA
526:
Plans to produce one thousand Verdeja tanks were approved on 2 December 1940, divided into ten batches of one hundred tanks each. The Verdeja production prototype was to adopt the 120 horsepower (89 kW)
574:
during 1944. With these new vehicles integrated into the army and the fiscal problems which plagued the Verdeja 1, the Verdeja 2 remained unimproved until 1950, when there was an attempt to fit a
333:
Three light tank prototypes were manufactured between 1938 and 1942, including the Verdeja 1 and the Verdeja 2. Interest in the vehicle's development waned after the end of the
877:
and M44 self-propelled howitzers. As a result, interest in the Verdeja dried up after 1954. Spain would not attempt another indigenous tank until the advent of the
380:, by the start of the Spanish Civil War there were only ten working FT light tanks available in the country, plus the four Trubia A4s, involved at the time in the
776:
based on an existing chassis. For example, during the early 1950s, Spanish engineers attempted to retrofit a R-43 105 millimeters (4.1 inches)
895:
450:
tracks in combat. These requirements and solutions were presented in October 1938 to Colonel DĂaz de la Lastra, commanding officer of the
1730:
1372:
579:
Z-202 engine. Despite this, the Verdeja remained on factory grounds until 1973, when it was transferred to the Infantry Academy of
352:. A prototype of the 75 millimetre self-propelled howitzer and of the Verdeja 2 were put on display in the early 1990s.
330:. The Verdeja was considered a superior tank to the T-26 after a lengthy testing period, yet was never put into mass production.
403:
with light tanks. Between 1936 and 1939, the Germans provided the Nationalists with 122 Panzer Is and the Italians provided 155
1627:
1409:
1725:
833:
to the rear of the chassis, guaranteeing the vehicle's stability when firing and avoiding damage to the transmission.
478:
gun, the tank commander's model 1932 panoramic periscope was also scavenged from a T-26. The vehicle was powered by a
1735:
1715:
1693:
1674:
1646:
1608:
1588:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1475:
1456:
1428:
591:
149:
364:, for testing purposes, and later received ten more tanks on 18 December 1921. The use of these tanks during the
566:
into the Spanish Army in late 1943, as well as failed attempts to procure one hundred more Panzer IVs and even
1542:
GarcĂa, DionisĂo (September 2000). "Alhucemas, el desembarco: Una mirada retrospectiva en el 75 aniversario".
1720:
349:
772:
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s there were a number of programs in Spain to develop a self-propelled
841:
Ultimately the Verdeja program's end came with the arrival of military equipment from the United States,
599:
at the Museum of Armored Media located at the El Goloso military base (Madrid). In the background two
890:
532:
254:
1438:
Candil, Antonio J. (March 1, 1999). "Aid Mission to the Republicans Tested Doctrine and Equipment".
822:
326:
intended to replace, including the Panzer I and T-26, both of which were originally used during the
318:
20:
338:
337:. Despite attempts to fit a new engine in the Verdeja 2 and convert the Verdeja 1 into a
777:
441:
On 6 September 1937, Captain FĂ©lix Verdeja, commanding the maintenance company of the Nationalist
500:
322:
184:
482:
1376:
392:
798: nÂş 55. It was soon moved to another base, and finally delivered to the base of
781:
563:
8:
559:
426:
for each tank captured. There were also attempts to up-gun the Panzer I with an Italian
479:
1689:
1670:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1584:
1560:
GarcĂa, DionisĂo (July 2004). "Renault FT 17 en España (1): La Guerra de Marruecos".
1528:
1509:
1490:
1471:
1452:
1424:
1405:
1201:
For information on the production of the Verdeja 1, see: de Mazarrasa, pp. 57–64
596:
504:
400:
369:
327:
156:
1569:
GarcĂa, DionisĂo (September 2004). "Renault FT 17 en España (2): La Guerra Civil".
416:
334:
874:
434:
and low recoil. Despite four successfully converted vehicles, designated Panzer I
431:
381:
341:
piece, ultimately the program was unofficially canceled in favor of adopting the
24:
842:
528:
420:
365:
132:
372:, offered valuable experience for Spain's first indigenous armor program, the
1709:
1551:
GarcĂa, DionisĂo (March 2008). "Trubia: El Primer Carro de Combate Español".
866:
862:
858:
819:
580:
342:
878:
865:
on the Panther. By 1950, Soviet tanks such as the T-54 were armed with the
846:
809:
The Verdeja 75 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer, with the gun system visible
567:
541:
388:
315:
308:
275:
87:
1395:(in Spanish) (281). Barcelona, Spain: MC Ediciones: 28–34. November 2005.
830:
299:
developed in Spain between 1938 and 1954 in an attempt to replace German
174:
805:
603:, each with a color scheme (Republican/Nationalist) and on the right a
361:
345:
296:
280:
190:
59:
870:
646:
377:
373:
514:
785:
773:
604:
519:
455:
321:
and led to the development of four prototype vehicles, including a
300:
194:
1656:
Núñez, JesĂşs (April 2008). "Museo de la Academia de InfanterĂa".
815:
571:
537:
461:
446:
430:
20 millimetre Model 1935 anti-aircraft gun, due to its high
396:
270:
1489:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: QuirĂłn Ediciones. p. 160.
1487:
Los Carros de Combate en la Guerra de España 1936–1939 (Vol. 1º)
1451:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: QuirĂłn Ediciones. p. 184.
503:
also used as the motive power of the three-tonne weight British
248:
41:
1583:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: QuirĂłn Ediciones. p. 80.
576:
496:
802:, outside of Madrid, as a part of an armored vehicles museum.
1449:
Blindados en España 2ª Parte: La Dificil Postguerra 1939–1960
826:
814:
brake, with twelve twists completing a full turn every forty
642:
474:
427:
404:
171:
83:
1603:(in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. p. 613.
1598:
1375:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Defensa (Spain). Archived from
855:
850:
600:
466:
412:
408:
304:
238:
1660:(in Spanish) (310). Barcelona, Spain: MC Ediciones: 80–86.
1641:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: AF Editores. p. 64.
1470:(in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: L. Carbonell. p. 83.
1423:(in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: AF Editores. p. 96.
610:
1402:
Light Tanks: T-27, T-38, BT, T-26, T-40, T-50, T-60, T-70
213:
72 45 mm shells & 2,500 7.92 mm projectiles
46:
Verdeja 75 mm self-propelled howitzer, based on the
825:. A unique feature of this prototype was a mechanical
1418:
407:. Meanwhile, the Soviets issued Republican Spain 281
1578:
613:
The Verdeja series compared to the T-26 and Panzer I
458:
to continue with the construction of the prototype.
370:
the first amphibious landing with tanks in Alhucemas
360:
Spain received its first tank in mid-1919, a French
1599:Manrique, JosĂ© MarĂa; Lucas Molina Franco (2006).
465:The Verdeja was heavily influenced by the Soviet
1707:
1622:(in Spanish). Spain: Galland Books. p. 48.
1442:. Fort Knox, Kentucky: Army Armor Center: 49–54.
1419:Caballero, Carlos; Lucas Molina (October 2006).
794:, housing the then Mechanized Infantry Regiment
16:Series of Spanish light tanks from 1938 to 1954
1503:
522:heavily influenced the Verdeja's turret design
1620:Blindados Soviéticos en el Ejército de Franco
896:List of armoured fighting vehicles by country
387:The shortage of armoured forces prompted the
1506:Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J 1942–45
1484:
1465:
1446:
1399:
1579:Manrique, JosĂ© MarĂa; Lucas Molina (2002).
98:4.498 metres (14 feet 9.1 inches)
767:
114:1.572 metres (5 feet 1.9 inches)
106:2.152 metres (7 feet 0.7 inches)
1686:T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004
1555:(in Spanish) (52). Madrid: Almena: 54–64.
681:7.92 mm machine gun (0.312 in)
495:the armor. The vehicle was fabricated in
1573:(in Spanish) (31). Madrid: Almena: 2–15.
1564:(in Spanish) (30). Madrid: Almena: 2–24.
1546:(in Spanish) (7). Madrid: Almena: 49–54.
804:
590:
513:
460:
1044:Manrique & Molina 2006, pp. 320–321
787:Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval
1708:
1683:
1664:
1636:
1617:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1522:
1437:
19:For the Spanish military officer, see
1655:
1601:Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española
1373:"ExposicĂon de Materiales Acorazadas"
669:45 mm cannon (1.77 inches)
252:
881:main battle tank in the late 1980s.
1577:
1527:(in Spanish). Madrid: AF Editores.
675:75 mm howitzer (2.95 in)
586:
13:
1731:Light tanks of the interwar period
1485:de Mazarrasa, Javier (June 1998).
1421:Panzer IV: El puño de la Wehrmacht
1035:Manrique & Molina 2006, p. 314
1026:Manrique & Molina 2006, p. 311
935:
867:D-10T 100 millimetre tank gun
752:10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in)
595:Some of the tanks used during the
23:. For the Spanish wine grape, see
14:
1747:
1504:Doyle, Hilary; Tom Jentz (2001).
1447:de Mazarrasa, Javier (May 1994).
1404:. London: Ian Allan. p. 96.
1293:ExposiciĂłn de Unidades Acorazadas
1237:Caballero & Molina, pp. 75–82
869:, and American tanks adopted the
761:7–13 mm (0.28–0.51 in)
758:7–16 mm (0.28–0.63 in)
755:7–25 mm (0.28–0.98 in)
749:7–25 mm (0.28–0.98 in)
253:
1639:Panzer I: El incidio de una saga
863:75 millimetre L/70 tank gun
861:, while the Germans adopted the
419:offered Spanish troops 500
137:7–25 mm (0.28–0.98 in)
40:
1618:Molina, Lucas (December 2007).
1525:Panzer I: El inicio de una saga
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1001:
992:
738:31.1 km/h (19.3 mph)
452:AgrupaciĂłn de Carros de Combate
1688:. London: Osprey. p. 48.
1669:. London: Osprey. p. 48.
1508:. London: Osprey. p. 48.
1400:Baryatinskiy, Mikhail (2006).
1282:de Mazarrasa 1994, pp. 131–132
1007:de Mazararrasa 1998, pp. 74–76
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
926:
917:
908:
836:
355:
1:
1523:Franco, Lucas Molina (2005).
1466:de Mazarrasa, Javier (1988).
1391:"Verdeja vs. Vickers T-26B".
1364:
652:10.9 t (12.0 tons)
443:BatallĂłn de Carros de Combate
350:Mutual Defense Assistance Act
1667:The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks
1357:Manrique & Molina, p. 36
1143:de Mazarrasa 1994, pp. 33–36
932:Manrique & Molina, p. 31
658:9.4 t (10.4 tons)
607:. On the far left a Verdeja.
552:
489:
295:was the name of a series of
7:
1726:Light tanks of the Cold War
998:Manrique & Molina, p. 9
884:
871:90 millimetre main gun
741:50 km/h (31 mph)
735:44 km/h (27 mph)
732:46 km/h (29 mph)
729:44 km/h (27 mph)
661:5.4 t (6.0 tons)
655:6.5 t (7.2 tons)
547:Armamento de AviaciĂłn, S.A.
10:
1752:
1637:Molina, Lucas (May 2005).
721:200 km (120 mi)
718:175 km (109 mi)
715:220 km (140 mi)
712:220 km (140 mi)
709:220 km (140 mi)
314:The program was headed by
243:44 km/h (27 mph)
18:
1098:de Mazararrasa, pp. 14–16
1089:de Mazararrasa, pp. 11–14
914:de Mazararrasa, pp. 11–12
891:Tanks in the Spanish Army
348:tank in 1954 through the
261:
237:
233:220 km (140 mi)
225:
217:
209:
201:
180:
162:
141:
131:
126:
118:
110:
102:
94:
78:
73:
66:Place of origin
65:
55:
39:
32:
1736:Tanks introduced in 1938
1716:World War II light tanks
1468:Carro de Combate Verdeja
1371:
1303:de Mazarrasa 1994, p. 59
1246:de Mazarrasa 1994, p. 40
1228:Doyle & Jentz, p. 41
1210:de Mazarrasa 1994, p. 39
901:
859:76.2 millimetre gun
399:and Italy to supply the
339:self-propelled artillery
1684:Zaloga, Steven (2004).
1665:Zaloga, Steven (1999).
1321:de Mazarrasa, pp. 79–82
1312:de Mazarrasa, pp. 78–79
1291:Ministerio de Defensa,
1255:de Mazarrasa, pp. 69–70
1192:de Mazarrasa, pp. 45–48
1183:de Mazarrasa, pp. 43–46
1152:de Mazarrasa, pp. 49–54
1125:de Mazarrasa, pp. 20–25
941:Ministerio de Defensa,
768:Self-propelled howitzer
501:Ford flathead V8 engine
323:self-propelled howitzer
170:2x Dreyse 7.92 mm
150:45 mm L/44 Mark I
1330:Zaloga 1999, pp. 36–37
1071:Molina 2005, pp. 47–50
980:GarcĂa 2008, pp. 54–56
971:GarcĂa 2000, pp. 49–54
810:
608:
523:
469:
319:FĂ©lix Verdeja Bardales
21:FĂ©lix Verdeja Bardales
1107:de Mazararrasa, p. 20
808:
594:
517:
464:
210:Payload capacity
1721:Light tanks of Spain
1581:La Brunete: 1ÂŞ Parte
1134:de Mazarrasa, p. 44.
962:GarcĂa 2004, pp. 5–9
1348:de Mazarrasa, p. 10
1264:Baryatinskiy, p. 96
1219:de Mazarrasa, p. 67
1116:Baryatinskiy, p. 28
627:Verdeja 75 mm
615:
560:Panzer IV Ausf. H's
205:13.08 hp/tonne
1080:Molina 2007, p. 16
989:GarcĂa 2008, p. 64
811:
678:45 mm cannon
672:45 mm cannon
611:
609:
564:SturmgeschĂĽtz IIIs
524:
470:
1629:978-84-612-1221-7
1411:978-0-7110-3163-0
843:beginning in 1953
765:
764:
633:Panzer I Ausf. B
597:Spanish Civil War
505:Universal Carrier
401:Nationalist Front
328:Spanish Civil War
289:
288:
247:
246:
50:prototype chassis
1743:
1699:
1680:
1661:
1652:
1633:
1614:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
945:
939:
933:
930:
924:
921:
915:
912:
780:howitzer into a
706:Road range
616:
587:Comparative data
417:Ritter von Thoma
335:Second World War
250:
249:
240:
44:
35:
30:
29:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1677:
1649:
1630:
1611:
1591:
1535:
1516:
1497:
1478:
1459:
1431:
1412:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
984:
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
948:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
887:
839:
829:built into the
770:
589:
555:
492:
432:Muzzle velocity
382:siege of Oviedo
358:
309:Spanish service
290:
285:
257:
230:
228:
188:
167:
165:
146:
144:
127:
51:
33:
28:
25:Verdeja (grape)
17:
12:
11:
5:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1596:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1482:
1476:
1463:
1457:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1388:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1284:
1275:
1273:Franco, p. 613
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1062:Perrett, p. 35
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
934:
925:
916:
906:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
893:
886:
883:
838:
835:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:Maximum speed
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
588:
585:
554:
551:
529:Lincoln-Zephyr
491:
488:
391:to supply the
357:
354:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
245:
244:
241:
239:Maximum speed
235:
234:
231:
226:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
182:
178:
177:
168:
163:
160:
159:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
80:
76:
75:
74:Specifications
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
48:Verdeja 1
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1695:1-84176-792-1
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:1-85532-825-9
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1648:84-96016-51-X
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1610:84-9734-475-8
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:84-96016-27-7
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1534:84-96016-52-8
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:1-84176-183-4
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1496:84-87314-37-6
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1477:84-86749-02-6
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1458:84-87314-10-4
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1430:84-96016-81-1
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1379:on 2008-04-11
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1053:Candil, p. 36
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
944:
938:
929:
920:
911:
907:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
852:
849:, the Soviet
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
823:anti-tank gun
821:
817:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
701:2,250 rounds
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
618:
617:
614:
606:
602:
598:
593:
584:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
550:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
521:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
487:
484:
481:
476:
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Popular Front
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
324:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:Spanish tanks
251:
242:
236:
232:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
161:
158:
154:
153:
148:
140:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:(14,300
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
26:
22:
1703:
1685:
1666:
1657:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1524:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1448:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1174:Armas, p. 33
1170:
1163:de Mazarrasa
1162:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
953:Núñez, p. 85
949:
942:
937:
928:
923:Armas, p. 28
919:
910:
840:
812:
799:
795:
792:Alfonso XIII
791:
786:
771:
612:
556:
546:
542:Spanish Army
525:
509:
493:
471:
451:
442:
440:
435:
421:
397:Nazi Germany
389:Soviet Union
386:
368:, including
359:
332:
313:
292:
291:
265:
202:Power/weight
187:V-8 model 48
175:machine guns
157:ordóñez guns
151:
47:
1339:Zaloga 2004
1165:, pp. 11–12
837:Conclusions
831:idler-wheel
698:122 rounds
692:146 rounds
686:Ammunition
356:Development
303:and Soviet
297:light tanks
227:Operational
221:leaf spring
152:modelo 1939
1710:Categories
1383:2008-05-27
1365:References
1017:condition.
943:Materiales
695:32 rounds
689:72 rounds
647:short tons
645:(7.1
624:Verdeja 2
621:Verdeja 1
362:Renault FT
346:M47 Patton
281:Leopard 2E
218:Suspension
193:(114
60:Light tank
34:Verdeja 1
1161:Jedsite,
800:El Goloso
553:Verdeja 2
531:gasoline
490:Verdeja 1
378:Fiat 3000
374:Trubia A4
307:tanks in
164:Secondary
82:6.5
885:See also
816:calibers
796:Wad Rass
782:StuG III
774:howitzer
605:Panzer I
568:Panthers
562:and ten
520:Panzer I
483:Model 48
456:Zaragoza
301:Panzer I
189:85
166:armament
145:armament
847:Panther
638:Weight
538:Maybach
447:mantlet
411:and 50
405:L-3-35s
366:Rif War
293:Verdeja
271:AMX-30E
266:Verdeja
1692:
1673:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1587:
1531:
1512:
1493:
1474:
1455:
1427:
1408:
856:T-34's
820:PaK 36
746:Armor
630:T-26B
581:Toledo
577:Pegaso
572:Tigers
497:Bilbao
422:peseta
181:Engine
111:Height
95:Length
84:tonnes
1658:Armas
1571:Serga
1562:Serga
1553:Serga
1544:Serga
1440:Armor
1393:Armas
902:Notes
879:Lince
827:brake
601:T-26s
475:MG-13
436:Breda
428:Breda
413:BT-5s
409:T-26s
316:major
276:Lince
229:range
172:MG-13
133:Armor
103:Width
69:Spain
1690:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1406:ISBN
851:T-54
778:L/26
666:Gun
641:6.5
570:and
518:The
480:Ford
467:T-26
395:and
343:U.S.
305:T-26
185:Ford
143:Main
119:Crew
79:Mass
56:Type
875:M37
533:V12
155:or
1712::
649:)
583:.
384:.
311:.
195:kW
191:hp
88:lb
1698:.
1679:.
1651:.
1632:.
1613:.
1593:.
1537:.
1518:.
1499:.
1480:.
1461:.
1433:.
1414:.
1386:.
643:t
545:(
424:s
197:)
122:3
90:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
