564:
681:
additional memorandum of understanding was prepared in 1997, establishing
Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine as successor states to the Soviet Union, for the purposes of the treaty. The US considered only extending the obligations to these countries, and not all, as only these ones had significant ABM assets. As the ABM treaty allowed for only a single ABM deployment, the State Department deemed that only a single ABM system would be collectively permitted among Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus.
227:
473:
215:
266:
251:
460:) systems allowed a single ICBM to deliver as many as ten separate warheads at a time. An ABM defense system could be overwhelmed with the sheer number of warheads. Upgrading it to counter the additional warheads would be economically unfeasible: The defenders required one rocket per incoming warhead, whereas the attackers could place 10 warheads on a single missile at a reasonable cost. To further protect against ABM systems, the Soviet MIRV missiles were equipped with decoys;
3357:
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324:
36:
280:
411:
499:. McNamara argued both that ballistic missile defense could provoke an arms race, and that it might provoke a first-strike against the nation fielding the defense. Kosygin rejected this reasoning. They were trying to minimize the number of nuclear missiles in the world. Following the proposal of the Sentinel and Safeguard decisions on American ABM systems, the
696:(before he terminated it). However, some Americans (mostly conservative Republicans) argued that the treaty was not in effect because the USSR had no successor state. This was deemed inconsistent, as Russia did indeed inherit the USSR's obligations (including its UNSC seat, its debts, its agreements on nonproliferation etc.). Former CIA director
600:
would further cripple their economy. The
Soviets could not afford to ignore Reagan's new endeavor, therefore their policy at the time was to enter negotiations with the Americans. By 1987, however, the USSR withdrew its opposition, concluding the SDI posed no threat and scientifically "would never work".
599:
Beckman claims that one of the central goals of Soviet diplomacy was to terminate SDI. A surprise attack from the
Americans would destroy much of the Soviet ICBM fleet, allowing SDI to defeat a "ragged" Soviet retaliatory response. Furthermore, if the Soviets chose to enter this new arms race, they
720:
notice of the United States' withdrawal from the treaty, in accordance with the clause that required six months' notice before terminating the pactâthe first time in recent history that the United States has withdrawn from a major international arms treaty. This led to the eventual creation of the
612:
The ABM Treaty prohibited "National
Missile Defense" (NMD), but some interpreted it to allow more limited systems called "Theater Missile Defense" (TMD). This is because Article II of the treaty defined "ABM Systems" as those that "counter strategic missiles", which are typically defined as those
603:
SDI research went ahead, although it did not achieve the hoped-for result. SDI research was cut back following the end of Reagan's presidency, and in 1995 it was reiterated in a presidential joint statement that "missile defense systems may be deployed... will not pose a realistic threat to the
554:
are obviously "strategic". Neither country intended to stop the development of counter-tactical ABMs. The topic became disputable as soon as most potent counter-tactical ABMs started to be capable of shooting down SLBMs (SLBMs naturally tend to be much slower than ICBMs), nevertheless both sides
594:
Regardless of the opposition, Reagan gave every indication that SDI would not be used as a bargaining chip and that the United States would do all in its power to build the system. The
Soviets were threatened because the Americans might have been able to make a nuclear first strike possible. In
680:
in
January 1992. Belarus and Ukraine were treated as successors at the ABM review conference in October 1993 and Kazakhstan was added as a successor shortly after. Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan became regular participants at ABM treaty meetings known as Standing Consultative Commissions. An
140:
636:
signed addendum to the treaty on
September 9, 1997. According to these new agreements, the treaty permitted missile defense systems to have a velocity up to 5 km/s as long as it had not been tested against targets traveling faster than 5 km/s.
841:
In 2021, Putin cited U.S. withdrawal among his grievances against the West: "We tried to partner with the West for many years, but the partnership was not accepted, it didn't work," often citing it as one of
America's great post-Cold War sins.
1400:
Let there be no mistake about this in
Washington. It is time they stopped devising one option after another in the search of the best ways of unleashing nuclear war in the hope of winning it. Engaging in this is not just irresponsible, it is
591:'s so-called "peace offensive". Andropov said that "It is time stopped thinking up one option after another in search of the best way of unleashing nuclear war in the hope of winning it. To do this is not just irresponsible. It is madness".
503:
began in
November 1969 (SALT I). By 1972 an agreement had been reached to limit strategic defensive systems. Each country was allowed two sites at which it could base a defensive system, one for the capital and one for ICBM silos.
1561:
Although the ABM Treaty continues in force, it nevertheless has become necessary to reach agreement as to which New Independent States (NIS) would collectively assume the rights and obligations of the USSR under the
1088:
The missiles are considered particularly effective, since they send 50 warheads over their target area, 40 of which are decoys designed to outwit sophisticated missile defence systems of the kind planned by the Bush
1129:
Although Kosygin rejected this reasoning at Glassboro, U.S.-Soviet negotiations in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) led in 1972 to the signing of the ABM Treaty that limited both sides to modest missile
793:
in Moscow on 24 May 2002. This treaty mandates cuts in deployed strategic nuclear warheads, but without actually mandating cuts to total stockpiled warheads, and without any mechanism for enforcement.
437:
missile system had developed to the point where small improvements would allow it to be used as the basis of an operational ABM system. Work started on a short-range, high-speed counterpart known as
872:
579:, a research program into ballistic missile defense which would be "consistent with our obligations under the ABM Treaty". Reagan was wary of mutual deterrence with what he had recently called an "
1973:
464:
heavy missiles carried as many as 40. These decoys would appear as warheads to an ABM, effectively requiring engagement of five times as many targets and rendering defense even less effective.
700:
argued that in order for the treaty to remain in force, both the US and Russia had to accept it, and that President Clinton could not accept it without Congressional approval. According to
422:(ICBM) warheads. During this period, the US considered the defense of the US as part of reducing the overall damage inflicted in a full nuclear exchange. As part of this defense,
2152:
441:
to provide defense for the ABM sites themselves. By the mid-1960s, both systems showed enough promise to start development of base selection for a limited ABM system dubbed
3469:
684:
In the United States, there was a debate on whether after the dissolution of the USSR, the ABM Treaty was still in effect. A month after the USSR's dissolution, President
520:
550:
The Treaty limited only ABMs capable of defending against "strategic ballistic missiles", without attempting to define "strategic". It was understood that both ICBMs and
3132:
2456:
838:
as largely boastful untruths. He said that the U.S. decision triggered him to order an increase in Russia's nuclear capabilities, designed to counterbalance U.S. ones.
2368:
1025:
The dramatic proliferation of warheads allowed by MIRV ensured that even an extensive ABM effort could not limit the destructiveness of an American retaliatory strike
2850:
1387:
449:. Soviet doctrine called for development of its own ABM system and return to strategic parity with the US. This was achieved with the operational deployment of the
2917:
2714:
418:
Throughout the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had been developing missile systems with the ability to shoot down incoming
2763:
796:
On June 13, 2002, the US withdrew from ABM (having given notice 6 months earlier). The next day, Russia responded by declaring it would no longer abide by the
1660:
2615:
2000:
2145:
3449:
862:
2836:
2735:
2484:
939:
740:. But, the withdrawal had many foreign and domestic critics, who said the construction of a missile defense system would lead to fears of a U.S. nuclear
628:
The problem arose as TMD systems could also potentially be capable of countering strategic ballistic missiles, not just theatre ballistic missiles. The
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783:
53:
1515:
Joshua O'Donnell. "The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Debate: Time for Some Clarification of the President's Authority to Terminate a Treaty".
632:
began negotiations with the Russians in 1993 to make amendments to the treaty. After much discussion, President Clinton and Russian President
379:. Under the terms of the treaty, each party was limited to two ABM complexes, each of which was to be limited to 100 anti-ballistic missiles.
3226:
3023:
2815:
2622:
935:"Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems"
613:
with "intercontinental capability". Thus, TMD supporters argued, the treaty did not prohibit systems that defended against the countering of
1885:
1733:
534:
The 1974 Protocol reduced the number of sites to one per party, largely because neither country had developed a second site. The sites were
100:
3429:
3275:
827:
648:. As a result, Clinton never submitted the agreement to Congress, fearing that Helms would stall their ratification or defeat it outright.
187:
2329:
72:
3414:
2507:
2449:
2414:
752:
such a preemptive attack. John Rhinelander, a negotiator of the ABM treaty, predicted that the withdrawal would be a "fatal blow" to the
3118:
2682:
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867:
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2781:
2172:
1993:
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903:
79:
3208:
3049:
2421:
2027:
2018:
3296:
3245:
2945:
2770:
2659:
2638:
786:, designed to counterbalance U.S. capabilities, although he noted there was no immediate danger stemming from the US withdrawal.
3263:
2843:
2521:
2129:
1911:
Schwirtz, Michael; Troianovski, Anton; Al-Hlou, Yousur; Froliak, Masha; Entous, Adam; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (17 December 2022).
811:
in 2017, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that in trying to persuade Russia to accept US withdrawal from the treaty, both
704:, Congress acknowledged the treaty in 1996, when it passed a law restricting President Clinton's ability to modify the treaty.
539:
86:
944:
3257:
3238:
3065:
2799:
2571:
1273:
790:
1759:
834:" in response to U.S. withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. His statements were referred to by an anonymous US official under the
327:
3444:
3434:
2361:
2248:
2052:
1986:
1968:
1824:
1416:, The Nuclear Predicament: Nuclear Weapons In The Cold War And Beyond, 2nd ed. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1992), 183.
1352:
688:
affirmed the ABM Treaty and regarded Russia as USSR's successor. Russia also accepted the ABM Treaty. Later on, President
68:
3424:
3419:
2668:
2652:
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2034:
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strategic nuclear force of the other side and will not be tested to... that capability." This was reaffirmed in 1997.
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Contemporary Nuclear Debates: Missile Defenses, Arms Control, and Arms Races in the Twenty-First Century
445:. In 1967, the US announced that Sentinel itself would be scaled down to the smaller and less expensive
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17:
1041:
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2557:
2354:
2313:
982:
761:
614:
1846:"Beyond Russia's Development of New weapons: Insights From Military Innovation and Emulation Theory"
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3316:
2721:
2299:
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and George W. Bush had tried, without evidence, to convince him of an emerging nuclear threat from
729:
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3072:
3032:
3016:
2986:
2728:
2698:
1479:
Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National SecurityâFrom World War II to the War on Terrorism
728:
Supporters of the withdrawal argued that it was a necessity in order to test and build a limited
640:
The 1997 agreement were eventually ratified by the Russian parliament on May 4, 2000 (along with
46:
1950:
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1338:
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1978:
8:
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2972:
2707:
2200:
1946:
1681:"U.S. Withdrawal From the ABM Treaty: President Bush's Remarks and U.S. Diplomatic Notes"
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776:
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1956:
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2979:
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1204:
1103:
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896:
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to the Federal Assembly, announced the development of a series of technologically new "
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644:
treaty). However, it was opposed in the U.S. Senate by some Republican senators led by
580:
402:, the United States withdrew from the treaty in June 2002, leading to its termination.
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145:
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Signed in 1972, it was in force for the next 30 years. In 1997, five years after the
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368:
1942:
1760:"Russia Declares Itself No Longer Bound by START II | Arms Control Association"
2550:
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438:
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2059:
1665:
1433:
1295:
1012:
966:
863:"The U.S. Exit From the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Has Fueled a New Arms Race"
618:
524:
492:
480:
231:
3167:
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
375:. It was intended to reduce pressures to build more nuclear weapons to maintain
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2193:
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858:
823:
779:
713:
693:
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Although the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991, in the view of the
665:
661:
496:
472:
461:
372:
1863:
Burrows, Emma; Hodge, Nathan; Starr, Barbara; Chance, Matthew (1 March 2018).
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651:
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The United States first proposed an anti-ballistic missile treaty at the 1967
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1963:
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1383:
1375:
1328:
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1216:
1208:
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agreed with the United States to succeed the USSR's role in the treaty, with
356:
256:
219:
214:
1886:"Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses"
1734:"Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses"
1299:
1291:
1071:
1008:
922:
Each site would consist of 100 ABMs, or a total of 200 ABMs for each country
2470:
1778:
1427:
Reagan and ReykjavĂk: Arms Control, SDI, and the Argument From Human Rights
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The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War
1243:
1046:
1016:
970:
812:
808:
689:
476:
434:
360:
271:
226:
191:
1317:"Replies by Yu. V. Andropov to Questions from a Correspondent of Pravda".
426:
and the US established the North American Air Defense Command (now called
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2186:
2115:
1606:
1178:
737:
645:
1581:
Disarmament Sketches Three Decades of Arms Control and International Law
2541:
1809:
331:
27:
1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union
2271:
1450:
Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2008).
456:
The development of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (
3269:
3251:
1143:
1110:
148:
1845:
676:, the treaty continued in force. Russia was confirmed as the USSR's
617:. The US had already developed and used such systems, including the
35:
3220:
2398:
1869:
1829:
1825:"Exclusive: Putin blames U.S. for arms race, denies 'new Cold War'"
797:
641:
622:
567:
President Reagan delivering the 23 March 1983 speech initiating SDI
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and would lead to a "world without effective legal constraints on
3214:
1910:
1363:
1628:
United States Practice in International Law: Volume 1, 1999â2001
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Defending America: The Case for Limited National Missile Defense
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1000:
1319:
717:
535:
500:
423:
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391:
285:
183:
1865:"Putin claims new 'invincible' missile can pierce US defenses"
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and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
427:
767:
also criticized the U.S. withdrawal as a very bad decision.
692:
would affirm the validity of the treaty, as would President
521:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
139:
2008:
1452:
Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War
1367:
816:
652:
After the dissolution of the USSR; United States and Russia
551:
457:
453:
and its successors, which remain operational to this day.
2851:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
151:
missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing
2918:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
2715:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
1559:. United States Department of State. 26 September 1997.
1042:"Moscow extends life of 144 cold war ballistic missiles"
981:. Studies in International Security & Arms Control.
3140:
1862:
1557:"Fact sheet: Memorandum of understanding on succession"
1183:"A tactical defence initiative for the Western Europe?"
607:
2764:
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
782:
responded to the withdrawal by ordering a build-up of
2616:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1449:
491:
during discussions between U.S. Secretary of Defense
583:", and wanted to escape the traditional confines of
3470:
Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
2736:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
2392:
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3161:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1961:
1658:
1540:
1476:
1261:
1102:
974:
943:. United States Department of State. 26 May 1972.
895:
542:for the US, which was already under construction.
1545:. Praegar Security International. pp. 62â63.
1474:
977:International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements
545:
3376:
1913:"Putin's War: The Inside Story of a Catastrophe"
1514:
3233:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
2881:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2743:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
1945:, official State Department site, includes the
483:signing SALT II treaty, 18 June 1979, in Vienna
414:Deployment history of land based ICBM 1959â2014
247:
3203:South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty
2565:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1805:"Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly"
1631:. Cambridge University Press. 9 January 2003.
1607:James M. Lindsay, Michael E. O'Hanlon (2004).
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
367:(ABM) systems used in defending areas against
262:
3126:
2623:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1994:
1543:The Missile Defense Systems of George W. Bush
558:
3276:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
1344:
1250:
1135:
965:
555:continued counter-tactical ABM development.
2837:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
2450:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
2415:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
1501:
1353:"Excerpts From The Interview With Andropov"
1268:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
898:Nuclear Weapons and International Behaviour
707:
394:assuming all rights and obligations as the
3133:
3119:
2683:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
2001:
1987:
868:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
800:treaty, which had not entered into force.
138:
3227:United States â Russia mutual detargeting
2653:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
1578:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1173:
1171:
744:, as the missile defense could blunt the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3209:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
2422:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
1972:) is being considered for deletion. See
1883:
1731:
1719:New York Review of Books, 14 Jul. 2016,
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789:Russia and the United States signed the
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428:North American Aerospace Defense Command
409:
276:
3450:RussiaâUnited States military relations
3297:Timeline of nuclear weapons development
3246:African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
2946:Water Resources Development Act of 1974
2771:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
2660:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
2639:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
1779:"The Putin Interviews (Party 2 - 2:10)"
1659:Michael J. Glennon (4 September 2000).
1654:
1652:
1650:
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1177:
433:By the early 1950s, US research on the
14:
3377:
3264:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
2844:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2522:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
1567:
1438:Rhetoric & Public Affairs, Vol. 11
1168:
1100:
3258:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
3239:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
3114:
2800:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
2572:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
2457:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
1982:
1776:
1591:
1527:
1036:
1030:
857:
791:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
398:of the Soviet Union. Citing risks of
2362:Minority Business Development Agency
1957:US Announcement of withdrawal (2001)
1844:Dall, Augusto CĂ©sar (20 July 2018).
1843:
1645:
1156:from the original on 20 January 2022
893:
608:Theater Missile Defense negotiations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3430:Treaties entered into force in 1972
3410:Soviet UnionâUnited States treaties
3141:Nuclear weapons limitation treaties
2904:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
2669:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
2376:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2307:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
1707:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
1454:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 95.
1152:. The Nuclear Information Project.
822:On 1 March 2018, Russian president
770:
668:sign SORT on 24 May 2002 in Moscow.
24:
3197:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
2757:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
2676:Securities Investor Protection Act
2609:Occupational Safety and Health Act
2593:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
2515:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
732:to protect the United States from
538:for the USSR and the North Dakota
420:Intercontinental ballistic missile
25:
3481:
2872:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
2807:National Environmental Policy Act
1976:to help reach a consensus. âș
1936:
1188:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1149:Federation of American Scientists
947:from the original on 9 March 2022
875:from the original on 20 June 2022
507:The treaty was signed during the
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2858:New Source Performance Standards
2793:Council on Environmental Quality
1390:from the original on 24 May 2015
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264:
249:
225:
213:
34:
3185:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3155:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2895:Coastal Zone Management Program
2816:Environmental Protection Agency
2579:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
2494:Federal Contested Elections Act
2478:Drug Enforcement Administration
2436:End Stage Renal Disease Program
1904:
1884:Majumdar, Dave (1 March 2018).
1877:
1856:
1837:
1817:
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1752:
1732:Majumdar, Dave (1 March 2018).
1725:
1713:
1695:
1673:
1619:
1549:
1468:
1443:
1419:
1406:
1310:
1144:"Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty"
1101:Lennon, Alexander T.J. (2002).
1078:from the original on 8 May 2022
501:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
69:"Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty"
45:needs additional citations for
3415:RussiaâUnited States relations
3361:Category:Arms control treaties
2932:Endangered Species Act of 1973
2925:Endangered Species Act of 1969
2529:Congressional Research Service
2109:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
1777:Stone, Oliver (12 June 2017).
1585:University of Washington Press
1201:10.1080/00963402.1987.11459520
1094:
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887:
851:
546:Missiles limited by the treaty
513:President of the United States
13:
1:
3173:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
2750:Federal Energy Administration
2501:Federal Election Campaign Act
2286:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
1943:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
1661:"Yes, There Is an ABM Treaty"
1370:. 27 March 1983. p. 14.
894:Nash, Henry T. (1 May 1975).
845:
784:Russia's nuclear capabilities
467:
405:
341:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
328:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
133:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
2911:Marine Mammal Protection Act
2823:Clean Air Amendments of 1970
2443:Supplemental Security Income
2385:Education Amendments of 1972
1850:Boletim de Conjuntura Nerint
587:. The project was a blow to
577:Strategic Defense Initiative
7:
3445:Nuclear technology treaties
3435:Presidency of Richard Nixon
2888:Coastal Zone Management Act
2646:Consumer Product Safety Act
2429:National Cancer Act of 1971
2067:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
2010:Presidency of Richard Nixon
1969:Presidency of Richard Nixon
1613:Brookings Institution Press
1541:Richard Dean Burns (2010).
489:Glassboro Summit Conference
10:
3486:
3425:Treaties concluded in 1972
3420:Nuclear weapons governance
3292:History of nuclear weapons
3191:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
3050:Senate Watergate Committee
2630:Permissible exposure limit
2408:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
2153:Presidential Proclamations
1683:. Arms Control Association
1475:Julian E. Zelizer (2010).
1440:, No. 3, 2008, pp. 389â415
904:Kluwer Academic Publishers
615:theatre ballistic missiles
585:mutual assured destruction
559:After the SDI announcement
386:of the Soviet Union, four
3390:1972 in the United States
3350:
3284:
3179:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
3146:
3082:
2955:
2939:Oil Pollution Act of 1973
2780:
2558:Fair Credit Reporting Act
2540:
2355:Revised Philadelphia Plan
2339:
2314:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
2162:
2017:
1721:"A Stark Nuclear Warning"
1142:Godsberg, Alicia (n.d.).
983:Stanford University Press
762:U.S. Secretary of Defense
363:on the limitation of the
321:
316:
295:
240:
205:
197:
179:
164:
156:
137:
3385:1972 in the Soviet Union
3317:Nuclear weapons delivery
3089:â Johnson administration
2722:Agricultural Act of 1970
2265:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
1974:templates for discussion
1483:. Basic Books. pp.
754:Non-Proliferation Treaty
730:National Missile Defense
708:United States withdrawal
674:U.S. Department of State
597:The Nuclear Predicament,
3337:Nuclear weapons testing
2987:Saturday Night Massacre
2729:Farm Credit Act of 1971
2699:Alternative minimum tax
1703:"ABM Treaty Fact Sheet"
388:former Soviet republics
3460:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3041:United States v. Nixon
2692:Tax Reform Act of 1969
2369:Native American policy
2348:Family Assistance Plan
1949:of the treaty and the
1432:3 October 2011 at the
940:Bureau of Arms Control
723:Missile Defense Agency
669:
630:Clinton administration
568:
527:; and ratified by the
484:
415:
365:anti-ballistic missile
201:2002 (U.S. withdrawal)
3395:Arms control treaties
3332:Nuclear proliferation
3322:Nuclear weapon design
3098:Ford administration â
2600:Smithsonian Agreement
2123:Judicial appointments
1890:The National Interest
1738:The National Interest
1517:Vanderbilt Law Review
1362:(National ed.).
758:nuclear proliferation
748:that would otherwise
712:On 13 December 2001,
659:
566:
475:
413:
168:26 May 1972
3003:White House Plumbers
1258:Garthoff, Raymond L.
861:(13 December 2021).
836:Trump administration
343:, also known as the
303:United States Senate
54:improve this article
3465:Treaties of Ukraine
3455:Treaties of Belarus
3312:Nuclear disarmament
3057:impeachment process
2973:Operation Sandwedge
2708:Revenue Act of 1971
2508:1970 VRA Amendments
2256:Shanghai Communiqué
2249:1972 visit to China
2201:Paris Peace Accords
2173:International trips
2053:Second inauguration
1764:www.armscontrol.org
353:arms control treaty
134:
3302:Nuclear deterrence
2980:Operation Gemstone
2279:1972 Moscow Summit
2035:First inauguration
1918:The New York Times
1425:B. Wayne Howell, "
1359:The New York Times
1040:(19 August 2002).
746:retaliatory strike
702:Michael J. Glennon
670:
571:On 23 March 1983,
569:
531:on 3 August 1972.
509:1972 Moscow Summit
485:
416:
132:
3400:Cold War treaties
3370:
3369:
3307:Nuclear arms race
3108:
3107:
3033:White House tapes
3024:list of opponents
2865:Noise Control Act
2464:Shafer Commission
2330:Space exploration
2300:Washington Summit
2194:Cambodian bombing
2102:1974 SOTU Address
2095:1973 SOTU Address
2088:1972 SOTU Address
2081:1971 SOTU Address
2074:1970 SOTU Address
2043:Bring Us Together
1615:. pp. 26â27.
1412:Peter R. Beckman
1323:. 27 March 1983.
1275:978-0-8157-3060-6
1038:Walsh, Nick Paton
777:Russian president
734:nuclear blackmail
686:George H. W. Bush
540:Safeguard Complex
511:on 26 May by the
400:nuclear blackmail
369:ballistic missile
337:
336:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3477:
3440:1972 in politics
3359:
3358:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3092:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2551:Bank Secrecy Act
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2209:Peace with Honor
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2155:
2148:
2146:Executive Orders
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1931:
1930:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:Internet Archive
1267:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1127:. pp. 4â5:
1125:Internet Archive
1108:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1021:Internet Archive
980:
967:Blacker, Coit D.
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
931:
925:
924:
918:Internet Archive
901:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
855:
771:Russian response
326:
325:
288:
284:
282:
281:
274:
270:
268:
267:
259:
255:
253:
252:
230:
229:
218:
217:
175:
173:
160:Bilateral treaty
142:
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3405:Missile defense
3375:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3346:
3342:Nuclear warfare
3280:
3142:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3010:Watergate Seven
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:Clean Water Act
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:Economic policy
2536:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:Cannabis policy
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2340:Domestic policy
2335:
2328:
2323:Operation CHAOS
2321:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2242:Tar Baby option
2240:
2231:
2226:Cold War period
2224:
2215:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2060:Silent majority
2058:
2051:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2007:
1977:
1939:
1934:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1861:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1833:. 2 March 2018.
1823:
1822:
1818:
1813:. 1 March 2018.
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:Washington Post
1657:
1646:
1639:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1605:
1592:
1579:Thomas Graham.
1577:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1523:(5): 1610â1611.
1513:
1502:
1495:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1434:Wayback Machine
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1393:
1391:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1276:
1260:(1 June 1994).
1255:
1251:
1237:
1235:
1179:Daalder, Ivo H.
1176:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1121:
1099:
1095:
1089:administration.
1081:
1079:
1035:
1031:
1023:. p. 217:
993:
973:(1 June 1976).
964:
960:
950:
948:
933:
932:
928:
920:. p. 115:
914:
892:
888:
878:
876:
859:Acton, James M.
856:
852:
848:
773:
710:
678:successor state
654:
619:Patriot Missile
610:
561:
548:
525:Leonid Brezhnev
493:Robert McNamara
481:Leonid Brezhnev
470:
451:A-35 ABM system
408:
396:successor state
373:nuclear weapons
323:
312:
291:
279:
277:
265:
263:
250:
248:
236:
232:Leonid Brezhnev
224:
212:
171:
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63:
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3367:
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3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Nuclear ethics
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:(not in force)
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
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3175:
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2233:Linkage policy
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:Vietnamization
2213:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2180:Nixon Doctrine
2176:
2168:
2166:
2164:Foreign policy
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2159:
2157:
2156:
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2140:
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2105:
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2056:
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2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1960:
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1937:External links
1935:
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1587:. p. 181.
1566:
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1120:978-0262621663
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992:978-0804712224
991:
958:
926:
913:978-9028602656
912:
886:
849:
847:
844:
824:Vladimir Putin
780:Vladimir Putin
775:Newly elected
772:
769:
714:George W. Bush
709:
706:
694:George W. Bush
666:George W. Bush
662:Vladimir Putin
653:
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609:
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575:announced the
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2471:War on drugs
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2187:Vietnam War
2116:Wilson desk
2012:(1969â1974)
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1783:www.sho.com
1687:10 February
738:rogue state
660:Presidents
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621:during the
581:Evil Empire
529:U.S. Senate
384:dissolution
371:-delivered
206:Signatories
3379:Categories
2028:Transition
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1810:Kremlin.ru
1785:. Showtime
1744:26 October
1337:, p.
1238:8 February
1050:. London.
846:References
828:an address
805:interviews
760:". Former
468:ABM Treaty
406:Background
377:deterrence
345:ABM Treaty
332:Wikisource
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2957:Watergate
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351:, was an
317:Full text
296:Ratifiers
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146:U.S. Army
3221:START II
3147:Treaties
2966:Timeline
2399:Title IX
2019:Timeline
1964:template
1870:CNN News
1830:NBC News
1430:Archived
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184:Moscow
165:Signed
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